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Understanding the Impact of Network Infrastructure Changes using Large-Scale Measurement Platforms Vaibhav Bajpai Understanding the Impact of Network Infrastructure Changes using Large-Scale Measurement Platforms by Vaibhav Bajpai A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Dissertation Committee: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Schönwälder Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Dr. Kinga Lipskoch Jacobs University Bremen, Germany Prof. Dr. Filip De Turck University of Ghent, Belgium Date of Defense: May 30, 2016 DECLARATION I, hereby declare that I have written this PhD thesis independently, unless where clearly stated otherwise. I have used only the sources, the data and the support that I have clearly mentioned. This PhD thesis has not been submitted for conferral of degree elsewhere. I confirm that no rights of third parties will be infringed by the publication of this thesis. Bremen, Germany, May 30, 2016 Vaibhav Bajpai This thesis is dedicated to my mom for her love, endless support and encouragement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Jürgen Schönwälder for providing me constant feedback and support throughout the entire duration of my doctoral research. I would also like to thank my thesis committee consisting of Jürgen Schönwälder, Kinga Lipskoch and Filip De Turck for guiding and supporting my doctoral research. I am grateful to my co-authors: Steffie Jacob Eravuchira, Saba Ahsan, Radek Krejˇcí,Jörg Ott and Jürgen Schönwälder with whom I learned to be a productive collaborator. Special thanks to: Sam Crawford, Philip Eardley, Trevor Burbridge, Arthur Berger, Daniel Karrenberg, Robert Kisteleki, Al Morton, Frank Bulk, Dan Wing and Andrew Yourtchenko for providing valuable and constructive feedback for improving my manuscripts. I also thank all the anonymous reviewers that helped improve this research work during the peer-review process. I further thank Sam Crawford, Jamie Mason and Karen Davis from Sam- Knows for providing me constant technical support on the SamKnows infras- tructure. My research on measuring IPv6 performance wouldn’t have been possible without their help. I also thank Daniel Karrenberg, Philip Homburg, Robert Kisteleki, Emile Aben and Vesna Manojlovic from RIPE NCC for supporting my research work using the RIPE Atlas measurement platform. I also like to thank Philip Eardley, Trevor Burbridge, Andrea Soppera, Olivier Bonaventure and all Leone and Flamingo project colleagues that pro- moted my growth as a researcher. I am also grateful to Christian Kaufmann, Marco Hogewoning and Fred Baker for giving me an opportunity to present my research at RIPE and IETF meetings. I also would like to thank all the volunteers who hosted a SamKnows probe for this research activity (sorted by alphabetical order): Aiko Pras, Alex Buie, Andrea Soppera, Antonio Prado, Antonio Querubin, Bart Van Der Veer, Bayani Benjamin Lara, Brandon Ross, Chiang Fong Lee, Chris Baker, Clinton Work, Dario Ercole, Edoardo Martelli, Emile Aben, Eric Vyncke, Erik Taraldsen, Faruk Sejdic, Frank Bulk, Fuminori Tany Tanizaki, Heinrich Stamerjohanns, Javier Henderson, Jens Hoffmann, Jesse Sowell, Joel Maslak, Jon Thompson, Jordi Palet, Josh Hoge, Juan Cerezo, Juan Cordero, Jürgen Schönwälder, Kawashima Masanobu, Krunal Shah, Lucas do Amaral Saboya, Marco Sommani, Marian Neagul, Martin Neitzel, Masaki Tagawa, Mat Ford, Mathew Newton, Matthieu Bouthors, Michael Carey, Michael Richardson, Michael Van Norman, Mikael Abrahamsson, Mike Taylor, Mircea Suciu, Nick Chettle, Nishal Goburdhan, Ole Troan, Owen DeLong, Pedro Tumusok, Per Olsson, Peter Bulckens, Phillip Remaker, Radek Krejˇcí,Richard Patterson, Ryan Rawdon, Saba Ahsan, Sergey Sarayev, Steffie Jacob Eravuchira, Steinar Haug, Stephen Strowes, Steve Bauer, Tero Marttila, Thibault Cholez, Tim Chown, Tim Martin, Tobias Oetiker, Torbjorn Eklov, Trond Hastad, Vlad Ungureanu, Wouter de Vries, Yasuyuki Kaneko My immeasurable gratitude to my mother and my brother Gaurav Bajpai for providing me continuous encouragement and for proof-reading my thesis. This work was supported by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) grant no. 317647 (Leone). This work was also partly funded by Flamingo, a Network of Excellence project (ICT- 318488) supported by the European Commission under its Seventh Framework Programme. ix ABSTRACT A number of large-scale network measurement platforms have emerged in the last few years. These platforms have deployed thousands of measurement probes at strategic locations within the access and backbone networks and at residential gateways. The primary goal of these efforts is typically to measure the performance of broadband access networks and to help regulators sketch better policy decisions. In this dissertation we expand the goal further by using large-scale mea- surement platforms to understand the impact of network infrastructure changes. We utilise probes deployed at the edge of the network to measure: a) IPv6 performance and b) access network performance. This dissertation largely provides three main contributions: • Survey on Internet Performance Measurement Platforms: Initially, measurement platforms were deployed to measure the topology of the Internet. Such topology measurement platforms have been surveyed in the past [1, 2, 3]. In the last couple of years, this focus has evolved towards the measurement of network performance. This has been sup- ported by the deployment of a number of performance measurement platforms. We provide a survey of such Internet performance measure- ment platforms [4]. For each performance measurement platform, we present its coverage, scale, lifetime, deployed metrics and measurement tools, architecture and overall research impact. Furthermore, we discuss standardization efforts that are currently being pursued in this space. • Measuring IPv6 Performance: A large focus of IPv6 measurement studies in the past has been on measuring IPv6 adoption [5, 6, 7] on the Internet. However, there has been very little to no study [8] on measuring IPv6 performance. We measure IPv6 performance from the edge of the network to popular content services on the Internet. We present metrics, measurement tools, measurement insights and experi- ence from studying geographically varied IPv6 networks. We provide a comparison of how content delivery [9, 10] over IPv6 compares to that of IPv4. We also identify and document glitches in this content delivery that can help improve user experience over IPv6. Our longitudinal observations also identify areas of improvements [11] in the standards work for the IPv6 operations community at the IETF. • Measuring Access Network Performance: Last-mile latency is a key broadband network performance indicator. However little is known [12, 13] about the characteristics of last-mile latency in access networks. We perform a characterization of last-mile latency by time of day, by subscriber location, by broadband product subscription and by access technology used by the DSL modem. We show that DSL deployments not only tend to enable interleaving on the last-mile, but also employ multiple depth levels that change over time. Our characterization of last-mile latency can be used by simulation studies to model DSL, cable and fibre access links in the future. xi JOURNALPUBLICATIONS 1. Vaibhav Bajpai, Steffie Jacob Eravuchira, Jürgen Schönwälder. Lessons Learned from using the RIPE Atlas Platform for Measurement Research ACM Computer Communication Review (CCR) [Editorial], July 2015 [ISI Impact Factor: 1.40, 2015]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2805789. 2805796 2. Vaibhav Bajpai, Jürgen Schönwälder. A Survey on Internet Perfor- mance Measurement Platforms and Related Standardization Efforts. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials (COMST), April 2015: [ISI Impact Factor: 9.22, 2015]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015. 2418435 CONFERENCEPUBLICATIONS 1. Vaibhav Bajpai, Jürgen Schönwälder. IPv4 versus IPv6 - Who con- nects faster? IFIP Networking Conference, May 2015 [Acceptance Rate: 23.3%, 47=202]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IFIPNetworking.2015. 7145323 2. Saba Ahsan, Vaibhav Bajpai, Jörg Ott, Jürgen Schönwälder. Measuring YouTube from Dual-Stacked Hosts. Passive and Active Measurement Conference (PAM), March 2015 [Acceptance Rate: 27%, 27=100]. Also presented at the IRTF / ISOC Workshop on Research and Applications of Internet Measurements (RAIM), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-15509-8_19 3. Vaibhav Bajpai, Johannes Schauer, Jürgen Schönwälder. NFQL: A Tool for Querying Network Flow Records. IFIP/IEEE International Sym- posium on Integrated Network Management (IM). May 2013. http: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=6573045 WORKSHOPPUBLICATIONS 1. Vaibhav Bajpai, Jürgen Schönwälder. Measuring the Effects of Happy Eyeballs. ACM / IRTF / ISOC Applied Networking Research Workshop (ANRW), July 2016. [Acceptance Rate: 60%, 18=30]. http://dx.doi. org/10.1145/2959424.2959429 2. Vaibhav Bajpai, Jürgen Schönwälder. Understanding the Impact of Net- work Infrastructure Changes using Large-Scale Measurement Platforms. Autonomous Infrastructure, Management & Security (AIMS), June 2013. [Acceptance Rate: 50%, 07=14]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-38998-6_5 xiii POSTERS 1. Vaibhav Bajpai, Radek Krejˇcí. Managing SamKnows Probes using NETCONF. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Sym- posium (NOMS), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NOMS.2014. 6838279. 2. Vaibhav Bajpai, Jürgen Schönwälder.
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