View a Copy of This Licence, Visit Mmons​ .Org/Licen​ Ses/By/4.0/​

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

View a Copy of This Licence, Visit Mmons​ .Org/Licen​ Ses/By/4.0/​ Li et al. Infect Dis Poverty (2020) 9:151 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00771-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Comparing the performance of time series models with or without meteorological factors in predicting incident pulmonary tuberculosis in eastern China Zhong‑Qi Li1†, Hong‑Qiu Pan2†, Qiao Liu1†, Huan Song1 and Jian‑Ming Wang1* Abstract Background: Many studies have compared the performance of time series models in predicting pulmonary tuber‑ culosis (PTB), but few have considered the role of meteorological factors in their prediction models. This study aims to explore whether incorporating meteorological factors can improve the performance of time series models in predict‑ ing PTB. Methods: We collected the monthly reported number of PTB cases and records of six meteorological factors in three cities of China from 2005 to 2018. Based on this data, we constructed three time series models, including an autore‑ gressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, the ARIMA with exogenous variables (ARIMAX) model, and a recurrent neural network (RNN) model. The ARIMAX and RNN models incorporated meteorological factors, while the ARIMA model did not. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the performance of the models in predicting PTB cases in 2018. Results: Both the cross‑correlation analysis and Spearman rank correlation test showed that PTB cases reported in the study areas were related to meteorological factors. The predictive performance of both the ARIMA and RNN models was improved after incorporating meteorological factors. The MAPEs of the ARIMA, ARIMAX, and RNN models were 12.54%, 11.96%, and 12.36% in Xuzhou, 15.57%, 11.16%, and 14.09% in Nantong, and 9.70%, 9.66%, and 12.50% in Wuxi, respectively. The RMSEs of the three models were 36.194, 33.956, and 34.785 in Xuzhou, 34.073, 25.884, and 31.828 in Nantong, and 19.545, 19.026, and 26.019 in Wuxi, respectively. Conclusions: Our study revealed a possible link between PTB and meteorological factors. Taking meteorological factors into consideration increased the accuracy of time series models in predicting PTB, and the ARIMAX model was superior to the ARIMA and RNN models in study settings. Keywords: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Meteorological factor, Time series, Predicting Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic communicable disease *Correspondence: [email protected] that severely threatens human health, ranking among †Zhong‑Qi Li, Hong‑Qiu Pan and Qiao Liu contributed equally to this work the top ten causes of death worldwide. Te World Health 1 Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Organization (WHO) estimated that approximately Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Ave., Nanjing 211166, 10 million people fell ill with TB around the world in China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article 2019. Furthermore, there were an estimated 1.2 million © The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Li et al. Infect Dis Poverty (2020) 9:151 Page 2 of 11 TB deaths among HIV-negative people and 208 000 TB included Xuzhou, Nantong, and Wuxi as the study sites. deaths among HIV-positive people [1]. To curb the TB Te geographical locations of the three cities in Jiangsu epidemic, the WHO set a goal of reducing the morbid- Province are shown in Fig. 1. Te ranking of the gross ity and mortality of TB by 90% and 95%, respectively, domestic product (GDP) per capita within the province between 2015 and 2035. Accurately predicting the trend in 2019 was 9 for Xuzhou, 7 for Nantong, and 1 for Wuxi, of this epidemic can help foresee the possible peaks and and the population density in 2019 was 750.16 people/m2 provide a reference for the prevention and control of TB for Xuzhou, 914.64 people/m2 for Nantong and 1424.43 [2]. people/m2 for Wuxi. A time series is formed by recording the development process of a random event over time. Time series analy- Data collection sis plays a vital role in predicting trends by identifying All newly diagnosed PTB cases in China are registered in the way in which health-related events change with time. an online surveillance system (https ://10.249.6.18:8880/) Te autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) operated by the Center for Disease Control and Preven- model is the most classic time series analysis model tion. Te registry system is a particular virtual private and has been widely applied to predict various infec- network. For confdentiality, only authorized organi- tious diseases, such as hepatitis B [3], hemorrhagic fever zations can log in. We extracted the monthly reported with renal syndrome [4], coronavirus disease 2019 [5], number of pulmonary TB (PTB) cases in the study sites and hand, foot and mouth disease [6]. Te ARIMA with between 2005 and 2018. We also collected local meteor- exogenous variables (ARIMAX) model exhibits superior ological factors at the same time from the China Mete- prediction performance by adding other event-related orological Data Network (https ://www.nmic.cn/). Tese factors as input variables. Another commonly used time meteorological factors included monthly average temper- series analysis model is based on an artifcial neural net- ature (MAT, °C), monthly average atmospheric pressure work (ANN), which is designed to simulate the way the (MAP, hPa), monthly average wind speed (MAS, m/s), human brain analyzes and processes information. Te monthly average relative humidity (MAH, %), monthly ANN has been applied to construct time series models to precipitation (MP, mm), and monthly sunshine time forecast human diseases [7, 8]. Te recurrent neural net- (MST, h). work (RNN) is a specifc ANN with the ability to trans- fer information across time steps, as it can remember Construction of the ARIMA model previous information and apply it to the current output As described in our previous study [13], we constructed a calculation. Te ability to model temporal dependencies seasonal ARIMA model, which was expressed as ARIMA makes it particularly appropriate to analyze a time series, (p, d, q)(P, D, Q)s. Te variables p, d, and q represent the which consists of a sequence of points that are not inde- autoregressive model order, the number of ordinary dif- pendent [9, 10]. ferences, and the moving-average model order, respec- Time series analyses have been used to predict TB mor- tively. Te variables P, D, and Q represent the seasonal bidity or mortality, but most were conducted in one city or one region and based on one or two models that did not incorporate meteorological factors [11, 12]. Our pre- vious study has revealed that the incidence of TB exhibits seasonal fuctuations, indicating a potential relationship with meteorological factors [13]. Tus, in the current study, we performed a time series analysis in three cities of Jiangsu Province, China, and applied diferent models (ARIMA, ARIMAX, and RNN) to explore whether the inclusion of meteorological factors can improve the per- formance of prediction modeling. Methods Study areas Jiangsu Province is located on the eastern coast of China, with an area of 107 200 square kilometers. It governed 13 cities and had a permanent population of 80.7 mil- lion at the end of 2019. We randomly selected one city Fig. 1 Geographical locations of the three cities in Jiangsu Province from northern, central, and southern Jiangsu and fnally Li et al. Infect Dis Poverty (2020) 9:151 Page 3 of 11 autoregressive model order, the number of seasonal dif- the degree to which the residual series of the model was ferences, and the seasonal moving-average model order, demonstrated to be white noise by the Ljung-Box test; (c) respectively. Variables represent the length of a periodic the performance of the model in predicting PTB cases in pattern (s = 12 in this study). Te number of PTB cases 2018. predicted at time t (Y t ) was determined by the for- θ s q(B)�Q(B )at Construction of the RNN model Yt = θq(B) mula: � (Bs)φ (B)(1−B)d (1−Bs)D , where is the P p Te ANN usually consists of an input layer, a hidden layer, � ( s) operator of the moving-average model, Q B is the and an output layer. Te layers of the traditional ANN φ ( ) operator of the seasonal-moving average model, p B is are fully connected, but the neurons in each layer are not � ( s) the operator of the autoregressive model, P B is the connected. Te RNN is diferent from the ANN in that it (1 − )d operator of the seasonal autoregressive model, B is adds connections between the neurons in the hidden layer (1 − s)D the component of the ordinary diferences, B is (Fig.
Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
    Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Blood Glucose Levels in Insulin Therapy And
    Association between blood glucose levels in insulin therapy and Glasgow Outcome Score in patients with traumatic brain injury: secondary analysis of a randomized trial Tao Yuan Department of Neurosurgery, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Hongyu He Department of Neurosurgery, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Yuepeng Liu Center for clinical research and translational medicine, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Jianwei Wang Department of Neurosurgery, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xin Kang Department of Neurosurgery, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Guanghui Fu Department of Neurosurgery, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Fangfang Xie Department of Neurosurgery, the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Aimin Li Lianyungang No 1 People's Hospital Jun Chen Lianyungang No 1 People's Hospital Wen-xue Wang ( [email protected] ) Department of Neurosurgery,the aliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9865-6811 Research Article Keywords: Traumatic brain injuries, Glasgow Outcome Score, hyperglycaemia, insulin therapy Posted Date: June 14th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-615839/v1 Page 1/18 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 2/18 Abstract Background: Too high or low blood glucose levels after traumatic brain injury (TBI) negatively affect the prognosis of patients with TBI. This study aimed to examine the relationship between different levels of blood glucose in insulin therapy and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) in patients with TBI.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
    CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Evolution of the Chinese Port System (221BC-2010AD) Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet
    Regional resilience and spatial cycles: Long-term evolution of the Chinese port system (221BC-2010AD) Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet To cite this version: Chengjin Wang, César Ducruet. Regional resilience and spatial cycles: Long-term evolution of the Chinese port system (221BC-2010AD). Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Wiley, 2013, 104 (5), pp.521-538. 10.1111/tesg.12033. halshs-00831906 HAL Id: halshs-00831906 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00831906 Submitted on 28 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Regional resilience and spatial cycles: long-term evolution of the Chinese port system (221 BC - 2010 AD) Chengjin WANG Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100101, China [email protected] César DUCRUET1 French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR 8504 Géographie-cités F-75006 Paris, France [email protected] Pre-final version of the paper published in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 104, No. 5, pp. 521-538. Abstract Spatial models of port system evolution often depict linearly the emergence of hierarchy through successive concentration phases of originally scattered ports.
    [Show full text]
  • Roads, Railroads and Decentralization of Chinese Cities*
    Roads, Railroads and Decentralization of Chinese * Cities Nathaniel Baum-Snowa Loren Brandtb J. Vernon Hendersonc Matthew A. Turnera and Qinghua Zhangd March, 2015 Abstract: We investigate how configurations of urban railroads and highways influenced urban form in Chinese cities since 1990. Each radial highway displaces about 4 percent of central city population to surrounding regions and ring roads displace about an additional 20 percent. Each radial railroad reduces central city industrial GDP by about 20 percent, with ring roads displacing an additional 50 percent. Similar estimates for the locations of manufacturing jobs and residential locations of manufacturing workers is evidence that radial highways decentralize service sector activity, radial railroads decentralize industrial activity and ring roads decentralize both. Historical transportation infrastructure provides identifying variation in more recent measures of infrastructure. J.E.L.: R4, O2 Keywords: China, Roads, Railroads, Infrastructure * We are grateful to International Growth Centre grant #RA-2009-11-013 for generously funding this research. Baum-Snow and Turner thank the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy for additional support. Brandt and Turner are grateful to the Canadian Social Science and Humanities Research Council for funding. We also thank the many research assistants who helped on this project: Magda Besiada, Rong Zhang Wang, Jie Ciao, Huaihong Su, Yujin Cao, Hyunjoo Wang, Xiaolu Li, Ying Chen and particularly Zhi Li and Zhi Wang. We are also grateful to Byron Moldofsky, the University of Toronto Cartography lab and the Neptis Foundation for their support and for their assistance with GIS data. a Brown University; b University of Toronto; c London School of Economics; d Peking University 1.
    [Show full text]
  • CE Certificates Issued in 2021 for Holders in China / Vietnam
    CE certificates issued in 2021 for holders in China / Vietnam Certificate holder Certificate No. / Product Date of issuance Date of expiry Product specification code Xuzhou Yizun New Material Co., Ltd. Plywood according to Industrial Park, Hegou Town, Xinyi City, 0766-CPR-429/4 EN 636:2012+A1:2015 Jiangsu Province / Product types: 5 January 2021 9 May 2021 Post code 221439 2117181-009 EN 636-1 China EN 636-2 Xuzhou Yizun New Material Co., Ltd. Plywood according to Industrial Park, Hegou Town, Xinyi City, 0766-CPR-430/4 EN 636:2012+A1:2015 Jiangsu Province / Product types: 5 January 2021 9 May 2021 Post code 221439 2117181-010 EN 636-1 China EN 636-2 EN 636-3 Xuzhou Kinri Trade Co., Ltd. Plywood according to Shengyang Village, Sanpu Town, Tongshan Dis- EN 636:2012+A1:2015 0766-CPR-564 trict, Xuzhou High-tech Industrial Develop- Product types: / 11 January 2021 24 November 2021 ment Zone, Jiangsu Province EN 636-1 2121007-005 Post code 221112 EN 636-2 China Viet Nam Hai Duong Baifar Wood Plywood according to Nam Sach Industrial Zone, Nam Sach District, 0766-CPR-565 EN 636:2012+A1:2015 Hai Duong / Product types: 11 January 2021 10 January 2022 Post code 03000 2121008-001 EN 636-1 Vietnam EN 636-2 LianyungangChanta International Wood Cov Plywood according to Ltd. EN 636:2012+A1:2015 0766-CPR-485/2 Kangpeng Plaza, Lianyun District, Lianyungang Product types: / 26 January 2021 20 January 2022 City, Jiangsu Province EN 636-1 2119007-003 Post code 222000 EN 636-2 China EN 636-3 Page 1 of 7 CE certificates issued in 2021 for holders in China / Vietnam Certificate holder Certificate No.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society (EMCS 2016) Research on the construction of Economic Belt along the East Longhai Li Yinguo Li Tingting School of Business Jiangsu Normal University School of Business Jiangsu Normal University XuZhou, China XuZhou, China E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract—In order to make Jiangsu better into the national which lack of strong radiation capacity for nearby cities, strategy of “one belt and one road”, the economic thus the important measures are to improve the integrated development level of the northern Jiangsu should be development capability of Xuzhou, Lianyungang, and improved. The paper describes the current situation of expand the scope of radiation of the city, drive around the economic and social development of areas along the East county's economic development, strive to build cities and Longhai Economic Belt, and compares the economic belt towns along the east Longhai. along the East Longhai with the economic belt along the Firstly, the paper introduces the current situation of Yangtze River from different aspects. Although the social- economic and social development of the region along the economic development of the East Longhai Economic Belt east Longhai from five aspects, such as spatial structure, has some slight advantages, there is a big gap between the economic position, natural resources, transportation system economic belt along the East Longhai and the Yangtze River. The importance of the construction is to create a vibrant and cultural industries. Then, the paper compare the urban axis, and to improve the regional comprehensive economic belt along the east Longhai with the economic development capacity of Xuzhou and Lianyungang.
    [Show full text]
  • Time to Sputum Culture Conversion and Treatment Outcome of Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: a Prospective Cohort Study from Urban China
    AGORA | | RESEARCH LETTER Time to sputum culture conversion and treatment outcome of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study from urban China To the Editor: Sputum culture plays an important role in monitoring treatment response in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), and sputum culture conversion is a clinical tool used to predict therapeutic efficacy [1]. Monthly culture monitoring is essential for earlier detection of treatment failure in patients with MDR-TB. More sensitive signals of nonresponse would further avoid adverse outcomes [2]. Evidence exists suggesting that sputum culture conversion after 2 months of treatment may be an early predictor of treatment success in patients with MDR-TB [3, 4]. Although sputum culture conversion has been used substantially in clinical settings, few prospective cohort studies have investigated its efficacy after different durations of MDR-TB treatment, and no studies have been performed in China or India [5, 6]. We evaluated whether 2-, 3-, 6- or 24-month culture conversion predicted treatment success in patients with MDR-TB. The study was conducted in four cities (Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Zhenjiang and Nantong) in Jiangsu province, China. Xuzhou and Lianyungang, both located in the north of Jiangsu province, are economically underdeveloped areas with a higher TB burden while Zhenjiang, situated in the south, is a relatively rich city with a lighter TB burden, and Nantong, located in the middle of Jiangsu, is a middle-income developed city with a moderate TB burden [7]. All patients with MDR-TB were enrolled consecutively between December 2011 and March 2014. Patients with MDR-TB were identified at the time of diagnosis by regional reference laboratories using traditional drug sensitivity tests (DST), as previously described [8].
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 86, No. 12/Thursday, January 21, 2021
    6300 Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 12 / Thursday, January 21, 2021 / Notices Dated: January 12, 2021. 9. Linyi Huasheng Yongbin Wood Co., Ltd. International Trade Administration, Jeffrey I. Kessler, 10. Linyi Jiahe Wood Industry Co., Ltd. U.S. Department of Commerce, 1401 11. Linyi Sanfortune Wood Co., Ltd. Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, 12. Qingdao Top P&Q International Corp. Compliance. DC 20230; telephone: (202) 482–5305. 13. Shandong Qishan International Trading Appendix I Co., Ltd. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 14. Shanghai Brightwood Trading Co., Ltd. Background Companies Not Eligible for a Separate Rate 15. Shanghai Futuwood Trading Co., Ltd. 1. Feixian Longteng Wood Co., Ltd. 16. Shanghai Luli Trading Co., Ltd. On July 28, 2020, Commerce 2. Golder International Trade Co., Ltd. 17. Suining Pengxiang Wood Co., Ltd. published the preliminary results of this 3. Highland Industries-Hanlin 18. Suqian Hopeway International Trade Co., administrative review.1 We invited 4. Huainan Mengping Import and Export Co., Ltd. parties to comment on the Preliminary Ltd. 19. Suzhou Oriental Dragon Import and Results. No party submitted comments. 5. Jiangsu High Hope Arser Co., Ltd.27 Export Co., Ltd. 6. Jiangsu Sunwell Cabinetry Co., Ltd. 20. Xuzhou Jiangheng Wood Products Co., Accordingly, the final results remain 7. Jiangsu Top Point International Co., Ltd. Ltd. unchanged from the Preliminary 8. Jiaxing Gsun Imp. & Exp. Co., Ltd. 21. Xuzhou Jiangyang Wood Industries Co., Results. Ltd. 9. Lianyungang Yuantai International Trade Scope of the Order Co., Ltd. 22. Xuzhou Timber International Trade Co., 10. Linyi Bomei Furniture Co., Ltd. Ltd. The scope of the order covers 11.
    [Show full text]
  • The People's Liberation Army's 37 Academic Institutions the People's
    The People’s Liberation Army’s 37 Academic Institutions Kenneth Allen • Mingzhi Chen Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN: 9798635621417 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Design by Heisey-Grove Design All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI Twitter: https://twitter.com/CASI_Research | @CASI_Research Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI).
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Allocation of Regional Flood Drainage Rights In
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Study of the Allocation of Regional Flood Drainage Rights in Watershed Based on Entropy Weight TOPSIS Model: A Case Study of the Jiangsu Section of the Huaihe River, China Kaize Zhang 1,2, Juqin Shen 3, Han Han 1,* and Jinglai Zhang 4 1 Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA 3 College of Agricultural Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 June 2020; Accepted: 10 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: During the flood season, various regions in a watershed often have flood drainage conflicts, when the regions compete for flood drainage rights (FDR). In order to solve this problem, it is very necessary to study the allocation of FDR among various regions in the watershed. Firstly, this paper takes fairness, efficiency and sustainable development as the allocation principles, and comprehensively considers the differences of natural factors, social development factors, economic development factors and ecological environment factors in various regions. Then, an indicator system for allocation of FDR among regions in the watershed is established. Secondly, an entropy weight Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model is used to construct the FDR allocation model among regions in the watershed. Based on a harmony evaluation model, a harmony evaluation and comparison are carried out on the FDR allocation schemes under three different allocation principles.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai Flash
    Consulate General of Switzerland in Shanghai Issue No. 1 │ December 2013 Emerging cities in the YDR Previously invisible on China’s economic map, hidden at the back of the classroom, a few emerging cities of the YDR ( Yangtze Delta Region ) are drawing more and more attention as the high-speed train network develops fast throughout the region. More senior cities such as Suzhou and Wuxi, who have been doing well for a number of years, are somehow victim of their success and becoming more and more expensive. They keep their attractiveness thanks to their proximity with Shanghai and their elevated quality, but now the attention is gradually shifting towards other cities which were not as developed a decade ago, but whose prodigious step forward make them now an attractive place for foreign investment in the region. These cities are strongly supporting China’s growth and will keep developing at an above-average pace for a long time. Nantong and Xuzhou (Jiangsu province ) and Hefei (Anhui province ) are three of these cities that lately enjoyed a considerable jump in popularity. The will for expansion It is secret to no one that cities are competing against each other to attract the most promising, stable and secure companies to invest on their lands. This competition is beneficial to investors who then get a higher quality of services , help and support from the local authorities , sometimes with subsidies, guarantees of land for future expansion or tax incentives. Local governments massively invest into developing modern facilities, roads, bridges, energy alimentation systems, etc. This paired with the financial competitiveness of these regions which still enjoy lower costs than cities closer to Shanghai make them little Eldorado for Chinese or foreign investors who want to settle or expand their business in China.
    [Show full text]