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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00988-2 - The Politics of Opera in Handel’s Britain Thomas McGeary Index More information

Index

Acis and Galatea , 128 , 130 Artaserse , 232 , 243 Addison, Joseph, 17 , 33 , 117 Artaxerxes, 44 Cato , 24 , 28–30 , 31 , 39 , 165 , 213 , 224 Aspden, Suzanne, 165 , 169–70 Admeto , 13 , 87 , 239 Astarto , 216 , 233 , 240 Adriano in Siria , 162 , 163 , 219 , 240 Astianatte , 87 , 110 , 113 Albemarle, Anne, Countess of, 124 Aston, Walter Albion and Albanius , 15 , 19 Restauration of King Charles II, Th e , 182 Alcina , 39 , 52–3 , 165 Atalanta , 165 , 172 Alessandro , 13 , 92 , 109 , 243 Atterbury Plot, 67–8 , 72 , 78 , 94 , 135 Alessandro Severo , 82 , 247 Atterbury, Francis, Bishop, 43–4 , 67–8 , 72–4 Alexander Severus, 245 English Advice, to the Freeholders of England , allegory 57 criteria for, 48–51 Augusta, Princess, 154 , 160 , 164 , 167 , 200 eighteenth-century approaches to, 37–42 , Augustine, Saint, 241 98–104 Avidius Cassius, 245 Alliance of Hanover, 106 Ayres, Philip, 246 Amelia, Princess, 110 , 127 Ammirato, Scipio Bacon, Francis, 213 Discorsi sopra Cornelio Tacito , 212 Barnard, John, 183 Angelica e Medoro , 247 Barry, Edward, 43–4 , 246 Anne, Princess, 76 , 127 , 128 , 152 , 154 , 156 , Belloni letter, the, 130–2 , 134 , 148 162 , 168–71 Bernardi, Francesco , see Senesino Anne, Queen, 9 , 20 , 32 , 33 , 36 , 84 , 85 Bianconi, Lorenzo, 17–18 , 20 , 65 Antioco , 233 Bingley, Robert Benson, Lord, 72 , 74 , 93 Apollo and Daphne , 51 Blackmore, Richard, 12 , 38 , 40 , 48 , 99 application, reader, 31 , 35 , 46–7 , 55 , 91 Blanning, T. C. W., 14 Aquilio Consolo , 215 , 219 Bodin, Jean, 212 , 234 , 236 Arbace , 228 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, 28–30 , Ariane, ou le mariage de Bacchus , 15 , 19 34 , 57 , 58 , 84 , 94–5 , 99 , 107–8 , 128–9 , Arianna in Creta , 168–70 133 , 139–40 , 142 , 144 , 148–9 , 161 , 167 , Arianna in Nasso , 151 , 158 , 166 , 168–70 180 , 181 , 192 , 200 Ariodante , 165 Idea of a Patriot King, Th e , 180 , 200 Ariosti, Attilio, 63 , 79 on eff ects of opera, 107–8 Ariosto, Ludovico Bononcini, Giovanni, 51 , 53 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 70 , 129 Orlando furioso , 38 , 53 Cantate e duetti , 74 Aristotle, 213 Pastoral Entertainment, 130 , 148 Arminio , 203–5 , 219 , 221 persecuted as Jacobite, 72–9 Arminius, 201 B o r d o n i , F a u s t i n a , see Faustina Arnall, William, 132 , 146 Botero, Giovanni, 211 ars historica , 211–14 , 237 , 246 Bristol, Elizabeth Hervey, Countess of, 29 , Arsace , 216 77 , 78 Arsinoe , 20 , 233 Bristol, John Hervey, Earl of, 76 Art of Railing at Great Men, Th e , 98 British Enchanters, Th e , 16 , 19 401

402 Index

Brooke, Henry Costanze e fortezza , 14 Gustavus Vasa , 196–8 Cowper, William, Earl, 69 , 72 , 157 , 160–1 , 247 ministry attacks on, 198 Coxe, William, 160 Broschi, Carlo, see Farinelli Anecdotes of George Frederick Handel , 160 Brutus of Alba or, Augusta’s Triumph 1 6 Cripso , 219 Bucholz, Robert, 19 Cruickshanks, Eveline, 9 , 10 Buckingham, Catherine Sedley, Duchess of, Cumberland, William, Duke of, 202 74 , 76 Cuzzoni, Francesca, 7 , 22 , 63 , 65 , 70 , 88 , 104 , Buckworth, John, 165 109–10 , 111–12 , 113–16 , 119 , 120 , Burlington, Dorothy, Countess of, 112 122–3 , 124 , 125 , 127 , 129 , 150 , 151 , Burlington, Richard Boyle, Earl of, 10 , 64 , 158 , 160 , 247 112 , 160 Burney, Charles, 69 , 128 , 153 , 165 D’Aumont Rochebaron, Louis-Marie, 35 Byrom, John, 71 Dario , 230 , 232 , 236 , 242 Davies, Th omas, 194 , 195 C — and Country. A Play of Seven Acts , 102 De Fesch, William, 127 Caio Fabbricio , 215 , 217 , 219 de Saussure, Cé sar, 112 Cajo Marzio Coriolano , 218 de Th oyras, Rapin Calfurnia , 219 , 220–1 History of England, Th e , 88 Calypso and Telemachus , 39 Dean, Winton, 88 , 147 , 148 Camilla , 20 , 51 , 53–5 , 109 , 233 , 246 Deborah , 128 , 136–45 , 155 , 159 Carestini, Giovanni, 151 Degenfeld, Count, 137 Caroline, Princess, 110 , 162 Deidamia , 248 Caroline, Queen, 76 , 110 , 112 , 139 , 147 , 156 , del P ò , Anna Strada, 129 , 139 , 150 168 , 191 , 196 del P ò , Aurilio, 129 , 133 , 135 Carteret, William, 94 , 161 Delany, Mary, 127 Cato of Utica, 28 , 216 Delawarr, John West, Lord, 154 , 157 , 160 , 247 Cato’s Letters , 106 , 226 Dennis, John, 30 , 39–40 , 48 , 118 , 210 , 246 Catone , 82 , 216 , 235 , 238 on allegory, 39–40 Chandos, James Brydges, Duke of, 128 , 158 Depredations Crisis, 173–8 Charitable Corporation, 130–2 Deutsch, O. E., 69 Charles II, 15–16 , 19 Dickinson, H. T., 11 Charles Rollin Do You Know What You Are About? , 158 Ancient History , 43 Dobson, Michael, 25 C h e s t e r fi eld, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of, Donald, Burrows, 82 145–6 , 153 , 183 , 187 Dryden, John, 15–16 , 17 , 27–8 , 39 , 211 , 213 , Chisholm, Duncan, 35 , 36 214 Cibber, Colley, 25 , 28 , 29 , 47 , 116 , 176 , 185 , Albion and Albanius , 39 274 Spanish Fryar, Th e , 28 Cicero, 211 , 227 , 237 , 239 , 241 Dryden, John, and Nathaniel Lee “Dream of Scipio, Th e,” 215 Duke of Guise, Th e , 2 7 De Offi ciis , 214 Durastanti, Margherita, 151 Clark, J. C. D., 10 , 197 , 203 Clark, Jane, 70 Egmont, John Percival, Earl of, 76 , 101–2 , 126 , Clausen, Hans Dieter, 69 , 72 153 , 162 , 186 Cobham, Richard Temple, Viscount, 161 , 180 Elisabeth, Queen of Spain, 173 Temple of British Worthies, 202 , 206 Enea nel Lazio , 166 , 228–9 Colley, Linda, 10 , 72 Erasmus Congress of Soissons, 120–3 Institutio Principis Christiani , 213 Conquista del vello d’oro , 232 Erminia , 220 Continence of Scipio, 240 Esther , 128 Contre Temps; or, Rival Queans , 111 Europe’s Revels for the Peace , 16 Convention of the Pardo, 178 , 248 Excise, the, 135–6 , 138–45 , 161 , 169 , 180 Cornelius Nepos, 211 Ezio , 225

Index 403

Faramondo , 216 , 247 George I and II, feud, 58–61 , 82 , 83 Farinelli, 4 , 7 , 65 , 97 , 126 , 150 , 152 , 153 , 158 , George II, 5 , 31 , 45 , 47 , 58 , 72 , 76 , 83 , 86–90 , 161 , 165 , 166 , 174–6 , 185 , 210 , 247 91 , 95 , 99 , 102 , 112 , 139 , 140 , 145 , and court of Spain, 172–3 147–8 , 152 , 154–6 , 159 , 160 , 162–3 , and the War of Jenkins’ Ear, 173–8 169–70 , 177 , 180 , 186 , 193 , 195 , 198 , Farnace , 222 , 233 205 , 207 , 208 , 213 Fate of Favorites, Th e , 198 George III, 153 Faustina, 7 , 22 , 63 , 65 , 88 , 104 , 109–12 , Gibraltar, 104–8 , 111 , 113–16 , 121–3 , 175 113–16 , 119 , 120 , 122–3 , 125 , 127 , Gibson, Elizabeth, 82 129 Giove in Argo , 247 Felton, Henry Giulio Cesare , 40 , 92 , 233 , 241 , 242 Dissertation on Reading the Classics, A , 237 Giustino , 205–6 , 232 , 233 Festa d’Imeneo , 163 , 166 , 172 Godolphin, Sidney, Earl of, 73 , 78 Fielding, Henry, 183 , 184–6 Golden Rump, Th e , 186 cultural politics, 185 Gordon, Th omas, 232 Eurydice Hiss’d , 186 Cato’s Letters , 106 Historical Register for the Year 1736, Th e , Greene, Maurice, 128 185–6 Griselda , 229 Pasquin , 184 Grotius, Hugo, 234 , 236 Welsh Opera, Th e , 183 De Jure Belli ac Pacis , 226 Flavio , 241 Grove, Th e , 19 Fleury, Andr é , Cardinal, 106 , 112 , 114–15 , 120 , 122 Hammond, Brean, 185 Floridante , 81–6 , 230 , 233 , 236 Handel, George Frideric, 1–2 , 6 , 7 , 13 , Flower, Newman, 155–6 , 161 19 , 21 , 22 , 31 , 49 , 50 , 62–3 , 70–1 , Frederick, Prince of Wales, 7 , 41 , 47 , 147–8 , 82 , 119 , 126–8 , 129–30 , 135–42 , 144 , 151 , 152–66 , 167 , 171 , 178 , 180–1 , 146–8 , 150–2 , 155–65 , 178–9 , 189 , 183 , 186 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 192–3 , 195–6 , 206 198 , 199 , 200 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 214 , Deborah 248–9 and the Excise, 135 , 136–42 and the Opera of the Nobility, 152–66 fi nal opera seasons, 247–8 conventional account, 155–6 Floridante conventional account reconsidered, allegorized, 81–6 156–63 Giustino marriage celebration, 171–2 allegorized, 205–6 relations with parents, 147 , 153–5 , 166–8 , health, 247 247 , 249 Joseph and his Brethern , 248 reputation reconsidered, 152–3 Muzio Scevola allegorized, 79–81 Garth, Samuel relations with Frederick, Prince of Wales, prologue to Tamerlane , 46 164–5 Gay, John, 25 Riccardo primo Beggar’s Opera, Th e , 45 , 103–4 , 116–19 allegorized, 86–91 application to Walpole, 118 Rinaldo fi ctions about, 118–19 allegorized, 31–3 ministerial response to, 116–17 Silla use by the opposition, 117–18 allegorized, 35–7 Polly , 182 Sosarme generic expectation, 4–5 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , allegorized, 146–8 37 , 42 , 55–6 , 79 , 147 , 169 Teseo George I, 5 , 9 , 36 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 53–4 , 57–60 , 63 , allegorized, 34–5 69 , 72 , 80–1 , 82 , 83 , 85–6 , 87 , 89 , 94 , Water Music , 60 106 , 111 , 112 , 114–15 , 121–2 , 127 , 152 , Handel–Heidegger partnership, 22 , 119 , 224 , 225 , 245 , 246 126–7 , 128 , 146 , 148 , 150 , 160

404 Index

Hanoverian celebratory pieces, 7 , 17 , 19 , 22 , King Arthur , 15 , 16 48 , 56 , 171–2 Kipling, John, 45 , 100–1 , 116 , 125 Harmony in an Uproar , 159 Harris, Ellen, 36 , 70 , 82 , 83 , 91 L’Odio e l’amore , 233 , 239 , 242–3 Harth, Phillip, 17 , 26 La clemenza di Tito , 243–4 Hatchett, William La conquista del vello d’oro , 39 Fall of Mortimer, Th e , 182–3 Langford, Paul, 101 Hawkins, John, 70 , 74 , 111 , 160 Law, William Haym, Nicola, 21 , 34 , 40 , 49 , 50 , 70 , 79 Absolute Unlawfulness of the Heidegger, John James, 7 , 49 , 50 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , Stage-Entertainment, Th e , 51 111 , 120 , 124 , 126 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 158 , L a y e r , C h r i s t o p h e r , 4 3 , 4 4 , 6 8 , 7 7 159 , 177 , 247 Leeds, Juliana, Duchess of, 151 Henley, John “Orator,” 144 Leicester, Th omas Coke, Earl of, 162 Hyp-Doctor , 144 Lewis, C. S., 37 Hertford, Frances Th ynne Seymore, Countess Licensing Act, 187–9 , 196 of, 192 , 195 , 196 , 208 opposition to, 187–8 Hervey, John, Lord, 7 , 78 , 88 , 110 , 116 , 127 , Lindgren, Lowell 142 , 152 , 153 , 156–7 , 161 , 165 , 178 , on Bononcini persecuted as Jacobite, 72–9 183 , 233 , 249 Lipsius, Justus, 212 , 230 Hill, Aaron, 32 , 33 , 127 Politicorum Libri Sex , 212 history Livy, 212 , 223 role and use, 210–14 L o ft is, John, 17 , 103 , 194 Hoadly, Benjamin, Bishop, 107 Lord Chamberlain, 183 , 194 , 196 , 198 Hosier, Francis, Admiral, 106 Lotario , 127 , 233 Hughes, John, 12 , 38–9 , 40 , 48 , 99 Louis XIV, 14 , 46 , 231 on allegory, 38–9 Lucio Papirio dittatore , 82 , 223 , 230 on allegory in painting, 41–2 Lucio Vero , 219 , 233 Hume, Robert, 5 , 12 , 19 , 48 , 61–2 , 124 , 183 Lucius Cornelius Sulla, 35–7 Humphreys, Samuel, 82 Lucius Papirius Cursor, 223 Lyttelton, George, 155 , 183 Ifi genia in Aulide , 166 , 232 Il fuoco eterno custodito dalle Vestali , 18–19 Machiavelli, Niccolò , 213–14 , 237–8 , 241 Il pomo d’oro , 14 Principe, Il (Th e Prince ), 213 Imeneo , 248 Mainwaring, John, 159 Irwin, Anne, Viscountess, 137 , 153 Mallet, David, 194 , 208 Isherwood, Robert, 14 Mustapha , 195–6 Mallet, David, and James Th omson Jacobite (Jacobitism), 10 , 32 , 53 , 58 , 67–70 , 72 , Alfred , 206–9 83 , 98 , 129 , 132–4 , 144 , 148 , 197 , 234 Marcus Aurelius Antonius, 245 James II, 15 , 16 , 25 , 28 , 34 , 35 , 169 Marlborough, Henrietta, younger Duchess of, James III, the Pretender, 34 , 54 , 58 , 83 , 86 , 74 , 78 131 , 245 Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, 5 , 16 , see also Pretender, Th e 29–31 , 33 , 35–7 , 50 , 57 , 73–4 , 84–6 Jenkins, Robert, Captain, 177 Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, 41 , 73–4 , 78 , Jennens, Charles, 151 85 , 248 Johnson, Samuel Mary of Modena, Queen, 15 Compleat Vindication of the Licensers of the Mary, Queen, 16 , 28 , 35 Stage , 196 Metastasio, Pietro, 4 Judith , 127 Middlesex, Charles Sackville, Earl of, 247–8 Julius Caesar, 143 , 144 , 239 Milhous, Judith, 61–2 , 124 Miller, James Kent, William, 153 , 166 Coff ee House, Th e , 175 Ketterer, Robert, 205 Mirror for Princes, 90 , 213 , 237

Index 405

monarchy, 225–37 Patriot drama, 181–2 , 189–91 , 193–201 , 209 absolute, 231 ministry attacks on, 200–1 limited, 232 Patriot King, 180 , 200 mixed, 232 Patriot opposition, 7 , 97 , 180–2 resistance to, 233–7 literature of, 181–2 succession, 232–3 Pembroke, Mary, Countess of, 110 , 111 types of, 225–6 personation, 42 , 45 , 47 , 98–104 Monod, Paul, 2 , 34 Petrarch, 212 Montagnana, Antonio, 140 Philip, King of Spain, 105 , 106 , 115 , 173 Montagu, Mary Wortley, Lady, 29 , 74 , 152 Pitt, William, the Elder, 143 , 154 Nonsense of Common-Sense , 177 Playhouse Bill (John Barnard’s), 183–4 Muzio Scevola , 79–81 , 217 , 221 , 224 , 231 Plumb, J. H., 9 , 10 , 58 , 69 , 97 , 249 Myrroure for Magistrates , 212 Plutarch, 212 poetic justice, 213 Namier, Lewis, 8 Polifemo , 163 , 166 Natural Law, 226–37 political opposition, 60 , 69 , 135–6 , 154 , compact between ruler and people, 226–30 166–7 N e w c a s t l e , Th omas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, Pomfret, Henrietta Louisa Jeff reys, Countess 60 , 63 , 95 , 112 , 134 , 158 , 248 of, 195 , 200 Norfolk Congress, Th e , 123 Pope, Alexander, 3 , 76 , 101 , 119 , 153 Nottingham, Daniel Finch, Earl of, 28 Dunciad, Th e , 119 , 185 Numitore , 20 , 63 , 218 , 225 , 227 Poro , 217 , 233 , 240 , 242 Porpora, Nicola, 150 , 166 Onorio , 238–9 Sinfonie da camera , 166 opera Twelve Italian Cantatas , 166 conditions of production, 17–18 , 65 Porto Bello, 106 court, 14 , 17 , 18 , 20 precept, 43 , 44 , 48 , 50 , 211–14 , 230 , 244 , 246 as dramatic poetry, 210–12 Preliminaries of Paris, 112–16 and eff ects of luxury, 107 Pretender, the, 29 , 34 , 43 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 66 , 67 , 72 , English, 127–8 94 , 105 , 131–2 , 134–5 , 143 , 145 , 198 Habsburg court, 14 , 18 see also James III, the Pretender as history, 210–12 Pr é vost, Antoine, Abb é , 159 libretto choice, 20–2 , 92 Price, Curtis, 2 , 15 oriental subjects, 91 Proteo , 172 Opera of the Nobility, 6 , 7 , 22 , 150–70 , 173 , Psyche , 15 , 19 209 , 247 Publius Cornelius Scipio, 240 founding, 150–2 Pufendorf, Samuel, 234 Orlando , 39 Pulteney, William, 57 , 61 , 94 , 95 , 112 , 133 , 141 , Ormisda , 228 , 230 , 232 , 233 , 237 , 240 148 , 161 , 187 , 248 Orrery, Charles Boyle, fourth Earl of, 43–4 , 68 Orrery, John Boyle, fi ft h Earl of, 43–4 Quadruple Alliance, 86 , 105 , 106 Ottone , 22 , 109 , 166 Quintilian Otway, Th omas on allegory, 39 Venice Preserv’d , 26 Quintus Fabius, 223 Ovinius Camillus, 245 Oxford, Edward Harley, Earl of, 81 Radamisto , 59 , 60 , 63 , 82 , 218 , 235 , 237 Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of, 28–31 , 34 , 58 ragion di stato , 238–9 Riccardo primo , 13 , 22 , 31 , 48 , 49 , 86–91 , 213 , parallel and application, 5 , 42–5 , 47 , 98–104 219 , 236 Parnasso in festa , 170–1 Rich, John, 116 Partenope , 233 Richard I (the Lionheart), 86–90 Paterson, William Rinaldo , 31–3 , 39 , 40–1 , 61 Arminius , 202–3 Riva, Giuseppe, 22 , 70 , 73 , 77 , 78

406 Index

Rival Queens, 104 , 109–10 , 113 , 127 , 129 Spectator, Th e see also Cuzzoni and Faustina allegories in, 39 Robinson, Anastasia, 77–8 Stanhope, Charles, 67 Robinson, George, 130 Stanhope, James, Earl, 57 , 59–60 , 66–8 , 80 , 86 , Robinson, Th omas, 143 94 , 105 , 106 , 114 Rodelinda , 220 , 235 , 238 Steele, Richard, 211 Rogers, Nicholas, 11 Stoics, 241 Rogers, Pat, 85 Stonecastle, Henry, 52 , 210 Rolli, Paolo, 49 , 50 , 70 , 80 , 81 , 89 , 126 , 127 , Stratford, William, 81 144 , 148 , 158 , 213 , 224 , 242 Streatfeild, R. A., 155 , 161 Roper, Alan, 12 , 48 , 91 Strohm, Reinhard, 2 , 3 , 13 , 80 , 84 , 85–6 , 147 , Rosamond , 52 205–6 Rossi, Giacomo, 32 , 35 Suetonius, 214 R o w e , N i c h o l a s Sunderland, Charles, Earl of, 59–60 , 61 , 66–8 , Tamerlane , 36 , 45 74 , 80 , 94 Royal Academy of Music, 6 , 20 , 22 , 126 S w i ft , Jonathan, 10 , 25 , 28 , 33 , 57 , 95 , 98 , 117 demise of, 119 , 124–5 Gulliver’s Travels , 25 founding, 61–6 Swiney, Owen, 20 , 34 politics of, 69–72 Rubens, Peter Paul Tacitus, 212 , 237 Life of Marie de’ Medici , 4 2 Taking of Namur and His Majesty’s Safe Return, Th e , 16 Salic Law, 233 Tamerlano , 47 Sallust, 214 T a s s o , To r q u a t o Sasse, Konrad, 84 , 147 , 205–6 Gerusalemme liberata , 33 , 38 , 40 Scipio Africanus, 215 Tatler, Th e Scipione , 92 , 240 allegories in, 39 Sedgwick, Romney, 9–10 Teofane , 22 Semele , 248 Teseo , 34–5 , 230 Semiramide riconosciuta , 151 , 233 Teuzzone , 87 , 230 , 238 , 240 Seneca, 211 , 241 Th eobald, Lewis, 24 De Clementia , 213 Th omson, James, 190–5 , 206 , 208 Senesino, 7 , 22 , 65 , 70 , 88 , 89 , 113–16 , 120 , Agamemnon , 190–5 121 , 122–3 , 125 , 126–7 , 144 , 146 , 148 , Britannia , 191 150 , 152 , 157–60 , 166 , 179 , 247 Edward and Eleonora , 198–200 as leader of the Opera of the Nobility, Liberty , 192 158–9 Seasons, Th e , 191 sententiae , 212 , 214 , 246 politicized, 192 Serse , 232 , 247 Sophonisba , 191 S h a ft esbury, Antony Ashley-Cooper, fourth Th omson, John, 130 , 131 Earl of, 127 , 136 , 159 Th omyris , 233 Shakespeare, William, 25 , 47 , 76 , 101 , 182 Th ornhill, James, 42 Short History of Prime Ministers in Great Tickell, Th omas, 28 Britain, A , 100 Tito Manlio , 223 , 230 Sidney, Philip Titus Manlius, 223 Defense of Poesy , 213 Titus Manlius Torquatus, 223 Silla , 35–7 , 39 Titus Vespasian, 243 Siroe , 227 Tories (Tory party), 8–9 , 57–8 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 81 , Somers, John, Baron, 88 234 Song of Deborah and Barak, Th e , 128 Touch-Stone, Th e , 210 Sosarme , 146–8 , 241 Townshend, Charles, Viscount, 57 , 59–61 , South Sea Bubble, 66–7 , 106 121 South Sea Company, 66 , 178 Treaty of Seville, 123–4

Index 407

Treaty of Utrecht, 105 148 , 152 , 154 , 155 , 157 , 158 , 160 , 167–8 , Treaty of Vienna, 106 169 , 174 , 175 , 177 , 178 , 180–6 , 189 , 192 , Triple Alliance, 86 , 105 193–4 , 195–201 , 203 , 204 , 208 , 209 , 248 Trowell, Brian, 31–3 assassination fears, 144 Tuve, Rosamond, 38 fall from power, 248–9 historians’ assessment, 69 , 249 Vasconcellos, Miguel, 143–4 ministry’s defense of, 97–8 , 103 Vespasiano , 218 nicknames for, 96 Victor, Benjamin, 196 political opposition to, 94–104 virtue, 214–25 rise of, 66–9 Cicero on, 214–15 War of Jenkins’ Ear, 173–8 clemency (clementia ), 241–6 Weber, William, 2 female, 217–19 Weinbrot, Howard, 198 , 203 self-mastery, 239–41 Wharton, Th omas, Duke of, 69 von Borcke, Caspar Wilhelm, 158 , 161 Whig Schism, 58–61 von Fabrice, Friedrich Ernst, 70 Whigs (Whig party), 8–9 , 57–8 , 70–1 , 74 , 233 Walcott, Robert, 8 William Blackstone, 244 Wallace, John, 12 , 42 , 43 , 48 , 91 William III, 16 , 19 , 32 , 34–5 , 46 , 169 Walpole, Horatio, 139 , 141 , 184 William IV, of Orange, 168–71 Walpole, Robert, 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 41 , 43–5 , Wilson, Kathleen, 11 47 , 55 , 57 , 59–61 , 72 , 77 , 80 , 88 , 94 –104, 106 , 108 , 109 , 112 , 116 , 117–18 , 120 , 123 , Zaslaw, Neal, 13 125 , 129 , 130 , 133–5 , 136 , 138–46 , 147 , Zwicker, Stephen, 17