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Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan PRIVATE ACADEMIES MEHL Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan PRIVATE ACADEMIES The Decline and Transformation of the Kangaku Juku ACADEMIES PRIVATE OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MARGARET MEHL The establishment of a national education system soon after the MEIJI JAPAN Meiji Restoration of 1868 is recognized as a significant factor in Japan’s modernization, hence research on education is concen- trated on the state system. However, this development did not The Decline and Transformation mean the disappearance of the juku, the private academies that were so much a feature of the Tokugawa period. Indeed, these of the Kangaku Juku played a far greater role than has been appreciated so far and this book aims to rectify the omission. Not only does this compre- hensive study of a little-known but significant area contribute to OF CHINESE LEARNING IN a better understanding of education in the Meiji period but also it is relevant to Japan’s public education system today. MARGARET MEHL MEIJI JAPAN www.niaspress.dk Mehl-pbk_cover.indd 1 20/4/05 9:27:30 Mehl_prelims Page i Tuesday, April 19, 2005 5:12 PM PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN Mehl_prelims Page ii Tuesday, April 19, 2005 5:12 PM NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES Recent Monographs 67. Asta Olesen: Islam and Politics in Afghanistan 68. Hans Antlöv: Exemplary Centre, Administrative Periphery 69. Arne Kalland: Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan 70. Weng Eang Cheong: The Hong Merchants of Canton 71. Christine Dobbin: Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities 72. Eldrid Mageli: Organising Women’s Protest 73. Vibeke Børdahl: The Oral Tradition of Yangzhou Storytelling 74. Cecilia Nathansen Milwertz: Accepting Population Control 75. 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Somchai Phatharathananunth: Civil Society and Democratization 100.Nordin Hussin: Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka 101.Anna-Greta Nilsson Hoadley: Indonesian Literature vs New Order Orthodoxy Mehl_prelims Page iii Tuesday, April 19, 2005 5:12 PM PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN The Decline and Transformation of the Kangaku Juku MARGARET MEHL Mehl_prelims Page iv Tuesday, April 19, 2005 5:12 PM Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph series, no. 92 First published in hardback in 2003 by NIAS Press Published in paperback in 2005 Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Leifsgade 33, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark tel: (+45) 3532 9501 • fax: (+45) 3532 9549 E–mail: [email protected] • Website: www.niaspress.dk © Margaret Mehl 2003 Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Mehl, Margaret Private academies of Chinese learning in Meiji Japan : the decline and transformation of the kangaku juku. - (NIAS monograph ; 92) 1.Private schools - Japan - History - 19th century 2.Education - Japan - History - 19th century 3.Japan - Social life and customs - 1868-1912 I.Title II.Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 371’02’0952’09034 ISBN 87-91114-03-9 (cloth) ISBN 87-91114-94-2 (paper) Typesetting by NIAS Press Printed and bound in Great Britain Production by Bookchase Mehl_prelims Page v Tuesday, April 29, 2003 12:33 PM Contents Preface and Acknowledgements … ix Notes on Usage … xi Notes on Currency and Prices … xii Introduction … 1 The juku in the history of education The focus of this book CHAPTER 1: Education in Transition from the Tokugawa to the Meiji Period … 11 Education and juku in Tokugawa Japan The education policies of the Meiji government Types of private schools Kangaku in the Meiji period Kangaku juku in transition CHAPTER 2: Kangaku Juku in the Meiji Period … 40 Juku and juku attendance after 1868 Juku in Tokyo Juku outside Tokyo CHAPTER 3: Case Studies … 62 The “old guard”: Yasui Sokken The modern success story: Mishima Chûshû A woman changing with the times: Miwada Masako The recluse: Ikeda Sôan The country scholars: Tsunetô Seisô and Murakami Butsusan CHAPTER 4: Life at the Juku … 117 The masters Teaching methods and curriculum Organization and rules Boarding house life The students The juku as a business: finance Mehl_prelims Page vi Tuesday, April 29, 2003 12:33 PM CHAPTER 5: The Decline of the Juku … 173 The case of Akita Juku and public education in conflict Student careers: narrowing options The gakureki shakai and the juku as a cram school CHAPTER 6: The Legacy of the Juku … 207 Kangaku scholars and juku commemorated Inspired by the juku The juku myth Continuities Conclusion … 237 Is the juku unique? The idea of juku education today Select Bibliography … 246 Index … 255 Mehl_prelims Page vii Tuesday, April 29, 2003 12:33 PM Illustrations and Tables MAP Places mentioned in the text … xiv FIGURES Cover illustration: Scene from the kangaku juku of Kodama Nanka in Iwatsuki domain around the middle of the nineteenth century. I thank Professor Ishikawa Matsutarô for permission to use the picture. Initial chapter pages: Sketch of Murakami Butsusan’s juku Suisaien preserved at the Suisaien museum and printed in Tomoichi, 214 (see Chapter Three). 1: Seikei shoin, the juku of Ikeda Sôan in the early twentieth century … 90 2: Portrait of Ikeda Sôan and copy of his Record of Seikei shoin … 90 3: Reading stand used by Ikeda Sôan … 91 4: Building of the former study at Zôshun’en … 99 5: Plan of Zôshun’en … 99 6: Former study of Suisaien … 110 7: Statue of Murakami Butsusan, reading stand and other possessions in the Suisaien museum … 110 8: Illustration of juku students … 151 9: Stone commemorating Uchimura Roka … 209 10: Scene from a modern school in early Meiji … 238 TABLES 1: Numbers of juku … 41 2: Kangaku juku in Tokyo according to the year they were opened … 47 3: Continuity of juku in Fukuoka prefecture … 53 4: Survival of juku in Hyôgo prefecture … 55 5: Occupations of juku masters … 118 Mehl_prelims Page viii Tuesday, April 29, 2003 12:33 PM Mehl_prelims Page ix Tuesday, April 29, 2003 12:33 PM Preface and Acknowledgements THIS STUDY BEGAN WITH A VAGUE IDEA about the importance of kangaku and kangaku juku during the Meiji period and a feeling that Rubinger’s book Private Academies in Tokugawa Japan (1982) needed some kind of sequel. The journey from there to the present book has been long and full of unexpected turns. So many people have helped on the way, I almost fear to list names lest I should forget some. The fieldwork was made possible with generous grants from the Japan Foundation (1995), the British Academy in conjunction with the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (1996) and the Canon Foundation (1999), as well as a sabatical from the University of Stirling in 1999. My colleagues at what was then still the Scottish Centre for Japan- ese Studies at the University of Stirling provided moral support and constructive feedback in our staff research seminars. In Japan, I am grateful to Asia University and Waseda University for their hospitality. I found many sources thanks to the advice and help of numerous people at various stages of this project. In Tokyo: Professor Amano Ikuo, Professor Furukawa Tetsushi, Professor Hashimoto Akihiko, Pro- fessor Hôya Tôru, Professor Imai Osamu, Professor Ishikawa Matsutarô, Professor Itô Takashi, Professor Kanbe Yasumitsu, Mrs Kotaki Haruko, Ms Kumamoto Eriko, Professor Kurozumi Makoto, Mrs Miwada Yoshiko, Professor Miyachi Masato, Mr Nakano Kazuo (Atomi Gakuen), Professor Nakano Minoru, Professor Nakura Saburô, Professor Okamoto Kôichi, Professor Ôkubo Toshiaki, Mr Sakaguchi Chikubo, Mr Sakakibara Makoto (Education Research Institute, Association of Tokyo Junior and Senior Private High Schools), Mrs Suzuki Akiko, ix Mehl_prelims Page x Tuesday, April 29, 2003 12:33 PM Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan Professor Suzuki Jun, Professor Togawa Yoshirô, Professor Watanabe Takashi, Professor Yui Masaomi, Professor Yuki Makoto. In Hirosaki: Mr Kawai Kiyoshi and Professor Toda Kin’ichi. In Shitada (Niigata Prefecture): Mr Tamura Hisashi, Mr Meguro Teiichi (Morohashi Tetsuji Kinenkan). In Osaka: Professor De-Min Tao, Professor Oba Osamu, Professor Umetani Noboru and Professor Yabuta Yutaka. In Yôkachô (Hyôgo Prefecture): Mr Ikeda Kumeo. In Matsue: Professor Kajitani Mitsuhiro. In Kurashiki: Mr Haji Shin’ichi and Mr Yokoyama Sadamu. In Kannabe: Mr Watanabe Norie. In Okayama: Professor Miura Kanai, Ms Nagaya Mikie and Professor Ôta Ken’ichi. In Fukuoka: Professor Arima Manabu and Professor Shin’ya Yasuaki. In Kokura: Mr Nagao Masanori. In Yukuhashi: the Murakami family and Mr Tamae Hikotarô. In Buzen: the Tsunetô family and Professor Watanabe Yukio.
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