China and the Korean Peninsula (Summer 2014)

China and The Korean Peninsula (Summer 2014)

Yonsei University

Date and Time: Classroom: Room

Sukhee Han Telephone: 02-2123-3962 E-mail: [email protected] Office: #605 New Millennium Hall

Course Description

It is well-known that China has uniquely maintained close relationship with both Seoul and Pyongyang governments for more than two decades. Along with its substantial rise as a global power, China has become one of the core powers to influence over the issues around the Korean peninsula. For twenty years, Seoul and Beijing have enjoyed amicable ties, particularly in the fields of economy and culture. Taking advantage of the potential formation of new regional security order, both governments are now discussing to expand bilateral cooperation to the fields of politics and security. In contrast to it, Pyongyang still remains a troublesome ally for China, refusing Chinese advice to commit itself to the Chinese model of reform and open-door policy and the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. Due to North Korea’s incessant provocations, including its nuclear tests, China feels growing fatigue for its alliance with the North. In the coming years, it seems to be an interesting question to watch how China would manage the Sino-North Korean relations. For the consistent regional stability and prosperity, the positive role of China is highly required by the regional states.

“China and the Korean Peninsula” is first introduced at the GSIS in this semester. The major objectives of this class are 1) to help understanding the various issues regarding China and two Koreas; 2) to analyze the issues from a balanced perspective; 3) and find out and suggest optimal solutions for the conflict resolution. This is a team-teaching class. Professor Han and Dr. Jin will address the issues both from Korean and Chinese perspectives. This is not a lecture class, but a seminar class. All the students are required to read assigned reading materials before each class starts. Grading standards and reading lists are followed:

Grades Midterm Exam: 30% Final Exam: 30% Class Participation, Attendance, Presentation, and Quiz (just in case): 40%

Part I

Week 1 (): Introduction No Reading, Course Explanation, Presentation Schedule

Week 2 (): China and Korea – Natural Endowments and Diversities Issues: 1. Geographic data of China and Korean Peninsula 2. Economic and political systems 3. Review of 20 Years of Korea-China Relations

Week 3 (): Tributary System Questions: 1. How do you define East Asian Tributary System? Issues: 1. Historical review of Tributary System 2. Sinocentrism, the idea of Tian’xia, Sadaejuui, “Little China,” and Confucianism Reading List: 1. Brantly Womack, “Asymmetry and China’s Tributary System,” The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Volume 5 (2012):37-54. 2. David C. Kang, “Hierarchy and Legitimacy in International Systems: The Tribute System in Early Modern East Asia,” Security Studies, Volume 19 (2010):591-622. 3. Chun, Hae-jong, “Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch’ing Period,” in The Chinese World Order, ed. John K. Fairbank (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968), pp. 454-455. 4. Zhang Feng, “Rethinking the ‘Tribute System’: Broadening the Conceptual Horizon of Historical East Asian Politics,” Chinese Journal of International Politics, Volume 2 (2009):545-574.

Week 4 (): Medieval History (I) – Ming and Chosun Questions: 1. Why did Ming decide to dispatch troops to Korean Peninsula during Japanese invasion? 2. How would you describe the relations between Ming and Chosun? Issues: 1. Relations between Ming and Chosun 2. Japan’s invasion 3. Wanli’s decision to dispatch troops to Korean Peninsula 4. Korean Peninsula as a buffer zone Reading List: 1. Seung B. Kye, “Huddling under the Imperial Umbrella: A Korean Approach to Ming China in the Early 1500s,” Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 15, Number 1 (Fall 2010):41-66. 2. Ray Huang, “The Korean Campaign,” in The Cambridge History of China, Volume

7：The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1, eds., Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 567-574. 3. Donald N. Clark, “Sino-Korean Tributary Relations Under The Ming,” in The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8：The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 2, eds., Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 272-299. 4. John K. Fairbank, et al., “The Setting of East Asian History,” “Early Korea: The Emergence of a Chinese Type of State,” “Yi Dynasty Korea: A Model Confucian Society,” East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1978), pp. 1-16; 277-323.

Week 5 (): Medieval History (II) – Qing and Chosun Questions: 1. Why Chosun despised the rise of Jurchen or Qing in the beginning? 2. What changed Chosun people’s attitude? Issues: 1. The rise of Jurchen 2. The conflicts between Ming and Qing 3. The relations between Qing and Chosun Reading List: 1. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9：The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 14-16. 2. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11：Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part 2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 101-109. 3. Kirk W. Larsen, Tradition, Treaties, and Trade: Qing Imperialism and Choson Korea (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 1-23; 128-163; 197-230.

Week 6 (): The End of Chinese Suzerainty – Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 Questions: What brought Chinese Suzerainty to an end? (Internal and External) Issues: 1. Western powers’ invasion: began with the Opium War 2. An industrialized Japan: Meji Restoration 3. Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 Reading List: 1. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11：Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Part 2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 269-273. 2. S. C. M. Paine, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 245-333.

Week 7 (): Korean War Questions: 1. What are the main causes and consequences of the Korean War? 2. Has the war ended officially? 3. Will there be another Korean War on the peninsula? Issues: 1. Brief layout of historical evolution of the Korean War 2. Different views on the Korean War from different sides 2. Consequences and implications 3. Findings based on newly released materials (Particularly Chinese views) Reading List: 1. Andrew Scobell, “Soldiers, statesmen, strategic culture and China’s 1950 intervention in Korea,” Journal of Contemporary China, 8:22 (1999):477-497. 2. Allan R. Millett, “The Korean War: A 50-year critical historiography,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:1 (2001):188-224. 3. Lin Lin, et al., “Whose History? An Analysis of the Korean War in History Textbooks from the United States, South Ksrea, Japan, and China,” The Social Studies, 100:5 (2009):222-232. 4. Zhihua Shen, “China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 33:2 (2010):211-230. 5. Yang Kuisong, “Ideological Factors in China’s Dispatching Troops to Korea,” Social Science in China (Winter 2006): 86-95. 6. Deng Feng, “Korean War Studies in China: A Review of the Last Decade,” Social Science in China (Winter 2006): 136-151.

Week 8 (): Mid-term Exam

Part II

Week 9 (): Sino-DPRK Relations Questions: 1. Are China and North Korea truly allies? 2. Strategically, how important are China and North Korea to each other? 3. Why China claimed Sino-DPRK relations as “bilateral relations between normal states”? 4. What are other regional powers’ assessments of Sino-DPRK relations? Issues: 1. “Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the People’s Republic of China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea” 2. Historical events in Sino-DPRK relations: 1961, 1978, 1992, 2003 3. Critical view of China-DPRK relations (a truly normal bilateral relationship?) Reading List: 1. Sukhee Han, “Alliance Fatigue amid Asymmetrical Interdependence: Sino-North Korean Relations in Flux,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Volume XVI,

Number 1 (Spring 2004): 155-179. 2. Masako Ikegami, “China-North Korea: Renewal of the ‘Blood Alliance’,” Asia Pacific Bulletin, Number 158 (April 5, 2012). 3. Christopher Twomey, “Explaining Chinese Foreign Policy toward North Korea: navigating between the Scylla and Charybdis of proliferation and instability,” Journal of Contemporary China, 17(56) (August 2008): 401-423. 4. You Ji, “China and North Korea: A fragile relationship of strategic convenience,” Journal of Contemporary China, 10(28) (2001): 387-398. 5. Simon Shen, “The Hidden Face of Comradeship: popular Chinese consensus on the DPRK and its implications for Beijing’s policy,” Journal of Contemporary China, 21(75) (May 2012): 427-443. 6. Anne Wu, “What china whispers to North Korea,” The Washington Quarterly, 28(2) (2005): 35-48. Optional: 1. Jin Canrong, “New Changes in Northeast Asia and the Post-Kim Jong-il Era,” CIR, Volume 22, Number 1 (January/February 2012): 58-64. 2. Dick K. Nanto and Mark E. Manyin, “China–North Korea Relations,” in The survival of North Korea : essays on strategy, economics and international relations, eds., Suk Hi Kim, Terence Roehrig and Bernhard Seliger (Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2011): 116-136.

Week 10 (): ROK-U.S. Alliance and ROK-China Partnership Questions: 1. Is ROK-U.S. alliance a Cold War product? 2. How does China perceive ROK-U.S. alliance? 3. What are main driving forces for normalization of Sino-ROK bilateral relations? Issues: 1. ROK-U.S. alliance 1) The evolution of ROK-U.S. alliance in chronological order 2) Role of ROK-U.S. alliance; Chinese view of ROK-U.S. alliance 3) The future of ROK-U.S. alliance 2. Korea-China Normalization 1) Historical background: why? 2) 1992: how? 3) Implications: political communication, trade, and security cooperation Reading List: 1. William Stueck and Boram Yi, “‘An Alliance Forged in Blood’: The American Occupation of Korea, the Korean War, and the US-South Korean Alliance,” Journal of Strategic Studies, 33(2) (2010): 177-209. 2. Ji-Young Lee, “The U.S.-ROK Alliance and China: Beyond the Sinking of the Cheonan,” Asia Pacific Bulletin, Number 62 (May 28, 2010). 3. Daniel Twining, “Strengthening the U.S.-Korea Alliance for the 21st Century - The Role of Korean-American Partnership in Shaping Asia’s Emerging Order,” in The U.S.-ROK Alliance in the 21st Century, eds., Jung-Ho Bae and Abraham Denmark (Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2009): 317-344. 4. Guo Xiangang, “New Orientation for ROK-U.S. Alliance,” China International

Studies (Summer 2006): 139-150. 5. Keyu Gong, “The Korea-US Alliance from a Chinese Perspective,” Asian Perspective, 36 (2012): 309-330. 6. Dingding Chen, “Domestic Politics, National Identity, and International Conflict: the case of the Koguryo controversy,” Journal of Contemporary China, 21(74) (2012): 227-241. Optional: 1. Michael Raska, “Ascertaining China’s Strategy for the Korean Peninsula: Implications for the U.S.-ROK Alliance,” RSIS Commentaries, Number 105 (June 20, 2012) 2. David C. Kang, “Between Balancing and Bandwagoning: South Korea’s Response to China,” Journal of East Asian Studies, 9 (2009): 1-28. 3. Chen Zhimin, “Nationalism, Internationalism and Chinese Foreign Policy,” Journal of Contemporary China, 14(42) (February 2005): 35-53. 4. Jung-Nam Lee, “The ROK’s Perception of China’s Role Interviews with the ROK General Public,” CIR, Volume 21, Number 6 (November/December 2011): 21-33.

Week 11 (): ROK-China Economic Relations (FTA, etc.) Reading List: 1. Francoise Nicolas, “Korea’s regional economic strategy in response to the rise of China,” in Korea in the New Asia: East Asia integration and China the factor, ed. Francoise Nicolas (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 27-51. 2. Heungchong Kim and Yunjong Wang, “Financial integration in East Asia: Which role for Korea?” in Korea in the New Asia: East Asia integration and China the factor, ed. Francoise Nicolas (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 52-68. 3. Ulrich Volz, “Integration? What Integration? — Monetary co-operation in East Asia, the rise of China, and implications for Korea,” in Korea in the New Asia: East Asia integration and China the factor, ed. Francoise Nicolas (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 69-92. 4. Zhang Yunling, “China’s economic rise and its impact,” in The Rise of China and Structural Changes in Korea and Asia, eds., Takatoshi Ito and Chin Hee Hahn (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010), pp. 43-64.

Week 12 (): Cheonan and Yeonpyeong Questions: 1. Why states reacted differently? 2. What are the main implications? Issues: 1. A brief review 2. Reactions from South Korea and the U.S. 3. China’s explanation and responses (including its reaction to the joint military exercise) 4. Major issues of conflicts Reading List: 1. Scott Snyder & See-Won Byun, “Cheonan and Yeonpyeong,” The RUSI Journal, 156(2) (2011): 74-81. 2. “China and Inter-Korean Clashes in the Yellow Sea,” Crisis Group Asia Report

N°200, 27 (January 2011) 3. Sukhee Han, “China’s Post-Cheonan and -Yeonpyeong Policy toward North Korea,” EAI Asia Security Initiative Working Paper 27, (October 2012) 4. David Hundt, “China’s ‘Two Koreas’ Policy: Achievements and Contradictions,” Political Science, 62(2) (2010): 132-145. 5. You Ji, “Yeongpyeong: Tough Test for China’s North Korea Policy,” RSIS Commentaries, Number 161 (December 1, 2010) 6. Zhu Feng, “The Korean Peninsula after the Tian An Incident,” CIR, (November/December 2011): 55-72.

Week 13 (): Six Party Talks and North Korea’s Nuclear Deal Questions: 1. Why China hosted Six Party Talks? 2. Why China insists on resumption of Six Party Talks? 3. What are the defects of Six Party Talks? 4. What is your choice if you were a policy-maker of these parties respectively? Issues: 1. Is “Six Party Talks” dead or not? 2. Who is winning the game among the six players? 3. Why such a conundrum? (Comparative analysis of major nuclear crisis) 4. Any way out? Reading List: 1. Hochul Lee, “China in the North Korean Nuclear Crises: ‘interest’ and ‘identity’ in foreign behavior,” Journal of Contemporary China, Volume 22, Number 80 (2013): 312-331. 2. Michele Acuto, “Not Quite the Dragon: A ‘Chinese’ view on the Six Party Talks, 2002-8,” The International History Review, 34(1) (2012): 1-17. 3. Ralph A. Cossa, “Six-Party Talks: Will/Should They Resume?” American Foreign Policy Interests, 34 (2012): 27-33. 4. Siegfried S. Hecker, “Lessons Learned from the North Korean Nuclear Crises,” in The survival of North Korea : essays on strategy, economics and international relations, eds., Suk Hi Kim, Terence Roehrig and Bernhard Seliger (Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2011), pp. 214-229. 5. Juyan Zhang and Yi Han, “Testing the rhetoric of China’s soft power campaign: a case analysis of its strategic ambiguity in the Six Party Talks over North Korea’s nuclear program,” Asian Journal of Communication, (2012): 1-18. Optional: 1. Zhang Xizhen and Eugene Brown, “Policies toward North Korea: A time for new thinking,” Journal of Contemporary China, 9(25) (2000): 535-545. 2. Huang Fengzhi & Jin Xin, “Assessment of the North Korea Nuclear Six-Party Talks,” CIR Volume 22, Number 1 (January/February 2012): 96-105.

Week 14 (): The Future Relations between China and the Korean Peninsula

Questions: What will be the main variables to discuss the future of Korean Peninsula? Issues: 1. China’s perception of its core interests on the Korean Peninsula 2. Will China truly welcome a united Korean Peninsula? 3. Future of relations between China and the Korean Peninsula Reading List: 1. Taeho Kim, “China’s ascendancy and the future of the Korean Peninsula,” in Korea in the New Asia: East Asia integration and China the factor, ed. Francoise Nicolas (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 117-134. 2. Robert Dujarric, “China and South Korea’s future strategy,” in Korea in the New Asia: East Asia integration and China the factor, ed. Francoise Nicolas (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 156-164. 3. Tang Yongsheng, “Reflections on How to Handle Possible Changes in the Korean Peninsula,” CIR, Volume 22 Number 1 (January/February 2012): 83-87. 4. Chu Shulong, “The Strategic Situation in Northeast Asia and China,” CIR, Volume 22 Number 1 (January/February 2012): 92-95.

Week 15 (): Wrapping Up Session (Documentary and Debate)

Week 16 () Final Exam