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Factionalism and Conversion in Pueblo Mission Villages, AD 1620 A People Apart: Factionalism and Conversion in Pueblo Mission Villages, A.D. 1620–1680 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40046493 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A People Apart: Factionalism and Conversion in Pueblo Mission Villages, A.D. 1620–1680 A dissertation presented by Adam David Stack to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Archaeology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2017! ! ! ! ! This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.! Dissertation Advisor: Professor Matthew Liebmann Adam David Stack A People Apart: Factionalism and Conversion in Pueblo Mission Villages, A.D. 1620–1680 Abstract This dissertation investigates how Ancestral Pueblo villages in the U.S. Southwest responded to the imposition of Franciscan missions during the early Spanish colonial era (ca. A.D. 1620–1680). It sets out to investigate how narratives about missionization have been constructed, and to critically examine the ways that two phenomena – factionalism and religious conversion – have been deployed in explaining indigenous social dynamics during this period. It then analyzes evidence for links between mission residents and other Native groups and the landscape to evaluate established narratives about difference and conflict within mission villages. In order to realize these goals, this study examines obsidian artifacts from the Ancestral Towa village of Pecos Pueblo (LA 625) and the Ancestral Hopi village of Awat’ovi (AZ J: 7:1[ASM]), two of the largest pueblos in the Southwest at the time of European arrival. The construction of large Franciscan missions has been linked to the residential division of these sites. Analysis of obsidian artifacts using portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF) was conducted to investigate whether and how these spatial divisions relate to social conflict and differentiation. Patterns of obsidian procurement and exchange point towards relationships with the landscape and with other indigenous groups that could be impacted by factionalism and conversion. !iii The results suggest that missionization contributed to changes in how Pueblo villages interacted with the landscape and with other communities, but that these impacts were unevenly experienced between different mission villages and among groups within villages. Residential groups at Pecos were distinguished by the range of obsidian sources to which they had direct or indirect access, and by the strength of ties to significant places in the landscape. At Awat’ovi, obsidian procurement both increased and diversified over time. It may have helped sustain connections with important ancestral and mythological places, even as these places also became implicated in colonial labor regimes. Obsidian from distant sources may have arrived in conjunction with population movements that arose from the upheaval of colonial rule. This project consequently suggests rethinking how factionalism and conversion shaped indigenous responses to European colonialism in the Americas.! !iv TABLE OF CONTENTS I Introduction…………………………………………………………….……………………1 II Histories of Pecos Pueblo and Awat’ovi………………………………………………12 Pecos…………………………………………………………….……………………12 Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………33 III New Directions in Mission Archaeology…………………………………………………………….……………………53 Missions and Spanish Colonial Expansion…………………………………………………………….……………………55 Historiography and Early Archaeology of Missions…………………………………………………………….……………………63 Approaches to the Archaeology of Colonialism…………………………………………………………….……………………68 Recent Mission Archaeology…………………………………………………………….……………………74 IV Factionalism and the Pueblo Past…………………………………………………………….……………………91 Anthropological Approaches to Factionalism…………………………………………………………….……………………91 Pueblo Factionalism…………………………………………………………….……………………98 Implications for the Study of the Pueblo Past…………………………………………………………….……………………112 V Religious Conversion in Colonial Missions…………………………………………………………….……………………118 Contemporary Models of Conversion…………………………………………………………….……………………123 Native Conversions in the Colonial Americas…………………………………………………………….……………………124 Towards Indigenous Perspectives on Conversion…………………………………………………………….……………………135 VI Previous Research…………………………………………………………….……………………140 Pecos…………………………………………………………….……………………141 Awat'ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………150 VII Data and Analysis…………………………………………………………….……………………157 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………….……………………157 Obsidian…………………………………………………………….……………………158 Obsidian Sources…………………………………………………………….……………………171 Methodology…………………………………………………………….……………………183 Pecos…………………………………………………………….……………………185 !v Results…………………………………………………………….……………………188 Awat'ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………202 Results…………………………………………………………….……………………204 Interpretation…………………………………………………………….……………………213 VIII Conclusions…………………………………………………………….……………………226 Appendix A: XRF Data for Obsidian from Pecos and Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………242 Appendix B: Obsidian Source Data…………………………………………………………….……………………267 Bibliography…………………………………………………………….……………………272 !vi FIGURES 1.1 Historic Pueblo language groups and villages …………………………………………………2 2.1 The northern Rio Grande and Upper Pecos River Valleys ……………………………13 2.2 Major archaeological sites in the Upper Pecos River Valley…………………………………………………………….……………………14 2.3 The Ancestral Hopi region…………………………………………………………….……………………35 2.4 Settlements on the Hopi mesas ca. A.D. 1500…………………………………………………………….……………………36 3.1 Selected pre-Revolt missions established in the Pueblo world …………………………………………………………….……………………59 6.1 Ground plan of Awat’ovi drawn by Fewkes…………………………………………………………….……………………152 7.1 Southwestern obsidian source areas discussed in the text…………………………………………………………….……………………172 7.2 Obsidian source groups in the Jemez Mountains…………………………………………………………….……………………174 7.3 Obsidian sources in the San Francisco Volcanic Field…………………………………………………………….……………………177 7.4 Obsidian sources in the Mt. Taylor Volcanic Field…………………………………………………………….……………………179 7.5 The Mule Creek obsidian source area…………………………………………………………….……………………180 7.6 Pecos site plan…………………………………………………………….……………………190 7.7 Pecos in relation to Jemez Mountain obsidian sources…………………………………………………………….……………………192 7.8 Site plan of Awat’ovi showing areas excavated by the Peabody Expedition…………………………………………………………….……………………205 7.9 Awat’ovi in relation to nearest obsidian sources…………………………………………………………….……………………208 !vii TABLES 2.1 Occupational history of the Upper Pecos Valley…………………………………………………………….……………………16 2.2 Timeline of European contact and colonization at Pecos Pueblo…………………………………………………………….……………………22 2.3 Occupational history of the Hopi mesas…………………………………………………………….……………………37 2.4 Timeline of European contact and colonization at Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………43 3.1 Selected pre-Revolt missions established in the Pueblo world…………………………………………………………….……………………57 4.1 Ethnographically observed episodes of Pueblo factionalism…………………………………………………………….……………………92 6.1 Previous investigations at Pecos Pueblo…………………………………………………………….……………………142 6.2 Previous investigations at Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………151 7.1 Archaeological contexts of provenienced obsidian artifacts at Pecos Pueblo…………………………………………………………….……………………191 7.2 Geological sources of obsidian artifacts at Pecos Pueblo…………………………………………………………….……………………192 7.3 Geological sources of obsidian artifacts from North Pueblo contexts…………………………………………………………….……………………193 7.4 Geological sources of obsidian artifacts from South Pueblo contexts…………………………………………………………….……………………193 7.5 Pecos: Variation by technological type…………………………………………………………….……………………194 7.6 Pecos: Form by geological source…………………………………………………………….……………………195 7.7 Obsidian from funerary contexts at Pecos…………………………………………………………….……………………201 7.8 Archaeological contexts of obsidian artifacts at Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………207 7.9 Geological sources of obsidian artifacts at Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………208 7.10 Contexts of exotic obsidian at Awat’ovi…………………………………………………………….……………………212 !viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to the many people who so generously gave their wisdom, time, and support to make this dissertation possible. I certainly could not have done it without the unfailing guidance of my advisor, Matt Liebmann, to whom I owe an enormous debt for steering me out of the doldrums and towards New Mexico. Throughout this project, he was always ready, with limitless patience and encouragement, to help me when I lost sight of the way ahead. It was a privilege to learn from such a creative scholar, and I have been inspired by his heartfelt dedication to teaching and collaboration. I am also profoundly grateful to Gary Urton, a truly brilliant thinker, who fundamentally shaped my interest in the colonial Americas and my commitment to interdisciplinary research. I will always treasure his
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