DOCSLIB.ORG

2 Life Table Studies of Trilocha Virescence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2 Life Table Studies of Trilocha Virescence View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals Asian J Agri Biol, 2013, 1(1):2-7. LIFE TABLE STUDIES OF TRILOCHA VIRESCENCE (BOMBYCIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA) ON FICUS NITIDA Muhammad Asif Aziz 1, Ayesha Iftkhar 1 and Muhammad Hanif 2 1Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan ABSTRACT The life table of Trilocha virescence was constructed in the laboratory which is a serious Lepidopterous pest of Ficus nitida . The study declared different impact of larval and adult mortality on the population. Pre reproductive mortality was 30% and 70 percent of the individuals’ survived up to the maturity and took part in reproduction. Larval mortality was greater in 1 st instar than all other stages. No mortality was observed in 4 th and 5 th larval instar in subsequent stages. High mortality during 1 st instar may exert significant negative effect on the insect population and may be best used for applying control tactics. The net reproductive rate of the insect was 45.44 per individual per generation. Keywords: Trilocha virescence , stage specific, cohort, life table, life expectancy, mortality rate, survivorship INTRODUCTION revealing the maximal growth potential of a population (Gabre et al, 2004). Life tables used Computing life tables is a fairly current can make quantitatively and qualitatively approach used by entomologists to study the evaluation of various host plants insects’ population dynamics. With the recent (Ambegaonkar and Bilapate, 1981). emphasis on population dynamic studies of Two kinds of life tables have been developed: insects, the usefulness of life table in this area (1). ecological life tables for natural is becoming more recognized. A life table is a populations of animals; and, (2) life tables for tabular device which describes for every laboratory populations of animals. They may be particular age of interval. further categorized as horizontal or age-specific In ecological study, life table is an important life tables and vertical, or time-specific life analytical tool, which provides detailed tables. The horizontal life table usually is made information of population dynamics to generate from data obtained by studying all or a portion simple but more informative statistics. It also of a population belonging to a single gives a comprehensive description of the generation. Vertical life tables involve analysis survivorship, development and expectation of of the age structure of a population life (Ali and Rizvi, 2007; Yzdani and Samih (Southwood, 1966). Age specific life tables 2012; Gabre et al., 2004). Life tables may be provide a concise summary of mortality and used to study inherent differences in the reproductive schedules and can help explain survivorship and reproductive strategies of why certain species proliferate in particular populations under different ecological regimes environment (Afrane et al., 2007). Trilocha (Afrane et al., 2007). Life table, studies provide virescence is a member of family Bombicidae an opportunity to assess and evaluate the and important pest of Ficus nitida, which is an impact of specific mortality factors acting on ornamental shurb of medium size. T. viresence insect population (Harcourt, 1969; Bellows et can be considered as a voracies feeder of Ficus al ., 1992; Mohapatra, 2007). It can also give nitida leaves. Its larvae in 4 th and 5 th stages are information about the changes which occur capable of eating more than one leaf per day during the developmental stages and their and can cause severe defoliation of the plant in relationship with different environmental case of severe infestation. So the studies were factors (Atwal and Bain, 1974). Life tables conducted with the aim to find out constructed using laboratory data collected survivorship, mortality, life expectancy and under controlled conditions and are useful in reproductive rate of Trilocha virescence on Ficus nitida. *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 2 Asian J Agri Biol, 2013, 1(1):2-7. MATERIALS AND METHODS Survival Fraction of a particular stage = [l x of a particular stage] / [l x of subsequent stage] Trilocha virescence culture: For conducting life table of T. virescence under ambient Mortality Survival Ratio (MSR): MSR gives condition, its egg batches were collected from the information regarding increase in the Ficus nitida and reared in Biological Control population which can occur in a specific stage Laboratory, Department of Entomology, PMAS if the mortality had not occurred in that stage Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. These and was calculated by the using the equation: eggs were kept in petri dishes provided with Mortality Survival Ratio of a particular stage = slightly moistened filter papers and allowed to [Mortality in a particular stage] / [l x of hatch. From these batches 100 newly emerged subsequent stage] larvae were selected and shifted in petri dishes with the help of camel hair brush. Each petri Indispensable Mortality (IM): It indicates the dish was provided Ficus nitida tender leaves as that type of mortality which can be avoided if a larval food. All transferred larvae were the factors responsible for it are not permitted checked daily and their molting to the next to operate, whereas subsequent mortality stage or mortality were recorded carefully. factors are operating. Indispensable mortality Subsequent stages like pupa and adult were was calculated by the formula: also checked. After the emergence of adults, Indispensable Mortality = [No. of adults male and female were separated. Pairs were emerged] × [MSR of a particular stage] made, and each pair was placed in a separate petri dish. Adults were provided with special K-values: It is a mortality factor which has diet that includes water, methyl paraben, vital role in determining the increase or insect’s vitamin and sugar. Small pieces of decrease in number of individuals from one cotton soaked in the diet were placed in the generation to the next. The difference between petri dish until the adults completed their lives. ‘log l x’ of two successive insect stages reflects Dead males were replaced with the new ones. k-values, which can be used to obtain the total Fecundity and survival rate of each female generation mortality (K) as under: were recorded until their death. K = k L1 +k L2 +k L3 +k L4 +k L5 +k P Where, k L1 , k L2 . k L3, kL4 , k L5 and k P are the k- Life table Construction values at first instar, second instar, third instar, Stage Specific Life Table: For calculating this fourth instar, fifth instar and pupal stage of life table, stage specific data regarding Trilocha virescence. mortality and survival of different insect stages were taken from the age specific life table. Age Specific Life Table: The larvae were Following parameters were used to compute observed daily to determine the dead and alive stage specific life table. ones. Following parameter were used to x = Age of the insects in days construct the age specific life table Trilocha lx = Number surviving at the beginning of each virescence on Ficus nitida. interval, out of 100 x = Age of the insects in days dx = Number dying during the age interval, out lx = Number surviving at the beginning of each of 100 interval, out of 100 The information from above assumptions was dx = Number dying during the age interval, out used to compute different life table parameters of 100 as follows: 100q x = Mortality rate at the age interval x and Apparent Mortality (100q x): The information calculated by using formula regarding number of insects dying as a percent 100q x = [d x / l x] × 100 of number entering a particular stage can be To calculate e x, two other parameters like L x obtained from the apparent mortality, which and T x were also computed can be calculated as: Lx = Number of individuals alive between age Apparent Mortality = [d x / l x] × 100 Survival Fraction (Sx): The information x and x+1 obtained from the apparent mortality can be use Lx = l x+1 (x+1)/2 d to calculate survival fraction of each stage by Tx = The total number of individual of x age applying the formula: units beyond the age x 3 Asian J Agri Biol, 2013, 1(1):2-7. Tx = l x + (l x+1) + (l x+2)………..+ l w exhibited a slight increase in early days (up to rd Here, l w = Last age interval 3 day), after that it showed a steady declining ex = Expectation of life or mean life for trend (Fig. 1). individuals of age x, which was calculated by using following equation Stage specific life table of T. virescence ex = T x/l x Maximum apparent mortality was observed in first larval instar which declined slowly in later Cohort Life Table of Trilocha virescence : instars and reached to zero in 4 th instar to The larvae were observed daily to determine onward including pupal stage. The survival the dead and alive ones. Following parameter fraction was lower in earlier instars as were used to construct the life table of Trilocha compared to the later instars. Minimum virescence on Ficus nitida. survival fraction was observed in 1 st instar x = Age of the insects in days which started increasing from 2 nd instar and th lx = Number surviving at the beginning of each reached maximum at 4 instar. Mortality interval, out of 100 survival ratio, dispensable mortality and K- dx = Number dying during the age interval, out value showed the same trend as was seen in of 100 apparent mortality; their values were highest in st nd 100q x = Mortality rate at the age interval x and 1 larval instar, started decreasing from 2 calculated by using formula instar and reached to zero in the 4 th instar 100q x = [d x / l x] × 100 (Table 1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ILLUSTRATIONS of MOTHS in TAIWAN, 1-5 by B. S. Chang
    142 BOOK REVIEW TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERJ Tropical Lepidoptera, 4(2): 142 BOOK REVIEW ILLUSTRATIONS OF MOTHS IN TAIWAN, 1-5 by B. S. Chang Vol. 1: Sphingidae, Ratardidae. Epipyropidae, Drepanidae, Cyclidiidae, Thyatiridae, Epicopeiidae, Callidulidae. Lasiocampidae. EupterotidJ Bombycidae, Brahmaeidae, Agaristidae [Noctuidae, part]. 242 pp, 271 col. fig., col. cover. 1989. (paper only) Vol. 2: Arctiidae, Hypsidae [Noctuidae, part], Limacodidae, Notodontidae. 310 pp, 356 col. fig., col. cover. 1989. Vol. 3: Geometridae [1]. Oenochrominae, Geometrinae, Sterrhinae, Larentiinae. 350 pp, 405 col. fig., col. cover. 1989. Vol. 4: Geometridae [2]. Ennominae. 480 pp, 684 col. fig., col. cover. 1990. Vol. 5: Noctuidae [1]. 366 pp. 572 col. fig., col. cover. 1991. (paper only) 1989-91. Taiwan Museum, Taipei. All are 21 x 18.5 cm. (elongate) In Chinese; Latin names. Price for each is S35.00 paper, S42.00 cloth. Available from Flora & Fauna Books, P. O. Box 15718, Gainesville, FL 32604 (plus S2 shipping each, or 55 per set). This series of small, full-color books is the result of a lifetime of with 706 species illustrated out of the 791 recorded for Taiwan. TlJ collecting by retired Taiwan high school teacher B. S. Chang. Until color figures are all excellent but many of the wing venation drawing 1991, 5 volumes were completed, but the second part of the Noctuidae are very faintly reproduced in the books. has unfortunately been halted by the untimely death of the author. It is Overall, the books are one of the unique treatments of Lepidoptera ii not known if a manuscript is available for the eventual completion of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Bombyx Mori L.) and Wild Silkworm (Bombyx Mandarina M.) to Phoxim Insecticide
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(12), pp. 1771-1775, 22 March, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Resistance comparison of domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and wild silkworm (Bombyx mandarina M.) to phoxim insecticide Bing Li1,2, Yanhong Wang2, Haitao Liu2, YaXiang Xu1,2, Zhengguo Wei1,2, YuHua Chen1,2 and Weide Shen1,2 1National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University 215123, Suzhou, China. 2School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University 215123, Suzhou, China. Accepted 11 March, 2010 In this study, the resistance difference to phoxim between Bombyx mori L. and Bombyx mandarina M was investigated. For the both silkworm species, the whole body of each larval were collected, and on the third day of the 5th instar, the brain, midgut, fat bodies, and silk gland were collected for enzymatic activity assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Our results showed that in the early larval stages, the resistance difference to phoxim was not significant between the two species. However, in the 4th and 5th instar, the resistance differences showed significant increase. When compared to B. mori L, the LC50 of B. mandarina was 4.43 and 4.02-fold higher in the 4th and 5th instar, respectively. From the 1st to 5th instar, the enzymatic activities of AChE of B. mandarina were 1.60, 1.65, 1.81, 1.93 and 2.28-fold higher than that of B. mori, respectively. For the brain, midgut, fat body, and silk gland on the third day of the 5th instar, the enzymatic activity ratios of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Habitat and Bat Activity on Moth Community Composition and Seasonal Phenology Across Habitat Types
    INFLUENCE OF HABITAT AND BAT ACTIVITY ON MOTH COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND SEASONAL PHENOLOGY ACROSS HABITAT TYPES BY MATTHEW SAFFORD THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2018 Urbana, Illinois Advisor: Assistant Professor Alexandra Harmon-Threatt, Chair and Director of Research ABSTRACT Understanding the factors that influence moth diversity and abundance is important for monitoring moth biodiversity and developing conservation strategies. Studies of moth habitat use have primarily focused on access to host plants used by specific moth species. How vegetation structure influences moth communities within and between habitats and mediates the activity of insectivorous bats is understudied. Previous research into the impact of bat activity on moths has primarily focused on interactions in a single habitat type or a single moth species of interest, leaving a large knowledge gap on how habitat structure and bat activity influence the composition of moth communities across habitat types. I conducted monthly surveys at sites in two habitat types, restoration prairie and forest. Moths were collected using black light bucket traps and identified to species. Bat echolocation calls were recorded using ultrasonic detectors and classified into phonic groups to understand how moth community responds to the presence of these predators. Plant diversity and habitat structure variables, including tree diameter at breast height, ground cover, and vegetation height were measured during summer surveys to document how differences in habitat structure between and within habitats influences moth diversity. I found that moth communities vary significantly between habitat types.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) and Its Phylogenetic Implications
    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY ISSN (online): 1802-8829 Eur. J. Entomol. 113: 558–570, 2016 http://www.eje.cz doi: 10.14411/eje.2016.076 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Spilarctia robusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) and its phylogenetic implications YU SUN, SEN TIAN, CEN QIAN, YU-XUAN SUN, MUHAMMAD N. ABBAS, SAIMA KAUSAR, LEI WANG, GUOQING WEI, BAO-JIAN ZHU * and CHAO-LIANG LIU * College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China; e-mails: [email protected] (Y. Sun), [email protected] (S. Tian), [email protected] (C. Qian), [email protected] (Y.-X. Sun), [email protected] (M.-N. Abbas), [email protected] (S. Kausar), [email protected] (L. Wang), [email protected] (G.-Q. Wei), [email protected] (B.-J. Zhu), [email protected] (C.-L. Liu) Key words. Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea, Erebidae, Spilarctia robusta, phylogenetic analyses, mitogenome, evolution, gene rearrangement Abstract. The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Spilarctia robusta (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae) was se- quenced and analyzed. The circular mitogenome is made up of 15,447 base pairs (bp). It contains a set of 37 genes, with the gene complement and order similar to that of other lepidopterans. The 12 protein coding genes (PCGs) have a typical mitochondrial start codon (ATN codons), whereas cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene utilizes unusually the CAG codon as documented for other lepidopteran mitogenomes. Four of the 13 PCGs have incomplete termination codons, the cox1, nad4 and nad6 with a single T, but cox2 has TA. It comprises six major intergenic spacers, with the exception of the A+T-rich region, spanning at least 10 bp in the mitogenome.
    [Show full text]
  • Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences
    Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences Abbreviated Key Title: Sch Acad J Biosci ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) | ISSN 2321-6883 (Online) Biology of Plant Diseases Journal homepage: https://saspublishers.com Life Table of Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) on Ficus benjamina Under Laboratory Conditions Muhammad Ramzan1*, Ghulam Murtaza2, Iram Abbas3, Muhammad Numan khan4, Rabia khan5, Ghulam Mustafa6, Muhammad Shoaib3 1State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China 2Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 3Department of Zoology wildlife and fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 4Department of Zoology, Faculty of biological sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 5University of Agriculture, CABB, Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan 6Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan DOI: 10.36347/sajb.2021.v09i06.001 | Received: 18.04.2021 | Accepted: 03.06.2021 | Published: 06.06.2021 *Corresponding author: Muhammad Ramzan Abstract Original Research Article Ficus benjamina is an ornamental plant that planted alongside the road of Pakistan to increase the beauty of country. Several insect pests are attacking on this beautiful plant, responsible in reduction of aesthetic value of country. Among insect pests, Trilocha varians is serious and destructive pest whose larvae feed on leaves resulting 100% defoliation. The study was conducted to check the life table of this emerging pest on F. benjamina under controlled conditions. The study showed that total life period of T. varians from egg to adult was 33-35 days. The highest apparent mortality was recorded in early larval instars and rapidly reduced in later instars (3rd instars) which even reached to zero from 4th larval instars to pupal stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomics Reveals Major Diversification Rate Shifts in The
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/517995; this version posted January 11, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Phylogenomics reveals major diversification rate shifts in the evolution of silk moths and 2 relatives 3 4 Hamilton CA1,2*, St Laurent RA1, Dexter, K1, Kitching IJ3, Breinholt JW1,4, Zwick A5, Timmermans 5 MJTN6, Barber JR7, Kawahara AY1* 6 7 Institutional Affiliations: 8 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA 9 2Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, & Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 10 83844 USA 11 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 12 4RAPiD Genomics, 747 SW 2nd Avenue #314, Gainesville, FL 32601. USA 13 5Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Clunies Ross St, Acton, ACT 2601, Canberra, 14 Australia 15 6Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK 16 7Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA 17 *Correspondence: [email protected] (CAH) or [email protected] (AYK) 18 19 20 Abstract 21 The silkmoths and their relatives (Bombycoidea) are an ecologically and taxonomically 22 diverse superfamily that includes some of the most charismatic species of all the Lepidoptera. 23 Despite displaying some of the most spectacular forms and ecological traits among insects, 24 relatively little attention has been given to understanding their evolution and the drivers of 25 their diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Evolution of Sexual Development and Sexual Dimorphism in Insects 1
    1 Evolution of sexual development and sexual dimorphism in insects 2 3 Ben R. Hopkins1* & Artyom Kopp1 4 5 1. Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California – Davis, Davis, USA 6 7 * Corresponding author 8 9 Corresponding author email: [email protected] 10 11 12 13 14 Abstract 15 Most animal species consist of two distinct sexes. At the morphological, physiological, and 16 behavioural levels the differences between males and females are numerous and dramatic, yet 17 at the genomic level they are often slight or absent. This disconnect is overcome because simple 18 genetic differences or environmental signals are able to direct the sex-specific expression of a 19 shared genome. A canonical picture of how this process works in insects emerged from decades 20 of work on Drosophila. But recent years have seen an explosion of molecular-genetic and 21 developmental work on a broad range of insects. Drawing these studies together, we describe 22 the evolution of sexual dimorphism from a comparative perspective and argue that insect sex 23 determination and differentiation systems are composites of rapidly evolving and highly 24 conserved elements. 25 1 26 Introduction 27 Anisogamy is the definitive sex difference. The bimodality in gamete size it describes 28 represents the starting point of a cascade of evolutionary pressures that have generated 29 remarkable divergence in the morphology, physiology, and behaviour of the sexes [1]. But 30 sexual dimorphism presents a paradox: how can a genome largely shared between the sexes 31 give rise to such different forms? A powerful resolution is via sex-specific expression of shared 32 genes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sex Determination Cascade in the Silkworm
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review The Sex Determination Cascade in the Silkworm Xu Yang 1,2, Kai Chen 1,2, Yaohui Wang 1, Dehong Yang 1,2 and Yongping Huang 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (K.C.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (D.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In insects, sex determination pathways involve three levels of master regulators: primary signals, which determine the sex; executors, which control sex-specific differentiation of tissues and organs; and transducers, which link the primary signals to the executors. The primary signals differ widely among insect species. In Diptera alone, several unrelated primary sex determiners have been identified. However, the doublesex (dsx) gene is highly conserved as the executor component across multiple insect orders. The transducer level shows an intermediate level of conservation. In many, but not all examined insects, a key transducer role is performed by transformer (tra), which controls sex-specific splicing of dsx. In Lepidoptera, studies of sex determination have focused on the lepidopteran model species Bombyx mori (the silkworm). In B. mori, the primary signal of sex determination cascade starts from Fem, a female-specific PIWI-interacting RNA, and its targeting gene Masc, which is apparently specific to and conserved among Lepidoptera.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Trilocha Varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and Control of the Ficus Plant Pest
    Tropical Life Sciences Research, 30(1), 23–31, 2019 The Effect of Temperature on the Development of Trilocha varians (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and Control of the Ficus Plant Pest 1Norasmah Basari*, 1Nurul Salsabila Mustafa, 1Nur Elya Nabila Yusrihan, 1Chin Wei Yean and 2Zainal Ibrahim 1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Majlis Bandaraya Kuala Terengganu, Menara Permint, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 21000 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Published date: 31 January 2019 To cite this article: Norasmah Basari, Nurul Salsabila Mustafa, Nur Elya Nabila Yusrihan, Chin Wei Yean and Zainal Ibrahim. (2019). The effect of temperature on the development of Trilocha varians (lepidoptera: bombycidae) and control of the ficus plant pest. Tropical Life Sciences Research 30(1): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.2 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.2 Abstrak: Pokok Ficus biasa ditanam sebagai tanaman hiasan di sepanjang jalan raya di Malaysia. Pada tahun 2010, pokok Ficus di Kuala Terengganu didapati telah diserang oleh kupu-kupu yang dikenali sebagai Trilocha varians. Larva kupu-kupu pemakan daun ini boleh menyebabkan pokok Ficus mengalami kehilangan daun sehingga 100%. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kitar hidup T. varians di bawah dua suhu persekitaran yang berbeza dan untuk mengawal serangga perosak ini menggunakan dua jenis insektisid. Keputusan menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi masa yang diambil untuk telur menetas dan jangka masa bagi larva dan pupa di antara suhu persekitaran rendah dan tinggi. Keputusan juga menunjukkan fipronil mempunyai LT50 dan LT95 yang rendah berbanding malathion. Kajian ini memberi maklumat baharu berkaitan kitar hidup T.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Dopamine D2-Like Receptor Genes from the Silkworm
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Two dopamine D2-like receptor genes from the silkworm (Bombyx mori) and their evolutionary history Received: 8 November 2016 Accepted: 9 June 2017 in metazoan Published online: 28 July 2017 Ping Chen, Peng Chen, Tian Li, Qi Shen, Deng-Feng Yan, Liang Zhang, Xi Chen, Yan Li & Wei Zhao Dopamine is widely distributed in metazoans and is implicated in many physiological functions. Dopaminergic signaling is mediated through two classes of dopamine receptors, D1-like and D2-like. Phylogeny analysis reveals that, the dopamine receptors probably appeared ahead of the cnidarian divergence, two distinct classes of dopamine receptors likely formed prior to the separation of deuterostomes and protostomes, and INDRs probably split from its ancestor before the emergence of nematodes. Two D2-like genes are closely linked on the same scafold, and the chromosome region around D2-like gene loci show colinearity among diferent species within Lepidoptera. These indicate two D2-like and their adjunction genes are likely Lepidoptera-specifc orthologs, and occur by gene duplication event taken place after Lepidoptera ancestor split from the common ancestor of Lepidoptera and Diptera. In silkworm, two D2-like genes were expressed in examined tissues, and encoded BmDop2R2 having all the features of D2-like receptors and BmDop2R1 being a truncated variant without the region of N-terminal to TM II. Only dopamine distinctly lowered cAMP levels in BmDop2R2-expressing cells, whereas all tested amines for BmDop2R1 had not markedly efect in pharmacological test. These suggest there is functional diference between the two genes, which are likely resulted from subfunctionalization of gene duplication.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Bombycoidea Insects and Implications for Their Phylogeny
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Bombycoidea Insects and Implications for Their Phylogeny Received: 20 February 2017 Zhao-Zhe Xin, Yu Liu, Xiao-Yu Zhu, Ying Wang, Hua-Bin Zhang, Dai-Zhen Zhang, Chun-Lin Accepted: 22 June 2017 Zhou, Bo-Ping Tang & Qiu-Ning Liu Published online: 26 July 2017 The mitochondrial genome (mt genome) provides important information for understanding molecular evolution and phylogenetics. As such, the two complete mt genomes of Ampelophaga rubiginosa and Rondotia menciana were sequenced and annotated. The two circular genomes of A. rubiginosa and R. menciana are 15,282 and 15,636 bp long, respectively, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and an A + T-rich region. The nucleotide composition of the A. rubiginosa mt genome is A + T rich (81.5%) but is lower than that of R. menciana (82.2%). The AT skew is slightly positive and the GC skew is negative in these two mt genomes. Except for cox1, which started with CGA, all other 12PCGs started with ATN codons. The A + T-rich regions of A. rubiginosa and R. menciana were 399 bp and 604 bp long and consist of several features common to Bombycoidea insects. The order and orientation of A. rubiginosa and R. menciana mitogenomes with the order trnM-trnI-trnQ-nad2 is diferent from the ancestral insects in which trnM is located between trnQ and nad2 (trnI-trnQ-trnM- nad2). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. rubiginosa belongs in the Sphingidae family, and R. menciana belongs in the Bombycidae family.
    [Show full text]
  • As Pest of Jackfruit and Some Ornamental Species of Ficus in the Philippines
    J. ISSAAS Vol. 19, No. 2:41-48 (2013) OCCURRENCE OF THE MORACEAE-FEEDING BOMBYCID, Trilocha varians (Walker) (BOMBYCIDAE, LEPIDOPTERA) AS PEST OF JACKFRUIT AND SOME ORNAMENTAL SPECIES OF FICUS IN THE PHILIPPINES Mario V. Navasero, Marcela M. Navasero, Maureen Ceres dL. de Roxas and Susan May F. Calumpang National Crop Protection Center, Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines 4031 Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received: August 15, 2013; Accepted: November 8, 2013 ) ABSTRACT The occurrence of the bombycid moth, Trilocha varians (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was observed and monitored among Ficus benjamina and F. nitida in the landscape of the National Crop Protection Center from August to December 2012. Eggs, larvae and pupae of the pest were all present on the infested shrubs. The larvae completely defoliated and eventually killed some of the Ficus plants . At the peak of infestation, larvae can consume all of the leaves of an individual shrub in just overnight. T. varians was also observed infesting jackfruit in Los Baños, Laguna and Balete, Batangas as well as on F. nitida in Baguio City . The nature of damage, host response and host range were discussed. This is the first record of T. varians as pest of Artocarpus heterpphyllus, A. communis , A. kamansi and some ornamental species of Ficu s in the Philippines. Key words: damage, host range, invasive pest INTRODUCTION The Philippines for the last several years was affected by outbreaks and isolated serious infestations of invasive pest species - Stenocranus pacificus Kirkaldy on corn, Nipaecocus nipae (Maskell), Brontispa longissima Gestro, and Aspidiotus sp., a species of scale insect, all on coconut, as well as native species like Spodoptera exempta (Walker) on graminaceous crops and weeds.
    [Show full text]