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PRACTICAL BOOK on MEDICAL BIOLOGY for Foreign Students of Higher Educational Establishments on a Medical Speciality

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PRACTICAL BOOK on MEDICAL BIOLOGY for Foreign Students of Higher Educational Establishments on a Medical Speciality Ministry of Health of Belarus Republic Vitebsk State Medical University VJ. Bekish, Yu.T. Nikulin PRACTICAL BOOK ON MEDICAL BIOLOGY for foreign students of higher educational establishments on a medical speciality Brwiy Vitebsk, Vitebsk State Medical University Press 2006 w B ' ■ f o V S j l ' -■■■ yflK [575 + 61]..-W 6.5 -BBK‘28+5(»73) B42 PeueHSCHT: saBeayiomHfi Ka^eapofi naxonorMHecKofl VO “BHre6cKH8 rocyaapcTBeHHbiS MeaapHHCKHft yHHBepcHTex”, aoKTop mbjihiihhckhx HayK, npo(j)eccop B.H. UledeKO EeKHiu, B.H. B 42 Practical book on Medical Biology; for foreign students of higher educational establishments on a medical speciality (IfpaKXHKyM no MearatHHCKOH BnojiorHH fljis 3apy6eJKHwx cxyacHTOB BBicmnx ynehHbix ynpeacneHHH no cneuHajtbHocTH “jieHehHoe aejio”): Vnehnoe nocoGne/ B.B. BeKHm., lO.T. HnKyjiHH., - BmeScK: BFMy, 2006. - 157 c. ISBN 985-447-240-X In this practical book, the main divisions and aims of biology are described accordinary to life organization levels (molecular-genetic, cellular, ontogenetic, population-species, biospheral-biogeocenotic). The questions of human reproduction, bioethical aspects of genetics, tissue and organs transplantation, ability to have poison by living beings as ecological phenomena are considered. The material of practical book is backed by contemporary findings of medical-biological sciences. The practical book contain the 37 classes. Each class includes: introduction in theme; the purpose of class; questions, which the student should work during preparation on a theme; the literature, which the student should study; the description of laboratory work. The practical book corresponds with typical educational plan and program, proved by Ministry of Health care of republic of Belarus. It is designed for students of higher medical educational establishments on a medical speciality. fleHaraeTca no pemennio ueHeGHoro coBexa YO “BEMY” (npoxoKOJi Y2 7 ox «20» ceHxaSpa 2006 r.). ^ o ^ O y ,H K [575 + 61] - 076.5 B B K 28+ 5( b 73) np.ijs/f) © Bckhiu HHKyjTHH KD.T. 2006 © y O «BH T e6CKHH rocyAapcTBCHHbiH MejIHUHHCKHH yHHBepCHXeT», 2006 3 Contents Molecular-genetic level of organization of living systems........................ 7 Class Xsl. Essence of life. Molecular-genetic level of living systems organization.... 7 Cellular level of organization of living system s........................................... 10 Class X22. A cell as elementary unit of living things. Methods of cell study................. 10 Class X«3. Cell biology.............................................................................................................. 15 Class hfe4. Cell as open self-regulating system................................................................... 17 Class Ks5. Cell physiology....................................................................................................... 20 Ontogenetic level of organization o f living system s.................................... 22 Class Jfsb. Organisms reproduction........................................................................................ 22 Class X“7. Particularities of human reproduction................................................................. 24 Class XaS. Principles of cytogenetics (summing-up class)................................................. 28 Class X29. Genetics as a science about inheritance and variation principles. Gene level of hereditary material organization in pro- and eucaryotes.................. 32 Class M2IO. Chromosome and genome levels of hereditary material organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.................................................................................... 36 Class JV2II. Principles of monogenic and polygenic inheritance. Phenotype formation as result of genetic and environmental factors interaction............................... 40 4 Class X2I2. Phenotypic variation: ontogenetic and modificational.................................... 45 Class JM2I3. Genotypic variation; combinative and mutational. Mutagenesis................... 48 Class K2I4. Methods of anthropogenetics: pedigree analysis, twin’s, statistical and dermatogliphical...................................................................................................... 51 Class K2I5. Methods of anthropogenetics: cytogenetic, ontogenetic, immunological, biochemical, molecular-genetic, somatic cells hybridization........................ 56 Class Jf2l 6. Human hereditary diseases................................................................................... 60 Class JV2I7. Training for solving genetic problems................................................................ 65 Class X2I8. Principles of genetics (summing-up class).......................................................... 69 Class N2I9. Embryonic development, mechanism of its regulation.................................... 78 Class K22O. Postembryonic development. Aging and death of organism......................... 81 Class JVo21. Ontogenetic homeostasis, mechanisms of its regulation................................ 83 Class Jf222. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates’ organ systems; integument, skeleton, digestive and respiratory systems........................................................ 89 Class K223. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates’ organ systems: circulatory, nervous, excretory and reproductive systems.............................. 94 Population-species level of organization of living systems....................... 99 Class Jf224. Structure of human populations........................................................................... 99 5 Biospheral-biogeocenotic level of organization of living systems........... 107 Class >T2 25. Principles of human ecology. Antropoecology.................................................. 107 Class JVs 26. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Sarcomastigophora, classes Zoomastigota and Sarcodina.................................................................................... 114 Class Ms 27. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozoa and in phylum Infusoria, class Ciliata................................................................... 120 Class Ms 28. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Plathelminthes, class Trematoda......................................................................................................... 125 Class Ms 29. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Plathelminthes, class Cestoidea........................................................................................................... 129 Class Ms 30. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Nemathelminthes, class Nematoda. Geohelminthes and contact helminthes. (1-st class)...................... 133 Class Ms31. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Nemathelminthes, class Nematoda. Biohelminthes (2-nd class)................................................................. 137 Class Ms32. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Arthropoda, classes Crustacea and Arachnoidea........................................................................................................ 138 Class Ms33. Ecological aspects of parasitism in phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta....... 142 Class Ms34. Principles of parasitological diseases diagnosis (training class)....................... 144 Class Ms35. Medical protozoology, helminthology and arachnoenthomology (summing up class).................................................................................................... 146 Class Xs36. Poisonous fungi and poisonous plants. 149 Class X237. Poisonous animals, 153 MOLECULAR-GENETIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF LIVING SYSTEMS CLASS JV2 I. ESSENCE OF LIFE. MOLECULAR-GENETIC LEVEL OF LIVING SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION. The biology - is a science, which studies life as a special form of matter being having its own laws of existence and development. The subject of biology study is live organisms and their natural communities. The fundamental features of life are: discretion and integrity, structural organization, substance and energy exchange, reproduction, heredity and diversity, growth and development, irritability, internal regulation and homeostasis. Modern biology study life processes on different levels. These levels are called life organization levels. There is a list of them: molecular-genetic, cellular, ontogenetic, population-species, biospheral-biogeocenotic levels. The studying of life is beginning with the studying of molecular- genetic level. Elementary structures of this level are central regulating systems - codes of hereditary information, transmitted from generation to generation. Elementary events are codon reproducing and protein synthesis on a gene matrix. DNA reduplication preserves genetic information, placed in genes, for next generation. The studying of molecular-genetic life organization is connected with the studying of structure and functions of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are macromolecules. Nucleic acid exists in two forms: desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA - is the storage of genetic information. It is in the nucleus chromosomes, in the mitochondria, in the chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells, in prokaryotic cells, in many viruses. RNA serves for transmitting and realization of hereditary information in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In many viruses RNA work as a primary storage of hereditary information. Nucleic acids are composed from nucleotide subunits. The nucleotide subunit is composed of tree elements: an organic base, a phosphate
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