Plistorioetl Revie^w

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: This year, 1985, is im­ portant to the admirers of the noted au­ thor Mark Twain. Born 150 years ago, November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, Twain died, April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut. Special events this year also mark the 100th anniversary of the publi­ cation of his famous work, The Adven­ tures of Huckleberry Finn. The front-cover reproduction is from

a 9i/2" x 6i/2" pen and ink sketch by Thomas Hart Benton, located in the State Historical Society's Fine Art Collec­ tion. It illustrates a famous scene for the book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, published by the Limited Editions Club, New York, 1939. Tom Sawyer has con­ vinced his friends that whitewashing the fence is fun and requires great talent. They took over the job while "the retired artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by." An exhibit of Benton's lithographic illustrations for The Adventures of Huck­ leberry Finn, also published by the Limited Editions Club, is on display through June in the Society's Art Gal­ lery. It is open Monday through Friday from 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., excepting legal holidays.

PARKING FOR SOCIETY PATRONS The University of Missouri-Columbia recently has begun the con­ struction of an addition to Elmer Ellis Library and the State Historical Society. Visitor parking remains in the same block behind the library and the State Historical Society, but it has been moved further south. Patrons still enter the visitor lot off of Hitt Street. The entrance, how­ ever, is now closer to the intersection of Hitt and Rollins streets.

The State Historical Society's quarters now must be entered through the Society's north door (facing Lowry Mall) . MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Copyright © 1985 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth,' Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO. 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXIX

Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State NUMBER 3 Historical Society of Missouri during their term of member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. APRIL, 1985 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899. R. S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1983-1986 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fifth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1985 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia J. ]. GRAF, HERMANN ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1986 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1987 ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the twelfth round of compe­ tition for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award, This $300.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the univer­ sities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year be­ tween junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students in Mis­ souri. The 1985 award of $300.00 will be presented for the best article written by a senior high school student. The award will be presented at the 1985 annual meet­ ing of the State Historical Society. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or person­ alities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words and a bibliography must be included. Each high school must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article by a senior high student. Only one article may be submitted from each high school. Each article will be judged against other nomina­ tions by the Department of History of the University of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State His­ torical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1985. The articles must be sent to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP AND GIFTS

Memberships in The State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Annual Membership 5.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership . . .$100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual xMembership $500.00 or more Life Membership $100.00

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Join thousands of other people whose memberships in The State Historical Society assist in the preservation and advance­ ment of the history of Missouri.

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Richard S. Brownlee, Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 EDITORIAL POLICY The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Mis­ souri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publica­ tion. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a car­ bon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously pub­ lished in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

STEREOTYPES AND REALITY: NINETEENTH-CENTURY GERMAN WOMEN IN MISSOURI. By Linda S. Pickle 291

A STORY BEHIND THE STORY OF THE Arkansas AND THE Carondelet. By Mary Emerson Branch . . 313

FIGHTING THE GHOSTS AT LONE JACK. By Leslie Anders 332

PAINS OF BIRTH AND ADOLESCENCE: THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AND ITS ROLLA CAMPUS, 1871-1915. By Lawrence O. Christensen 357

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 373

Local Historical Societies 378

Gifts 397

Missouri History in Newspapers 401

Missouri Historv in Magazines 407

In Memoriam 414

BOOK REVIEWS 415

BOOK NOTES 419

MISSISSIPPI COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM Inside Back Cover Stereotypes and Reality: Nineteenth-Century German Women In Missouri BY UNDA S. PICKLE*

"Good, laborious, submissive, and silent housewives" describes how Timothy Flint saw the German women in southeastern Mis­ souri, along the White Water River, in settlements where he stayed in the second decade of the 1800s.1 This widely held view of German women appeared not only among outsiders, but in the German community itself. Clearly in various ways, women realized the kind of behavior expected of them. A poem read to brides by a groomsman around Concordia, Missouri, admonished them before leaving for the church, to maintain "Reinlichkeit" (cleanliness) and "Ordnung" (order) in their houses, and to show

* Linda S. Pickle is associate professor of German and chairwoman of the Foreign Language Department, Westminster College, Fulton. She has the B.A. degree from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and the M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Colorado-Boulder. Westminster College granted research support for this study. i Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years, Passed in Occasional Residences and Journeyings in the Valley of the Mississippi (Boston, 1826) , 236. 291 292 Missouri Historical Review their husbands' parents love and respect.2 Hermann Steines, sent out as a scout for the Solingen Society, recognized that the success of the emigration would depend largely on the subordination of women's wishes to those that would promote the good of the family. Thus, he warned the women in an early letter that success would hinge on their willing participation "in the attempt of realizing the fond dream of your men folks." They would not be benefited materially by emigration. However, he said, "your interest in your children must be the deciding factor if you take this step." He concluded: "You women must have a clear understanding with your men."3 The importance of women's cooperation could hardly be stated more clearly, nor the expectation that this co­ operation involved the subordination of women within the family. Early German immigrants to Missouri indicated that, on the whole, their women conformed to the stereotype of the efficient, exemplary, undemanding "Hausfrau." Gert Goebel asserted that educated German women made the best homemakers in America, for they never demanded more than their husbands could provide. Despite their accustom to much better things than they experienced in Missouri, they willingly performed work considered demeaning in their former circumstances.4 Friedrich Muench also asserted that their hard lives did not prevent the wives of the Latin farmers from recognizing their contributions to the family's wel­ fare or from living as "kultivierte Menschen" (cultivated human beings).5 Neither Muench nor Goebel offered clear reasons for the superiority of German women of this class as frontier wives and homemakers. They implied that superior reasoning powers made the women better able to adapt to frontier conditions. Descendants also traditionally expressed admiration for these early German women. Muench's son Hugo closed a 1915 address to the Missouri Historical Society by paying tribute to these stoical heroines. To them, he asserted, belongs "a full measure of any

2 William G Bek, "Survivals of Old Marriage-Customs among the Low Germans of West Missouri," Journal of American Folk-lore, XXI (1908) , 67. 3 Hermann Steines, letter of November 8, 1833, trans, in William G. Bek, "The Followers of Duden," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIV (October, 1919) , 70. 4 Gert Goebel, Laenger als ein Menschenleben in Missouri (St. Louis, 1877) , 68. 5 Friedrich Muench, Der Staat Missouri, geschildert mit besonderer Rueck- sicht auf teutsche Einwanderung (St. Louis, 1859) , 100. 19th-century German Women 293 success which the German element in these United States may have attained."0 This general praise for the stereotypical German immigrant wife and mother largely loses the human, individual element that made up much of the reality of frontier women's lives. Most in­ formation of these early women comes from the pens of their male contemporaries and descendants. Very few extant personal docu­ ments of women remain from this period, perhaps because most had neither the time nor the inclination to write. In particular, few intimate documents give insights into the inner lives of these women. And so the researcher must rely largely on the bits and pieces of information, the hints and clues scattered among the writings of the men around them. Such material must be approached with caution and the realization that it lacks complete­ ness and, in part reliability. It does offer, however, some provocative information from which emerge the outlines of life for the women in question. The reality often proved rather different from the abstract, even idealized image that presents itself in most accounts of these early German women. Many women with their families faced conditions of extreme poverty after arriving in Missouri. This caused them to behave differently from their culture's expectations. The German-language weekly Der Anzeiger des Western carried an article on April 29, 1836, describing the abject poverty endured by some recent German immigrants in St. Louis:

. . . the ragged children and the dirty females whom one sees here in the streets and in front of the warehouses, where they dig through the trash for worthless, disgusting things, where they attempt to steal what they cannot find on the streets or gain by begging.7

The author acknowledged the shame he felt in seeing his country­ men at the lowest level of American society. However, he rec­ ognized that such conditions usually resulted from the hardships of immigration, illness or misfortune, rather than from any specific

6 Hugo Muench, "The Early German Immigration to St. Louis and Vicin­ ity," 25, typescript, Immigration to Missouri Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Missouri. 7 St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens, April 29, 1836. Unless otherwise indicated, the author provided all translations from the German. 294 Missouri Historical Review

failing on the part of those individuals. He called for the German community to help such unfortunates. In the idealistic vein char­ acteristic of many of the educated Germans who immigrated to Missouri in the 1830s, he believed that free education for the children and citizenship training for the adults would help even more than material aid. It is unlikely that the impoverished women and children described here benefited much by these noble senti­ ments. But at least they were not criticized unduly for failing to demonstrate that typically German "schoener Sinn fuer das Edlere und Bessere" (beautiful sense for that which is more noble and better) so sorely missing in such spectacles. On most occasions, however, when German frontierswomen presented an image other than that of clean, orderly housewives, they did not receive much understanding from their countrymen. In particular, German women from the working and peasant classes came under strong criticism from educated Germans of the era. For example, on June 10, 1837, a letter to the editor written by "a friend of order and morality" appeared in the St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens. The author wrote of the embarrassment felt by the German nation as a whole for the noisy, crude behavior of German farm women who had accompanied their husbands into town. 19th-century German Women 295

He found worst of all their "immoral" habit of riding astride their horses, discomfiting all respectable women around them and ex­ posing their less than clean legs to the public gaze.8 Johann Gott­ fried Buettner, an Evangelical preacher in St. Louis in the 1830s, also noted dirty and ill-behaved Germans. He was embarrassed by the reputation of his countrymen and -women among the Americans, who spoke of "Dutch hogs" and who said that "the dutch women are worse than the squas."9 Buettner also expressed his shock at a Femme Osage German midwife he saw riding a horse like a man, on her way to help deliver a baby.10 When Fried­ rich Gustorf visited the Duden area in 1835, he noted with disgust in his diary the filth which prevailed in the homes of some of the 20 or so families of "Osnabrueckner" who had settled between Washington and Union. Although hot and thirsty, he refused to accept water from the two women by whose cabins he passed because the women appeared so dirty. The second, according to Gustorf, was attired only in dirty underwear!11 Although poverty and the misery of a Missouri summer probably accounted for the scenes Gustorf described, he showed no generosity in assessing them. Heinrich Koch, writing in the Anzeiger des Westens on March 2, 1839, offered another example of Germans' lack of sympathy for their countrymen and -women. Koch criticized the recently ar­ rived Saxon Old Lutherans for the wretchedness of their living conditions. He suspected them of under-cutting the wages other German day laborers received. Regarding treatment of their women, Koch asserted they had been observed harnessed to carts like draft animals. In the next is­ sue of the weekly, the St. Louis physician Gempp, who had be-

8 Ibid., June 10, 1837. 9 Johann Gottfried Buettner, Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika (Hamburg, 1844) , I, 332 and 199. io Ibid., 199. it Friedrich Julius Gustorf, The Uncorrupted Heart (Columbia, Mo., 1969), 131. 296 Missouri Historical Review friended the Saxons, denied the charges. He asserted in particular that while women may have sometimes pushed handcars through the streets to help the family save transportation charges, they certainly did not habitually engage in such heavy labor.12 These accusations and protestations indicate the expected proper female role among the better educated Germans at that time. Peasant women did and were expected to do hard physical labor, and even received praise for it. For instance, Goebel described how women and children in early immigrant families cleared fields and split logs for fences while their menfolk worked for others.13 But this did not represent proper work for women of the "higher" classes. German women properly exemplified industrious homemakers. This proved difficult on the frontier, for all women, but perhaps more so for German women, who had high and long-standing traditions to uphold. In addition, they had to adjust to frontier housekeeping conditions. Many of them, especially among the Latin fanners, had to learn to cook over an open fire, for example. Goebel remembered how his mother saved milk for a week in order to make the family a special treat—rice pudding. When she set the pot upon the burning logs, it spilled into the flames.14 German women also had to learn to deal with new foodstuffs, especially corn. This grain appeared totally inedible to most Germans at first, but they had little choice in the early, hard days of settlement. Friedrich Muench wrote later that in the first year or two the women in his group had to learn to prepare and cook corn as bread, noodles and pancakes.15 Even the bread starter proved different in America. One Evangelical preacher's wife in Oakfield had to use cornmeal and peach leaf riser given her by a member of the congregation. She described in some de­ tail to her sister in New York the hard, heavy loaves she first produced.10 And this in 1882 would seem to be long after the frontier had closed in Missouri.

12 St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens, March 2 and 9, 1839. 13 Goebel, Missouri, 48 f. 14 Ibid., 38. 15 Bek, "Followers of Duden," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVIII (April, 1924) , 430. i6Albertina Eisen to Anna ? , May 2, 1882, in Albertina and Gottlieb Eisen Personal Biographies plus Letters, Eden Theological Seminary Archives, St. Louis, Missouri. 19th-century German Women 297

Such trials and tribulations must have been difficult for these women, especially since they supposedly upheld such high domestic standards at the time. Perhaps because of their own attitude toward these adjustments, they generally are treated as inconsequential in accounts of their husbands and children. Or their husbands and children may not have been aware of how difficult these early days were for the women in the familv. German homemakers' real feelings about such things remain obscure. Probably most women bowed to the inevitable without undue complaining, and did not dwell on their difficulties then. Many of them probably carried marks for the rest of their lives due to the parsimony forced upon them in early days. Emilie Buenger Walther, one of the 1838 Saxon immigrants, told a newly arrived pastor's wife in the 1870s that she had never gotten past maintaining a "Buschwirtschaft" (household in the brush).17 On the whole, most German women deserved the praise given them as strong, even heroic figures, and superior frontier homemakers. The Osnabrueckner women mentioned by Gustorf represent an exception. No doubt other similar family lore has been lost with time. Gert Goebel wrote of his oldest sister, who married an Ameri­ can neighbor's son in the Tavern Creek area. Apparently she had been influenced less by her industrious mother's example or by childhood memories of appropriate female attitudes and behavior, than by the example of the indolent American women with whom she came in contact. And so she and her equally lazy husband spent their lives in perfect harmony and in accord with the biblical text: "Neither do they sow, nor do they reap. . . "18 Another, less negative example illustrates that some German women of this period could relax, at least, when given the oppor­ tunity. Emma Blume Schwan, the pampered daughter of a Bra­ zilian plantation owner, spent several hard years in a Missouri log cabin as the bride of a Missouri Synod pastor. At least one priva­ tion of those years seems to have lived positively in her memory. Later, when her husband Henry served as president of the Synod, they lived in Cleveland. She sometimes sat in a room without a fire, wearing Henry's fur coat, in order to enjoy the formation of

17 Margarethe Lenk, Fuenfzehn Jahre in Amerika (Zwickau, Germany, 1911) , 39-40. 18 Goebel, Missouri, 40 f. 298 Missouri Historical Review

Emilie Buenger Walther

Courtesy, Concordia Hist. Inst.

Jack Frost's designs on the windows.19 According to legend, she also encouraged her husband's attendance at the opera, a practice of­ ficially frowned upon by the Synod in those days.20 Emma Schwan's exotic background and the genial nature of her husband may explain her deviation from the expected behavior of a pastor's wife. For German women in Missouri, language posed problems not shared by their American counterparts. Because women tradition­ ally had few contacts outside the home, they often did not learn English, or at least did not learn it well. For example, Flint noted that the German women along the White Water did not speak English well, even though they had come to that area from North Carolina, not from Europe.21 This occasionally caused difficulties when in contact with Americans. Henriette Geisberg Brims com­ plained of her problems speaking with Americans who came to use her husband's mill in his absence.22 Probably because of com-

10 Emma Wvneken, "Memoirs of the WTvneken Household," Concordia His­ torical Institute Quarterly, XIV (1942) , 101. 20 Everette Meier, "The Life and Work of Henry C. Schwan as Pastor and Missionary," ibid., XXIV (1951) , 157. 21 Flint, Recollections, 232-233. 22 Henriette Geisberg Bruns to Heinrich Geisberg, February 15, 1841, type­ written transcription of Geisberg-Bruns correspondence, owned by Caria Schulz- Geisberg of Nienberge/Muenster, West Germany. Adolf E. Schroeder, University of Missouri-Columbia, is preparing the letters for publication and the author appreciates the opportunity to use the letters. 19th-century German Women 299

Courtesy, Concordia Hist. Inst. Emma Schwan and Her Family munication problems, a well-known story of a miracle took root among the Saxon immigrants. In the hard first winter in the Perry County colony (1839-1840), the Buenger family ran out of all foodstuffs. Mother Buenger and her daughters had just finished a prayer, entrusting themselves to God, when a stranger knocked at the door and left a sack of flour. No one knew the man or could find out later who he might have been. Thus, many be­ lieved that God sent an emissary to this pious family in distress.23 Contemporary sceptics might assert that if the Buenger women had been able to speak English, they could have asked which of their generous American neighbors sent him. On a more serious note, ignorance of English could be life-threatening. In the fall of 1862, Rebel bushwhackers attacked Concordia Lutheran pastor F. J. Biltz and his wife while celebrating a baptism with members of his congregation. His wife, Marie Wurmb Biltz. wrote in a letter to her parents, October 6, 1862, that her husband had been spared because she described him to a sympathetic Rebel and begged the latter to release him. The man later complied, allowing Biltz to return home on foot. Other captive Germans were led off one by one and shot. Marie had been the only women present

-3 Emilie Buenger Walther told Margarethe Lenk years later that it was her family of whom this story was told, and that it had indeed happened in that fashion. Lenk, Amerika, 35-36. 300 Missouri Historical Review who knew English. She described how impatiently the bush­ whackers treated the others who tried to plead for their men.24 Certainly, Marie Biltz acted correctly rather than in accordance with the stereotype of silent submission. Other indications suggest that German women immigrants probably encountered more difficulty in adjusting to the American frontier than the idealized image of them implies. Those of the educated classes, particularly, found it hard to accept the informal atmosphere prevalent on the frontier. For example, the women in the Solingen Society company led by Frederick Steines found offen­ sive the casual behavior of tobacco-chewing male American travel­ ers. Although not even guests, these travelers spread their belong­ ings about the common rooms of inns and in general behaved in what these European gentlewomen perceived to be a rude man­ ner.25 Julie Turnau, on her way to St. Louis to meet her betrothed. Evangelical pastor Georg Wall, noted the unconcerned behavior of the American river pilot sent to guide them into dock at New Orleans. This gentleman, accustomed to dealing with Southern heat waves, took off his coat to nap in the midday on the bare boards of the ship's deck.26 A Mrs. Tappe, recently arrived in Missouri from Bielefeld, asked Friedrich Gustorf if Americans "had religion," since they always walked around with long Bowie knives in their belts.27 The laxity of frontier legal ceremonies could upset German women used to European customs. When David Goebel's wife witnessed their daughter's marriage to an American neighbor boy by a local justice of the peace, she could neither hear, because of a hearing problem, nor understand the English words. But she wept in despair. Surely the ceremony could not be legal as the justice used only a few laconic phrases in uniting the young pair.28 Homesickness became a common malady among women on the frontier. Immigrant women, however, may have suffered more acutely because their homes and families were far away, and the likelihood they would ever return to them remote. This appears true of Missouri German women, uncomplaining as they may have

24 William Arndt, "Several Episodes from the Life of the Sainted Pastor F.J. Biltz," Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, VI (July, 1933) , 45-50. 25 Frederick Steines, letter of September 15, 1834, Bek, "Followers of Duden," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XV (April, 1921) , 530. 26 Diary of Julie Turnau Wall, 1842, trans, by Armin Saeger, typescript, 28, Eden Theological Seminary Archives. 27 Gustorf, Uncorrupted Heart, 129. 28 Goebel, Missouri, 40. 19th-century German Women 301 been. Mrs. Tappe spoke longingly of the Bielefeld inn she and her husband had sold to come to the American backwoods. She won­ dered "with a sigh" if Gustorf would be going back to Germany.29 Franz von Loher reported that his parents' former maid Katherine burst into tears when she recognized him. She complained of iso­ lation in a cabin in the woods two hours outside of Hermann.30 Henry Bode remembered his mother, Elizabeth Kirsch Bode, sitting by the window of the Femme Osage parsonage on many occasions, weeping with homesickness.31 Margarethe Lenk's friend, Mrs. Wurmb, had immigrated to Missouri at thirteen, after a hard, poverty-striken childhood in Saxony. But she still thought her home­ land the best place on earth, and believed the finest American pastry could not match her mother's Christmas "Kuchen."32 Jessie Benton Fremont witnessed a sudden attack of homesickness suf­ fered by a woman who had resided in Missouri for 26 years. Mrs. Fremont's apparel reminded the woman (probably Mrs. Bernhard Fricke of Washington33) of her former life.34 The letters of Hen­ riette Bruns to her family in Germany are marked by longing for them and the Oelde community. She attempted to persuade her younger sisters to join her in Missouri until the older of the two married. Often she begged the family for news of their activities, even though it made her envious. Four years after her arrival in the Westphalia settlement, she wrote her brother Heinrich on June 14, 1840:

Here, how lonely I am here, no female being who thinks as I do, with whom I can now and then exchange my feel­ ings when I need that kind of refreshment, when I would like to forget the daily troubles and sorrows, when these could be set aside for a short time. —Yet what does it matter? I tell Bruns everything, and he listens patiently, even if he cannot sympathize so deeply.35

29 Gustorf, Uncorrupted Heart, 129-130. 30 Frederic Trautmann, "Missouri Through a German's Eyes: Franz von Loher on St. Louis and Hermann," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXVII (July, 1983) , 388. 31 Henry Bode, Builders of Our Foundation (Webster Groves, Mo., 1940) , 162. 32Lenk, Amerika, 54-55. 33 See Ralph Gregory's article in the Washington Missourian, May 2, 1968. 34 Jessie Benton Fremont, The Story of the Guard: A Chronicle of the War (Boston, 1863) , 56-57. 35 Henriette Bruns to Heinrich Geisberg, June 14, 1840, Geisberg-Bruns correspondence. 302 Missouri Historical Review

Henriette Bruns

Courtesy, Vera Decker, St. Louis

An understanding husband could not substitute for the company of like-minded female friends in Henriette Bruns's view. For her and many other German immigrants, nothing on the American frontier could take the place of the familiar, beloved homeland. Probably Henriette Bruns could not share everything with her husband because much on her mind would have been unpleasant for him to hear. This may partially explain the few references to women's unhappiness in accounts left by men. Yet friction between husbands and wives did occur, in spite of most women's acceptance of their subordinate role. If the decision to emigrate (usually initi­ ated by the husband) caused the disagreement, and if the wife could not or would not make the necessary accommodations to her new life, the family often did not stay in the New World. Among the Saxon immigrants, Franz and Luise Marbach exemplified this. She had opposed emigration from the start, but could not influence her husband, a lawyer who became Martin Stephan's right-hand man in organizing the exodus. Franz even believed her negative views might be inspired by Satan. At least, they appeared contrary 19th-century German Women 303 to the dictates of the Holy Ghost.36 On the ocean, Martin Stephan had the pregnant Luise confined to her cabin and separated from her husband. Stephan thought Luise held too much influence over Franz and questioned her Christianity because she opposed the venture.37 Luise certainly suffered a good deal through the emi­ gration. Two of the Marbach children died in Germany while Franz was away organizing the emigration. The youngest died on board ship, and two of their remaining four children died in the Perry County colony. After Marbach fell out with the pastors who had ousted Stephan, Luise succeeded in convincing him to return to Dresden in the fall of 1841. The wife of Nicolas Hesse, an early settler in Westphalia, pro­ vided another well-documented example of a woman's influence on her family's immigration experiences. Very unhappy on the frontier from the beginning, she refused to make the necessary adjustments to her new situation. Evidently, her attitude persuaded the family to return to Germany in 1837, after barely two years in Missouri. Henriette Bruns said of these neighbors:

The children were not expected to do anything. The mother lived only for the children and wished nothing more than to return to Europe. So there sat Mr. Hesse without any funds, without any hands to help him, with­ out any prospects. It's true that only after great hesitation he finally decided to give in to his wife's will. Perhaps at the end he really secretly was also longing to return. But without her constant urging, he probably would never have decided to do so.38

Henriette continued, "A successful beginning [on the frontier] re­ quires a great deal of patience and tenacity." Without these, she feared many others would follow Mrs. Hesse's example. Other reasons sometimes motivated women to return to Ger­ many. Johanna Christianna Nagel literally had abandoned her hus­ band and younger children to accompany her oldest son in the Saxon emigration of 1838. In a petition to the St. Louis Trinity

36 Marbach to Uckermann, December 27, 1837, Saxon Immigration Docu­ ments, Supplement I, folder 6, Concordia Historical Institute, St. Louis. 37 Walter O. Foster, Zion on the Mississippi (St. Louis, 1953) , 284. 38 Henriette Bruns to Heinrich Geisberg, September 7, 1837, Geisberg- Bruns correspondence. 304 Missouri Historical Review

Congregation, March 12, 1842, she stated that her conscience al­ lowed her no peace "neither night nor day" and she wished to return to her family.39 Since she and her son did not have funds to return, she requested help from her "brothers and sisters in Christ." A Trinity Church protocol book entry of March 24, 1842, records that the congregation granted the petition.40 How many German immigrant families returned to Europe be­ cause the women were unable or unwilling to adjust to their new lives will never be known. Some, who might have wished to return, recognized the economic impossibility and had no one to turn to for help, as Johanna Nagel had done. For example, Henriette Bruns, on May 20, 1846, wrote her brother:

Bruns is quite content here, but his wife is easily dissatis­ fied. I really don't like a farmer's life anymore. I would like to have some peace and quiet. It brings us nothing but many burdens for me. Yet I have to be careful that my dissatisfaction does not get the upper hand. We have gotten ourselves in too deeply here.41 Henriette eventually insisted on the family's moving to Jefferson City (1854). Life there did not prove easy, either. Her husband suffered for a time from depression and business reversals which

39 Petition, Johanna Christianna Nagel to St. Louis Trinity Congregation, March 12, 1842, Saxon Immigration Documents, Supplement I, folder 6. 40 Trinity Lutheran Church St. Louis Protokollbuchs (Record Books) , 1839-1888, microfilm #142a, in Concordia Historical Institute. 41 Henriette Bruns to Heinrich Geisberg, May 20, 1846, Geisberg-Bruns correspondence. Embarking for America 19th-century German Women 305 left her in debt upon his death in 1864. Opening a boarding house that served many German-born legislators, at least she felt sur­ rounded by society more like that in her earlier years as the daugh­ ter of the mayor and tax collector of Oelde in Westphalia. No doubt other women also played important roles in family decisions on settlement. Frederick Steines, for example, reported in an 1835 letter that a German named Kloenne had bought a sec­ ond farm, poorer and more expensive than the first, because "his wife insist [ed] on living on the left bank of the Osage in order to be able to visit more easily in Jefferson City and to receive company from there.*'42 The tone of disapproval in the letter indi­ cates Steines's attitude toward such influence by women. Yet in spite of such commonly shared attitudes, women's influence in settlement patterns on the frontier probably proved significant, al­ though hidden. There are a few documented indications of disagreements be­ tween German men and their "submissive" wives. Women found it necessary to exercise self-control in order to subordinate their own wishes and behave in the expected manner. The sentiments of Margarethe Lenk, wife of a Missouri Synod pastor in St. Louis, provide an example. When her husband faced a choice of posts in Detroit, Michigan, or in Bremen, near St. Louis, she wished he would choose Detroit: "There,' I thought, 'at least I would have my husband to myself in the evenings, while here there is always something going on which takes him from me.' But one doesn't actually say something like that, but quietly overcomes it!"43 She believed her husband's devotion to his studies at the seminary and evening discussions with the Missouri Synod professors disruptive to her personal life. However, she could not openly acknowledge this. Other examples of the conflict caused by submission are found in Henriette Bruns's letters. While anxious to reassure her family of her well being in America, and that her decision to marry Bruns had not been a mistake, as some of her relatives thought, she also hinted at disagreements with her husband. Such statements as not allowing her dissatisfaction to get the upper hand offers one example. Before departing for America, she wrote to her Uncle Caspar, guardian of her younger orphaned siblings, about abandon­ ing her duty as the eldest child:

42 Frederick Steines, letter of April 24, 1835, Bek, "Followers of Duden,' MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XV (July, 1921), 677. 43 Lenk, Amerika, 48. 306 Missouri Historical Review

Margarethe Lenk

Courtesy, Concordia Hist. Inst.

And for myself I must ask that you forgive our departing from here, that I listened to my Bruns' recommendations, and in so doing withdraw from the responsibilities which I, as the oldest and the only one with financial means, have toward my brothers and sisters. Forgive me, dear, dear Uncle! To be sure, I believe that I was fulfilling my first duty as a wife, and pray to God that bitter regret will not torment me some day; but I fear that my heart will be a stranger to pure, quiet peace.44 Regret at leaving her family in Germany and conflicts with her uncles about handling her sisters' and brothers' affairs present con­ stantly recurring themes in Henriette's letters the first years. Prob­ ably this articulate, strong-minded woman sometimes made her feelings known to the husband whom she felt impelled to follow far from her loved ones. On the whole, however, German women in nineteenth-century Missouri probably lived up to their reputation as submissive wives and daughters most of the time. They left no evidence of desiring

44 Henriette Bruns to Caspar Geisberg, April 28, 1836, Geisberg-Bruns correspondence. 19th-century German Women 307

more public responsibility than that accorded to them by their cul­ tural tradition. No German woman joined the ranks of the suffrage movement in Missouri, for example. In regard to a woman's proper sphere, they probably took the stance adhered to by the group with which they identified most immediately. If they were pious women, they accepted the dictates of Scripture, interpreted to prohibit a public role for women, often even within the church.45 If they lived among the Latin farmers, they accepted the "natural order of things." Thus, woman's "greatest perfections can only be manifested in Domestic life," and her nature is "love, innocence, tact, fineness, delicacy, in short, amiability/'46 Although women's labor in the home proved essential in the settlement of the frontier, generally it was not valued as highly as mens. Dissolution of the Bethel colony provided concrete evidence of this among the Missouri Germans. Every man received $7.76 for each year of service to the community, while every woman received half of that, or $3.38.47 Some German women also worked outside the home, although usually within narrowly prescribed boundaries in keeping with their accepted roles and nature. For example, Johanna Wurmb cooked for a time for the students (in­ cluding her own three children) in the Perry colony "college."48 In 1839, Johanna Regina Heiner, wife of carpenter Carl Johann Heiner, received forty cents a day for seventy days to cook for a building crew in Perry County.49 Other women took on long-term commitments, like running boarding houses, as did Henriette Bruns in Jefferson City and Mrs. Fricke in Washington. Women also en­ gaged in other nonprofessional activities in their communities. Mis­ souri Synod and Evangelical women, for example, formed sewing circles and philanthropic organizations to support seminaries founded by their churches, or to care for indigents in their com­ munities. Acts of individual charity sometimes had wider reper­ cussions, as when the widow Wilhelmina Meier took in a sick im-

45 Wilhelm Sihler's article "Ueber den Beruf des Weibes und seine En- tartung" in Der Lutheraner, XXVIII (February 1, 1872) , 65-67, sets forth the prevailing attitude in the Missouri Synod in the latter nineteenth century, for example. 46 Friedrich Muench, "On the Position and Rights of Women," The Spirit of the Age, I (November 3, 1849) . 47 William Bek, "A German Communistic Society in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, III (January, 1909), 123. 48 A. C. Stellhorn, "What was the Perry County College?" Concordia His­ torical Institute Quarterly, XVIII (1946) , 103. 49 p. E. Kretzmann, "The Saxon Immigration to Missouri, 1838-1839," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXIII (January, 1939), 160. 308 Missouri Historical Review migrant orphan in 1856. This action moved Pastor Louis Nollau to establish an Evangelical hospital in St. Louis with Mrs. Meier as the first nurse and manager.50 Such activities, of course, corres­ ponded to women's nurturing role and did not depart radically from their expected behavior. Within the home, in their proper sphere, German women ap­ parently had great influence. The labor, care and devotion they gave their families earned them love and respect. But were they really "angels of the household" as they appeared in many accounts? Some indications reveal that German women, like others, did not rule only through the gentler virtues ascribed to them. Only human, they sometimes let their tempers rule. On several occasions, Gert Goebel witnessed the scolding of a phlegmatic Swiss-German friend by his energetic wife Magdalena.51 Bode remembered Adelheid Garlichs, wife of a founder of the "Elvangelischer Kirchenverein des Westens." for her short temper as well as for her cheerfulness, common sense and good-heartedness. She vented her annoyance on her husband's clerical assistants when they chopped the wood in pieces too long for the stove, causing the one-room parsonage to fill with smoke at mealtimes.52 Bode's description of Adelheid Garlichs provides one of the veiy few examples of Evangelical or Missouri Synod women in a mildly negative light. Almost all the information tends to represent these women in stereotypical fashion as hard-working, submissive helpmates to their husbands; if pastors' wives, they provided models of proper female behavior to their congregations. The three Buenger sisters, Emilie, Agnes and Lydia, who immigrated with the Saxons in 1838 and all of whom married important "founding fathers" of the Missouri Synod, are good illustrations. The fourth sister, Clem­ entine, struggled with poverty all her life, but left memories of her domestic managing skills, her self-effacing devotion to her family and her piety.53 Because of a lack of information about this woman, the single short sketch of her life may not accurately reflect the real character. But on the surface, her simple goodness and domestic

50 Carl Schneider, The German Church on the American Frontier (St. Louis, 1939) , 340. 51 Goebel, "Resolute Marriages," in Bek, "Followers of Duden," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVI (July, 1922) ,531. 52 Bode, Builders, 89-93. 53 Waldemar B. Streufert, "Clementine Buenger Neumueller, Saxon Immi­ grant," Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, XXVI (1953), 132-135. 19th-century German Women 309

Mrs. Adelheid Garlichs

Eden Seminary devotion appear almost paradigmatic for the women who joined the Saxon immigration. And yet, even among the Missouri Synod Lutherans, not all the women achieved good, moral behavior. A member of the Saxon immigration of 1838, Louise Guenther, was the housemaid of Martin Stephen. Later she was discovered to be his mistress. The pastors under Stephan decided to take action against him when, in addition to growing concerns about the incompetence and autocracy of his leadership and the misuse of common funds, several women ac­ cused Stephan of attempted or successful seduction.54 In the ensuing investigation, Louise Guenther confessed to her long-standing re­ lationship with the pastor.55 At first opportunity, she escaped from the Perry County colony to join Stephan in Illinois, where he had been banished by the pastors. She continued to defy the group's judgment of Stephan s and her own behavior. In 1846, after Steph- an's death, she petitioned the St. Louis Trinity Church congregation, which had sent out the colony, for readmittance. In general terms, she admitted her past sinfulness and promised to lead an exemplary

54 Forster, lion on the Mississippi, 392-394; Carl Eduard Vehse, Die Stephan'sche Auswanderung nach Amerika (Dresden, Germany, 1840) , 17. 55 Die Bekenntnis (confession) der Louise Guenther, Saxon Immigration Documents, folder 68. 310 Missouri Historical Review life from then on. Her father also wrote in her behalf. In response, Pastor G. H. Loeber of the Perry County congregation wrote a letter complaining that she neglected to confess her precise transgressions in her petition. He also accused her of refusing to refute an earlier, no longer extant letter which slandered the Perry County pastors and congregation. Nevertheless, he wrote, the Perry County colony concurred in her reinstatement.56 Louise Guenther seems to have asserted herself in a quiet fashion while outwardly bowing to the will of the religious community. The inner cost of such accommoda­ tions of individuality to group expectations can never be known. Louise Guenther's experience indicates the tension and conflict that could result when the reality of a woman's life clashed with the stereotypical expectations her community held of proper female behavior. Apparently early German women in Missouri played an im­ portant role in cultural retention and language retention in par­ ticular. Missouri Synod Lutherans' success in retaining German as their primary language well into the twentieth century depended on women's support. Emilie Buenger regretted the gradual en­ croachment of English into the daily life of those around her.57 The retention of folk customs, food habits and other everyday manifes­ tations of cultural identity depended on women's efforts. The Ger­ man "Fachwerkhaus" (half-timbered house) which Henriette and Bernhard Bruns built in Westphalia at great expense of money, time and energy provides an example. The myriad unchronicled efforts of women in supporting church, school and German club activities probably will never be assessed accurately. The speed of a family's assimilation into American society also must have depended on the women's willingness for this to happen. Two important factors influenced assimilation for both men and women: age at immigration, and identity with and residence among the national group. Emilie Buenger came in her early twenties to Missouri and spent her life with a religious group which regarded German culture as the foundation of its faith. She never really as­ similated into American society, nor did she wish to do so. Hen­ riette Bruns probably represents a middle ground. She associated

56 Louise Guenther's manuscript petition, her father's undated letter and that of Pastor Loeber. dated September 8, 1846 (in which he gives August 30, 1846, as the date ot the petition) , are located in the Saxon Immigration Docu­ ments, folder 16. 57 Lenk, Amerika, 34. 19th-Centur\i German Women 311

most of her life with Germans and maintained the use of German in her home. But as the wife of a physician and businessman who dealt with Americans as well as Germans, she became a part of American society as well. Some Germans chose, or were influenced by outside circumstances, to assimilate as quickly and totally as possible. Elise Dubach Isely came to St. Joseph from Switzerland in 1855 at the age of twelve. Her mother soon died and she was sent to school for a few months to learn English before assuming the housekeeping duties. Her father took a claim across the Mis­ souri River in a predominently American neighborhood in Kansas, and Elise learned sewing and cooking techniques from neighbor- women from Kentucky. She later married a man who had left an insular German-American community in Ohio because "he could not become a real American if he remained at home."58 During their years as a young married couple in St. Joseph, they became thor­ oughly integrated into the American community. This pattern con­ tinued after they homesteaded in Brown County, Kansas. Elise Isely's young age, the lack of close family ties after her mother's death, and the absence of a closely knit German community ac­ count for the rapidity with which she became part of American society. The lives of these three women may be representative of

58 Bliss Isely, Sunbonnet Days by Elise Dubach Isely (Caldwell, Idaho, 1935) , 109, 312 Missouri Historical Review basic patterns of assimilation. However, the lives of German women remained more complicated than any stereotypes would indicate. The German women who immigrated to Missouri in the nine­ teenth century were, after all, individuals and not merely stereo­ typical representatives of their culture's image of femininity. They behaved in ways not always fitting their abstract image presented by male countrymen. Many appeared "good, laborious, submissive and silent," but they also could be cantankerous, complaining and unwilling to subordinate their own wishes and happiness to the expectations of others. Some, lazy and dirty, contradicted that most fundamental stereotype of the German "Hausfrau." People within and outside the German-American community acknowledged wo­ men's importance within the home and family, although in a sense they demeaned their accomplishments by putting them into the framework of generally expected behavior. Women's influence on the wider community, through their affect on family members and public activities, probably never has been fully recognized.

Very Delicate

Reedy's Mirror, June 23, 1916. The foreman employed by a big contractor rushed into the office of the boss, wide-eyed and palpitating. "Boss," he exclaimed in agitated tones, "one of them new houses fell down in the night!" "What's that?" exclaimed the boss, jumping up and beginning to take notice. "How did that happen?" "It was the fault of the workmen, boss," replied the foreman. "They took down the scaffolding before they put on the wall paper."

A Chinese Lesson In Banking

Huntsville Herald, January 10, 1894. Bank notes were issued in China as early as the ninth century, when the art of printing was unknown in Europe. These notes have generally been redeemed because when a bank fails in China all the managers and clerks have their heads chopped off and thrown in a heap along with the books of the firm. And so it has happened in these good old barbarous times that for the past 500 years not a single Chinese bank has suspended payment. Arkansas, Confederate Ram

A Story Behind the Story of The Arkansas and the Carondelet BY MARY EMERSON BRANCH* In the fall of 1861, four Union gunboats were built on the ways of the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company, seven miles south of St. Louis on the Mississippi River front. During the Union's struggle with the seceded states for control of the Missis­ sippi in 1862, the most publicized of these gunboats, the Carondelet, challenged the legendary Confederate ram, Arkansas, on the Yazoo River in Mississippi. This engagement held personal significance for Primus Emerson (1815-1877), a well-known steamboat builder on the western waters. He had been the pivotal figure in establish­ ing and operating the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Com­ pany, which built the Carondelet. Emerson, however, left his boatyard in 1861 for the South. In October of that year, just south of Memphis, he began supervising the construction of the Arkansas. That decision affected his career for the rest of his life. When the Civil War broke out, Emerson had been building steamboats for thirty years. He arrived in St. Louis in 1841 after operating Madison, Indiana's, first boatyard in partnership with

•Mary Emerson Branch, of Oxford, Ohio, currently is researching Primus Emerson's early steamboating activities. She has the Bachelor of Philosophy degree from the University of Chicago. 313 314 Missouri Historical Review

James Howard for five years. During the 1840s and 1850s, he built and repaired steamboats in the northern part of St. Louis, and in Alton, Memphis, Hannibal, Smithland and Paducah, before build­ ing the Carondelet yard. The steamboats he built before the war included the Henry Bry, Nimrod, Matilda, La Clede, Little Dove, Prairie Bird, Ocean Wave and Alvarado; Die Vernon, Tempest, Amaranth and Amelia all of 1844, the Autocrat, Aleck Scott; the Mandan, Illinois and Kate Kearney all of 1847, Edward, Bates, Altona, Charles Belcher, New Lucy, Polar Star, Belfast, Sam Gaty, Edward J. Gay, Lockwood, Emilie of 1859, A. McDowell, Ferdinand Kennett and the ferry America. Between 1853 and 1855, Emerson, James Meegan, Thomas O'Flaherty and Roger McAllister, residents of St. Louis, bought lots 77 and 78 of Carondelet river front property north of the River Des Peres, for a boatyard. In 1855, Emerson and William Anderson, Joseph Conn, William Thornburg and Samuel Gaty, also St. Louis residents, incorporated the Carondelet Marine Rail­ way and Dock Company to occupy the property. From 1857 to 1859, Emerson personally supervised the building of the yard, a $150,000 operation which included his own patented version of a marine railway. This innovative railway drew the largest steam­ boats out of the water by a fifty horsepower engine and readied them for repair in thirty minutes. The ways could accommodate three very large steamboats or six smaller ones at one time. After Emerson's election to the Carondelet City Council in 1859, the council legalized the company's use of city land for its docks for an eight-year period. Upon completion of the boatyard in 1859, Emerson supervised the building and repair of steamboats there. By 1861, the press familiarly referred to the yard as "Emerson's Ways" or "Emerson's Docks." With local pride, newspapers re­ ported his marine railway as the largest and most complete to be found in the West, "in fact in the United States."1

i "Emerson the Boatbuilder," obituary in St. Louis Missouri Republican, January 12, 1877, hereafter cited as "Emerson obituary"; "Old Time Boat Build­ ing in St. Louis," St. Louis Democrat, May 5. 1874; "Boat Building in St. Louis," clipping from nineteenth-century river columnist A. L. Ryland's scrapbook, un­ dated but referring to Emerson as deceased, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. These summaries are substantiated by newspaper reports of boat launchings and boat building activities in the St. Louis Missouri Republican and the Memphis, Tennessee, Appeal. Additional columns from the St. Louis Daily New Era were kindly furnished to the author by Captain William Carroll of St. Louis; Donald T. Zimmer, "Madison, Indiana, A Study in the Process of City Building" (un­ published Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1974), 171-173; St. Louis Record of Deeds, Book 86, entry 351, Book U6, entry 246, Office of the Arkansas and Carondelet 315

The reasons for Emerson's Southern commitment remain ob­ scure. Born in Maine in 1815, he spent his youth and served his apprenticeship in Cincinnati. He married an Indiana girl, and after her death, married the daughter of a Massachusetts family living in Carondelet.2 Before the war this northerner had experienced one short, discouraging attempt to establish a boatyard south of the Ohio River.3 The St. Louis Missouri Republican, February 7, 1860, reported him to be on the executive committee of the Carondelet Democratic Club. Church affiliation perhaps provided the most important clue to Emerson's Southern sympathies. Dynamic Rever­ end David Rice McAnally, imprisoned in St. Louis during the war

Recorder, City Hall, St. Louis; Laws of the State of Missouri Passed at the First Session of the Eighteenth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1855) , 386-388; "Carondelet Marine Railway and Floating Dock Association," March 12, 1859, "Another Boat Commenced" and "Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Com­ pany," both April 9, 1859, all in the Carondelet New Era; City of Carondelet, "Bonds and Contracts," 1851-1876, Code F-107, microfilm, Department of Regis­ trar, City of Carondelet, Archival Library, City Hall, St. Louis. 2 "Emerson obituary"; "Switzerland County, Indiana, Marriage Licenses," 1840, Switzerland County Courthouse, Vevay, Indiana: StLGS Index of St. Louis Marriages, 1804-1876 (St. Louis, 1973) , I, n.p. 3 Emerson attempted to establish a boatyard at Fort Pickering, near Mem­ phis, in 1851. But on evidence furnished by items in the Memphis Daily Appeal of that year, the author believes he could not compete with entrenched interests in Memphis. The hull of the one boat he built there, the Altona, was towed to St. Louis to be fitted with her machinery. See St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 28, 1851. She made the run from St. Louis to Alton in one hour and 57 minutes, a record which still stands in Frederick Way, Jr.. comp., Way's Packet Directory, 1848-1983 (Athens, Ohio, 1983) , 17.

Carondelet Boatyard

'- *;

J

vm 316 Missouri Historical Review for his outspoken advocacy of the Southern position, counted him among his parishioners at the Carondelet Methodist Church.4 Emerson's St. Louis obituary states: When the war broke out and there was no work to do in St. Louis, he accepted an offer from Captain George Cable5 to go to Memphis and repair the John Walsh. There John T. Shirley6 engaged his services and the result was the famous ram, Arkansas.7 Items from 1861 newspapers affirm that Cable laid up the Walsh at Fort Pickering for repairs on June 25. He traveled to St. Louis two days later. These dates coincide with the Tennessee legisla­ ture's request on June 24, for $250,000 from the Confederate gov­ ernment for defense of the western rivers. The circumstances sug­ gest that Cable, using the fiction of repairing the Walsh for cover, may have approached Emerson about building boats for the Con­ federacy on his June trip to St. Louis.8 By mid-May 1861, with

4 St. Louis Missouri Republican, February 7, 1860. McAnally officiated at Emerson's 1857 marriage and at his funeral. St. Louis Daily Times, January 11, 1877. A great deal has been written by and about McAnally, editor of the St. Louis Christian Advocate before its suppression in 1861 for being "inimical" to the Union. He resumed his editorial and pastoral duties in Carondelet after the war. For concise biographies of McAnally, see William Hyde and Howard L. Conard, eds., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1899) , III, 1385-1386; and J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Phila­ delphia, 1883) , II, 1694. 5 George W. Cable's Confederate credentials include the fact that the John Walsh served as a Confederate troop transport after the fall of Memphis and finally was sunk below Fort Pemberton to block the Yazoo. Cable then took stock in the Clara Dolson and became her master in 1862. Eventually the U.S. captured her as a Confederate steamer and put her to use. Way's Packet Di­ rectory, 256 and 99. 6 John T. Shirley's obituary, published in the Memphis Daily Avalanche, September 10, 1873, and an additional news item three days later, stated that he was a native Tennesseean who had lived in Memphis and had been identified with its interests for twenty years. Shirley and David De Haven also built a sidewheel ironclad at Selma, Alabama, in March or April 1863. She was dam­ aged beyond repair at her launching. Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865, Naval History Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Depart­ ment (Washington, D.C, n.d.) , VI, 186; William N. Still. Jr., Iron Afloat (Nashville, 1971) , 202. 7 "Emerson obituary." 8 "River News," Memphis Daily Avalanche, June 26, 1861; "Cairo Corres­ pondence," St. Louis Missouri Republican, June 29, 1861; "River News," Mem­ phis Daily Avalanche, June 25, 1861. The latter newspaper reported the Walsh still "laid up for repairs" at Fort Pickering on August 2, 1861, although she had steamed upriver from New Orleans with a full load in June. Emerson's 1877 obituarv, published in a St. Louis newspaper, stated that he had gone South to repair a boat. Perhaps this should be seen as an attempt to veil his former reputation in St. Louis as a Southern collaborator. Memphis newspaper pub­ licity about his postwar boat building in Memphis emphasized his Confederate sympathies in the war and made no mention of a casual entry into the Con­ federacy by way of boat repair. Arkansas and Carondelet 317

Mississippi River Steamboat Captain

river traffic between North and South effectively blocked, work at all boatyards reached a standstill. Conceivably, Emerson might have anticipated work under Union auspices with his own com­ pany or have sought a position in a northern boatyard already gearing up for the war in June of 186.1. Instead he turned South. When Emerson went to Memphis, and for whatever purpose, he found himself in a hotbed of steamboatmen. The South pre­ vented northern boats from returning home with aid and comfort for the Union. They competed for Southern trade with Southern boats confined below Cairo by the Union investiture there in April. Tempers ran high. Southerners formed protective associations claim­ ing that Northern boats operating in Southern waters sent profits North. But loyalties remained unclear. Northern based boats, like the Ferdinand Kennett commanded by Southern sympathizers like Captain Tom Brierly, contributed their profits to the Southern cause and could not be categorized.9 In the steamy atmosphere of the hotels and boarding houses and on the river front of Memphis, boatbuilding for river defense provided a focus for frustrated rivermen. Emerson's experience must have been useful to them.

9 "River News," Memphis Daily Avalanche, May 31, June 1, 1861; 'Public Meeting" and "To the Editors," ibid., June 1, 1861. 318 Missouri Historical Review

By July 30, 1861, the New Orleans Daily Delta reported that Captain John T. Shirley, a prominent Memphis steamboatman and contractor, had designed an iron-plated boat for river service, "which has obtained notice from authoritative sources. The iron- plated vessels hitherto built were for sea service. This is designed for operation on the Western Rivers." It is conceivable that Emer­ son contributed his practical knowledge to the enterprise at this time. On August 23, a Memphis member of the Confederate House Naval Affairs Committee, David M. Currin, requested $160,000 for the construction, equipment and armament of two ironclad gunboats for the defense of the Mississippi River and Memphis. On the following day, President Jefferson Davis signed the bill and amendment which contained Currin's request. Shirley endorsed his previously prepared contract, and Emerson, as constructor, laid down the hulls of the Arkansas and Tennessee at Fort Pickering in October.10 Meanwhile, the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Com­ pany had sent a letter to Union Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs on July 6, 1861, indicating a "desire to build boats for the Union." The letter answered Meigs's advertisement for bids to construct gunboats for the Union in the West. The company's pro- Union response and Emerson's earlier departure for Memphis sug­ gest a dramatic, although unrecorded, conflict between the owners of the Carondelet yard. Meigs stamped the letter as received on July 11. His usual procedure would have been to forward plans and specifications to the company as guidelines for submitting a bid. However, there followed no further correspondence between the quartermaster and the company. Meigs did not include its name in his final summary of competing bids. Instead, James Eads leased the boatyard for his use when the government awarded him the coveted contract to build Union gunboats on August 7, 1861. A successful St. Louis businessman, Eads was not a boatbuilder. However, he had been among the first to recommend to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles the importance of operating gunboats on the Mississippi. He had submitted the lowest bid and promised the earliest delivery date. He also had strong political backing, especially from President Abraham Lincoln's attorney general.

10 New Orleans, Louisiana, Daily Delta, July 30, 1861; Still, Iron Afloat, 16, 62. Emerson had constructed a sawmill and built the hull of the Altona at Fort Pickering in 1851. Memphis Daily Appeal, July 17, 1851. He may have suggested the spot to Shirley for the Arkansas's construction. Arkansas and Carondelet 319

Edward Bates. One of Emerson's first associates in planning the boatyard, Roger McAllister served as president of the company at the time.11 As construction of the Arkansas and the Carondelet got under way, the contrast in working conditions in Carondelet and in Fort Pickering became evident On the western waters only the boat­ yard of Emerson's first partner, James Howard of Jeffersonville. Indiana, equaled or surpassed the size and facilities of the Caronde­ let company, which Eads had leased. Wartime unemployment in the steamboat industry immediately provided eight hundred work­ men for the Carondelet yard and Eads's additional yard at Mound City, Illinois. The administrative genius of Eads supplemented the five sawmills and the rolling mill available to him in St. Louis, with eight more sawmills and two rolling mills on the Union-controlled Ohio River. Two St. Louis foundries built engines for him on the spot. Eads delivered the first Carondelet ironclad, the St. Louis, later renamed the Baron De Kalh, only two days after his October 10 deadline. The Daily Missouri Republican of October 13, 1861. reported "the launch was conducted in an admirable manner and everything about the Marine Railway worked smoothly . . . another boat is ready to be launched and will probably be put in the water on Tuesday . . . 560 workmen are employed on the four boats." The Carondelet proved to be that boat. Like her sister iron­ clads, three of which were built at Mound City, she exhibited a low freeboard center-wheel and a slanted gunbox or "casemate," with 2//' thick overlapping iron plates, 12" to 14" wide, covering her sides and the forward end of her casemate. She measured 175' long and 51%' wide, with 6' draft and rated at 512 tons. Two horizontal high "pressure engines operated her 22' paddlewheels and five 24' boilers, 3' in diameter. Her armament eventually con­ sisted of four 42-pounder rifled guns, six 32-pounders, three 8" smoothbores and a 12-pounder howitzer rifle. She recorded a speed of four knots and could carry 251 men. United States Navel Con­ structor Samuel Pook designed her.12

ii "Water Transportation File," Records of the Office of the Quarter­ master General, Record Group 92, National Archives, Washington, D.C; James M. Merrill, "Union Shipbuilding on Western Rivers during the Civil War," Smithsonian Journal of History, III (Winter, 1968-1969) , 19-20; "The Gunboats at Carondelet," St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 26, 1862. 12 St. Louis Daily Missouri Republican, October 13, 1861; Merrili, "Union Shipbuilding," 25; William N. Still, "The New Ironclads," The Guns of '62, 320 Missouri Historical Review

^^M^^W/A^'^M

James B. Eads

When the Carondelet slid into the water (to be completed and commissioned at Cairo three months later), the Arkansas remained not much more than an idea at Fort Pickering. The navy had decommissioned its Memphis yard in the 1850s, and Memphis supported an agricultural rather than an industrial economy. As constructor, Emerson had to start from scratch. He rebuilt two sawmills before he could begin work on the rams. Railroad engines hauled pine timber 104 miles to the construction site although mills, three, five, and twelve miles away, furnished oak. Workmen fashioned the protective iron casing of the Arkansas from railroad T-rails, obtained partly from Memphis and partly from across the river in Arkansas. Mills on the Cumberland River rolled the ram's bolt and sheet iron. When the army appropriated the first lot for Nashville guns, boat construction halted until iron could be rolled again. Shirley picked up the remainder of the iron in fifty to one hundred pound lots anywhere he could find it. Such scarcity of iron proved a major factor in the ultimate defeat of the Confeder­ acy. Only 120 men at most, and at times as few as 20, were available to work on the rams. The Confederate army had priority in pro­ curing manpower. Emerson supervised carpenters from as far away as Charleston, Mobile, Richmond, or even Baltimore.13

Volume II, in William C. Davis, ed., The Image of War 1861-1865 (New York, 1982) , 51; Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (Washington, D.C, 1963). 13 Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion (Washington, D.C, 1921) , Series II, Volume 1, 779, 780. 793. Hereafter cited as ORN. Arkansas and Carondelet 321

While straggling to build the hulls of the Arkansas and the Tennessee under these conditions, Emerson must have thought often of the boatyard he had left behind. On August 27, 1859, the Carondelet New Era, in an article entitled "Down at the Docks," had commented: We are not astonished at the success of this company [the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company] and its growing popularity among boatmen, when we see how thoroughly and masterly everything is got up . . . a vessel was launched while we were there and though an important affair, where 40 or 50 men were engaged, there was no more noise or excitement than there is usually when a laborer backs down a load of earth in one of the street fillings. Mr. Emerson's eye was everywhere and every-possible difficulty was anticipated and as promptly provided against. Among the men he has a character for fertile invention equal to any emergency and it rolls out when needed as easy as if he had studied it years.14 Nevertheless, despite all difficulties, the hull of the Arkansas took shape. Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory originally had planned for such boats to operate on the open sea to break the Union blockade of the Southern coast as well as to function on inland waters. The hybrid construction which resulted from the attempt to fulfill both functions elicited criticism from

14 Carondelet New Era, August 27, 1859. Carondelet Running the Batteries at Island No. 10 322 Missouri Historical Review navy and rivermen alike. Smaller than the Carondelet when com­ pleted, the Arkansas was 165' long and 35' wide and drew 11'6". Ninety-nine horsepower low pressure engines with 24" cylinders and a 7' stroke drove T twin screw propellers, each with four flanges, which powered her submerged prow and stern. Solid 18" timber fashioned the perpendicular sides and sloping ends of the casemate built on to her hull for fifty to sixty feet amidship. Her bow, wedged, bolted and riveted into a sharp cast-iron running beak, projected four feet beyond the hull and weighed 18,000 pounds. Union Commander Henry Walke of the Carondelet had occasion to observe her closely. He noted the adaptation of sharp bow and tapered stern—which gave her speed—to the flat bottom of a load-bearing riverboat, untroubled by waves but wary of shallows and snags. He commented, "Despite her strength and weight she is quite fast"—eight knots to the Carondelefs four, in fact. In addition, each of her twin propellers worked independently, permitting her to turn quickly in limited space.15 Walke's tribute to the ram's speed was not unfounded. Emerson had built several record-breaking hulls: Joseph Brown's Altona and tough competitive Missouri River boats: Tom Brierly's Polar Star, Joseph LaBarge's Nimrod, St. Ange, Omega, Octavia, and Emilie of 1859, as well as B. DeVinney's New Lucy. Probably, limitations of material and Emerson's knowledge of factors that endowed a riverboat with strength and speed, resulted in modification of the original plans for the Arkansas's hull while under construction: a practice commonly followed in the Confeder­ ate Navy. Steamboat design had evolved over the years in this same innovative, pragmatic way. Before Emerson completed the hull of the Arkansas, the Caron­ delet took part in the Federal invasion of Tennessee. She supported General Ulysses S. Grant's attack on Fort Donelson on the Cumber­ land River which threw the Confederate forces on the Mississippi back to Island No. 10. Earlier she had been one of the gunboats that captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, and the accuracy of her fire had drawn special mention. On April 4, 1862, she made a daring dash past Island No. 10 to join General John Pope's army at New Madrid, challenging the Confederate defense there. When the Union's Pittsburgh repeated her feat, the two boats covered Gen-

15 Civil War Naval Chronology, VI, 199-200. Arkansas and Carondelet 323

Bird's Eye View of Attack on Rebel Batteries on Island No. 10 eral Pope's crossing of the Mississippi, an action leading to the surrender of Island No. 10 to the Federals on April 7.16 When Island No. 10 fell, only Fort Pillow lay between Memphis and the Federals. Plans called for taking the Arkansas to New Orleans to finish her. But when news of the Federal occupation of New Orleans reached Memphis on April 25, Secretary of the Navy Mallory ordered the ram towed down the Mississippi and up the Yazoo River for safe completion.17 The Carondelet, one of the Union gunboats and transports, descended the Mississippi to Fort Pillow. After the fort's evacuation, the boat engaged the Confederate River Defense Fleet at Memphis on June 6, and destroyed it. Historian William Still suggests that the Arkansas might have been completed in time to participate in the city's defense if she had not been moved six weeks earlier. The evening before the fall of Memphis, the city's provost marshal ordered the uncompleted hull of the Tennessee, lying on the stocks, burned to keep her from falling into enemy hands. The workmen had begun planking her frame. Lumber and iron to complete the job lay on the ground at the Memphis and Charleston Railroad depot across the river. After that disaster, Emerson prob­ ably did not follow the Arkansas to Yazoo City since he had

16 Ibid., II, 17, 18, 20, 22, 45, 46. 17 ORN, Ser. II, Vol. 1, 782-783; Civil War Naval Chronology, II, 56. 324 Missouri Historical Review completed the hull. By September 1862, he had begun work on the 310 foot Nashville hull in Montgomery, Alabama.18 Navy Lieutenant Isaac Newton Brown completed the Arkansas at Yazoo City. He had been appointed to the job on May 29. The military finally furnished him some men, he impressed others, commandeered iron and enforced his orders with strict military discipline. He installed the ram's engines and armed her with two 9" smoothbores, two 9" 64-pounders, two 9" shell guns, two 6" rifles and two 32-pounder smoothbores.19 No doubt, in July 1862, Emerson relished reports of the Yazoo River confrontation between the Carondelet and the Arkansas. The former had been built in his boatyard during his "absence," and he had constructed the latter with great difficulty at Fort Pickering. At 6 A.M. on the morning of July 15, 1862, the Arkansas, under the command of Lieutenant Isaac Newton Brown, descended the Yazoo River to the Mississippi to aid in the defense of Vicksburg. Three reconnoitering Union boats, the Carondelet, the Tyler and Queen of the West discovered her. The three Federal boats turned to escape from the "formidable looking" Arkansas and exchanged gun­ fire with her for an hour. The Tyler and Queen of the West outran the Arkansas. However, the Carondelet interposed herself between the Confederate ram and the other two Union boats, and the Arkansas disabled her with her port broadside. Brown's official report claimed that the Carondelet "ran ashore with his [sic] colors down, giving us no more trouble, and we left him hanging on to the willows."20 Commander Henry Walke of the Carondelet, although admitting in his official report that the Arkansas's stern seemed invulnerable to shot, alleged that his own wheel ropes were cut away and he ran into the shore. Walke reported that the Carondelet suffered:

very extensive damages in our hull and machinery . . . thirteen effective shots through us ... 3 escape pipes cut away, steam gauge and 2 water pipes ... 19 beams cut away, 30 timbers, 3 boats cut up, deck pump shot away, and many other injuries to the vessel. We have some 30 killed, wounded and missing. Quite a number of our crew jumped overboard when the steam escaped.

18 Still, Iron Afloat, 62; ORN, Ser. II, Vol. 1, 782; "Emerson obituary.' 19 Still, Iron Afloat, 64-65; Civil War Naval Chronology, VI, 199. 20 ORN, Ser. I, Vol. 19, 68. Arkansas and Carondelet 325

The Tyler counted four killed, sixteen wounded and ten missing.21 The Arkansas s report of damages and casualties included those sustained in her famous run through the combined Union fleets of Farragut and Davis on the Mississippi as she headed for Vicksburg. This dash immediately followed her defeat of the Carondelet on July 15. The report counted only ten men killed and fifteen wounded in the total exploit. Brown acknowledged at the time, however, that the Arkansas appeared "much cut up; our pilot house mashed, and some ugly places in our armour," adding, "I forgot to mention that owing to our smokestack being shot to pieces we could not keep up steam."22 None of the panegyrics to the Arkansas's achievement that day outweigh the realism of Acting Master's Mate John A. Wilson: The scene around the gun deck upon our arrival at Vicks­ burg was ghastly in the extreme. Blood and brains be­ spattered everything, whilst arms, legs, and several head­ less trunks were strewrn about. The citizens and soldiers of the town crowded eagerly aboard, but a passing look at the gun deck was sufficient to cause them to retreat hastily from the sickening sight within.23 Less than a month later, after defeating all Union efforts to annihilate her beneath Vicksburg's bluffs, the Arkansas had to be

21 ibid., 41. 22 Ibid., 68-69. 23 ibid., 133.

Gunboats Fight at Fort Pillow 326 Missouri Historical Review destroyed by her own crew. Although familiar with damage by fire, collision, explosion and snagging—the myriad dangers of river traffic—Emerson must have felt deeply the destruction of the Arkansas on August 6, 1862. The crew fired and abandoned her near Baton Rouge when her engines, never adequate, could not be repaired and the enemy appeared closing in to attack. As the flames reached her shotted guns, her magazines exploded. Lieutenant Henry Kennedy Stevens, her young commander, with tears in his eyes, paid tribute to her lonely stand, "abandoned," "dedicated to sacrifice, fighting the battle on her own hook;" a tribute enhanced by his assertion during her construction, that she was a "humbug."24 The flaming ghost of the Arkansas pursued Emerson. After the war, he returned to the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company and built the Florence, Octavia, Bismarck, Cornelia, and Mary McDonald.2* But on a Saturday afternoon, May 12, 1866, flames shot up from the moulding room of the boatyard. Within a few minutes the long line of wooden sheds covering the ma­ chinery was afire. The steamer Jeannie Deans, valued at $60,000 and uninsured, appeared a total loss. The Schuyler, Leviathan, Clara Dolson, and a boat—later named the Octavia—being built for Captain Joseph LaBarge, escaped injury. Fire also destroyed one sawmill and the planing mill, and badly damaged four of the cradles. Emerson estimated the company's uninsured loss at $60,000. A newspaper report of the fire concluded:

24 Ibid., 138; Cynthia Elizabeth Mosely, "The Naval Career of Henry Ken­ nedy Stevens as Revealed in His Letters, 1839-1863" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1951) , 304. 25 "Emerson obituarv." Steamboats on Fire Arkansas and Carondelet 327

Mr. Emerson is satisfied that the fire was the work of an incendiary. He had received an anonymous letter warning him to look out for torpedoes and explosive mis­ siles, and the probability is that an enemy of the company set the building on fire.26 Some evidence suggests that the incendiary may not have been an enemy of the cow.pany. Approximately two weeks earlier, on March 25, 1866, the St. Louis Missouri Republican had reported a large but peaceful labor demonstration. Workers protested resolu­ tions passed by "self-styled master and boss mechanics" of the Mechanics and Manufacturers Exchange. The offensive resolutions had opposed increased wages and shorter working hours for labor. Kchoes of the war could be heard in the demonstrators' rhetoric: "Jeff had tried to maintain slavery and had failed and now if his cousins attempted the same thing they would be crushed in the same way." The organized Ship Carpenters and Caulkers of Caron­ delet took part in the demonstration. Still earlier, on March 21, both the St. Louis Missouri Republican and the St. Louis Democrat re­ ported that the Carondelet Carpenters and Caulkers had sent a letter of complaint (unspecified in their columns)27 to John Mc- Cune,28 president of the Keokuk Packet Company, a major stock­ holder in the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company. The letter requested Emerson's dismissal. The workmen knew of Emer­ son's war role. In 1863, the provost marshal general of St. Louis had issued an order for his arrest if he should return to St. Louis during

26 "Fire at the Carondelet Docks," St. Louis Missouri Democrat, May 14, 1866. See also "Local News," St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 14, 1866. 27 St. Louis Missouri Republican and St. Louis Democrat, March 21, 1866. 28 According to his obituary in the St. Louis Democrat, February 27, 1874, John McCune (1809-1874) arrived in St. Louis in 1841 after an early Missouri career of farming, milling and merchandising. He bought an interest in the foundry of Samuel Gaty. Newspaper reports of steamboat launchings in St. Louis indicate that the firm of Gaty-McCune furnished machinery for many of Emerson's hulls. McCune's obituary states that he organized the Keokuk Packet Company in 1843, although J. T. Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County, II, 1115, records the company's founding date as January 1, 1842. Emerson built the Keokuk Packet Company's Die Vernon of 1844 in the boatyard he operated in the northern part of St. Louis at that time. Scharf claims Die Vernon was the first boat of the Keokuk line and that she made her maiden voyage before the end of navigation that year. Emerson also built the La Clede and Prairie Bird for McCune in 1845 and the Keokuk line's Kate Kearney in 1849. At the time of his death, McCune served as president of the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company and as presi­ dent of the merged Keokuk Northern Packet Company and Alton and Grafton Packet Company. He also filled the position of director of the Merchants Na­ tional Bank and the Missouri State Mutual Insurance Company. 328 Missouri Historical Review the war.29 The strongly Republican Missouri Democrat had included his name in the list of disloyal and disfranchised citizens of St. Louis County, published in 1866.30 However, according to the report in the Democrat, McCune "was not to be dictated to in the manage­ ment of his own business" and dismissed the request.31 Thus, a pro­ testor may have decided to take matters into his own hands. But Emerson may have been right in suspecting the incendiary to be an enemy of the company. Three days after the fire, a thousand longshoremen marched for higher wages on the St. Louis levee. The St. Louis Democrat of May 15, passed on the rumor that the strike was directed against the Atlantic and Mississippi Steamship Company. It reported that strikers also assembled at the wharfboats of the Illinois and Johnsonville lines. All three organizations held major shares of stock in the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company. McCune defended Emerson against labor in 1866. Two years later, according to one account, the "scheming of representatives of some of the stockholders of the company" forced Emerson to trans­ fer his stock to them, and deprived him of his job as superintendent. He still retained his interest as patentee of the ways, however.32 Perhaps a more basic cause of Emerson's boatyard loss lay with­ in his own nature. The pride and independence of an artisan men­ tality may not have equipped him for the increasingly intricate organization of the steamboat industry in its competition with the railroads. He may never have understood the imperatives of cor­ porate growth as the holdings of stockowners began to interlock.

29 "Unfiled Papers and Slips Belonging to Confederate Compiled Service Records," microfilm series M-347, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Record Group 109, National Archives, Washington, D.C. M-347 contains papers concerning individuals whose military status was undetermined. 30 "A List of Disloyal and Disfranchised Persons in St. Louis County Compiled from Official Documents," printed by the St. Louis Missouri Demo­ crat, 1866, on file at the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 31 St. Louis Democrat, March 21, 1866. 32 Luther M. Emerson, "History of the Marine Railway," Waterways Journal, III (October 22, 1892).. 17. The author is indebted to Captain Wil­ liam Carroll of St. Louis for calling attention to this reference as well as to the list cited in footnote 30. For a detailed description of Emerson's marine railway see U.S. Tenth Census, 1880, "Report on the Ship-building Industry of the United States," by Henry Hall (Washington, D.C, 1884) , Vol. 8, 194. The name of the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company had been changed by the time of the 1880 census. Emerson's patent on the marine railway is dated August 17, 1869. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents 1869, U.S. 41st Cong., 2nd Sess., House of Representatives, Executive Document 102 (1871) , I, 120. He apparently did not patent his invention until he severed his connection with the company. Arkansas and Carondelet 329

A Busy St. Louis Levee Scene Perhaps, he belonged to an earlier day of steamboating when the relationship between steamboat: owner and boatbuilder appeared to be direct and personal—the independent, adventurous times of the early John McCune, Joseph Brown, George Taylor, James Gos- lee, J. C. Swon, Joseph LaBarge, Tom Brierly, Joseph Kinney, John Greenough and Jim Lee. Uncalculating independence partially may explain his turn south in 1861, lured by "states' rights." It also may account for the increasing time he spent on invention, that last outpost of inde­ pendence, even while still employed at the Carondelet yard. The river news column of the St. Louis Missouri Republican noted on August 5, 1866, that he was experimenting with a craft without wheels. Again on February 4, 1867, he appeared busy with a water- wheel based on "an entirely new and novel principle and a revolv­ ing steam engine which entirely dispensed with cylinder timbers, pitmans and cranks, the power being applied directly to the crank." The Patent Office issued him patents for a paddle wheel on Sep­ tember 22, 1868, and a feathering paddle wheel, the following year.83 That Emerson's war record figured in his dismissal is sug­ gested by his departure from St. Louis in 1868. He established a new boatyard once again in Memphis—his third try in that southern

33 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 5, 1866, February 4, 1867. An nual Report of the Commissioner of Patents 1868, U.S. 40th Cong., 3rd Sess., House of Representatives, Executive Document 52 (1869) , I, 106; ibid., 1869, U.S. 41st Cong., 2nd Sess., House of Representatives, Executive Document 102 (1871), I, 120. 330 Missouri Historical Review city. There he built the /. S. Dunham for the Arkansas River trade, the first steam vessel constructed in Memphis after the Arkansas. He also built the /. F. Wheeler and Captain James Lee's pride, the Phil Allin. However, he built no other boats there. Southern indus­ trial lag may have been the principal factor to defeat him. Only one other boat, a cross-river ferry to Arkansas, came from Memphis ways at that time.34 While still in Memphis, Emerson entered an experimental steam-canal boat, the Port Byron, in a New York State competition in 1873. The boat participated in the contest's final run for a $100,000 prize, but the competition became politically embroiled. Emerson's obituary claimed the prize was not awarded. Instead, the state contributed $35,000 toward the building of seven boats modeled after another entry, the Baxter, which became the first of a line of fourteen Baxter canal boats.35 In 1874, Emerson returned to Carondelet and spent much of the three remaining years of his life inventing and promoting a portable wing-dam to remove sandbars from the Mississippi. He collaborated in this undertaking with James Doyle, harbormaster of St. Louis. The collaborators secured a patent for the wing-dam on June 16, 1874, as well as one for a jetty designed to deepen river channels, on April 4, 1876. Despite sustained publicity, especially for the wing-dam, records do not reveal the use of any of these inventions.36 Emerson also watched the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company pass from hand to hand. At the time of the 1866 fire, he and five packet lines owned the company. While he resided in Memphis, presidency of the company passed from Roger Mc­ Allister to James Ward, Henry Smith and John McCune, men of reputation in St. Louis business circles but engulfed in the swirling

34 Roughly forty significant items, concerning the establishment of the Memphis Dry Docks and the building of the three boats mentioned, appeared in the Memphis Daily Appeal and the Memphis Daily Avalanche between lS68and 1871. 35 "Steam Navigation for Canals—Meeting of the Commission in Syracuse," August 17, 1871; "The Steam Canal Boat Trial," October 16, 1873; "Steam Navigation on the Canals," February 29, 1874, and "Steam on the Canals," March 12, 1874, all from the New York Times; "River News," Memphis Daily Avalanche, October 27, 1873; Hall, "Report on Ship-building," Vol. 8, 228. 36 Emerson and Doyle's portable wing-dam received at least sixteen fav­ orable notices in St. Louis newspaper river columns in 1874 and 1875. See also Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents 1874, U.S. 43rd Cong., 2nd Sess., House of Representatives, Executive Document 150 (1875) , 64; ibid., 1876, U.S. 44th Cong., 2nd Sess., House of Representatives, Executive Document 36 (1877), 60. Arkansas and Carondelet 331 financial waters of postwar transportation.87 In 1872, Gustave Hein- richs wrote that no one passing on the land side of the boatyard would guess that many of the proud river palaces had been built there. From the river, however, one could see a great deal of ac­ tivity, chiefly repair of river craft. After the death of John McCune in 1874, John Scudder inherited the presidency, and David Camp­ bell bought the company. Campbell, ironically, had made his money scavenging and selling the wreckage of steamboats.38 During his ownership, the company rebuilt the mammoth 340 foot hull of Captain William Thorwegen's Great Republic, renamed the Grand Republic. Emerson worked in Metropolis, Illinois, at the time build­ ing a towboat nostalgically called the Polar Star.39 The October 14, 1875 Missouri Republican noted "What glorious days of boating on the Missouri are evoked by that name," referring to Captain Tom Brierly's Polar Star, which Emerson had built in 1852. But on May 5, 1876, the Missouri Republican carried the mournful announce­ ment that John F. Keiser had purchased, at a trustee's sale, the marine railway and its docks, lands, franchises, tools and stocks for $32,000. David Campbell had bought the property the previous year for $300,000 with a down payment of $20,000.40 In the last three years of his life, Emerson witnessed change and deterioration in steamboating. Attempting to control the re­ lentless flow of the Mississippi from St. Louis to Memphis with his man-made portable wing-dam, he must have thought back to George Cable's trip upstream in June 1861, and his own fateful passage downstream between the cities. At least one bright memory for him should have been the day the Arkansas defeated the Carondelet and made it through the Union fleet to Vicksburg.

37 Names of the company presidents are included in the St. Louis direc­ tories for 1868-1874. One of the owners of the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company in 1866 was the overblown, postwar Atlantic and Mississippi Steamship Line whose disastrous liquidation occurred in 1869. At the same time, another owner, the Northern Line, became involved in rate wars with Wil­ liam F. Davidson of the Northwestern Line. By 1873 Davidson would control both the Northern Line and the Keokuk Line, still another owner of the Carondelet company. See Louis C. Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers (New York, 1969) , 630-632. The "River News" column in the St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 25, 1866, reported the sale of twelve steamboats on the St. Louis levee. These boats belonged to the bankrupt St. Louis, Cairo and John- sonville Packet Company, an additional owner of the Carondelet Marine Railway and Dock Company. 38 Gustave Heinrichs, St. Louis and Carondelet, Formerly and Now (St. Louis, 1873) ; "The Rivers," St. Louis Democrat, March 6, 1875. 39 Ibid., June 19, 1875; "River News," St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 19, 1875. 40 ibid., October 14, 1875; ibid., May 5, 1876. Fighting the Ghosts at Lone Jack By LESLIE ANDERS* Taking command of the District of Missouri in June 1862, Major General John M. Schofield inherited a scene of rising turmoil. Confederate agents surreptitiously enrolled recruits back in areas of western Missouri they knew best. Such success as they enjoyed, however, stirred up a public uproar that intensified Unionist mili­ tary vigilance. Major General Thomas C. Hindman, commanding troop elements of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, had made Brigadier General James S. Rains of the Missouri State Guard supervisor of recruiting in his home state. Rains had de­ puted various officers to "go north." Directing the campaign in the west-central counties was Colonel Jeremiah Vardeman Cock­ rell of Johnson County, whose brother Francis served beyond the Mississippi as a Confederate brigadier. Under Cockrell rode several deputies, notably DeWitt Clinton LIunter of Cedar County, John T. Hughes and Upton Hays of Jackson, John Trousdale Coffee of Dade, Joseph Shelby and Charles Tracy of Lafayette, and Sidney D. Jackman of Howard. "Vard" Cockrell, scion of a noted family coming from Virginia

•Leslie Anders is professor of History at Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg. He received an A.B. degree from the College of Emporia, Emporia, Kansas, and the A.M. and Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Dr. Anders is the author of The Eighteenth Missouri and The Twenty-First Missouri. 332 Ghosts at Lone Jack 333 in early statehood days, impressed John Edwards as a fervently religious politician, who regarded Satan as the "demon" of abo­ litionism. His lieutenants, likewise, had been illustrious citizens of their communities. Confederates from "Little Dixie" knew well Kentucky-born Sid Jackmans prominent slaveholding family. The colonel, in later years, would defend himself as a "good Union man" whose pious abhorrence of "Kansas cutthroats" had driven him to secessionism—a theme widely exploited by ex-Confederates in the postwar Upper South. D. C. Hunter, a county clerk, had gone to the gold fields in 1849—like Cockrell. That experience had inspired his naming the seat of Vernon County for a town he had known out West—"Nevada City." But surely the most unforgettable char­ acter of the group, Coffee, Edwards's "stern nurse of hardy men," had been in uniform with the volunteers of the Mexican War and later with the regular cavalry. Moreover, this Tennessee-born ex- prosecutor as state senator had delivered that fruitless renominating speech for U.S. Senator David Atchison in 1855. He had broken with the Democrats over "Kansas" but rejoined them to become speaker of the 20th General Assembly.1 Schofield headed a district made up of five "divisions," two of them increasingly tumult-ridden those summer days. Brigadier General Egbert B. Brown, heading the "South-Western" Division at Springfield, sounded constant warnings as recruiters made their way up from Arkansas with parties of state guardsmen mustered in 1861. Brown's alarms easily inflamed Brigadier General James Totten, headquartered at Jefferson City and commanding the Cen­ tral Division.2

1 Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record (New York, 1977) , XII, 327f; War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C, 1880-1901) , Series 1, Volume XIII, 417, 510ff; hereafter cited as O.R. and all references are for Series 1, unless otherwise noted. John C. Moore, "Missouri," Clement A. Evans, ed., Confederate Military History (At­ lanta, Ga., 1899), IX, 97. 2 William P. Borland, "Gen. Jo. O. Shelby," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, VII (October, 1912) , 13; Daniel OTlahertv, General Jo Shelby (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1954) , 122, 129f; William Larkin Webb, Battles and Biographies of Mis­ sourians (Kansas City, Mo., 1903), 148f; Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge, La., 1958) , 79, 92f; John K. Hulston and James W. Goodrich, "Colonel John Trousdale Coffee: Lawyer, Politician, Con­ federate," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXVII (April, 1983), 279-282; John N Edwards, Noted Guerrillas (St. Louis, 1877) , lOOf; Hildegarde Rose Herk- lotz, "Jayhawkers in Missouri, 1853-1863," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVIII (October, 1923), 70; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1883), 281ff; History of Vernon County, Missouri (Chicago, 1911) , 844f. 334 Missouri Historical Review

Clearly from Schofield's correspondence, Federal commanders appeared far less certain of the purpose than of the extent of rebel "depredations." Brown, at first unsure if this flurry represented a "raid" for recruits or a conventional "invasion," by late July in­ clined to the latter view. As far away as New Orleans, newsmen heard that "Coffey [sic], Hughes and Tracy are making strong efforts to get a foothold in the state. . . ." Writing to Major Gen­ eral Samuel R. Curtis, whose "Army of the Southwest" operated in Arkansas, Schofield, on July 24, urged him to move north from Little Rock against forces "concentrating on the southern border of Missouri. . . ." To forestall this "invasion," Schofield joined Pro­ visional Governor Hamilton Gamble in begging Federal authorities for reinforcements. He warned that "a general rising all over the state is ... in progress." Less than a week earlier his "General Order 19" had triggered mobilization of the state militia, a move Totten deplored as equally stimulating to "rebels and guerrillas." Between them, Brown and Totten counted only 8,200 men—Mis­ souri State Militiamen mostly. If an "invasion" transpired they might well fear their ability to handle it. Indeed, it appeared to a regional physician that Confederate agents "went where they pleased—staid days, and weeks sometimes, inside the Federal lines, and in the very heart of the enemy's country—gathered up re­ cruits by the hundreds—had 'a good time' generally, with their

Recruiting a Regiment Ghosts at Lone Jack 335

John T. Hughes

friends, and then 'skedaddled' to the Arkansas line without 'any­ body being hurt'."3 Suddenly, at daybreak Monday, August 11, combined forces of Hays, Hughes and other recruiters struck Independence. The gar­ rison, mainly from the 7th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, capitulated too soon for Schofield's taste, but the vigorous defense resulted in Hughes's death. Confederates mourned the talented leader. His career had included participating as a soldier-chronicler of Alex­ ander Doniphan's celebrated march into Mexico, pioneering as editor of Plattsburg's Clinton County News, and serving in the 18th General Assembly. Hays, succeeding Hughes, was a grandson of Daniel Boone and peacetime manager of a freightline operating

3 O. R., Vol. XIII, 506-522; New Orleans, Louisiana, Daily Picayune, August 19, 1862; Edwards, Noted Guerrillas, 105; Rebellion Record, XII, 327f; William E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership (Columbia, Mo., 1963), 90ff; A. W. Reese, "Personal Recollections of the Late Civil War in the United States," 1870, microfilm, p. 245, in Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia and State Historical Society Manu­ scripts. 336 Missouri Historical Review out of Westport over the Santa Fe Trail. Edwards saw in him "a military Moses, raised up for a certain glorious work. . . ."4 Hays and Hughes had needed to "strike a blow" to create a favorable climate for enlistments. But this victory, as Wiley Brit- ton later said, "made a powerful impression" on Totten, who did his best to communicate his panic to Schofield. Influenced by sub­ ordinates' reports, he wired Schofield that "Quantrill and others now command the rebels." Suddenly the specter of William C. Quantrili's "black flag" rose again before newspaper readers—and Schofield. "My whole force will be directed against the bands," Totten swore. Schofield sprang to his aid, directing Brown to start the 6th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry northward on Coffee's trail, while other units converged on Jackson County. Moreover, much to his disgust, a Kansas force lately galloping toward Springfield under Brigadier General James G. Blunt doubled back on Fort Scott. That would not do: "Cannot General Blunt be ordered to co-operate with me?" Schofield inquired of the army's general-in-chief. Henry W. Halleck immediately responded; "Suggest to General Blunt how he can best co-operate . . . and send me a copy of your dispatch to him." Schofield followed through, calling Blunt northeastward into Missouri to block "Rains and Coffee" or, failing that, to cut them off. "I am concentrating several strong columns of cavalry upon Quantrill . . . ," Schofield promised. To Brigadier General Benjamin F. Loan, commanding in northwestern Missouri, he flashed a warn­ ing that "Hughes and Quantrill have taken Independence, and it is reported are threatening Lexington."5 Scattered across the Central Division stood three regiments of Missouri State Militia (MSM) Cavalry—Colonel Edward C. Cath- erwood's 6th, John F. Philips's 7th, and Joseph W. McClurg's 8th.

4 Pearl Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers (Independence, Mo., 1975), 310; Minnie Organ, "History of the County Press," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, IV (April, 1910) , 161; see also Herklotz, "Javhawkers in Missouri," 67; Ward L. Schrantz, "The Battle of Carthage," ibid.', XXXI (January, 1937), 143; John Taylor Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition (Cincinnati, 1850), 121, 127f; James W. Goodrich, "In the Earnest Pursuit of Wealth: David Waldo in Missouri and the Southwest, 1820-1878," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXVI (January, 1972), 180; William E. Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars (Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1910), 266; Edwards Noted Guerrillas, 92; Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York, 1891), I, 314-324. 5 O. R., Vol. XIII, 560-572; Britton, Civil War on the Border, I, 326ff; Rebellion Record, XII, 331; Edwards. Noted Guerrillas, 97ff. Ghosts at Lone Jack 337

Available also appeared Major Andrew G. Newgent's Second Bat­ talion of MSM Cavalry and, more importantly, Colonel FitzHenry Warren's First Iowa Volunteer Cavalry, encamped on Deepwater Creek below Clinton. Totten appeared determine to push a task force from Lexington down into southeastern Jackson County, where he expected Coffee to "unite with Hughes and Quantrell [sic]." On Wednesday morning, August 13, he sent orders to War­ ren to ride north for a rendezvous with this task force, which he ordered Major Emory S. Foster of the 7th MSM to gather at Lex­ ington.6

6 0. R., Vol. XIII, 235f, 568; Sherman Pompey, Keep the Home Fires Burning (Warrensburg, Mo., 1962), 4; MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXII (April, 1928), 407; Report of the Adjutant General of Missouri for the Yeat Ending December 31, 1865 (Jefferson City, 1866), 485ff.

This map is based on The Official Atlas of the Civil War (New York, 1958), Plate CLXI. Map by Charlotte Anders Wilson

Liberty ~ /pf J^BRASJ(^L ^J? J ^^-/A*Xex^3ton Waverly AVrsr^ll

KANSAS CITY 1 rysepencierKe / ^ GjreeXton Westportr • —$H I L^^T""^ "—X Jock \ \v Georgetown. 9 W rrensW ot* X V ... X * 9 *^leo*\tt n U 1 Pleasant r\»nqsv\He V ^ *^* ^.

Co J1 • —i>H^nnsof\vu\e 1 / 1 i / ^ • ^fe^S^V-/n NA 1/ LONE JACK D pWAt REGION • ^ !^u^cCS 1 1862 Roads R^ \ I r o ^ d s-stetast O 5 IO 20 /Aovinci 1/ City Miles Fort Sco1 t <^\ 338 Missouri Historical Review

By reveille Friday, Foster had assembled his force, nearly a thousand riders joined by Lieutenant James S. Devlin's section from the Third Indiana Light Artillery Battery, with two brass 12-pounder guns. Foster, owner and late editor of Warrensburg's Unionist Missourian, took the post road southwest from Lexington in midmorning, moving toward the planned junction with Warrens Iowans and Blunt's Kansans. Foster had little doubt this 30-mile gallop would stir up a hornet's nest. By noon, he sent word to Lexington that "1600 rebels" under Coffee had camped south of Lone Jack. In the words of Captain Milton H. Brawner, his deputy, "We prepared against a surprise."7 Situated on a ridge of prairie separating watersheds of the Osage and Missouri rivers, Lone Jack originated in the early 1830s with settlers from North Carolina. At first dismayed by so much prairie and so little woodland, pioneers had managed year by year to break sod and open fields to tillage. They had located in creek "bottoms" useful stands of walnut and oak suited for fuel and building. For a time citizens fancied Lone Jack as a county seat, until Independence won the prize. The nearly 1,300 people, served by Lone Jack's post office by 1860, appeared predominantly South­ ern in origin, 92 percent native to slaveholding states of the Upper South—less than a dozen individuals born in the Deep South. In A. C. Appier's words, the population remained "true as steel to the Confederate cause," prone to tell militiamen nothing but willing to carry news to rebels encamped in the area. For example, 33-year- old David Yankee, a native Kentuckian, rode up and down the streets of Lone Jack warning of Foster's approach.8 Still, the Federals found captured pickets more forthcoming. Coffee indeed had camped a mile or so south on Ambers Graham's farm, with 1,600 men—8,000, Brawner heard. On George W. Kreeger's place, two miles northwest of town, the combined forces of Cockrell and Hunter made camp, having passed through Lone Jack that very evening under Hunters command. Another mile west, at George Ingram's, QuantriU's dreaded cutthroats had just mustered in as "Confederate Partisan Rangers." Some ten miles

7 O. R., Vol. XIII, 238f; Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 98; History of Jackson County, Missouri (Cape Girardeau, Mo., 1966) , 2791. 8 A. C. Appier, The Younger Brothers (New York, 1955) , 102; Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers, 96; The History of Jackson County, Missouri (Kan­ sas City, Mo., 1881) , 73f; Romulus L. Travis, The Story of Lone Jack (n. p., n. d.) , 2; U.S. Census, 8th Report, 1860, "Jackson County, Missouri," 209-212, 222-229, 234-251; Mildred Lineweber Shawhan, "Yankee Cemetery Notes," The Prairie Gleaner, VII (March, 1976), 40. Ghosts at Lone Jack 339

further northwest Hays bivouacked with another crowd of enlistees. The Union column moved into Lone Jack at dark, surely a time for "great circumspection." But Foster, choosing boldness, ordered a detachment south to rake Coffee's camp with muskets and cannon. Two expending shells awakened "every Confederate within five miles," one militiaman claimed, but they broke up the encampment and sent its rebels fleeing into the darkness. Despite the moonlight, some of Foster's men fired on each other, two dying at the hands of their fellows in the confusion.9 Around 11:00 P.M. Foster recalled the skirmishers and ordered everyone but pickets bedded down for the night. He had com­ mandeered Barton Cave's hotel, standing on the west side of the town's north-south thoroughfare, as his headquarters and billet for officers. The "host," a native North Carolinian, had cleared out, with most of Lone Jack's adult males. Foster's enlisted men, he said later, "slept in line," although some bivouacked in the town cemetery. Finding Lieutenant Devlin intoxicated, the major "ar­ rested" him and ordered Sergeant James W. Scott to post the guns before the hotel to command the main street in both directions.

9 Britton, Civil War on the Border, 327ff; Webb, Battles and Biographies, 150f; Albert Castel, William Clarke Quantrill (New York, 1962), 93£; Connel- ley, Quantrill, 270. 340 Missouri Historical Review

Now that Coffee had decamped in "utmost confusion," Foster shed all fear of attack. Instead, he planned to march west early Saturday to bring others the "medicine" just given Coffee. Two considerations inspired his cockiness—certainty that rumors of rebel strength had been gross exaggerations and confidence the Iowa and Kansas horsemen would soon be "in hearing of my artil­ lery." However, Warren would arrive late, having gotten confused, and instead of coming by way of Kingsville he veered toward Har­ risonville, adding twrenty crucial miles to his approach. Blissfully ignorant of such disastrous intelligence, Foster's men lay "encamped in an open space ... on the east side of the street, which had a bois dare [Osage orange] hedge on the north, east, and south sides. . . ."10 Cockrell, visiting relatives at Warrensburg, sensed peril and raced madly westward to rejoin his command. Assembling Hunter,

10 Britton, Civil War on the Border, 329f; Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers, 342; History of Jackson County (1966) , 280. The 1st Iowa Cavalry's historian was warily noncommittal concerning his unit's strange meanderings between Clinton and Lone Jack. See Charles L. Lathrop, A History of the First Regiment Iowa Cavalry Veteran Volunteers (Lyons, Iowa, 1890) , 75f. Map by Charlotte Anders Wilson Ghosts at Lone Jack 341

Hays, Tracy and others at James Noel's farmhouse, he hammered out a plan for attacking Foster. The main assault would come at sunrise, along western approaches to the town. Hays's troops, mounted, would lead the advance, followed by the main body, dis­ mounted. Hunter's men would hold the right, Tracy's the center, Jackman's the left. Captain David Shanks would lead a mounted detail around the north side of town to harass Foster's right and rear, and Hunter would aim a similar thrust at the Federal left. Secrecy being of critical importance, commanders cautioned the men to keep quiet until the signal to charge. Such, by most authoritative sources, seems to have been Cock- rell's battle plan. Some, however, tell it differently. Appier, whose account often verges on the cavalier and sensational, thought Jack- man was to command the west side, reinforced by Hunter, while Tracy passed around Fosters north flank to strike from the east, creating a diversion just before Jackman closed in from the west. One speculates in vain on Upton Hays's role in all this. A few sources lend much support to Appier's intimation that such a rearward thrust created a major problem for the Federals. In his after-action report, Foster betrayed no particular concern about the east side of his position, "protected by a small, deep stream, the crossing of which we held." Still, some modern accounts pic­ ture the defenders as feeling "surrounded" by "Quantrill," a bizarre assumption given today's knowledge that Quantrill, visiting in Independence during the battle at Lone Jack, had left orders for his band to go nowhere without his approval.11 "Stealthily, lynx-like, in the dark before dawn, these reapers of death crept into the weed-grown fields adjoining the battle-ground," as William L. Webb put it. Hunter deployed his contingent near Coffee's abandoned campground. Tracy's men, holding the center, filed up the ravine north of Dr. E. D. Porter's flour mill to posi­ tions facing the town. Hays and Jackman took up silent watch on the northwest. All had dismounted save for the companies of Shanks and of Captain Caleb Winfrey, one of the half-dozen physicians serving the community. Both detached from Hays, Win­ frey faced the hazardous task of leading the advance, while Shanks would take his company across the Lexington road to the north to create his diversion.

11 Britton, Civil War on the Border, 381; Appier, Younger Brothers, 104ff; Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers, 342ff; Webb, Battles and Biographies, 153; Castel, Quantrill, 93f; Connelley, Quantrill, 270. 342 Missouri Historical Review

As Cockrell planned it, Shanks's troopers would fire first, alerting the Federals to "danger" east of town. Then the main body would open its surprise charge, against the Union position frontally and against the hedgerows flanking it to the north and south. As luck would have it, before the charge began, Private Marion Mc­ Farland, a farmhand among Hays's troopers, stumbled in tall weeds and accidentally fired his weapon. Foster's pickets came alive, calling the sergeant of the guard and alerting the Federal encampment.12 All hope for a tactical surprise vanished. Worse, Cockrell's line would not be dressed to charge for another forty minutes. Yet, even before the alarm sounded in the Federal camp, officers breakfasted in the hotel and men had started to feed horses pre­ paratory to Foster's planned move on Cockrell's camp. Thus, when Winfrey's riders opened their charge with dawn's first rays visible on the unclouded horizon, Foster's firing line stood ready, with orders to "let them close up on the fence before firing, and ... to fire low when time came. . . ." As the riflemen opened up, Scott's gunners supported with grapeshot. Joseph Burcham of Hunter's regiment thought the attackers met "a rain of lead . . . across the 40 or 60 yards . . . between the buildings and the rear fences." Some around Burcham fled in dismay, some fell in the corn or weeds, others grew "less anxious to press to the front." Drawing his line back out of range, Cockrell called on Hays and Hunter to try those flanks. Shortly the twin thrusts came, attackers fecklessly hurling themselves at riflemen clustered in hedgerows north and south of the defending camp. As Foster described it, the attacking cavalry "being thrown into confusion by the hedge and annoyed by sharpshooters placed behind it, fled in confusion. . . ." Adding to the Confederates' dismay, they realized the enemy appeared to be made of sterner stuff than the recruiters had led them to expect.13 And the "fog of war" spawned an eerie set of strength-estimates.

12 Webb, Battles and Biographies, 155; John N. Edwards, Shelby and His Men (St. Louis, 1867), 62; Independence Examiner, July 28, 1936; related to the author by Mildred Lineweber Shawhan, Lone Jack, in a personal inter­ view on February 23, 1983. Mrs. Shawhan and her husband James own the Noel farmstead at this writing. Pleasant Hill Times, August 12, 1982. 13 Webb, Battles and Biographies, 155ff; Item #15, "Military History- Civil War," Johnson County Historical Society, Warrensburg, Missouri. Foster's admiration for his artillerists at Lone Jack endured, as his personal recollec­ tions of the battle written many years later shows. See Webb, Battles and Biog­ raphies, 160ff. Ghosts at Lone Jack 343

J. V. Cockrell As He Appeared in 1885

One militiaman reported an impression that Cockrell's force num­ bered between 3,000 and 5,000. Brawner placed its strength at 3,200, in substantial agreement with the major's figure. Foster calculated his strength at 740, mindful of two scouting parties' absence during the battle. Britton estimated Cockrell's advantage over Foster at five to one. On the other hand, Confederate wit­ nesses placed Foster's strength at "1000," and Edwards insisted that Cockrell had only about 700 men present for the fight. Kit Dalton gratuitously condemned Cockrell's attacking a force of "superior strength."14 Around 8:00 A.M. the rebels resumed their frontal attack. As volleys intensified on this sultry morning, Confederate officers realized that some defenders utilized tethered horses for cover. Colonel Hays barked out the necessary order: "Shoot the horses!" As this carnage began, some horses fell where they stood while others panicked, tore loose from their hitchings and created gen­ eral havoc in militia ranks. Foster's riflemen, seeking safety alike from their mounts and Confederate fusillades, retreated into houses, sheds and barns. Noah Hunt later counted 110 dead horses along the streets.

14 Cowgill Chief, August 19, 1927; Kit Dalton, Under the Black Flag (Memphis, Tenn.. n.d.), 76ff; Edwards, Noted Guerrillas, 107. 344 Missouri Historical Review

As Cockrell's ranks came on, house-by-house fighting de­ veloped, a savage struggle in which men reverted to "ravenous beasts," it seemed to Dalton. Insisting there was "not much to say about the fight in the way of description," Edwards could still write that:

The Federals were in Lone Jack; the Confederates had to get them out. House fighting and street fighting are always desperate. Cool men allied to walls defy everything except fire. . . . Where once were curtains, white or damask— transfigured faces, powder-scorched; where once were latchstrings—gaping muzzles; among the roses—dead men . . . ."35 Edwards, for one, conceded that Emory Foster "fought his men splendidly." But more than good soldiering underlay the defend­ ers' performance. The "yippings" of Southerners advancing to the edge of Lone Jack somehow confirmed a suspicion that "Quantrill" comprised the enemy. And Shanks's foray east of town—capturing sixty Federals in the process—created further illusions that the fearsome guerrilla, who recognized few "rules" of warfare, might have Foster "surrounded." Given such impressions, the Federals saw no choice but to fight, trusting Warren or Blunt to appear before it became necessary to give up and face mass-murder at Quantrill's bloody hands.16 Both sides paid dearly for their bravery. Jackman, losing four captains killed and three wounded, blamed a major share of his loss on Federal sharpshooters, carefully placed in upper stories or on rooftops. Sergeant Scott, ably fighting his guns, broke up one guerrilla's attempt to join the sharpshooting. Aiming a load of canister at a sniper atop one house, he eliminated the threat "in- stanter" while badly disfiguring the architecture. The Cave Hotel became a veritable "fort," a heavily manned target of Confederate activity. Attempts to rush it proved costly, with attackers repairing constantly to the security of the surround­ ing plank fence. To Southern chieftains, it appeared an absolute necessity that the hotel somehow catch fire. They needed a crew of daredevils to charge up and heave combustibles against or into the building. Thanks to Hays's foresight, the crew stood ready—a

15 Ibid., 109; Dalton, Under the Black Flag, 78f; Appier, Younger Broth­ ers, 109. 16 O.R., Vol. XIII, 237. Ghosts at Lone Jack 345 squad of Quantrill's boys, under Aaron Haller, summoned by Hays in a fit of despair over the outcome. A dozen youths volunteered to enter the grounds and fling burning "turpentine balls" against the building. Only four of the twelve survived this perilous task, but they succeeded. Lucinda Cave, fearing the worst, fled the structure with her two small children to take refuge behind the Confederates. However, by the time she gained "friendly" lines, she had suffered a fatal wound. Towering smoke from the hotel generated a horror story, credible enough in the atmosphere of those days, that the soldiers in the hotel, in Edwards's words, "perished in the fire. . . " Where the story originated is unclear. Appier and the town's historian had nothing to say of it—nor did Foster or Brawner. In the 1950s, Daniel O'Flaherty's biography of Shelby related that Cockrell's force had "set fire to the hotel and roasted the entire garrison alive." In the next decade Stephen B. Oates picked up the story: ". . . merci­ less Confederates set fire to the hotel, roasting the occupants alive." Dalton, however, offered a less grisly and more probable version. He recalled that "the plucky boys in blue" came rushing out of the doomed building seeking the safety of Union positions, a safety "few of them ever reached."17 Following the hotel's collapse, two further incidents dominated what David March termed "a savage frontier engagement." Cole Younger, signing with Quantrill the previous winter, undertook to distribute ammunition along the rebel lines, and in so doing gained public notice. Braving enemy fire by jumping his horse over fences and generally maintaining a conspicuous profile, he drew cheers from Federal soldiery admiring such gallantry. Behind the rebel line, however, Cockrell's deputies increasingly resolved to get that artillery out of Foster's hands. Three attempts ensued to gain con­ trol of it, Haller's guerrillas making the first capture. Foster blamed Haller's success on Devlin, who suddenly "came onto the field, and rushing among his men ordered them to fall back, which they did, leaving the guns." Foster, rallying sixty men to regain the field pieces, suffered an arm wound in pulling them back to his line.

17 O'Flaherty, Gen. Jo Shelby, 117; William A. Settle, Jesse James Was His Name (Columbia, Mo., 1966) , 20-22; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 62; Appier, Younger Brothers, 105ff; Connelley, Quantrill, 269f; Travis, Lone Jack, 14; Castel, Quantrill, 94. Dalton, Under the Black Flag, 79f, claims that he, Cole Younger and Frank James played leading roles in firing the Cave Hotel, but his titillating vision impresses few serious writers. 346 Missouri Historical Review

General John M. Schofield

Shortly afterward, incurring a serious body wound, he fell inca­ pacitated for further fighting. Those bearing the major to cover included his brother Morris, a private of Company A, 7th MSM. Morris shortly suffered a bullet wound in the left lung, which three years later would claim his life. Likewise, Lieutenant Devlin received wounds that proved fatal by autumn. Captain Brawner, taking command, battled twice more to regain his artillery, seized next by a squad from Jackman's outfit, then,by others sent by Hays and Hunter. Of the thirty-one artillery­ men coming from Lexington, only one escaped unhurt. The guns secured for a third time, Brawner felt certain "the hard-fought field was ours."18

18 Edwards, Noted Guerrillas, 109; George A. McKee, "Boyhood Impres- 111*?!^^^™'™^"*' Area' 1858-186^" MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIV A n^L24io,G/0rge S" GrOVer' "Mai°r Emory S. Foster," ibid, YoA (^ JS^W' ,42?f: ?aAd D- Mard1' The Hist°ryof Missouri (New *nnf «c? ' ' 3°i HJstory °f Johnson County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1881) 700f; Statement of Service of James Devlin," February 11, 1983, Archives Rnn^ 5? iana- ^°mm^?n. on Public Records, Indianapolis; Descriptive nf Mil TT1 Sta* Mlhtia CavalrY> Military Archives, Adjutant General o Missouri, Jefferson City; Curtis Dean Rider, Our Rider Family (Odessa, Mo., n.d.) n.p Webb, Battles and Biographies, 166f, cautions Cole Younger'* him'nn'th

"Victory" soon slipped through his fingers. Now with his ammunition "almost gone," a fresh mass of Confederates appeared on the southwest, to Hunter's right. Coffee! He had had a wretched time finding the battlefield, he assured skeptical compatriots who had suffered the morning's work without him. Authentic or not, his alibi appeared heart-rending. Finding the countryside fenced over, his command had rough going in the dark even along the few roads. In desperation Coffee had secured a knowledgable guide— surely a Yankee sympathizer—for he led the lost rebels ten miles further away from Lone Jack and vanished. While resting his men and horses some six miles from Lone Jack, Coffee had met couriers bearing news that Cockrell had been fiercely engaged since sunup. Mounting promptly, he pushed on toward the action, coming in sight around eleven o'clock. Although some suspected Coffee of "playing possum," he has his defenders, Appier among them.19

Brawner now deemed it "inadvisable to hold the ground any longer. . . ." Firing had died down. With the help of Lieutenant Calvin S. Moore of the 6th MSM, the captain collected some 500 men and led them south and east out of the Confederate embrace. More than 150 men, including the major, had been left as prisoners. Brawner reported 75 missing and 43 dead on the field. The cannons, one spiked and the other "damaged," were abandoned and taken eventually to Arkansas to serve the "Lost Cause." "The enemy acknowledge a loss of 118 killed. . . ," Brawner informed Totten four days later, although 59 seems a more credible figure for modern students of the affair at Lone Jack.

And what of relief forces believed near? Warren's horsemen appeared on the way from Harrisonville, even as Brawner's force commenced its circuitous march back to Lexington. Blunt, who had come pounding out of Fort Scott Friday morning with a column of cavalry and wagon-borne infantry, had crossed eastern Cass County to reach Kingsville on Saturday morning. Although it gave Schofield little consolation, Totten wired him that a courier had been dispatched to order Foster "back to Lexington." The courier

i» Ibid., 114f; Hulston and Goodrich, "Col. John Coffee," 283; see also John P. Burch and Harrison P. Trow, Charles W. Quantrell (Vega, Texas, 1923) , 89f, whose account of the battle is "cribbed" verbatim without attribu­ tion from Edwards, Noted Guerrillas, 109. 348 Missouri Historical Review

John T. Coffee

appeared within three hours of Lone Jack as of "sunrise this morn­ ing."20

If Edwards, finding "the lions were done roaring," strove to play the Sir Walter Scott of the Confederacy, the "poet laureate of Lone Jack," Martin L. Rice, clearly sought to render a like service. Forty-eight-year-old Whig farmer and orchardist living just to the southeast of town, Squire Rice, despite his origins in Tennes­ see, genially had upheld the Union in a neighborhood overwhelm­ ingly Democratic and secessionist. With evident feeling, he wit­ nessed the passing of Brawner's retreating horsemen:

20 o H., Vol XIII, 574f; Grover, "Maj. Emory Foster," 427- Britton Civil (1966) 281; Report, Adjutant Gen. of Mo., 1865, 488. The Work Projects Ad TTi"«r "f ^ ba"le P'aced Confederate "losses" at 59 Un on at Ad mst on Hist0ricaI Records Surve 1Q35494W5.19422 ,bolde folder Z*T1009 5 i.n ™Join™t Collection>. , WHMC-SHS, Columbiya MissourFrederici k C m endl m the n %$?%•*en ° P l °f flMMtiWar of the idaRebellion (New York 1959) Union^ad at Lo£ Jack', '/ Hlf s flf ure of "i°" l a»d unofficial counts of Z^l^h t n -Uf r ecord°fs ev- s S 20 is the lowest available but a 2?m™ H- H f J « *« 60 died in the action of August 16, while 21 more died of wounds before the close of the year. See Helen S Morrison Indiana Conmnssion on Public Records, to the author, July l" W8S;DSS AdjLUTeneral"^^.^ ^ 7th "* 8th *«' M*M Ca^ Ghosts at Lone Jack 349

Not long did suspense and uncertainty hold me— A cavalry force was approaching in view; They came on apace, and my anxious eye told me 'Twas friends of the Union, the soldiers in blue. They passed by then in hurried progression, File after file in rapid succession— Those heroes who fought 'gainst the host of secession And watered with blood the small town of Lone Jack.21 As the victors took over the townsite at midday, they began an intense humanitarian outpouring of relief for the broken bodies in blue and gray littering yards and streets. Caleb Winfrey laid aside his saber and reached for his scalpels, joined by fellow-physicians Edward G. Ragsdale of Lone Jack and Minor T. Smith of Raytown. One of Fosters troopers, A. F. McCray, who lost a leg on this field, gratefully remembered the "good-hearted country people, who gave all aid possible. . . ." For his part, Lewis Renfro of Coffee's regiment, who assisted with the wounded, developed a lasting regard for Major Fosters "manly qualities." A staggering task of removing the dead commenced and Martin Rice joined with Ambers Graham and Lee Snow to haul bodies to Albert

21 Martin Rice, Rural Rhymes, and Talks and Tales of Olden Times (Kan­ sas City, Mo., 1893) , 302; M. M. Brashear, "Missouri Verse and Verse Writers," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVIII (January, 1924), 324; ibid., XXXII (April, 1938), 418; The History of Cass and Bates Counties, Missouri (St. Joseph, Mo., 1883), 257-260. 350 Missouri Historical Review

Riggs's farm at the south edge of town. Where once had stood the huge black jack oak giving the town its name, local citizens and able-bodied war prisoners buried the fallen men in parallel trenches, for gray and blue. A state militiaman riding by the following spring understood that "forty-six of our men [werel killed on the ground and all buried in one long grave . . . rounded up and sodded over."22 Now of little use, "rescuers" began arriving. Warrens cavalry­ men came into view Sunday morning, "and were in sight of the enemy all day," Foster noted with evident sarcasm. "I was told . . . that General Blunt came by during the day, but no engagement took place." According to Blunt, the Kansans arrived from Kings- ville at 7:00 Sunday evening, to find Warren's 800 troopers anxi­ ously confronting Cockrell's "4000." However, the rebels, "on hear­ ing of my approach . . . immediately commenced a retreat. . . ," Blunt boasted. Cockrell's withdrawal, he insisted, became "a pre­ cipitate flight south," the rebels "under cover of night, availing themselves of the shelter of a heavy timber . . . ." Wheeling their commands about, Blunt and Warren opened their bootless chase after an enemy host scrambling for sanctuary in Arkansas.23 This engagement, Edwards thought, "startled the confident Federals like an earthquake, for their choice regiments lay in gory heaps among . . . burnt and smouldering timbers. . . ." Foster's able defense possibly had exacted over a hundred Confederate lives at a much smaller cost, as Albert Castel estimated. But the fact re­ mained that a Federal defeat had occurred, with Foster compelled to "surrender with great loss," as a Kansan reported. The battle, John C. Moore later found, "was as fiercely contested and bloody a fight for the numbers . . . engaged as occurred anywhere." While no wise decisive for the broader martial drama of the time, it led to redoubled Union efforts to stamp out recruiting. Still, Tom Hind- man hailed this victory by "Colonels Cockrell and Jackman" as "one of the most brilliant affairs of the war, resulting in the com­ plete rout of a superior force. . . ." "What in hell was Foster doing by himself?" an agonized Scho­ field demanded. Unwilling to "stay for an answer,"—that never came anyhow—he took immediate steps to safeguard Lexington,

22 History of Dade County and Her People (Greenfield, Mo., 1917), 99; Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers, 345f; Vivian Kirkpatrick McLarty, "Civil War Letters of Col. Bazel F. Lazear," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLIV (April, 1950) , 271; Travis, Story of Lone Jack, 1, 15. 23 O. R., Vol. XIII, 235-240; Confederate Military History, IX, 99; OTla- herty, Gen. Jo Shelby, 117. Ghosts at Lone Jack 351

Emory S. Foster

sharing local fears that Foster's gallantry had but momentarily de­ layed "Quantrill" in visiting his savagery on the town. Ben Loan and a force of 350 entered Lexington, setting the stage for Totten's supersession by Loan in the Central Division. Schofield's memoirs skimmed over these events in prim silence. Totten's partisans sus­ pected his downfall grew out of Schofield's impression that Totten appeared too lenient with citizens of suspect loyalty.24 And what image did the battle project on the national scene? Some newspapers from one coast to the other ignored the story, but those that tried to enlighten Americans generally agreed on very little—except that the action had occurred on Friday, August 15. Southern newspapers, the Richmond Whig and Mobile Ad­ vertiser i? Register, shared the jubilant news of "Quantrell's [sic] Victory in Missouri!"—grossly misspelling Vard Cockrell's name, to say the least. The New Jersey Journal joined others in ignoring the battle, but bravely assured readers that in Missouri "the guer­ rillas, who have almost had everything their own way latterly, are

24 Confederate Military History, IX, 98f; O. R., Vol. XIII, 15, 33, 236, 572ff; Castel, Quantrill, 94; Edwards, Shelby and His Men, 61; Report, Adjutant Gen. of Mo., 1865, 491; Warrensburg Democrat, October 7, 1871; John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York, 1897) , 56-77. 352 Missouri Historical Review now being met by the vigorous measures of the State military, and will soon have to succumb."25 Three major versions of the battle took shape, classifiable by the reporters' geographical viewing angle. A number placed the action at Lone Jack, some "west of Warrensburg," others "near Lexington." Accounts bearing the latter phrase agreed that Emory Foster had been "mortally wounded"—although he had four dec­ ades to live. Most generally identified the victorious rebel com­ mander as "Quantrell." Some papers reporting this version believed the Confederate objective to be Lexington. Newsmen getting word of Loan's appearance at the "threatened" town jumped to an er­ roneous conclusion that the newly arrived brigadier was actually James H. Lane, fearsome boss of those Kansas "jayhawkers" scourg­ ing the border counties.26 Another story-line placed the action "west of Warrensburg." Readers along the Atlantic coast—North or South—understood "Quantrill and other guerrilla chiefs" had inflicted 200 casualties, including fatal wounds for Foster, and suffered twice that number of casualties in so doing. The "balance" of Foster's surviving force had "escaped" to Lexington, now quaking in the path of the in­ vaders, but "Brig. Gen. Lane" had arrived there to assure the town's safety.27 Some journalists located the battle at Lone Jack. Those who did avoided premature announcements of Foster's demise while tumbling blithely into other factual pitfalls. The guerrilla high com­ mand, "Quantrill, Hoys [sic] and Hughes," suggested widespread unawareness that Hughes had died a week before Lone Jack. To credit these reporters, the defeated force had consisted of men from "the regiments of Phillips and Crittenden," although Lieutenant Colonel Thomas T. Crittenden was actually Philips's deputy in the 7th MSM. One eastern paper thought highly anonymous Vard

25 Elizabeth New Jersey Journal, August 26, 1862; Richmond [Virginia] Whig, August 28, 1862; Mobile, Alabama, Advertiser & Register, August 27, 1862; Edgefield [South Carolina] Advertiser, Placerville, California, Weekly Mountain Democrat and Youngstown, Ohio, Mahoning Sentinel, passim. 26 Atlanta, Georgia, Southern Confederacy, August 26, 1862; Daily Lynch­ burg Virginian, August 26, 1862; Salem Oregon Statesman, August 25 and September 1, 1862; Brownville Nebraska Advertiser, August 22, 1862; Janesville [Wisconsin] Daily Gazette, August 19, 1862; Baltimore, Maryland, American d- Commercial Advertiser, August 21, 1862; New York Times, August 20, 1862; Council Bluffs [Iowa] Nonpareil, August 23, 1862. 27 New York Daily Tribune and New York Herald, August 20-22, 1862; Yorkville [South Carolina] Enquirer, September 3, 1862. Ghosts at Lone Jack 353

Cockrell planned to invade Kansas, while another assumed he meant only to attack Kansas City.28 Nor were readers of Missouri's papers much better informed than Americans generally. Symbolizing confusion in St. Louis, the Missouri Republican specified the locale as "Lone Jane" a week after the battle. Two days later the paper produced Blunt's self- serving reflections on events in the area. A roving reporter for a St. Louis weekly lamented difficulties in gathering "facts in the case of the fight near Lexington. . . ." On the day after the battle, St. Joseph's Morning Herald, crediting a Kansas correspondent, re­ ported Confederate seizure of Lexington and Liberty—and two days later repudiated the story. Seemingly, Loan and Lane had each entered the fray: "The Devil will be fought with fire." Yet, a New York paper claimed top honors for misinformation: The rebels in the far West having concentrated their forces, at a place called Lone Jack, with a view to a raid into Kansas, Gen. Blunt marched against them, from Fort Scott, August 17, with 1,500 men, and drove them in utter confusion beyond the Osage River. . . ,29 After these evil times had gone, citizens of Lone Jack nurtured a reverence for the dramatic tragedy enacted there that hot summer morning. For half a century, an August seldom passed without a picnic or a "speaking" to commemorate the fight. At one such oc­ casion, Squire Rice rose to declare to a hushed throng that: Each bore, no doubt, within his breast, A patriotic heart; Each thought he loved his country best And took that country's part.30 Southern partisans opened a fund drive to prepare an obelisk,

28 Daily Zanesville [Ohio] Courier, August 20, 1862; Rebellion Record, V, 582; Richmond Whig, August 25, 28, 1862; Petaluma, California, Sonoma County Journal, August 22, 1862; Cleveland [Ohio] Plain Dealer, August 9 and 21, 1862; Report, Adjutant Gen. of Mo., 1865, 494f. 29 St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican, August 23 and 25, 1862; St. Louis Weekly Missouri Democrat, August 26, 1862; St. Joseph Morning Herald, August 17 and 19, 1862; Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, September 13, 1862. Even books could mislead in later years, as Switzler's Illustrated History of Missouri from 1541 to 1877 (St. Louis, 1879) , 416f, demonstrates. Switzler lists "Cockerhills" as simply one Confederate commander and credits "General Coffee" with reducing the Cave Hotel. A century later others still maintained that Quantrill's band "saved the day for the South" at Lone Jack. See Patrick Brophy, Bushwhackers of the Border (Nevada, Mo., 1980) , 32. 30 Rice, Rural Rhymes, 401; Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers, 155f, 346f; Webb, Battles and Biographies, 147. 354 Missouri Historical Review erected in 1870 to the memory of the fallen Confederates. No such campaign succeeded for a similar monument to the Union dead. However, William Roney of Marquette, Kansas, a veteran of the First MSM Cavalry, decided to do the job himself as a "labor of love." With a wagonload of mortar and cement blocks, he came 200 miles to erect, what one historian termed, an "odd-looking pillar" at the cemetery. A century's rains and winds have erased whatever inscription Roney laboriously etched in cement. The approaching Civil War centennial ignited local interest in a more enduring means of commemoration. After students from Lone Jack High School made it a class project to clean up the ceme­ tery, Park Director William L. Landahl mobilized Jackson County's courthouse and historical society to plan and build a museum, dedi­ cated August 16, 1963. Included in the facility, dioramas, exhibits of mementoes and an audio recording described the historic event. McFarland's "first shot" rifle, located, purchased and presented by James and Mildred Lineweber Shawhan appeared among the me­ mentoes. In recent years, members of regional Civil War reenact- ment units, notably from Crowley's Clay County Company (Con­ federate) and the Holmes Brigade (Union), have taken their turns as curators serving visitors to the splendid edifice now guarding a tradition born on that hallowed ground.31

31 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LV (October, 1960) , 77; ibid., LVIII (October, 1963) , HOf; Brian Burnes, "The Battle of Lone Jack," in Kansas City Star, September 13, 1982.

•,-. *>.-* ^ Ghosts at Lone Jack 355

VERIFIABLE KILLED IN ACTION AND DEAD OF WOUNDS CASES AT LONE JACK, AUGUST 16, 1862

UNION FORCES 6th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment: Cpl. Joseph W. Cheadle Co. B Pvt. Nelson Z. Combs Co. A Cpl. Lorenzo W. Cooper Co. B Pvt. William H. Grady Co. B DOW (28 Sept) Pvt. Jeremiah Hatfield Co. E Bugler Henry McCullough Co. C Cpl. James H. Marshall Co. B Pvt. William H. Owens Co. A Pvt. Elias Parrott Co. A DOW (19 Sept) Kansas City Cpl. John L. Shanks Co. B Cpl. John Smith Co. A Pvt. John Stinett Co. E 7th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment: Sgt. Malcomb Andrews Co. E DOW (18 Aug) Lone Jack Pvt. Ebenezer Bailey Co. E Sgt. Samuel M. Baker Co. I DOW (22 Aug) Lexington Pvt. Amos S. Barrett (Barnett?) Co. A 2d Lt. Alfred M. Baltzell Co. C Pvt. Hiram Bovd Co. E Pvt. Nathaniel O. Cobb Co. F Pvt. David Cole Co. C Pvt. Isaiah Creeks Co. F DOW (29 Aug) Jefferson City Cpl. John P. Fairbrother Co. C DOW (24 Aug) Pvt. Henry Fette Co. E Pvt. Peter H. Goodrich Co. C Pvt. Charles Grant Co. F DOW (6 Sept) Jefferson City Pvt. Ernest Hagelstange Co. E Pvt. Henry Heckert Co. C DOW (23 Aug) Lexington Pvt. John A. Houston Co. F Pvt. Robert Hughes Co. C DOW (23 Aug) Lexington Pvt. Thaddaus L. Ketchum Co. A Pvt. James Kinser Co. C Bugler William Lapost Co. C Pvt. Benjamin Lee Co. E DOW (26 Aug) Cpl. Henry D. Marshall Co. E Sgt. William A. C. Pickering Co. C Pvt. Daniel J. Rault Co. C Pvt. Jonathan Squires Co. C Pvt. George Swartz Co. A Pvt. Ephraim Weese Co. E DOW (12 Sept) Jefferson City Pvt. George P. Winner Co. E Cpl. George Wood Co. H Pvt. Wallace C. Wortman Co. A Cpl. Davis C. Taylor Co. C DOW (12 Aug) Lexington 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment: Pvt. William Abercrombie Co. H Pvt. John Aherne Co. H Pvt. Henry Fuller Co. H Cpl. John Greafe Co. H Cpl. Giles Harvey Co. H Pvt. Allen Long Co. H DOW (7 Oct) Sedalia Pvt. Emil Otto Co. H 356 Missouri Historical Review

Pvt. Frank Riling Co. H Pvt. James Rodgers Co. H DOW (29 Sept) Jefferson City Pvt. John Rothert Co. H Pvt. William H. Stubblefield Co. H DOW (4 Sept) Jefferson City 8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment: Pvt. John W. Brown Co. H Pvt. John Davidson Co. H Pvt. Leroy J. K. P. Elkin Co. H Pvt. George W. Handek Co. H DOW (11 Dec) Sgt. John Knight Co. H Pvt. Jeremiah B. Lord Co. F Pvt. James McClain Co. H Pvt. Doctor B. McDavis Co. H Pvt. Abraham S. McCubbin Co. H Pvt. Henry Miller Co. H Pvt. George Mullen Co. F Pvt. Dillard Simmons Co. H Pvt. Jacob Stout Co. H Pvt. William F. Todd Co. H Pvt. Joseph R. Wooten Co. H Second Battalion, MSM Cavalry: Sgt. George W. Alexander Co. C DOW (5 Sept) Pvt. Joseph Binkley Co. A Cpl. Andrew J. Farmer Co. C Capt. William A. Long Co. A DOW (19 Aug) Kansas City Pvt. Calvin Reed Co. F DOW (25 Sept) Pvt. Lorenzo Gause Co. F DOW (4 Sept) Pvt. Levi Copeland Co. C Third Indiana Light Artillery Battery: Pvt. Labun F. Barnard 2d Lt. James Devlin DOW (24 Nov.) Cpl. Albert J. Hall Pvt. Henry L. Ray Pvt. William Sleeth RECAPITULATION: Killed in Action: 60 Dead of Wounds: 21 Total Union Dead: 81

Please Doctor? Keys to Springfield, April, 1984. One of the doctor's elderly lady patients was quite deaf. The doctor had always been kind in helping her and would often write notes of instruction and advice in communicating with her. However, one day she came in to learn the verdict of some X-ray studies done the week before. She was very worried about the results. As the physician came into the room, she exclaimed, "Doctor, I want to know all about these X-rays. So that I don't get confused, would you mind having your secretary type out what you need to tell me. Your handwriting is no better than my hearing." Missouri School of Mines

Pains of Birth and Adolescence: The University of Missouri and Its Rolla Campus, 1871-1915

BY LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN* By locating the Missouri School of Mines at Rolla one hundred miles south of the University of Missouri in Columbia, the general assembly created the possibility for divided interests. The legislature placed supervision of both campuses in a single board of curators, providing representation on the board from both Phelps and Boone counties, the homes of the two schools. The arrangement anticipated the establishment of university systems, on a small scale, and mir­ rored problems that would plague later multicampus university organizations. Started in 1871, the School of Mines (MSM) faced its first crisis in 1874 when the courts questioned the Phelps County bonds issued to finance its operations, and some members of the board of

•Lawrence O. Christensen is professor of History at the University of Missouri-Rolla. He received the B.S. Ed. and M.A. degrees from Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, and the Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 557 358 Missouri Historical Review curators advocated removal of the Rolla school to Columbia.1 That proposition failed, but only three years later, on the motion of board president James S. Rollins, the Columbia campus established its own school of engineering, hiring Thomas J. Lowry as profes­ sor of Civil Engineering.2 By offering instruction in civil engineering, the Columbia campus duplicated a degree already established on the Rolla cam­ pus. When Charles P. Williams, the first School of Mines director, designed the curriculum, he envisioned "a school of technology" in­ stead of only a mining school. Two of the first three graduates in 1874 received degrees in civil engineering.3 Debated during the first decade of their relationship, removal of the Rolla school to Columbia and duplication of programs continued to cause ill feelings between the two campuses during the first forty years of the Rolla school's life and after.

i Minutes of the Board of Curators, June 23-25, 1874, Board of Curator's Office, University Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 2 Ibid., June 3-7, 1877, June 4-6, 1878. 3 Phelps County Historical Society, ed., The History of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (Jefferson City, Mo.. 1941) , 279-280, 421.

Charles P. Williams, School of Mines Director UM and Rolla Campus 359

In 1880, university president Samuel S. Laws proposed remov­ ing the technical departments of MSM to Columbia and transferring Columbia's teacher education department to Rolla. The board of curators rejected the idea.4 However, in 1883, when controversy erupted in MSM over expansion of the curriculum, the board specified that the "School of Mines and Metallurgy [had] . . . limited powers and specific lines of instruction, technical and pro­ fessional. . . ." Its role was to teach mining skill and art.5 Governor Thomas T. Crittenden entered the discussion in Jan­ uary 1885. In evaluating the Rolla campus, he said, This school is not in as prosperous a condition as could be desired. . . . The Legislature should consider the propriety of removing the school to Columbia . . . and substitute in its place at Rolla a normal school. . . . Crittenden noted that only sixty students attended the School of Mines that year and many of them took the equivalent of high school courses.6 The board of curators discussed the governor's suggestion, a reiteration of the 1880 idea of President Laws. Rolla curator C. C. Bland argued that removal of the school would violate the state's commitments to both Phelps County and the federal government Phelps County had outbid Iron County for the right to have the school, and the federal government had helped finance the school under the Morrill Act. Bland won the day.7 The general assembly passed a law introduced by Rolla representative Oliver P. Paulsell requiring the board of curators to ". . . prescribe and adopt a liberal academic course of study ... in addition to the courses now taught in said school. . . ." The legislature empowered the School of Mines faculty to confer degrees in the arts, a right the faculty refused to exercise because of its vision of itself as a science and engineering school.8

4 R. W. Douthat to the Editor, July 26, 1880, in Rolla Herald, July 29, 1880; History of MSM, 308. 5 Columbia Statesman, n.d., quoted :in Rolla Herald, June 14, 1883. 6 Grace Gilmore Avery and Floyd C. Shoemaker, eds., The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1924) , 1,415. 7 Minutes, Board of Curators. January 13-15, 1885. 8 Journal of the House, Mo. 33rd General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1885) , 133, 172, 205, 708, 1009, 1197, 1809, 1346; Laws of Missouri, Passed at the Session of the Thirty-Third General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1885), 252. 360 Missouri Historical Review

Despite the legislature's intervention in 1885, matters did not rest. In 1887, a committee of the Columbia Board of Trade peti­ tioned the board of curators to establish a School of Mechanic Arts on the Columbia campus. R. B. Price, a former treasurer of the university, Robert L. Todd, a former secretary of the board of curators and current president of the alumni association, and J. A. Adams presented the idea to the board, which tabled the motion.9 The petition suggested the desire of powerful Columbia elements to expand the engineering program on the Columbia campus. During the next two years, the board of curators selected Wil­ liam H. Echols to administer the School of Mines and accepted the resignation of Samuel S. Laws as president of the university. In the year of Laws's departure, 1889, the governor appointed a legislative committee to investigate state institutions. The com­ mittee advised that both the agricultural college in Columbia and the School of Mines be "absolutely divorced from the Uni­ versity proper, and placed upon an independent footing and separate foundation." Committee members believed that, "The School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla seems to be doing good work, but is hindered and dwarfed by its connection with the Uni­ versity at Columbia." They concluded their report with a vote of no confidence in Laws.10 Besides the departure of Laws, nothing came of the committee's suggestions. The board of curators selected Richard Henry Jesse to replace Laws, but before he assumed the university presidency in July 1891,n William Echols had submitted his resignation as director of the School of Mines. During his three years at Rolla, Echols had become dissatisfied. In a public letter to the general assembly, he called the school "a forlorn foundling whose parentage was due to contention, [who was] despised by the mother institution, and regarded with disfavor by the people of its adoption. . . ,"12 From the beginning of his tenure, Echols had called the School of Mines

9 Minutes, Board of Curators, May 30-June 1, 1887. io "Report of the Committee Appointed by the Governor to Visit the Var­ ious State Institutions," Appendix to Senate and House Journals of the 35th General Assembly of the State of Missouri, 1889 (Jefferson City, 1889) , 18-24; History of MSM,'465-467. n Minutes, Board of Curators, December 16-19, 1890. 12 W. H. Echols to the General Assembly, January 10, 1891, in History of MSM, 480-482. UM and Rolla Campus 361

William H. Echols, School of Mines Director

an "Institute of Technology, a College of Engineering with Civil and Mining Engineering and Metallurgy as specialities."13 When he departed, Echols recommended the adoption of Missouri In­ stitute of Technology as the Rolla school's name.14 President Jesse had other ideas. In his inaugural address, Jesse said, The School of Mines at Rolla will achieve the best re­ sults, in my opinion, by aiming at intension rather than extension. ... In proportion to the ground covered at present by the institution, the resources are greater in the school at Rolla than in any other department of the whole institution. No forlorn foundling here. Jesse's orphan became the College of Agriculture. He urged "building up of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts ... [as] second in importance to nothing. . . ,"15

13 Ibid., 472 14 Ibid., 482. is Richard Henry Jesse, "Extracts from Inaugural of President Jesse," June 3, 1891, in "History of the LTniversity of Missouri, 1904," microfilm of typescript, Roll 1 of William Franklin Switzler Papers, 1836-1904, Joint Collection, Univer­ sity of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia and State Historical Society Manuscripts. 362 Missouri Historical Review

Within his first year as president, Jesse secured board of cur­ ators' approval to build a physics and engineering building and to create a chair of electrical and mechanical engineering on the Co­ lumbia campus. E. Y. Mitchell, a member of the board from Phelps County, argued that these acts represented duplication of program since physics and engineering were taught in the School of Mines, but to no avail.16 The general assembly made the appropriation for the engineer­ ing building in Columbia because of the January 9, 1892 fire that destroyed Academic Hall. In the process of deciding whether to rebuild in Columbia, the legislature discussed various propositions for changing the university's location. Although apparently resolved in 1892, debate about the status of the university surfaced again in 1895. At that time, two bills came before the general assembly providing for the separation of the College of Agriculture from Columbia and greater autonomy for the School of Mines. A third measure sought to remove the School of Mines from Rolla to Columbia. None of the legislation passed.17 In 1897, relations between Columbia and Rolla took a new turn when the board selected George E. Ladd as director of the School of Mines. The first Ph.D. to occupy the director's chair, Ladd used his considerable talents to secure larger appropriations for the Rolla campus and to blunt efforts to limit the School of Mines.18 Ladd's first challenge came during his initial board of cura­ tors' meeting in December 1897. He faced a motion to eliminate instruction in civil engineering and English at MSM. After speak­ ing against the motion, Ladd was asked to leave the meeting room. Three curators took him aside and told him that if he opposed the board his tenure would be short, "but if . . . [he] acquiesced in

16 Minutes, Board of Curators, March 28, May 30-June 3, 1892. 17 Pamphlet, University of the State of Missouri Record of Facts Relating to the Creation, Location and Maintenance of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and the School of Mines and Metallurgy, n.d., 26-32, folder 281, Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, in University of Missouri, Presi­ dent's Office Papers, 1892-1966, Joint Collection WHMC-SHS, Columbia. 18 George E. Ladd, "My Administration as Director of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy 1897-1907," 1939, 42-43, box MSM/UMR Directors, folder George E. Ladd, Clair V. Mann Papers, University of Missouri-Rolla Archives, Curtis Laws Wilson Library, UMR. Biennium appropriations climbed from $16,000 in 1897-1898 to $50,000 in 1907-1908. In addition, Ladd received $348,000 for buildings, equipment, repairs, renovations and books during his administration. See History of MSM, 567 568; for an extended treatment of Ladd, see Lawrence O. Christensen and Jack B. Ridley, UM-Rolla: A History of MSM/UMR (Columbia, Mo., 1983), 45-60. UM and Rolla Campus 363 their wishes as developments arose, ... [he] could remain Direc­ tor of the School indefinitely, whether it remained at Rolla or was moved to Columbia where, according to them, it belonged." Ladd refused to go along observing that the board could hardly afford to dismiss him in the near future since it had just cashiered his predecessor.19 The effort to abolish instruction in civil engineering and Eng­ lish failed, but the issue of limiting MSM offerings remained. At a meeting in 1899, the board of curators debated a motion to end all instruction in mechanical and electrical engineering. Ladd again protested against the motion; he secured a delay in the board's consideration of the matter and assembled evidence to support the need for the courses. Persuaded by Ladd's arguments, the board specifically authorized "to have taught . . . enough of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering so as to make the students of said school expert Mining Engineers."20 Clearly, the board viewed MSM as only a mining school. Next, President Jesse sought to limit the share of funds that MSM received. According to the law that established the School of Mines and the College of Agriculture, MSM would receive one-

10 Ladd, "My Administration," 40. 20 Minutes, Board of Curators, December 22, 1899; George E. Ladd to Governor Lloyd Stark, December 12, 1938, box MSM/UMR Directors, folder George E. Ladd, Mann Papers.

Richard H. Jesse, University of Missouri President 364 Missouri Historical Review fourth of the revenue from lands granted by the Morrill Act and the College of Agriculture, three-fourths. In 1897, Jesse proposed to reduce MSM's proportion to one-eighth. The curators delayed ac­ tion and then let the matter drop.21 Division of the state's collateral inheritance tax proved more difficult to resolve. Passed in 1895 as a scholarship fund for stu­ dents of the university, the tax was revised by the legislature in 1899 to support "Missouri University and its departments." The legislature provided only one-eighth of the tax for MSM as one of the eight departments in the university allowed to share the money. Then, in 1901, some members of the legislature and board of curators suggested a reduction of the School of Mines share to one-tenth. Ladd objected, pointing out that his school received one-fourth of Morrill funds. The director also testified to the legisla­ tive committee considering the new ratio. He noted that the School of Mines paid one-fourth of the cost of the university's high school examiner and modestly asked for one-fifth of the collateral tax. The legislature approved his request.22 Area legislators, such as Representative William H. Locker of Pulaski County, strongly supported Ladd. In 1901, Locker ex­ pressed the opinion that, "the best thing that can be done is to separate the School of Mines from the State University." He as­ serted that the School of Mines would prosper under a new "Board of Managers." Locker concluded, "I am satisfied that the connec­ tion with the State University at Columbia has been a drawback."23

Ironically, when Locker made his observation, the Rolla school was about to experience impressive growth which continued until Ladd resigned in 1907. Besides renovating existing buildings, Ladd more than doubled the size of "Old Chem/' constructed two new buildings, and started a third. Enrollment rose to over 220. But faced with an ongoing political struggle and the loss of three of his supporters on the board of curators, Ladd decided to resign.24

21 Minutes, Board of Curators, December 22, 1897. 22 History of MSM, 569-570; Laws of Missouri, Passed at the Thirty-Eighth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1895) , 278; ibid., Fortieth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1899), 330; ibid., Forty-First General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1901) , 43-44. 23 Sf. Louis Republic, February 11, 1901. 24 University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy Papers, 1870-1948, folder 120, Joint Collection WHMC-SHS, Columbia; Christensen and Ridley, UM-Rolla, 50, 57-60. UM and Rolla Campus 365

William H. Locker, Pulaski County- Representative

During the same year, Ladd's superior and sometime opponent, Richard Jesse retired as president of the university.25 Ladd re­ membered Jesse as a pleasant man. The director thought ". . . that in the attacks upon the School which Jesse sponsored in that period he was merely the mouthpiece of other people."26 Ladd misjudged his adversary. In 1915, the former president wrote,

When I was made President of the University in June 1891, I resolved to open this consolidation question again, just as soon as it seemed wise to do so. . . . In the 17 years of my service as President of the University, I longed con­ stantly for consolidation. . . . Jesse thought that transferring mining and metallurgy to Columbia would have cut costs of instruction in those disciplines by three- fourths.27

25 Frank F. Stephens, A History of the University of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1962), 384. 26 Ladd, "My Administration," 22. 27 Richard H. Jesse, "The School of Mines and Metallurgy in Missouri," August 1915, Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 280, University of Missouri, President's Office Papers. 366 Missouri Historical Review

Under the administration of Jesse's successor, Albert Ross Hill, relations between the Columbia and Rolla campuses reached a new low. Before his elevation to the presidency, Hill had been dean of the Teachers College at Columbia, and briefly, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University. He assumed the presidency in 1908.28 During his first year in office, Hill made clear his view of the Rolla campus. While examining the School of Mines catalog, he noticed a course in electricity. He wrote to Ladd's successor, Lewis E. Young, that he saw no justification for the school to offer a course in electricity. "If any such special course is to be offered," he advised, "it ought to be offered in connection with the depart­ ment of Electrical Engineering here. . . ." Hill also objected to the School of Mines listing a department of physics and electricity. He ordered electricity dropped from the title.29 According to George Ladd, Hill's desire went beyond limiting the School of Mines' offering. The president arranged a 1909 meeting with Ladd, who had become president of a school in another state. Hill asked him to refrain from interferring in the removal of the School of Mines to Columbia. As Ladd reconstructed the conversation, Hill asked, "What do you care now, Ladd? If you will keep out of the State and keep hands off, we can move the School to the University, take it out of local strife, and take care of it nicely at Columbia." Ladd responded that he,

considered the Missouri School of Mines a sort of child . . . which had grown up from a weakly, half starved urchin to sturdy manhood through [his] ... efforts and devo­ tion. I would not then, or ever, desert its interests.30 Director Young apparently knew nothing of Hill's request, but he did observe that whenever he tried to add new courses or ex­ pand the work of the School of Mines, he met the opposition of President Hill.31 During the next three years, the future of the School of Mines

28 Stephens, A History of the University of Missouri, 386-387. 29 A. Ross Hill to Lewis E. Young, March 17, 1909, folder 106, University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy Papers. 30 George E. Ladd to Governor Lloyd Stark, December 12, 1938, box MSM/ UMR Directors/Chancellors, folder George E. Ladd, Mann Papers. 31 "Notes from an interview with Lewis E. Young," conducted by Clair V. Mann, October 22, 1938, box MSM/UMR Directors/Chancellors, folder Direc­ tor Young, Mann Papers. UM and Rolla Campus 367 seemed muddied. In 1910, a legislative visiting committee rec­ ommended transfer of the School of Mines to Columbia and use of the plant at Rolla for some other educational purpose.32 Then in 1911, the general assembly appropriated $70,000 to build a fine new building, Parker Hall, completed a year later. In 1913, the legislature provided an additional $70,000 to build a new gym­ nasium.33 Meanwhile enrollments slumped in 1910 and 1911, reach­ ing only 146 in the latter fall, but rebounding in 1912 to 206.34 During the winter of 1912-1913, President Hill asked Isidor Loeb, dean of the university faculty, to draft a bill "for establish­ ing a Missouri Industrial School at Rolla and for removal of the School of Mines to Columbia." Loeb had completed the task by January 25, 1913. His draft listed the sections in the legal code that needed changing and included a course of instruction for the new school. Loeb recommended that carpentry, forging, drawing, de­ signing, engraving, domestic science and other industrial and house­ hold arts be taught in what he wanted to call the Missouri Indus-

32 "Report of the Committee Appointed by Governor Herbert S. Hadley to Visit the State Institutions of Missouri," Appendix to the House and Senate Journals of the 46th General Assembly of the State of Missouri, 1911 (Jefferson City, n.d.) , Part 1, 23. 33 History of MSM, 606, 610, 618, 629, 633. 34 University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy Papers, folder 120.

A. Ross Hill, University of Missouri President 368 Missouri Historical Review trial Institute. He thought the removal of the School of Mines could be completed no later than July 1, 1914.35 Who initiated the draft is unclear. Loeb did the work for Hill. However, the president claimed in 1915 that, "about three years ago several citizens of Rolla approached me as to the possi­ bility of securing some other sort of institution that could utilize the buildings at Rolla and bring more students to the town." Hill maintained that he acted on behalf of Rolla curator S. L. Baysinger and prominent citizen B. H. Rucker in requesting the draft.36 The board of curators took no action on the bill, but it agreed to send Baysinger and Rucker on a tour of manual training schools in the south during the spring of 1914. Hill thought they returned with a positive attitude about the change. Scheduled to report his findings to the board in October 1914, Baysinger asked for a delay until the board's December meeting. During the December discussion Baysinger said simply, "Gentlemen, you're too late."37 The willingness of .Baysinger and Rucker to investigate man­ ual training schools, in the spring of 1914, indicates that they at least entertained the idea of exchanging the School of Mines for an industrial school. But, by the end of January 1915, Baysinger strongly opposed removal of the School of Mines to Columbia. In a letter to J. C. Parrish, a curator from Columbia, Baysinger harshly criticized another visiting committee's recommendation to transfer the school to Columbia.38 By February 11, 1915, Baysinger and Durward Copeland, the new director of the School of Mines, had authored a bill to expand the school's offerings to include de­ grees in chemical, electrical and mechanical engineering, a sig­ nificant expansion of degree programs. They took their draft to Phelps County Representative Frank H. Farris, who agreed to introduce it in the lower house of the general assembly. When a delay occurred in the house, Baysinger asked State Senator Carter Buford to introduce it in the senate. Phelps County was in Buford's district. Called the Buford Act, it passed the senate by a vote of

35 Isidor Loeb to A. Ross Hill, January 25, 1913, Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 279, University of Missouri, President's Office Papers. 36 A. Ross Hill to Henry S. Pritchett, May 13, 1915, Carnegie Foundation, for the Advancement of Teaching, folder 3481, in ibid. 37 "History of Discussion regarding transfer of School of Mines to Columbia and Establishment of Technological Institute at Rolla," July 7, 1915, Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 277, in ibid. 38 S. L. Baysinger to J. C. Parrish, January 27. 1915, Correspondence, folder 94, John C. Parrish Papers, 1877-1954, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia. UM and Rolla Campus 369

S. L. Baysinger

26 to 4 and the house by a vote of 106 to 28. Governor Elliott Major signed it into law on March 23.39 Within one short year, relations between the Columbia and Rolla campuses had undergone dramatic change. Instead of a School of Mines ripe for incorporation into the engineering school at Columbia, in 1915, President Hill viewed a competing engineer­ ing school in Rolla. Apparently, it claimed overwhelming support in the general assembly. In explaining this change, two developments seem significant. During 1913 and 1914, enrollment in the School of Mines increased to 257 and 276 students, respectively. Ross Hill thought the in­ creased enrollment caused "the people of Rolla ... to dream of a big institution there without changing its status," just as he thought enrollment declines had motivated Baysinger and Rucker to in­ vestigate exchanging the School of Mines for an industrial school.40 The 1914 School of Mines football team may have been the other factor. When Leon E. Garrett became acting director in 1913, he

39 Rolla Herald, February 25, March 11, 18, 1915; History of MSM, 672-674; Laws of Missouri, Passed at the Session of the Forty-Eighth General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1915) , 391-392. 40 "Recent History of the School of Mines at Rolla," Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 279, University of Missouri, President's Office Papers. 370 Missouri Historical Review vowed to put the School of Mines on the map. He hired a new coach, who recruited eight freshmen sufficiently skilled to start for the varsity.41 In the the first game of the season, October 3, the Miners defeated the University of Missouri, in Columbia, 9-0. When the Miners returned to Rolla, they witnessed, "Bonfires, ringing bells, shirt-tail parades and yells [that] caused so much alarm that a few natives living on the outskirts of town called-up and asked if the U.S. had declared war on Mexico."42 One can only theorize, but perhaps that early victory over Mizzou prompted Baysinger to delay until December his October report on industrial arts schools. By that time, the Miners had defeated Washington University 19-0; Arkansas University 40-0; Kansas School of Mines 87-0; Drury Col­ lege 68-0; Kirksville Osteopaths 150-0; St. Louis University 63-0; and, in an unsanctioned game for the mythical state championship, Christian Brothers College of St. Louis 27 to 6.43 Perhaps, the fame of the 1914 football team helps account for Baysinger's statement at the December curators' meeting, "Gentlemen, you're too late," and his and others' enthusiasm for increasing the school's offerings. An

41 History of MSM, 659-660; related to the author by William McCartney, Shreveport, Louisiana, in a personal interview on June 6, 1981. McCartney played on the 1914 team and said that key players received $100 per month from townspeople interested in a winning team. 42 Rollamo, 1915, 81. 43 Ibid., 80-85; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, December 6, 1914; History of MSM, 660-662.

A Mineralogy Lab at the School of Mines, 1912 UM and Rolla Campus 371 industrial arts school could not hope to bring football fame to the Ozarks town. During the spring and summer, 1915, President A. Ross Hill launched a campaign to overturn the Buford Act. He charged that the School of Mines had ignored university entrance requirements, which accounted for the school's recent increase in enrollment. He wrote, ... if the Board will take effective means to maintain the advertised entrance requirements at the School of Mines, they will not be able to secure students in mechanical, elec­ trical, and civil engineering because students who can se­ cure admission to the School of Engineering at Columbia will not go to Rolla. The president concluded, "If we had available about $150,000 to build departments of mining and metallurgy at Columbia the problem would solve itself."44 Hill based his charge on experience with students attempting to transfer from Rolla to Columbia and on a report from the Car­ negie Foundation, considering the university for inclusion in its teacher retirement program. A representative of the foundation noted that the School of Mines accepted students ". . . with little or no regard to the conditions laid down in the catalogue."45 Presi­ dent Hill feared those low standards would injure the interests of higher education in Missouri.46 The president used a speech at the City Club in St. Louis to argue his case. Hill told the audience that Rolla needed "... the sort of institution that does not maintain university standards of admission." An industrial arts school would bring more students, and the town of Rolla would be better off, he said. Indeed, the Ozarks and Missouri needed an industrial arts school instead of another engineering institution, which duplicated ". . . at Rolla . . . university work already for a long time done at Columbia." He believed the state should build a mining and metallurgy department at Columbia where ". . . better work could be done for half the cost."47

44 A. Ross Hill to Henry S. Pritchett, May 13, 1915, Carnegie Foundation, folder 3481, University of Missouri, President's Office Papers. 45 Henry S. Pritchett to President A. Ross Hill, April 1, 1915, Correspon­ dence, May 1-12, 1915, folder 101, John C. Parrish Papers. 46 A. Ross Hill to Henry S. Pritchett, May 13, 1915, Carnegie Foundation, folder 3481, University of Missouri, President's Office Papers. 47 "A. Ross Hill Speech Before City Club of St. Louis," July 21, 1915, Legis­ lative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 278, in ibid. 372 Missouri Historical Review

A document entitled "Some Facts About the School of Mines at Rolla," which originated in the president's office, struck a harsher note. It stated that, "Should the Board of Curators announce cur­ ricula and offer degrees in these lines, they would practice decep­ tion on prospective students and be guilty of enacting an educa­ tional farce." Only the town of Rolla would benefit by honoring the Buford Act because its boarding houses would be filled with students ". . . without reference to whether they can be properly taught."48 In June 1915, the secretary of the board of curators ordered the Hugh Stephens Printing Company to delay printing the School of Mines bulletin until the proof received approval by President Hill. Stephens responded that it was too late; the proof had been returned to Rolla, since all past transactions had been conducted by School of Mines officials. Despite a telegram from board of curators president David R. Francis, Stephens stood his ground, and the bulletin listing new degrees established by the Buford Act resulted.49 Although legal opinion divided on the board's responsibility to honor the Buford Act, it decided to test the measure's constitu­ tionality by a vote of 5 to 3.50 Rolla forces persuaded a student named Harry T. Heimberger to bring suit, and in its October term the Missouri Supreme Court ruled that the board must carry out the law's provisions.51 The School of Mines had matured. Loyalty and commitment to the interests of Boone and Phelps counties, too little state financial support to divide between two ambitious institutions, the machinations of local politics, and the distance between two campuses administered by a single political­ ly appointed board, all help to explain the sometimes troubled birth and adolescence of the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. 48 "Some Facts About the School of Mines at Rolla," Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 281, in ibid. 49 Hugh Stephens to J. W. Babb, June 8, 1915; telegram, David R. Francis to the Hugh Stephens Printing Company, June 9, 1915; J. W. Babb to Hugh Stephens Printing Company, June 10, 1915; Hugh Stephens to A. Ross Hill, June 15, 1915, University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallursrv Papers, folder 124. 50 Orville M. Barnett to A. Ross Hill, "Report on Constitutionality of Buford Bill," May 6, 1915, Legislative Material, 49th General Assembly, folder 281, University of Missouri, President's Office Papers; Charles E. Yeater to Orville M. Barnett, June 23, 1915, folder 124, University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy Papers. Barnett, the university's attorney thought it unconstitutional, while Yeater argued that the university had no chance of overturning the Act. 51 State ex rec. Harry T. Heimberger v. Board of Curators of University of Missouri, et al. (1915) , 268 Missouri.. 598. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS NEWS IN BRIEF An overflow crowd attended a kick- orated the trees which represented off celebration for Stoddard County's various ethnic holiday traditions. The sesquicentennial year, held January 2, display continued through Decem­ in the courthouse, circuit courtroom, ber 31. Bloomfield. That date marked the The Museum of Westward Expan­ official 150th birthday of the county as sion and the Old Courthouse are a well as the city. A highlight of the part of the Jefferson National Expan­ event included presentation of a cer­ sion Memorial in St. Louis. The mu­ tificate indicating that the courthouse seum also hosted several activities had been placed on the National Regis­ during December. William Pepmuel- ter of Historic Places. Grant Thorn, ler demonstrated the art of stenciling president of the Stoddard County His­ on December 15 and 16. Sue Hinkel torical Society, told about early set­ told "Stories of the Season" on Decem­ tlers in the county, and Elvis Mooney ber 16. Performances on December 29 discussed the Civil War in the area. and 30 featured traditional American Koss Blomeyer, the longest practicing folk music by Susan Boyer Haley and attorney in the county, recalled his the Boyer Family. early law days. Other recollections were related by John Marvin Capps, county clerk for 23 years. Before pres­ "Yesterday's Children: Growing Up entation of the certificate, Frances in Kansas City, 1900-1950" opened on Moore gave a brief history of the December 1 and continued through courthouse. The crowd then moved February 17, at the Kansas City Mu­ outside for patriotic music and sing­ seum. The exhibition featured more ing. They were accompanied by the than 400 items from the Museum's Bloomfield High School Band, directed collections. The artifacts bring the past by Jan Shaneyfelt. A special fireworks into the present and also show how display concluded the celebration. some aspects of childhood changed while others remained the same. The child's world mirrored technological From November 16 through January and social changes in the adult world. 20, the special exhibits gallery at the Views concerning child-rearing and Museum of Westward Expansion fea­ childhood itself have changed in this tured an exhibit of 19-century photo­ century. graphs, "Soldiers At Play." Sponsored During the Holiday Toys and Crafts by the Mid-America Arts Alliance, the Fair, November 24-25, December 1-2 exhibit illustrated the lighter side of and 8-9, museum visitors could ac­ military life on the Western frontier. quire crafty holiday ideas and gifts. The grand opening of "A World of Craftsmen demonstrated their skills Christmas" occurred on December 9 and exhibited their wares which in­ at the Old Courthouse. It featured cluded holiday ornaments and dec­ singers and dancers and a display of orations, wooden toys and dolls. The 16 real trees. Member groups of the museum store featured holiday gifts International Folklore Federation dec­ and several of the craft items.

373 374 Missouri Historical Review

From December 1 to 31, the museum Dunker Views Ste. Genevieve." This provided a special holiday season collection of photographic prints de­ group tour program. picted the unique Missouri town dur­ ing the early 20th century. Dunker, a pioneer photographer and inventor, Officers of the Missouri Museums lived all of his adult life in Ste. Gene­ Associates are Raymond Pisney, Mis­ vieve. He and his company invented souri Historical Society, president; many useful items for the field of Dwight Crandell, St. Louis Science photography. These included enlargers, Center, first vice president; Barry H. cameras and printers. A number of Rosen, Kansas City Museum, second state and local organizations helped to vice president; and L. T. Shelton, Mis­ finance and assist with this exhibit. souri State Museum, secretary-treas­ urer. The second annual Jarville Farm Antique Show was held, March 15-17, The Missouri State Museum fea­ at Greensfelder Recreation Center, tured special exhibits during January Queeny Park, in Manchester. The and February. One, "Truman's Mili­ show featured over 35 antique deal­ tary Experience," focused on the World ers from the St. Louis area and out- War I experiences of Harry S. Tru­ state Missouri and Illinois. Sponsored man and his long association with the by the St. Louis County Department Missouri National Guard. Located in of Parks and Recreation and the St. the gallery north of the rotunda in Louis County Historic Buildings Com­ the State Capitol Building, the ex­ mission, the event benefited museum hibit featured a unique combination houses in the county. They included of World War I and Truman artifacts Thornhill, home of early Governor from the Harry S. Truman Library in Frederick Bates, in Faust Park in west Independence and the Missouri State St. Louis County; the Thomas Sap- Museum. In addition to the Truman pington House in Crestwood; the Wil­ Library, th^ Missouri National Guard liam Bacon Log Cabin, near Manches­ assisted with the exhibit. ter; Hawken House in Webster Groves; Also in the rotunda of the Capitol Taille de Noyer, the General Daniel Building, the State Museum exhibited Bissell House, and the Myers House in its recent acquisition of Missouri In­ Florissant; and Oakland, the Louis A. dian artifacts. From the collection of Benoist mansion, in south St. Louis the late Henry W. Hamilton of Mar­ County. Run by separate historical shall, many of the items were found agencies, the houses all need additional at the Utz Site: an Indian village now funds for maintaining exhibits, pub preserved at Van Meter State Park. licity and sponsoring guided tours. Mr. Hamilton was a founder of the Missouri Archaeological Society in the 1930s and helped form the State Ad­ Historic Mt. Gilead Church, School visory Council. Artifacts from his col­ and Graveyard recently have been ac­ lection had been donated to the State cepted as the newest additions to the Museum by Mrs. Jean Tyree Hamilton, Division of Historic Sites, of Clay wife of the late Henry Hamilton. County. The rural school, built in A temporary display in the Eliza­ 1869, and the 1873 church replaced beth Rozier Gallery, Union Hotel, log buildings of the 1830s. Both build­ Jefferson City, featured "Vincent J. ings are in a good state of preserva- Historical Notes and Comments 375 tion and contain original pews, lec­ held their annual Christmas party at tern, school desks, stoves and other the house. furnishings. Many area pioneers are buried in the cemetery. After instal­ lation of improvements, the site will Officers of the Wilson's Creek Na­ be open to the public this summer. tional Battlefield Foundation are Other sites in the system include the Jewell Smith, president; Wesley J. birthplace of Jesse James; Historic Curtis, vice president, programs; Rose- Claybrook Plantation; Smithville Lake ann Blunt, vice president, member­ Woodhenge Prehistoric Solar Calendar; ship; Mildred King, secretary; and Rollins-Porter House; Aker Pioneer Doug Neff, treasurer. Cemetery; and Tryst Falls. Milt Perry serves as superintendent of historic sites for the county. The St. Joseph Museum has avail­ able for purchase, "Touch the Past," the recording sponsored by the mu­ On November 10, the Missouri Civil seum which features Esther Kreek on War Reenactors Association held the the hammered dulcimer. In addition annual meeting at the Jefferson Land­ to the record or tape, a booklet con­ ing Historic Site in Jefferson City. tains a diary portraying the life of a During the business meeting, the As­ pioneer woman on the Oregon Trail. sociation established a family mem­ The diary entries introduce the music. bership category, accepted the 9th The record or cassette tape sells for Texas and 1st Mo. Infantry units in­ $8.50, or if mailed, $10.00. It may be to the group and planned events for ordered from St. Joseph Museum, 11th the 1985 schedule. Officers elected and and Charles Streets, St. Joseph, Mis­ installed were Dave Bennett, presi­ souri 64501. dent; Frank Kirtley, vice president; Bob Talbott, treasurer; and Kathleen Fannin, secretary. On February 24, the Seneca Study The Ladies Union Aid Society pre­ Club sponsored an open house at the sented a Twelfth Night Ball, on Jan­ Seneca Library. The event marked the uary 12, at Jesse Hall on the campus 50th year of the club and the start of the University of Missouri-Colum­ of the library. The club originally had bia. Society and Association members organized as the Seneca Library Club received instruction in the waltz, polka for the purpose of establishing, main­ and schottische before the Grand taining and supporting a public li­ March. A chamber orchestra played brary. Charter members established a period compositions. bookshelf in the high school. Later books came through the state circulat­ ing library in Jefferson City and The annual Victorian Christmas ex­ through the acquisition of duplicate hibit at the Eugene Field House and books withdrawn from the St. Louis Toy Museum, St. Louis, opened on Public Library. In 1951, the voters of November 23 and continued through Newton County passed a library tax January 13. The event featured a dis­ and the county court appointed a play of Shirley Temple dolls and re­ library board to establish and admin­ lated items. The dolls became 50 years ister a county library system. At that old in 1984. On December 6, members time, the club donated their books to 376 Missouri Historical Review the new system. The Seneca Library the theme, "Rivers, Rails, and Roads," is now part of the Town and Country the program included a keynote ad­ Regional Library system with its main dress, two luncheon presentations, library in Neosho. Since February 1984, three music sessions, twenty papers, Mary Alice Tourtillott has served as three films, a slide-tape presentation, librarian. an Ozark play party and many ex­ hibits. The Missouri Committee for the Humanities awarded the Society On February 4, the City of Kansas a grant which covered a portion of City and the Black Archives of Mid- the meeting expenses. Members ap­ America, Inc., opened an exhibit for proved two special awards. R. P. national black history month. Held in Christeson, of Auxvasse, received the the rotunda of City Hall, the exhibit award for distinguished achievement featured the topic, "On the Corner of in recognition of his life-long dedica­ 18th and Vine: Yesterday in the Black tion to the preservation of Missouri's Community, 1919-1954." musical heritage. The Society pre sented Jack Conroy with an honorary membership. Officers elected were The Transport Museum Association Erika Brady, Cape Girardeau, presi­ which supports the National Museum dent; Elaine Lawless, Columbia, of Transport, St. Louis, reported its Charles Mink, Westphalia, and Jane officers. They are Edmund J. Boyce, Frick, St. Joseph, vice presidents; Don­ Jr., president; Vernon W. Piper, vice ald Lance, Columbia, secretary; and president; John P. Roberts, M.D., sec­ Ruth Barton, Columbia, treasurer. retary; and Kenneth A. Baker, treas­ urer. During the first week of December, the finishing touches were added to The Clay County Archives is located the third-floor ballroom and bed­ in new facilities at the Hughes Me­ rooms, the final phase of restoration morial Library, 210 East Franklin at Missouri's Executive Mansion in Street, Liberty. During 1984, some 50 Jefferson City. On December 10, in volunteers worked at the archives. Membership contributions provide the conjunction with Missouri Mansion primary financial support for the ar­ Preservation, Inc.'s annual board of chives. Following a staff training ses­ directors meeting, ceremonies formally sion, the project to preserve the old dedicated the restoration. The focal probate records began in January. point of the third floor, the ballroom Folded since the beginning of the extends the entire width of the Man­ county in 1822, these documents will sion and terminates in rounded bays be carefully unfolded and placed flat at each end. The bays feature match in acid-free folders. The archives is ing 12-foot-high pier mirrors com­ open Tuesday, Wednesday and Thurs­ bined with the elaborate period win­ day. dow treatments. Furnishings include a large suite of gold leaf ballroom furni­ ture from the 1904 St. Louis World's The Missouri Folklore Society held Fair which has been in the Mansion the 1984 annual meeting, November since the early 1900s, a billiard table, 8-10, in the University Center at the ca. 1885, and an award-winning Ren­ University of Missouri-Rolla. With aissance Revival ebonized upright Historical Notes and Comments 377 piano. The third-floor bedrooms and On December 14 and 15, Governor the Stark Bedroom on the second floor and Mrs. Christopher S. Bond hosted are restored with period furnishings the traditional Christmas candlelight reflecting the styles from the antebel­ tour at the Mansion. Visitors toured lum period through the 1880s. The the first floor which featured a tower­ third-floor restoration completes a ing Christmas tree with handmade or­ ten-year effort by Missouri Mansion naments and other holiday decorations. Preservation, Inc., to restore and pre­ serve the 1871 Executive Mansion. The "The People's Mansion: A Tour of state provided funds for structural re­ the Missouri Governor's Mansion with pairs and maintenance while MMPI First Lady Carolyn Bond" aired on secured period furniture, light fix­ television statewide between Christ­ tures, carpets and window treatments mas and mid-January. The tour fea­ as well as works of art. Since its or­ ganization in 1974, MMPI has raised tured the restored first-floor rooms of nearly $2 million in private donations the Mansion and included a review for the Mansion's restoration and edu­ of early Missouri history and previous cational programs. governors' residences.

A Real Kentucky Place

Springfield Advertiser, March 23, 1847. A Western preacher, in his efforts to give his hearers the most enchanting idea of Heaven, held forth thus:—"Be assured, brethren, any description of it falls short of the reality, as Little Mud Creek is transcended by the Mississippi! Heaven is Heaven: Heaven is—oh! my dear hearers, it is a real Kentucky of a placel"

Propped Up On The Leaning Side

St. Louis Christian Advocate, January 13, 1926. The colored janitor of a church in St. Louis had a violent temper. He was converted, but sometimes his temper would get the best of his good resolu­ tions. On one occasion when he was repenting of one of his lapses, he made this prayer after he had asked the Lord to forgive him: "O Lord, prop me up on the leaning side."—Christian Witness

Advice vs. Examples

The Independent, November 13, 1982. All children seem to close their ears to advice, but open their eyes to examples. 378 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Adair County Historical Society lius, vice president; Alice Fribis, sec­ The Society held its annual dinner retary; and Diane Heath, treasurer. meeting on November 15, in the Audrain County Historical Society Northeast Missouri State University The Society celebrated the holiday Student Union Alumni Room, Kirks­ season with an open house, December ville. Dr. Melvin Bradley, equine 16, at the museum in Mexico. Some authority from the University of Mis­ 125 members and guests attended the souri, presented an illustrated talk en­ event which included refreshments, titled, "The Missouri Mule—Then and drawing for gifts and viewing Christ­ Now." He also outlined the Mule mas decorations. The brass ensemble History Project, which has included over 100 interviews over the state. of cadets from the Missouri Military Adair Countians would be among those Academy provided special music. interviewed regarding the past use of mules in coal mining. Members of the Barton County Historical Society Society approved revised bylaws in­ Over 60 persons attended the Janu­ cluding affiliation with the State His­ ary 13 meeting at Law Chapel, United torical Society. The Society reported Methodist Church, Lamar. Society with regret the death of former presi­ President Bob Douglas gave a prog­ dent Dr. Richard Keith. ress report on the status of the Civil War Memorial on the courthouse lawn. The memorial will be rebuilt Affton Historical Society and rededicated this year. E. J. Mann Over 3,750 persons visited the Christ­ presented the program on "Early Day mas House at Oakland on 9 days dur­ Businesses in Lamar." He talked about ing December. The event, which fea­ various businesses on the west side of tured a puppet show and refreshments, the square from their beginning to the provided over $2,500 to the Society's present day. Mr. Mann also told about treasury. the lives of the people who ran the Ken and Francis Eernisse hosted the stores. Mary Jo Harris gave a brief January 24 quarterly meeting at the history of the Griffin Grocery Store. Affton Presbyterian Church. The pro­ She is the granddaughter of its gram featured a fashion show from founder. "ye olde" trunk modeled by the Ladies of Oakland. Bellevue Valley Historical Society The Society announced that its next The Society held its quarterly meet­ major project at Oakland will be the ing, December 19, at the United Meth­ restoration of the front terrace, front odist Church in Caledonia. Installation entry porch and foyer floor. of the 1985 officers by Mrs. Mildred Officers of the Society for 1985 are Horton, retiring president, highlighted Jeannine Cook, president; Morton the meeting. Officers installed were Clifford, vice president; John Fotsch, Mrs. Bessie Powell, president; Mrs. treasurer; Ann Shimkus, recording sec­ Muriel Akers, vice president; Mrs. retary; and Amy Mesnier, correspond­ Eula Eye, secretary; and Vernon Fur­ ing secretary. ry, treasurer. Mrs. Muriel Akers re­ The 1985 Ladies of Oakland officers ported on the 31 historic sites of are Jane Carr, president; Joan Reme- Caledonia. Historical Notes and Comments 379

Belton Historical Society Bollinger County Historical Society Officers of the Society for 1985 are Members of the Society met on Jan­ Al Dodson, president; Betty Tanquary, uary 13 for the quarterly meeting in secretary; and Paul V. Wyatt, treas­ the courthouse at Marble Hill. Joseph urer. Garvey, local representative from the In December the Society hosted a Forestry Division of the Missouri visit to the museum by 200 members State Conservation Department, ad­ of Dale Carnegie & Associates. Guides dressed the group on preservation of boarded buses and a motorcade pro­ the forest in the county. He presented ceeded by the Belton Research Hospi­ film stories and told about the impor­ tal, the Carnegie Home, the cemetery tance of forestry in the early history and stopped at the museum. Society of the area. Students from the Leopold members provided and served refresh­ School, who won the Massey Log ments to the guests from 28 states and House essay contest, attended the 12 countries. meeting and read their manuscripts. The Society reported that over 1,300 Jewell Mooney, Winfred Brown and visitors toured its museum in 1984 and Larry Mayfield presented many old- that it has over 230 members. The time musical favorites. group began publication of a quarterly newsletter in January. Boone County Historical Society The Society held its annual open Bethel German Communal house, "Maplewood in December—a Colony, Inc. Victorian Christmas" at the house in The annual Christmas in Bethel Nifong Park, Columbia, on December celebration on December 2 featured 14-16. About 500 persons toured the the addition of a holiday concert of historical home. On Saturday morning, area choirs and musical groups. Other a special children's program attracted activities included a Christmas smor­ an additional 200 persons for the gasbord, an outdoor program of music events. Hilda and Louise, the mule by various Bethel groups such as the team from the College of Veterinary Bethel Community Choir singing Ger­ Medicine, University of Missouri-Co­ man Christmas carols, visits by Black lumbia, provided cart rides for the Santa and Santa Claus, a vespers serv­ children. ice and a candlelight procession to the Christmas tree downtown. The event concluded with the tolling of the Butler County Historical Society colony bell and the lighting of the Some 300 persons visited the Christ­ Christmas lights in Bethel. mas open house, December 9, at the Spurlock Cabin in Hendrickson Park, Blue Springs Historical Society Poplar Bluff. Jo Nell Seifert and the The Society held its November 6 High School Drama Club presented meeting at the Dillingham-Lewis "A Christmas Visit to Granny Spur- House Museum in Blue Springs. Ron lock's Home." The cabin had been Potter, a Society member and a teacher decorated for a turn-of-the-century in the R-4 School District, gave the holiday, and members of the drama program. He told about and displayed club conducted tours. Originally the his collection of Santa Clauses. cabin had been located in the Cane The group reported with sadness Creek Settlement before it was moved the death of Nancy Lee Wallace, So­ to the park. The Society sponsored this ciety president and a charter member. annual event. 380 Missouri Historical Review

Caldwell County Historical Society the program. He reported on the early Officers of the Society for 1985 are history of the county, the newly elected David Reed, president; Raymond county officials, their duties and Griffing, vice president; Hiram Brels- pertinent facts about county govern­ ford, second vice president; Mrs. Carl ment. Crowley, secretary; and Lorene Car­ Members held the January 24 meet­ roll, treasurer. ing and carry-in supper at the United The Society reported progress toward Methodist Church in Norborne. The completion of Volume I, History of "Sweet Adalines" of Lexington pre­ Caldwell County, Missouri. Interested sented the program. Officers installed persons can still submit family his­ for 1985 were Stanley Miller, president; tories, but they will be used in Volume Mrs. Edwin Willis and Helen Dodd, II. The prepublication price of the vice presidents; Mrs. Lorenz Tanz- book is $35. The Society also has plans berger, secretary; and Mrs. Marvin to publish a paperback book entitled, Kinker, treasurer. A Peek in the Past. It will feature some 100 stories originally used in the Cass County Historical Society Society's radio series of the same name. Members assembled for their Feb­ Topics include family histories, and ruary 12 meeting in the Society's new descriptions of activities such as ice quarters at the Information Center, harvesting and storage and sorghum 400 East Mechanic, Harrisonville. They making. For information about order­ inspected the building, begun in Jan­ ing these two books or other Society uary 1984, and erected jointly by the publications, please write Mrs. Carl Society, the Cass County Library and Crowley, Secretary, Caldwell County the Chamber of Commerce. Partially Historical Society, Route 1, Box 76, funded by a grant from the U.S. gov­ Kingston, Missouri 64650. ernment to the Cass County Library, the structure was completed after res­ Camden County Historical Society idents pledged and donated a match­ From May through October 1984, ing amount. The Information Center the Society sponsored "Eatin' Ozark is located near the Society's Sharp- Style" on the second Saturday of the Hopper log cabin, built in the 1830s month at the museum in Linn Creek. and moved to the site in 1974. The Society members prepared and served Society's extensive records file, gene­ old-fashioned, home-cooked meals. The alogical material and historical docu­ event also included entertainment and ments are available to the public in tours of the museum. the new quarters. New officers of the Society are Elizabeth Huddleston, president; Kathy Cedar County Historical Society West Galinski and Birdie West, vice John D. Smith, of El Dorado Springs, presidents; Thelma Parrish, treas­ urer; Ruby Chandler, recording sec­ provided the program for the Octo­ retary; and Leona Parker, correspond­ ber 29 meeting in the Savings and ing secretary. Loan Conference Room in El Dorado Springs. He gave an interesting ac­ Carroll County Historical Society count of the life of his grandfather, On November 15, the Society met in John S. Smith. Members voted to or­ the Wakenda School for a carry-in der a reprinting of the Society's county supper and meeting. Howard Payne, cemetery listing book. This book and county clerk of Carroll County, gave a supplement are available from the Historical Notes and Comments 381

Cedar County Historical Society, P.O. Milton Perry, a member and super­ Box 424, Stockton, Missouri 65785. intendent of historic sites for Clay The November 26 meeting in the County, Missouri, gave the program Stockton Methodist Church featured a at the January 29 meeting. He dis­ "show and tell" session. Several items cussed "Infernal Machines: The Story shown included a mug collection, an of Confederate Submarine and Mine old snuff box, a homemade cedar Warfare 1861-1865." rolling pin, an old teapot and an un­ Officers of the Round Table are usual scrapbook. Gregory Hermon, president; Edwin Shutt and Jack Brooks, vice presi­ Chariton County Historical Society dents; Steve Treaster, secretary; Caro­ The Society held its quarterly meet­ lyn I. Pate, treasurer; and Orvis Fitts, ing, January 20, at the museum in program director. Salisbury. Mrs. Fema Zahringer was the guest speaker. She gave a slide Civil War Round Table of St. Louis presentation of a trip to Indonesia to The November 28 meeting, at Gara- visit her daughter and family. velli's Restaurant, St. Louis, featured In addition to regular items, the a program by Jerry L. Russell, of Lit­ Society's January Newsletter included tle Rock, Arkansas, chairman for the letters from students who had visited National Congress of Civil War Round the museum. Tables. He gave a talk on the death Christian County Historical Society of Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. A recent exhibit at the Christian Dr. Walter Dunn, a new member of County Museum, Ozark, featured some the group and curatorial director of 500 railroad items. These were col­ the National Museum of Transport, lected from more than 25 railroads St. Louis, addressed the January 23 that served the Midwest. Maps, photo­ meeting. He discussed railroading in graphs, Frisco Depot desk, uniform the Civil War era and the impact of patches, hand lanterns, switch lamps, the railroads on the strategy and tac­ railroad stock certificates and bonds, tics of the war. watches, dining car items and toy trains were among the memorabilia on dis­ Civil War Round Table of play. The museum is housed in the the Ozarks 1882 Anderson House, located two Members held their November 14 blocks north of the town square. meeting at the 89er Restaurant in Springfield. Lt. Col. Leo Huff, a mem­ Civil War Round Table of ber and associate professor of History Kansas City at Southwest Missouri State University, A program on "The Death of Stone­ Springfield, presented the program. wall Jackson" highlighted the No­ He gave a talk on "Price's 1864 Mis­ vember 27 meeting at the Homestead souri Raid." Country Club in Prairie Village, Kan­ Dave Long, park superintendent at sas. Jerry L. Russell, founder and na­ Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, tional chairman of Civil War Round near Springfield, provided the program Table Associates of Little Rock, Ar­ at the January 9 meeting. He brought kansas, presented the program. The the Round Table up to date on ac­ Round Table presented the Harry S. tivities and events at the park. Truman Award to Mr. Russell for his accomplishments relating to Civil Clay County Historical Society War history and sites. The Society held its November 8 382 Missouri Historical Review meeting at one of the county's historic Sloan provided the program on a landmarks, the Antioch Community former institution, the "County (Poor) Church. Following a potluck dinner Farm." Mr. and Mrs. Sloan purchased in the fellowship hall, members and the farm when Dade County sold it. friends moved to the 1858 church She shared photographs and relics building for a Thanksgiving program. from the time when the farm operated. The Society decorated a tree for Members recalled the Society's display during December at the Clay achievements for the year in Hulston County Museum in Liberty. Mill Historical Park during the De­ cember 4 meeting. The mill had been Clay County Museum Association repaired, painted and shifted to its The Association sponsored a Christ­ permanent foundation. mas Tree Display and Bazaar, Decem­ ber 1-15, at the Museum in Liberty. Dallas County Historical Society Open daily noon to 9 P.M., the event Officers of the Society for 1985 are featured Christmas trees decorated by Lawrence Holt, president; Maxine various organizations in a theme of Dunaway, vice president; Hazel Dun- their choice. Some 300 persons visited away, recording secretary; Leni Howe, the museum during the period and corresponding secretary; and Ralph voted for their favorite tree. The Clay Tucker, treasurer. County Historical Society won first The Society held its first meeting place, with the P.E.O. Sisterhood, sec­ of 1985 on January 4, at the O'Bannon ond. Community Center in Buffalo. Mem­ Members and friends attended a bers planned programs for the year. Christmas tea, carry-in dinner and an­ nual meeting, December 16, at the Mu­ Dent County Historical Society seum. Louis Schlickelman reported The Society met for the December on the accomplishments of the Associ­ 14 meeting and covered-dish dinner ation during the past year. New of­ at the Community Center in Salem. ficers were elected for 1985. They are Mrs. Alice Potter gave the program on Ron Bross, president; Ron Fuenfhau­ "Christmas Around the World." She sen, vice president; Nelle Wren, sec­ took the audience on an imaginary ond vice president; James Patterson, plane trip from Lambert Field, St. secretary; and Laura Pharis, treasurer. Louis, to various countries of the world. Group singing of "Silent Night" Crawford County Historical Society concluded the program. The Society held its annual Christ­ mas party and carry-in dinner, De­ Foundation for Restoration of cember 21, at the Two Score Plus Club Ste. Genevieve in Cuba. During a short business The Foundation sponsored its first meeting, the following officers were Italian Christmas Party, December 8, elected: Dorothea Presson, president; in the American Legion Hall, Ste. Tex Russell, vice president; Lucille Genevieve. A social hour and Christ­ Guinny, secretary; and Allen Kerr, mas music added to the festive oc- treasurer.

Dade County Historical Society Franklin County Historical Society On November 6, the Society met in On December 16, the Society held the Recreation Center, Retirement its quarterly meeting and Christmas Homes No. 2, Greenfield. Mrs. Eloise party in the St. Louis Federal Savings Historical Notes and Comments 383 and Loan (Prudential) in Union. Fes­ Jerry Wheeler, secretary; Mrs. Eleanor tivities included a gift exchange, at­ Bennett, treasurer; and Mrs. Pat Mil­ tendance prizes and a visit by Santa ler, corresponding secretary. Claus. The program consisted of a slide presentation of churches in the Friends of Missouri Town-1855 county and the history of each. The Friends sponsored their annual Officers of the Society are Vanita Christmas Open House at Missouri Zehnle, president; Judith Hunt, vice Town, Lake Jacomo, on December 8-9. president; Carol Bell, secretary; and The event featured refreshments, music Helen Vogt, treasurer. and craft demonstrations. Missouri Town was decorated for the Christ­ mas holiday. Friends of Historic Boonville On December 8, the Friends held Graham Historical Society their annual meeting at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Homer Medsker, of Audrey Tedrick in Boonville. Reports Graham, hosted the January 8 meet­ from all standing committees included ing and election of officers. The by­ Thespian Hall Restoration, Hain laws committee presented the Society's House Restoration, Cooper County bylaws with suggested amendments Jail Restoration, Missouri River Fes­ which the members discussed, voted tival of the Arts and the Friends Arts and passed. The Society also talked Committee. Members learned about about plans for applying for a grant plans for the 10th anniversary of the and reviewed past grants from the Festival and continuation of restora­ Missouri Committee for the Humani­ tion on the Friends historic properties. ties. Officers elected were Mrs. Bur­ Officers elected were Leron Hill, presi­ dette Bond, president; Mrs. Homer dent; Dale Reesman, first vice presi­ Medsker, vice president; Mrs. LaVon dent; Sharon Korte, second vice presi­ Brown, treasurer; and Miss Michelle dent; Sharon Kronk, secretary; and Brown, secretary/reporter. Mrs. Robert Paul Sombart, treasurer. Mowry was reappointed files secretary. The Friends reported that, on No­ vember 1, Terri Stepan joined the Grand River Historical Society organization as the new executive di­ On January 8, members held their annual meeting in the community rector. room of the Coburn Building in Chil­ licothe. Following a carry-in dinner, Friends of Keytesville a committee presented nominees and The Friends met at the home of the membership elected four board Mrs. Louise Hayes in Keytesville for members. The program featured a the January 24 quarterly meeting. film of grade and high school students Members established new hours for at the various schools in Chillicothe. the Sterling Price Museum for the The film probably had been made in 1985 season, May 1 through October the late 1930s. 31. The museum will be open 2-5 P.M., Monday through Friday. The Friends Grandview Historical Society also made plans for a forthcoming The Society met for the October 1 bake sale. Officers installed for the meeting at 705 Main Street in Grand- 1985-1986 term were Mrs. Nellie view. Dr. Anthony Stansbury, super­ Weger, president; Mrs. Linda Little­ intendent of the Grandview Schools, ton, first vice president; Mrs. Donna spoke about the history of the school Staples, second vice president; Mrs. district and its future. 384 Missouri Historical Review

Members viewed a slide show at the dex of 1,346 families from Grundy November 5 meeting. It featured the County. The Society offers this re­ moving of the former Kansas City print at a prepublication price of Southern Railway Station down the $35.00 plus $1.55 shipping charges. main streets of Grandview to Freedom Publication will be in the summer of Park. 1985. The History of Grundy County, Almost 100 persons attended the So­ Missouri, 1881, can be ordered from ciety's annual Christmas dinner on Leola Harris, Secretary, Grundy County December 3. Historical Society, 140 East 5th Street, Trenton, Missouri 64683. Greene County Historical Society The Society held its December 6 Harrison County Historical Society meeting in the Battlefield Heritage Members met January 8, in the Cafeteria, Springfield. The first-place Bethany Trust Community Room. The winning program in the media cate­ first of a series of lectures on the art gory of the 10th Annual National His­ and culture of the region began with tory Day competition highlighted the a program on Mark Twain's Missouri. meeting. Angie Roop and Debbie Dr. William Trowbridge and Craig Stever, accompanied by their sponsor, Goad had charge of the second lecture Mrs. Nancy Sneed, Social Studies in­ on poetry in Northwest Missouri, Jan­ structor at Billings High School, gave uary 22. They presented readings of their presentation. It had won first their poems. place in the state and national His­ The lecture on February 12 featured tory Day competitions during the "Willa Cather's Heartland." Charlie spring of 1984. Chaplin and the silent film high­ Officers of the Society for 1985 are lighted the lecture on February 26. Hayward Barnett, president; Kitty Officers for 1985 are Orville Kelim, Lipscomb, vice president; Louise Hull, president; Lewis Israel, vice president; secretary; and Mrs. Mary Howard, Mrs. Byron Nichols, secretary; and treasurer. Mrs. Gilbert Taraba, treasurer.

Grundy County Historical Society Phoebe Apperson Hearst On November 23, in conjunction Historical Society with the Christmas lighting in down­ The Society held its annual meeting, town Trenton, the Society held an December 6, in the pre-Civil War open house and served hot punch at home of Mrs. Elizabeth Bruns, near the Grundy County Museum. St. Clair. A carry-in dinner for mem­ Members met at the museum on bers and their families preceded the December 2 for a general meeting. Of­ business session. Officers elected were ficers elected for 1985 were Mrs. Sharon Ralph Gregory, president; Mrs. Eliza­ Lafferty, president; Alfred Humph­ beth Bruns, vice president; Mrs. Mabel reys, vice president; Leola Harris, sec­ Reed, secretary-treasurer; and Mrs. retary; and Mrs. Edna Earl Lager, Helen Ely, historian. treasurer. The Society announced that it will Henry County Historical Society publish a limited edition reprint of During the month of December, The History of Grundy County, Mis­ over 800 persons signed the guest souri. Originally published in 1881, register at the Henry County Museum the volume contains 624 pages of in­ & Cultural Arts Center in Clinton. dividual histories with a revised in­ Visitors viewed the "Trees of the Na- Historical Notes and Comments 385 tions" and a display of quilts made termann, Leonard Humm, Frank Baur by Amish women of Lancaster, Penn­ and Ken Pfautsch. David Denman, sylvania. architectural historian, had charge of the program. He showed a film on the Heritage League of Hermann properties. Greater Kansas City Mr. and Mrs. Harold Gibson of Ber- Joni Huse hosted the League's ger presented the program at the Christmas Party with an open house annual membership meeting, January at her home, 8713 Birch, on December 7, in the German School Building. 16. They showed slides of a recent visit The League sponsored a Happy to Greece. Several reports were given. Hour, February 15, at the Alexander Members reelected Gennie Tesson, Majors Home, 8201 State Line. Mem­ president, and Wm. Coe, vice presi­ bers toured the home/museum. dent, for two-year terms. Genrose Welsh is editing the news­ letter for the coming year. It is sched­ Historic Kansas City Foundation uled for the first of March, June, Sep­ On October 27, Foundation members tember and December. and friends gathered in costume at 417 Delaware Street for the Jack O'Lantern Historic Florissant, Inc. Jubilee. Located in Old Town Historic On November 25, the "Florissant by District, the building is on the Na­ Candlelight" tour featured six historic tional Register of Historic Places. sites. The four privately occupied Guests were able to tour several floors houses included Casa Alverez, the and see the newly rehabilitated space. Wiese Farm House, the Baptiste G. A fashion show and dancing to the Aubuchon House and the Auguste Bon Ton Band highlighted the eve­ Archambault House. Taille de Noyer ning. Sponsored by Asiatica Ltd., the and the Myers House and Barn also event benefited the Foundation. opened for the event. The Foundation recently purchased the landmark Ebenezer Building at Historic Hermann 309-313 Delaware. In association with The 12th annual awards dinner the Urban Renaissance Development occurred, November 10, in the United Company, the Foundation will oversee Methodist Church. President Gennie the rehabilitation of the building. It Tesson recognized several persons serv­ will be converted into a first-class of­ ing the organization during the past fice building. The Foundation intends years. She presented certificates of to relocate its office in the building awards to Elmer Danuser, translator, upon completion in 1985. and Dorothy Shrader, editor, of the re­ printed William Bek book, a sesqui­ Historical Association of centennial project chaired by Wm. Greater Cape Girardeau Shrader. The project was completed The Association met on November this past year. Restoration awards of 12, at Colonial Federal Savings & Loan, $500 were presented to P. J. and Sev- Cape Girardeau. Dr. Duncan C. Wilke, erin Meyer for work on their home at of the Department of Sociology, Ar­ 126 W. 2nd Street; and to Debbie and cheology and Social Work at Southeast Tom Dunn for work on their home at Missouri State University, Cape Gir­ 224 E. 4th Street. Local contractors ardeau, presented the program. He and builders receiving awards included spoke on "Historical Archeology in Herbert and Victor Wagner, Lee Kol- the Cape Girardeau Area." 386 Missouri Historical Review

From November 17 through Decem­ Holt County Historical Society ber 31, many youngsters and adults The Society held its March 25 meet­ viewed the Glenn House Christmas ing at the meeting room of the Squaw which featured the theme, "Christmas Creek Truck Plaza, near Mound City. Cooking." "A Special Glenn House Members made plans for the coming Christmas," on November 30, included year. displays, music and refreshments and the lighting of outside decorations. Iron County Historical Society The event raised $2,200 for the Associ­ On January 21, the Society met at ation. the First Baptist Church in Ironton. Dr. Jane Stephens, of Southeast Mis­ Members brought items of historical souri State University, was the guest interest for the "show and tell" pro­ gram. The Society reported the pres­ speaker at the Association's January entation of a recent gift to the organi­ 14 meeting in the Cape Girardeau zation. As part of its 50th anniversary Public Library. She gave a talk on observance, the Iron County Security "Historical Architecture in the Cape Bank of Ironton presented the Society Girardeau Area." with $250 to assist in the establish­ Officers of the Association are Mrs. ment of an office. James E. Palen, president; Donald B. Kraft, vice president; Dr. Tom H. Jackson County Historical Society Gerhardt, executive director; Mrs. The Society held its annual dinner Michael Richey, recording secretary; meeting, November 8, in the Kansas Mrs. M. E. Hall, corresponding sec­ City Club. Hal and Wilda Sandy, au­ retary: and Mrs. John F. Edmundson, thors of a new book, Here Lies Kansas treasurer. City, presented the program. With Historical Association of slide illustrations, they took members Greater St. Louis and friends on a walk through Kansas The Association met on March 17, City's colorful history. at the Fontbonne College Library. On December 14, the Society spon­ Phillip Tucker, a doctoral candidate sored a Yuletide Tour to Jefferson at St. Louis University, gave the pro­ City. Participants visited the Gover­ gram. He spoke on "Saint Louis Irish nor's Mansion, decorated for the and the First Missouri Confederate Christmas holidays. Brigade (1861-65) ." Jasper County Historical Society Historical Society of Polk County The Society met on December 2, at The Facts and Fiction Club held the home of Eleanor Coffield in Car­ the annual silver tea and bake sale thage. Members expressed their appre­ on November 10 at the North Ward ciation to Eleanor Coffield for her Museum, Bolivar. The Club donated work of editing the Jasper County the proceeds from the event, S300, to Journal. Mae Chitwood presented a the Society's museum fund. program on "A Family Moves West." The Society met on January 24, in She traced the Chitwood family from the Gold Room of the museum in Virginia, through Kentucky, Illinois Bolivar. As of January 5, Polk County and Texas to Southwest Missouri. The became 150 years old and members of community of Chitwood in Jasper the Society discussed the group's role County derived its name from the in the commemoration of the anni­ family. Officers reelected were Dan versary. Crutcher, president; Eleanor Coffield, Historical Notes and Comments 387

Marie Chitwood, J. R. Miller and Nell Kingdom of Callaway Peterson, vice presidents; Walter Historical Society Krummel, secretary; Don Adamson Members held the annual meeting, and Nadine Crockett, cotreasurers; and November 19, at the Presbyterian Marvin VanGilder, archivist and his­ Church Fellowship Hall in Fulton. torian. Sylvia Rummel and Karolyn Dickson presented the program, "19th Centurv Joplin Historical Society American Parlor Songs." On December 2, the Society spon­ On December 9, an open house at sored a historical homes tour to Fort the museum in Fulton featured Scott, Kansas. The following week, scenes of "Christmas Around the December 9, members held an open World." Several displays depicted house at the Dorothea B. Hoover Mu­ Christmas in other lands and times. seum. La Brigade a Renault Kansas City Westerners On February 16, the group spon­ The Posse met at the Homestead sored a "Ball du Mardi Gras" for Country Club in Prairie Village, Kan­ members and the public at St. Joa­ sas, on November 13. Hal and Wilda chim's School Auditorium in Old Sandy presented excerpts from their Mines. The event featured traditional new book, Here Lies Kansas City. The music and square dancing. Some par­ book includes photographs and de­ ticipants dressed in period costumes. scriptions of the grave markers and In the old days, the community had epitaphs of famous Kansas Citians. celebrated Mardi Gras. Members and guests attended the December 11 meeting at the Woman's Laclede County Historical Society City Club in Kansas City. Dr. Bene­ Members met for the 3rd annual dict K. Zobrist, director of the Harry Thanksgiving supper and meeting, No­ S. Truman Library in Independence, vember 26, at the REA Building in told about the current research and Lebanon. The event included door happenings at the Truman Library. prizes, a carry-in supper and a special Sheriff Thomas M. Watson appeared program. as Santa Claus and members and The Society reported that over 500 guests brought items for a gift ex­ visitors toured the Old Jail Museum change. in Lebanon during the 1984 season. Posse officers for 1985 are Lawrence Volunteers from the Men's Coffee W. Larsen, sheriff; Charles Allis, chief Club, Extension Homemakers Clubs deputy sheriff; Bill Carter, deputy and the Society staffed the museum. sheriff; Edwin D. Shutt, tallyman; and Barbara Larsen, chip keeper. Lafayette County Historical Society The February 12 meeting at the Over 25 members and guests met at Homestead Country Club featured a the Corder Library on January 29. program by Lois Daniel. A free-lance J. M. Crick, a charter member of the writer and author of How To Write Society, arranged a display and pre­ Your Own Life, she gave a slide pres­ sented a program on Corder's former entation on the topic, "The Sublette main industry, coal mining. A miner Cutoff, Expedition—Charting the wag­ needed only a cap with lamp, pick, on roads through the high Wyoming wedge or crowbar, and a dinner buck­ deserts." * et to go to work. 388 Missouri Historical Review

Lawrence County Historical Society some of his research on "The Battle The Society held its November 18 of Gettysburg." meeting at Jones Memorial Chapel, Miller County Historical Society Mt. Vernon. Vic Ballwin, former owner On December 2, approximately 100 of a store in Chesapeake, gave a pro­ persons gathered at the Tuscumbia gram on the history of the town of School Cafeteria for the Society's an­ Chesapeake. Officers elected were Nor­ nual Christmas party and family din­ man Hutchison, president; Don Sene­ ner. Santa visited the group and pre­ ker and Virginia Schmidt, vice presi­ sented bags of treats to the children. dents; Margaret McBride, secretary; Mrs. Clarence Kehr, of Eldon, per­ Fred Mieswinkle, treasurer; and Vio­ formed a skit and portrayed an early let Goold, corresponding secretary. American pioneer lady—Aunt Jane Macon County Historical Society from Kentucky. Special guests invited On January 11, the Society met at to the party included three foreign the First Christian Church in Macon. exchange students and their American Judge Ronald Belt of Macon was the "parents" of Miller County. The stu­ guest speaker. He told the history of dents, Frank Muller, of Hamburg, West the Belt Fur and Wool Company from Germany, Katherine Bischoff of Asun­ its beginning at Sue City, Missouri, to cion, Paraquay, and Venke Bakke of the fur market in Copenhagen, Den­ Aajesund, Norway, told about Christ­ mark. Mrs. Grover Lang, president of mas customs in their home countries. the Society, accepted a walnut gavel, The event also included a holiday made and presented by Lloyd Vass of raffle and a gift exchange of white Bevier. Members discussed possible elephant items. Mrs. Helen Hender­ trips to places of historic interest and son, of Lake Ozark, received a special observance of National Preservation gift for selling the most raffle tickets. Week in May. Mine Au Breton Historical Society Mid-Missouri Civil War The Society observed the centennial Round Table of the birth of President Harry S. Tru­ Over 25 members attended the No­ man and the 50th anniversary of a vember 29 meeting at the Lohman Truman speech at Potosi during the Building in Jefferson City. Jerry L. November 20 meeting at the court­ Russell, founder and national chair­ house, Potosi. Members met in the cir­ man of Civil War Round Table As­ cuit courtroom where Mr. Truman sociates of Little Rock, Arkansas, was spoke on July 30, 1934, during his the guest speaker. He gave a talk on first campaign for the U.S. Senate. A "The Death of Stonewall Jackson" and slide-tape program from the Missouri a question and answer period followed. Committee for the Humanities, "Tru­ The December 18 meeting featured man in Pen and Ink" highlighted the a program on the subject of Civil meeting. Some members also remi­ War reenactors. President Bill Fannin nisced about past Truman visits to and his wife, Kathleen, and Chris Potosi. and Terry Rohling discussed the hobbv The January 22 meeting featured a and presented respectively the view slide-illustrated lecture on the Civil of a Union and a Confederate couple. WTar in Central Missouri. John Brad Dan Bagby, a member from Jeffer­ bury, a manuscript specialist for West­ son City, provided the program at the ern Historical Manuscript Collection at January 15 meeting. He discussed the University of Missouri-Rolla, made Historical Notes and Comments 389

the presentation. The Society planned Block, the surviving partner in the a museum exhibit at the Washington firm. County Library to mark "History In celebration of black history Month" in February. Officers reelected month, "George Washington Carver, were George Showalter, president; Cookstove Chemist" opened on Febru­ Mrs. Catherine Polete, vice president; ary 1, in the Society's auditorium/gal­ Mrs. Marie Edgar, secretary; and lery. Using photographs and newspa­ Howard Higginbotham, treasurer. per clippings, the exhibition gives a history of the black scientist known Missouri Historical Society around the world as the "peanut Officers of the Society for 1984-1985 man." In addition to teaching and do­ are Michael Witunski, president; J. ing research at Tuskegee Institute, Terrell Vaughan, chairman of the Carver supervised the agricultural de­ board of trustees; Taylor S. Desloge, partment and related programs. He first vice president; James A. Maritz, emphasized the diversification of crops Jr., second vice president; Benjamin and published agricultural bulletins F. Edwards III, financial vice presi­ that gave new ideas to teachers, farm­ dent; Robert O. Palmer, treasurer; H. ers and housewives. Meade Summers, Jr., secretary; Mrs. Dr. John R. David presented a talk R. Russell Hogan, assistant treasurer; in the Society's auditorium on Febru­ and Mrs. Claude B. Maechling, as­ ary 10. He spoke on "The Legend of sistant secretary. Stack O. Lee: Blacks in St. Louis at On December 9, the Society held its the Turn of the Century." annual family holiday party at Jef­ ferson Memorial in Forest Park, St. Louis. Members and guests visited Moniteau County Historical Society with Santa and Mrs. Claus, and viewed On November 19, members held the craft demonstrations and antique mod­ annual Thanksgiving dinner meeting el trains. The party also included at the Butterfield Inn in Tipton. Judge photos with Santa, entertainment, fav­ Gary Schmidt reported the comple­ ors and refreshments. tion of the project to prepare the Roger W. Taylor presented a slide- probate records for microfilming. He illustrated lecture on January 13, in thanked everyone who had assisted the Society's auditorium in Jefferson with the project and presented a Memorial Building. He told the his plaque to Betty Williamson, the proj­ tory of the first white settlement in ect chairman. Bob Staton showed the Missouri at River des Peres. first film made by the Department of The Society's James Hazelwood Wil­ Conservation. Officers elected were liams Gallery features an exhibition David Jungmeyer, president; Robert of photographs through May. "The Jungmeyer, vice president; Betty Wil­ Block Brothers Collection: St. Louis liamson, secretary; and Norman Moser, Views and People 1890-1970" in­ treasurer. cludes representative portraits, wed­ The Society met at the Fellowship dings, street scenes and business and Hall of the California Christian family groups reflecting the diversity Church on January 21. Bob Priddy, of the collection and a brief history of of Jefferson City, spoke on the his­ the Block Studio. This collection of tory of early Moniteau County. The over 230,000 negatives was given to Society reported the addition of 50 the Society in July 1984, by Ephraim new members during a membership 390 Missouri Historical Review drive and publication of its first Dapple Inn in St. Louis County. Mem­ newsletter in January. bers discussed goals and plans foi 1985. Monroe County Historical Society Mrs. Harry Belcher presented the Perry County Historical Society program at the November 26 meeting On December 1, the Society spon­ at the courthouse in Paris. She enter­ sored the annual Christmas bazaar at tained by reading unusual recipes and the Community Center in Perryville. household hints from an old cook The fund-raising event featured crafts, book. Christmas decorations, candy and Officers of the Society are Mrs. baked goods and nature items. Vera Gibbs, president; Mrs. Miriam Van Huss, vice president; Mrs. Christie Platte County Historical Society Menefee, secretary-treasurer; Mrs. Pri- The Society held its fall dinner scilla Wheelan, historian; and Mr. and meeting, November 11, at the Holiday Mrs. Andrew Yusko, museum curators. Inn KCI. In honor of Veterans Day, the program featured a historical flag Native Sons of Kansas City review by the Missouri National Guard On December 2, the Sons and the of St. Joseph, directed by Greg Oxford. Westport Historical Society sponsored Volunteers in the uniform of the ap­ a fund raiser at Kelly's Westport Inn, propriate period in U.S. history car­ 500 Westport Road in Kansas City. ried 11 flags. A professionally recorded The event benefited the proposed program told the history of each flag Pioneer Park at the Westport and from 1775 through 1984. The Society Broadway Island. Participants viewed presented its outstanding Platte Coun- the sketch of the island and the tian award for 1984 to Richard bronze statue honoring three early pi­ Thompson of Dearborn. The award oneers, Alexander Majors, John C. acknowledged his service and contri­ McCoy and Jim Bridger. butions to the preservation of Platte Nodaway County Historical Society County history. Several other Society Members met on November 26, at members were recognized for their the home of Mrs. Nellie Crews in work on behalf of the group. Maryville. Built in 1909, entirely of cement blocks manufactured in Mary­ Pleasant Hill Historical Society ville, this bungalow type house is Sylvia Moone\ gave the program for considered the first example built in the January 27 meeting at the museum, the town. Several members related in­ Pleasant Hill. She showed a slide pres­ cidents in the early history of Mary­ entation on "Cave Springs" and re­ ville. lated suggestions for money-making The Society held its January 28 projects that have been profitable for meeting in the Alumni House on the other groups. The Society has sched­ campus of Northwest Missouri State uled the museum to open every Satur University, Maryville. The program day from 9:30 to 11:30 A.M. with vol­ featured the life of Mary Graham, first unteers from the membership. white woman born in Maryville and for whom the town was named. Pony Express Historical Association The Association met on November Old Trails Historical Society 11 in the Blue Room of Patee House The Society's annual dinner meet­ Museum in St. Joseph. Lt. Col. Rich­ ing was held, January 16, at the Grey ard Wright, a new member, presented Historical Notes and Comments 391 the program on "Service To Our at Smith Brothers Hall in Raytown Country." featured the annual oyster stew/steak Job Corps students from Hillyard soup dinner and installation of of­ Technical School recently completed ficers. The K. C. Banjo Band pro­ the 1878 Broom Maker's Shop in the vided special musical entertainment. museum. The exhibit features equip­ Officers of the Society for 1985 are ment from the former Blindcraft fac­ Phyllis Miller, president; Celine Pirog tory in St. Joseph and the broom shop and George Crews, vice presidents; donated by the Elwood-Wathena Lions Earl Jones, treasurer; Carol Pitts, re­ Club. cording secretary; and Joan Cesar, On December 9, the Association held corresponding secretary. its annual meeting. The Benton Sing­ ers performed traditional Christmas St. Charles County music. Larry Robbins directed this Historical Society popular musical group from Benton High School. Officers elected were From December 1 to January 13, Gary Chilcote, president; Frank Pop- the exhibition space at the Old Mar­ plewell, vice president; Waldo Bur­ ket House, St. Charles, featured ger, treasurer; and Shirley Alcorn, sec­ "Drawings of George Caleb Bingham." retary. The display of reproductions of sketches of river life and politics '., Harold Slater, retired city editor of mid-nineteenth-century M'ssouri was the St. Joseph News-Press, gave the open from 10 A.M. to 3 P.M., Monday, program at the January 6 meeting. Wednesday and Friday, and noon to He spoke on "The Era of Permissive 4 P.M., Saturday and Sunday. Prostitution in St. Joseph." In Janu­ ary, the Association began its annual The Society sponsored a special bus membership drive with a goal of 400 tour to view the display of lights members. and decorations for Christmas at Our Lady of the Snows Shrine, Belleville, Ray County Historical Society Illinois, on December 19. The Society held its annual meet­ Members held the January 24 quar­ ing on January 10, at the Eagleton terly meeting at the Immanuel Lu­ Center in Richmond. The program was theran Church, St. Charles. Dr. Marie presented by Bob Durham, an au­ Devitt presented a slide-illustrated thority on antique guns. talk on her ongoing project on the Raytown Historical Society architectural history of St. Charles. On November 30, the Society spon­ Society President Jean Baggerman sored the 2nd annual holiday craft has named special committees to over­ boutique at the museum in Raytown. see and develop plans for each of the Local artisans displayed and sold Society's historic properties. These in­ crafts. clude the Newbill-McElhiney House, Members decorated the museum for the Marten-Becker House and the Old the holidays and held a Christmas Market House. The Newbill-McElhiney open house on December 9. Refresh­ House closed during January for clean­ ments were served. Special exhibits ing and exhibit changes and reopened at the museum included military the second week in February. New memorabilia in November and antique hours for the house are 10 A.M. to toys in December. 4 P.M., Tuesday and Thursday, and The January 23 quarterly meeting 11 A.M. to 5 P.M. on Sunday. 392 Missouri Historical Review

St. Francois County the Hall House in Lancaster. Many Historical Society citizens of the county received their The Society met on November 28 basic education in the one-room coun­ in the Civic Room of the Ozarks Fed­ try school, originally located south­ eral Savings and Loan Building in west of Queen City. Members of the Farmington. William Jones, of Bis­ Society voted for the organization to marck, presented the program on become an auxiliary member of the railroads in St. Francois County. State Historical Society. Randall Rob­ The January 30 meeting featured erts showed the program on Missouri's a talk by Mrs. Faye Morris. She spoke only president, Harry S. Truman. It on St. Charles as the site of the First was entitled, "Truman in Pen & Ink." State Capitol. Scotland County Historical Society Saint Joseph Historical Society The Society sponsored its 2nd Christ­ Officers of the Society for 1985 are mas open house, December 9-16, at George Heckel, president; Sally Car­ the Historic Downing House Museum, penter, first vice president; Anna Hen- Memphis. Volunteers decorated the koski, second vice president; Dee museum with 8 Christmas trees fea­ Habig, recording secretary; Elaine turing old-time ornaments and dis­ Guenther, corresponding secretary; and played toys of yesteryear. Greenery Herb Iffert, treasurer. and Christmas lights adorned the out­ The Society is making preparations side of the building. More than 500 for the spring opening of Robidoux visitors toured the museum during the Row, in St. Joseph. It will remain event. open for the tourist season.

St. Louis Westerners Scott County Historical Society Members met on November 16, at On November 24, a group of So­ the Salad Bowl cafeteria in St. Louis. ciety members met at the old Giboney A panel discussion on the future of Cemetery and held a work session to the St. Louis Westerners highlighted clean up the site. the meeting. Herbert H. Hutsell gave Officers of the Society for 1985 are the history of the group, "The Trail David Dickey, president; Harold Bol­ We Have Covered" and Gregory M. linger, vice president; Doris Smith, sec­ Franzwa spoke on "The Trail We Are retary; and Sarah Gibbs, treasurer. On." John H. Jeffrey, president of the Westerners, served as moderator Shelby County Historical Society and led the discussion on "The Trail Ahead." Members also contributed The Society met on January 8, at their thoughts and suggestions for the Mercantile Bank in Shelbina. the future of the group. Members learned about recent gifts to the Society and noted the group's con­ Edward F. Fischer presented the tribution to the Statue of Liberty Fund program at the January 18 meeting. He gave a talk on Kit Carson and and additional cemetery records sent Taos, New Mexico. to the State Historical Society. Mrs. Joan Bierly presented a paper on the Schuyler County Historical Society history of the region now known as The Society held the January 13 Missouri, from the time of the French meeting in the old Green Valley missionaries to the Second Missouri School, on the museum grounds near Compromise. Historical Notes and Comments 393

Smoky Hill Railway and The December 16 meeting featured Historical Society a program on "Inept and Just Plain Some 35 members attended the an­ Unlucky Generals of the North." nual chili and steak soup supper at Morris W7alton discussed the failures the Raytown VFW Hall on November in the military careers of such well- 16. Tom Johnson showed slides of known Union generals as Banjamin 42 business/private cars at the car Butler, Joe Hooker, Ambrose Burnside, owners' convention in Washington, Irvin McDowell, John Pope, Daniel D.C, and of the Operation Lifesaver Sickles and others. publicity train that ran from Kansas Dr. George Hinshaw, of the Speech City to St. Louis on October 1. Alan Department, Northwest Missouri State Kamp and Jim Asplund also presented University, Maryville, served as the slides of recent railroad trips. Jim guest speaker at the January 20 meet­ Jacob, the executive director of Kan­ ing. He spoke on the topic, "Black sas City Spirit, Inc., gave a slide Troops in the Civil War." Members illustrated talk on the "Spirit '84" brought relics and/or artifacts for Festival. Members discussed the So­ display and Jim Lohman photographed ciety's involvement in the '85 Festival. them for a feature article on the Officers of the Society for 1985 are Round Table in the Hopkins Journal. Alan A. Kamp, president; Thomas L. Johnson, vice president of adminis­ South East Missouri Civil War tration; Joseph R. Waldinger, vice Round Table president of operations; Allen D. Maty, The November 1 meeting in the treasurer; and Charles G. Pitcher, sec Ozark Regional Library, Ironton, fea­ retary. David J. Engle continues to tured the second program in a series serve as editor of the Society's news­ by Danny Shackelford. The presenta­ letter. tion related to the topic, "More Guer­ Members held the January 11 meet­ rilla Warfare in Missouri After Ander­ ing in the auditorium of Farmland In­ son Took Over." dustries Headquarters Building, Kansas The series concluded with "Final City. Ray Schauffler and Jim Asplund Comments on Guerrilla Warfare in presented the program on their rides Missouri" at the meeting on December on the special excursion from Port­ 6. Mr. Shackelford discussed General land to New Orleans for the World's JO Shelby, General Sterling Price, Fair. The speakers rode different seg­ Governor Claiborne Jackson and Ma­ ments of the trip and showed slides jor John Edwards. to illustrate their accounts. David Dillard, a local member of The Society reported with regret the Round Table, presented the pro­ the death of Ruth Maloney, the gram on January 3. He spoke on group's first life member. "Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Cam­ paign." Sons and Daughters of the The Round Table reported plans to Blue and Gray Civil War restore the U.S. Grant statue that had Round Table been placed in Ironton by one of Over 20 members and a guest at Grant's Illinois regiments. tended the November 18 meeting in the Community Room of the Ameri­ Stone County Historical Society can Bank, Maryville. Nick Gray pre­ On December 2, the Society met at sented a program on "The Navies of the Hillbilly Bowl in Kimberling City. the North and South." Members discussed some of the historic 394 Missouri Historical Review sites in the county and the possibility ing secretary; Florence DeWitt, cor of visiting some of them. Robert Mac- responding secretary; and Betty Ergo Donald, a sales representative for Tay­ vich, treasurer. lor Publishing Company, presented in­ Vernon County Historical Society formation about writing a history book Some 50 persons attended the an­ relating to long-time residents and nual meeting, December 2, in the City- family histories of Stone County. Mem­ County Community Center, Nevada. bers decided to study the project and The officers gave reports of the past discuss it further at a later meeting. year's activities. Over 2,100 visitors Texas County Missouri Genealogical had registered at the Bushwhacker and Historical Society Museum during the 1984 season. Ne­ The Society meets the fourth Friday vada High School students Amy Kirk, of each month at 1:30 P.M. in the Diane Peelen and Robert Hacker pre­ basement of the senior citizens center, sented the program on Nevada his­ Grand Avenue, Houston. A genealogi­ tory. The students participated in a cal library is located in the basement project called "Town Puzzles." Dr. of the Texas County Courthouse, Marian M. Ohman, program coordi­ Houston. Hours are 10 A.M.-3 P.M. on nator of humanities for the University the first and third Tuesdays of each of Missouri-Columbia Extension Di­ month and 10 A.M.-12 noon on the day vision, had conceived the idea in which of the meeting. Membership dues cost students of various Missouri towns $5 for single membership or $7 for study and compare the history of family membership. The Society has their communities. Leonard Ernsbarger published seven books pertaining to of the Extension Service and Dr. Inez county residents. A title and price list Byers of Cottey College supervised the is available upon request from the project locally. The Nevada students Society at Box 12, Houston, Missouri showed slides and discussed local 65483. scenes, past and present, and described Officers for 1985 are Mrs. Ida Rose their work on the project which in­ Willson, president; Mrs. Janice Wood, cluded personal tours of historic Ne­ vice president; Mrs. Juanita Calvin, vada homes. recording secretary; Mrs. Wanda Ald- New officers for 1985 are Mrs. Jean ridge, treasurer; and Mrs. Helen Sten- Edwards, president; Mrs. Betty Lou ger, corresponding secretary. Kapple, vice president; and Mrs. Max- ine Maxwell, treasurer. Union Cemetery Historical Society The Society met, October 27, at Washington Historical Society Loose Park Garden Center, Kansas A display at the museum building, City. Pat O'Brien, an Independence Main and Cedar streets, Washington, historian, told about George Caleb featured photographs. The Bank of Bingham, one of the illustrious citi­ Washington loaned some 40 photo­ zens buried at Union Cemetery. Betty graphs for display which depicted Ergovich is looking into the possibility Washington buildings around the turn of placing Union Cemetery on the Na­ of the century. The bank and So­ tional Register of Historic Places. ciety jointly sponsored the event. Officers elected and installed at the Throughout December, a large num­ December 8 meeting included Susan ber of persons, including school chil Wickern, president; Edith Hill, vice dren and scout troops, visited the president; Gladys Utterback, record­ museum's old-fashioned Christmas dis- Historical Notes and Comments 395 play. Popcorn, cranberries and old on "The German Heritage in Mis­ ornaments decorated a live Christmas souri." He is the author of many ar­ tree. Old toys, books, games and ticles on German folksongs, German Christmas cards added to the holiday American literature and the survival scene. of cultural identity and German tra­ ditions in immigrant communities. Dr. Webster County Historical Society Schroeder also has produced a series Members held their December 10 of slide/tape presentations on "Mis­ meeting at the Older American Cen­ souri Origins." Those who attended ter, Marshfield. Carol Mock, district were asked to bring German heritage supervisor of the Missouri Committee items—pictures, immigration docu­ for the Humanities, presented the pro­ ments, baptismal records—for a Ger­ gram. She told about various grants man heritage display. A question and for historical development. answer period followed the presenta­ tion. Webster Groves Historical Society The Society reports that more than Mrs. Genevieve Stalling gave the pro­ 2,400 persons attended the antique gram, January 27, at the Wellington show, November 3-4. The net proceeds American Legion Hall. She displayed approached $6,000 and $1,000 has been and told about her collection of dolls. allowed for the Heritage Center, a Members also brought memorable or proposed building to be erected be­ historical dolls. hind Hawken House. Most of the in­ Officers for 1985 are Marlene Strodt- come is used for maintenance of the man, president; Dianne Goodwin, vice historic house. president; Mark Schroer, secretary; On December 9, the Society spon­ Patty Thurmon, treasurer; Wahneta sored the annual Christmas Candle­ Corse, historian; and Marylou Thur­ light Tour of Hawken House. Decora­ mon, publicity. tions of a century ago, music and Weston Historical Museum refreshments highlighted the event. The Museum reopened, March 15, Jeannie and Jim Benson hosted the after the annual winter closing. Hours Society's annual Christmas Party at are 1-4 P.M., Tuesday-Saturday; 1:30- their home in Webster Groves, Decem­ 5 P.M., Sunday; and closed Monday and ber 13. Students in Mrs. Thomas Phil­ holidays. A "free will" entrance fee is lips's class at Hixson Junior High accepted. School had charge of the program on "Christmas Past in Webster Groves." Westport Historical Society They had interviewed long-time resi­ The November 9 quarterly meeting, dents of the community. The presen­ at the Woman's City Club, Kansas tation featured people, art and music City, included members of the Kansas in keeping with the Christmas season. City Posse of the Westerners and of the Oregon-California Trails Associa­ Wellington Historical tion as special guests. Greg Franzwa, Preservation Association president of the Association and au­ Meeting at St. Luke United Church thor of The Oregon Trail Revisited, of Christ, October 28, the Association was the guest speaker. He showed slides and Crusaders Fellowship of the church and discussed the paintings of William cosponsored the program. Dr. A. E. H. Jackson. Schroeder, professor of German at the On November 28, the Society began University of Missouri-Columbia, spoke a series of seminars on antique furni- 396 Missouri Historical Review ture restoration at the Harris-Kearny White River Valley House in Kansas City. Roy C. Ranck, Historical Society Society president, conducted the ses- The Society held its December 9 sions. meeting at The School of the Ozarks The annual Victorian Christmas ColleSe Center' Point Lookout- Dr- Robert Flanders, director of the Cen- party for Society members and guests ter for Qzark Studies ^ Southwest was held at the Harris-Kearny House Missouri State University, Springfield, on December 9. presented the program.

Profesh

Reedy*s Mirror, June 23, 1916. In this city they are telling of a widower who was married recently for the third time, and whose bride had been married once before herself. The groom-elect wrote across the bottom of one of the wedding invitations sent to a particular friend: "Be sure to come; this is no amateur performance."

Little Man, Big Pricetag

Missouri Press News, February, 1984. Isn't it ironic that the new book by Ralph Nader, champion of the little man is priced at $24.50? And then there was the uninformed political candi­ date who thought "Agent Orange" was a character in a spy novel.

Green Pasture

Arcadian Magazine, January, 1932. The Missourian is especially known for his individuality. Although a keeper of tradition and a saviour of the beautiful old customs, he, at the same time, is original in his wit and wisdom. His well-flavored humor is known through­ out the world. The greatest individualist of all times was nurtured on the grass roots of Missouri tradition and philosophy. And his name was Mark Twain.

Tax Belief

Cameron Daily Vindicator, June 15, 1882. Cameron voted to license saloons last April, as a means of raising the revenue, and now when a fellow wants a little with sugar up there he asks for "Tax Relief." —Chillicothe News. Historical Notes and Comments 397

GIFTS Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, Missouri Grand Lodge, donor, through Frank A. Arnold, Columbia: Proceedings, 1983. R*

Leslie Anders, Warrensburg, donor: Copy of service records of David Shanks, Missouri State Guard. R

Dr. James B. Arthaud, Columbia* donor: The Merritt Mathew Melton Family in East Texas: Ancestors and De- scendents, by James Vard Melton. R

Benton County Baptist Association, donor, through Billy F. Simpkins, Warsaw: Minutes of the Association, 1984. R

Governor and Mrs. Christopher S. Bond, Jefferson City, donors: Past & Repast; The History and Hospitality of the Missouri Governor's Mansion. R

Mrs. Virginia Botts, Columbia, donor: Items relating to Columbia, Fulton, Hermann and Missouri businesses, churches, colleges, organizations and schools. R

Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Material concerning the Columbia Kennel Club and agriculture in Missouri. R

John F. Bradbury, Jr., Rolla, donor: Fort No. 5: A Civil War Field Fortification in Springfield, Greene County, Missouri; A Survey of the Historical Records, by donor. R

Clyde W. Burnett, Silver Spring, Maryland, donor: Material pertaining to Thomas Elmore Lucy. R

Butler County Historical Society, donor, through Robert L. Manns, Poplar Bluff: Map, "Cane Creek Settlement 1800's," by R. G. Johnson. R

Mrs. Jewel (Callicoat) Cabana, Pompano Beach, Florida, donor: Callicott Connections, by John T. Callicotte. R

Mrs. Gladys R. (Brumley) Carlson, Marietta, Georgia, donor: Daniel Brumley and His Son, Samuel Brumley . . . 1681-1984, compiled by donor. R

D. M. Christisen, Columbia, donor: "Proposal to the Missouri Department of Conservation for use of the

*These letterr indicate where materials are filed at Society headquarters: R refers to Reference Library; RFC, Reference Fitzgerald Collection; E, Editorial Officer; N, Newspaper Library; M, Manuscripts; B, Bay Room; and A, Art Room. 398 Missouri Historical Review

Railroad Spur Line at the Rocky Fork Lakes Wildlife Area," submitted by the Mid-Missouri Railroad Enthusiasts, Inc. R

Virginia Kinsey Christisen, Columbia, donor: Black and white photographs of Walter McGuire and others during building of the Panama Canal, 1906-1908. E

Homer L. Ferguson, Jefferson City, donor: Material on the Masonic Lodge and Salvation Army in Jefferson City. R

Mrs. Doris A. Fourt, Kensington, Maryland, donor, through Elenore Schewe, Vandalia: Souvenir playing cards of St. Joseph, featuring 52 buildings, 1907. E

J. J. Graf, Hermann, donor: Minutes of the Little Piney Associat'n of Regular Predestinarian Bap­ tists . . . 1876. R

Mrs. David Heiman, Glasgow, donor: Mt. Zion Baptist Association, Annual Session, 1980, 1983 and 1984. R

Gordon Hendrickson, Kansas City, donor: Group of maps relating to Missouri and various allied printed ma­ terial. R

Mrs. Veryl Duncan Hoenig, Columbia, donor: William Burton, A Rev. War Soldier and "Revolutionary War Soldiers in Mo. as Reported in Issues 1969 Thru 1984 of the Magazine Published by the Daughters of the American Revolution," both compiled by donor, items about Martinsburg, Mo. and other material. R

Judge Walter C. Hotaling, Linneus, donor: Three-cent Victory Stamp, mounted, matted and signed by Woodrow Wilson and A. S. Burleson, postmaster general.

Eugene T. Huff, Toledo, Ohio, donor: Material about Jesse James and his death. R

Alan Jones, Columbia, donor: Map of Columbia, by city engineering department, 1950s. R

Veda G. Jones, Salt Lake City, Utah, donor: Alice Butterfield of Johnson County, Missouri, 1871-1936, and William Moore Goodnight of Johnson County, Missouri, 1875-1952, both compiled by Mabel Goodnight Stevenson and donor. R

Mary Ann Kempf, Boonville, donor: Copy of carte de visite by J. C. Macurdy, Boonville. E Elder Russel Key, Moberly, donor: Fishing River Association of Primitive Baptists, Minutes, 1984. R Mr. and Mrs. Ralph S. Lobdell, St. Louis, donors: MendalljMendelllMandell; Descendants of John Mendall, Sr., ca. 1638- 1720, of Marshfield, Mass., by ca. 1660, compiled by Sidney D. Smith. R Historical Notes and Comments 399

Joe Dale Linn, Princeton, donor: Mercer County Pioneer Press, by Mercer County Historical Society, 1981, 1983 and 1984. R

Maureen Cobb Mabbott, Med ford, New Jersey, donor: Shannondale, An American Place, in Carroll County, Mo., by donor. R

David A. Malaney, Hallsville, donor: The History of the Community of Hallsville, Missouri (1816-1984). R

Mrs. Thelma S. McManus, Doniphan, donor ? Grandin (Carter) Missouri Records, 1888-1912, compiled and indexed by donor. R

Miller County Historical Society, Tuscumbia, donor: Material on Miller County and its historv. R

Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia, donor: Prehistoric Southern Ozark Marginality: A Myth Exposed, by James A. Brown. R Missouri United Methodist Church, Columbia, donor: The Windows of the Missouri United Methodist Church. R

Charles J. and Estaleen Moore, Middletown, and Timothy D. Dollens, Thompson, donors: Fairmount Cemetery of Middletown, Missouri, compiled and indexed by donors. R

Mount Salem Baptist Association, donor, through Allen Davidson, Edina: Proceedings of the Association, 1984. R

Order of the Eastern Star, Grand Chapter of Missouri, St. Louis, donor: Proceedings, 1983. R

R.L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Aurora-Mt. Vernon, Excelsior Springs, Independence, Lebanon, Monett, 1982, and Clinton, Neosho, Poplar Bluff, Sedalia, 1983. R

W. F. Rickards, Houston, Texas, donor: Material on Ambrose Porter. R

Mrs. Virginia H. Robertson, Columbia, donor: American Aviators in the Great War, 1914-1918. R

William Eugene Robertson, Columbia, donor: Oil painting by John Ankeney, 1905. A

St. Louis Genealogical Society, donor, through Carolyn Pratt, St, Louis: 1984 Surname Index. R

Roioli Feemster Schweiker, Concord, New Hampshire, donor: Brief Biographies of the Feemster, Cope, Lefors, Redus Families, by Roy F. Feemster. R 400 Missouri Historical Review

Oscar Shoop, Yucca Valley, California^ donor: Material on the Shoop, Vincent and Speer families. R

Mrs. Elsie N. Steiner, Jamestown, donor: Material on the John E. Steiner Memorial Pool, Jamestown. R

Mrs. Fleeta M. Stephens, Columbia, donor: Photograph of the Bright family, E; material pertaining to the First Baptist Church, Columbia. R

Mrs. Irene S. Taylor, Columbia, donor: Yearbook, Central High School, St. Joseph, 1920. R

Ruby M. Thompson, Columbia, donor: Union Primitive Baptist Church, Boone County, Records. M

Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Tisdel, Columbia, donors: Items from various Missouri businesses, clubs and organizations. R

Lewis E. Vaughan, Bladensburg, Maryland, donor: Waggoner-Yount Odyssey From Germany to North Carolina and Points West, by donor. R Joe Webb, East Prairie, donor: Two Streaks of Rust; A History of the Cotton Belt Railroad and Its Relationship to the Town of East Prairie, Missouri—18S3 to 1983, by donor. R Doris Wedge, Norman, Oklahoma, donor: Typescript, Civil War reminiscence of Jacob Harris Rockwell of Saline County, Mo. M John G. Westover, Tucson, Arizona, donor: John G. Westover Collection. M Mrs. Alma J. Wheeler, Tolland, Connecticut, donor: Amos: The Family of James Wilson Amos of Laclede County, Missouri, by Dr. James Roy Amos and donor. R Bob Widmer, Circuit Clerk and Recorder Chariton County, Keytesville, donor: Copy of handwritten description of boundaries of selected townships in Chariton County. R Mrs. Horace W. Wood, Jr., Columbia, donor: Wood Family Papers. M Rhoda Wooldridge, Independence, donor: Hannah's Choice, by donor. RFC Bonnie Wright, Hartsburg, donor: Material on Peace United Church of Christ, Hartsburg; Missouri organi­ zations; and Wilson's Creek National Battlefield. R William A. Yates, Ozark, donor: Genealogy of James Yates, The Immigrant to Pennsylvania, 1684, compiled by donor. R Historical Notes and Comments 401

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Advance News December 12, 1984—"The Old Appleton Bridge—and You!" by David Camp­ bell.

Belle Banner November 28, 1984—"Lutheran Church Heritage In Belle Area," by Joe W'elschmeyer.

Bolivar Herald-Free Press November 1, 8, 15, 21, 29, December 6, 13, 27, 1984, January 3, 17, 24, 31, 1985—Old area photographs.

Boonville Daily News November 7, 13, 21, 28, December 5, 12, 17, 1984, January 2, 23, 1985—"Re­ membrances From the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured historic sites, old photos and personalities of the area.

Canton Press-News Journal November 1, December 6, 1984, January 24, 1985—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series. December 27—"Merger [of Canton Press-News and Lewis County Journal] anniversary recalls history of Lewis Co. Newspapers," by Dan Steinbeck.

Carrollton Daily Democrat November 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, December 7, 21, 28, 1984, January 4, 11, 18, 25, 1985—Old area photographs.

Carthage Press January 23, 1985—Old area photograph.

Centralia Fireside Guard November 7, 1984—'Main Street, Mid Missouri, [A.P. and Frances] Toal- sons meditate on Murry memories," by Donna Finch.

Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune November 16, December 4, 19, 1984—Old area photographs. January 23, 1985—"Wheeling—Now and then," by Dorothy Barker.

Clinton Daily Democrat November 6, 7, 15, 19, 20, 23, 26, 28, 29, December 6, 7, 10, 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 1984, fa?iuary 3, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 79

Columbia Missourian November 11, 18, December 2, 5, 19, 1984—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig, featured several Missouri subjects.

De Soto Press November 19,1984—Old area photograph. 402 Missouri Historical Review

Dexter Statesman November 19, 26, 29, December 6, 10, 11, 14, 1984, January 2, 1985-Old area photographs. January 15—"[Ella Ramsey] Recalls early years of teaching [in Stoddard County]," by Cindy Paarman. January 29—"Dexter: A 1939 history," by Pearle Sherwood, reprinted.

Doniphan Ozark Graphic December 5, 1984-"T.L. Wright Lumber Co., Inc. 1884-100 Years-1984," by Thelma S. McManus.

Drexel Star January 24, 1985— Old area photograph. January 31—"Cass County celebrates 150 years," by Dorothy Stephens Smith.

Edina Sentinel November 28,1984—Old area photograph.

Festus Democrat-Rocket November 7, 1984—"[Commerce Bank of Festus] Still growing after 95 years," by Sam Schapiro. November 7—"First Jefferson County were Baptists daring protestants [history of First Baptist Church of De Soto]," by Jo Burford. December 5—"Modest beginnings [for Festus Methodist Church]," by Jo Burford.

Gainesville Ozark County Times November 7, 14, 28, December 5, 12, 26, 19S4, January 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1985— "Ozark Reader," a series, featured the history of Southern Missouri, reprinted.

Grand Rapids [Michigan] Press August 12, 1984—' 'Show Me' State [Missouri] Rich in History, Highway 5 Traverses a Terrain of Hard Times and Success Stories."

Hannibal Courier-Post November 10, 24, December 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 1984, January 19, 26, 1985- Old area photographs. December 1—"[Mark] Twain's last visit to Hannibal ended too soon for everyone." January 26—"Only memories remain of streetcar route [in Hannibal]." This and the article above by Mary Lou Montgomery.

Hermann Advertiser-Courier November 21, 1984—"St. Paul's [United Church of Christ] to celebrate 140th anniversary."

Hermitage Index November 1, December 20, 1984, January 17, 1985—"Hickory County His­ tory," a series, featured old area photographs. December 13—"After 108 years, Preston Store empty." Holden Progress December 13,1984—"[Johnson] County 150 Years old today." Historical Notes and Comments 403

Jefferson City Catholic Missourian December 21, 1984—"Ilasco [Holy Cross] parish [in Ralls County] has Ukrainian roots," by Br. Joe Welschmeyer.

Joplin Globe November 16, 23, December 28, 1984, January 4, 18, 25, 1985—Old area photographs.

Kansas City Dispatch-Tribune January 9, 1985—"Mt. Gilead [Church and School in Clay County]: mem­ ories will be preserved," by Ted Dippel.

Kansas City Star November 4, 18, December 2, 9, 1984, January 6, 13, 27, 1985—A pictorial album, a series by John J. Doohan, featured events and scenes from Kansas City's past. December 2—"A look back on growing Kansas City," by Donald Hoffmann. January 10—"Footloose, fancy-free and taxed In 1820 Missouri, the carefree life of a frontier bachelor carried a $1 yearly charge," by Brian Burnes.

Kansas City Times November 2, 16, 30, December 28, 1984, January 11, 25, 1985—"Postcard From Old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively: Music Hall, Municipal Auditorium; old Wornall Road Bridge; Kansas City Power & Light Co. Building; Petticoat Lane, east from Main Street, 1909; Multnomah, a Clay County mansion built by Maj. John Dougherty; and Walnut Street, north from 12th. November 22—"The J.C. Nichols Co. A family's vision helps shape a city," by Paul Wenske.

Kirksville Daily Express December 7, 1984—Old area photograph.

Lancaster Excelsior December 27, 1984—Old area photographs.

Lee*s Summit Journal December 12, 1984—Old area photograph.

Lexington News December 7, ?9S4—"Restoration of historic bell tower at Christ Church Episcopal."

Linn Unterrified Democrat December 19, 1984—"Dr. [Joseph J.] Radmacher: Coroner [in Osage County] for 25 years," by Joe Welschmeyer. December 26—"Benedictine Sisters from early Rich Fountain," by Joe Welschmeyer, featured Sisters Benedicta Rudroff, Mechlildis Neuner, Luitgarde Mengwasser, Anastasia Rudroff, Johanna Mengwasser, Felicitas Rudroff, Lioba Rudroff, Henrietta Neuner and Magdalen Reichel. January 9, 1985-"Fathers Alban [Rudroff], Herman [Mengwasser] and other Benedictines," by Joe Welschmeyer. 404 Missouri Historical Review

Macon Journal January 29, 1985—"New Cambrian [Lindley Dunham] Is Writing About Chariton River Bottom History," by Jeanne Adams.

Maryville Daily Forum November 12, 1984— "Orphans arrive by train for local adoption," by Shirley Fansher. December 4—"David Rankin was early day Tarkio farmer," by Harold Hoyt. December 11, January 22, 29, 1985—Old area photographs.

Mexico Ledger December 4, 1984, January 16, 1985—Old area photographs.

Monett Times November 17, 1984—Old area photograph.

Neosho Daily News November 11, 1984—Old area photograph.

Nevada Daily Mail December 20, 1984—"Tales of History," by Tom Ladwig, featured John Mullanphy, Missouri's first millionaire. January 30, 1985—Old area photograph.

New Madrid Weekly Record December 28, 1984—''New Madrids Endurance More Important To Citizens Than What Might Have Been," by Lisa Juenger.

Ozark Headliner November 8, 1984—Old area photograph. November 8—"Taney County Anti-Baldknobbers," by Paul W. Johns.

Palmyra Spectator January 30, 1985—"Spectator once published a magazine [Marion County Magazine]," by Ruth Hastings.

Paris Monroe County Appeal November 22, 1984—Old area photograph. December 13—"History of the Santa Fe Covered Bridge."

Perry Twainland Enterprise December 20, 1984-"T\vo Ralls County [St. William and St. Paul Catholic] churches share history," by Sharon Leake and Carolyn Talbott.

Perryville Monitor November 7, 29, 1984—"Perry County Album," a series, featured Old Apple- ton scenes and the James Scott Brown house in Ste. Genevieve County.

Platte City Platte County Citizen November 15, 1984—"Legendary J.B. Smith's family, once new comers, now Platte County History," as told by Alice E. Smith to Rosella Roberts.

Portageville Missourian January 3, 1985—Old area photograph. Historical Notes and Comments 405

Richmond Daily News November 9,16,30,1984—Old area photographs. November 23—"Couple Finds Metal Token From Former Hardin Business [Stratton and Chase General Merchandise]," by Lee Meador.

Rock Port Atchison County Mail November 1, 1984—"Hotel Opp recalls memories." November 22—"Thanksgiving—Early settlement [in Atchison County]." This and the article above by Nancy Voss. January 24,1985—Old area photograph.

Rolla Daily News January 20, 1985—"Rolla Depot's Future in Jeopardy, A Railroad Wants to Raze It, A Community Wants to Save It," by Andrew Careaga.

St, Joseph Gazette December 7,1984—Old area photographs.

St. Joseph NewS'Press/Gazette January 4, 1985—Old area photograph. January 4—"Agency picnic brought crowds," by Chuck Jeffers. January -/—"Horse-drawn fire wagons created much excitement [in St. Joseph]," by Walter Criss.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat October 20-21, 1984—"The majestic splendor of the Old Cathedral still shines Worship, remembrance, celebration to mark 150 years," by Nancy Nau Sullivan. December 22—"The Way We Were A St. Louis Christmas a hundred years ago," by Kim Plummer.

St, Louis Post-Dispatch December 23, 1984-"Farming South St. Louis In The '20s [by Freber family]," by Jinny R. Danzer.

St. Louis Press Journal November 14, 1984—"[Thomas] Sappington House [in Crestwood] Is Win­ dow To Authentic Past Of Missouri," by Norma Tynes.

Sikeston Daily Standard December 31, 1984—"Old postcards glimpse history," by Chester A. Moore.

Slater News-Rustler November 15, 1984—Old area photograph. December 13—"New Prospect [Baptist] Church Celebrated 100 Years."

Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald November 15, 1984—"Smithville Methodist Church building 60th anniver­ sary celebrated by congregation." November 22—"Paterson Museum [in Smithville] in need of repair." November 29, December 13—Articles on the horse racing track and era in Smithville. 406 Missouri Historical Review

January 24, 31, 1985—"Old Trimble School history tied in with area," by Mary Beth Anderson.

Springfield News & Leader January 26,1985—Old area photograph.

Stockton Cedar County Republican November 1, 8, 29, December 13, 27, 1984, January 17, J985—"Cedar County yesterday," a series, featured old area photographs.

Sullivan Independent-News January 2,1985—Old area photograph.

Tipton Times January 10, 1985—"Clarksburg post office history researched."

Troy Free Press November 14, 1984—"Old Monroe Church [St. Paul United Church of Christ] Commemorates 125th Anniversary." December 5—"One Of Town's Oldest Buildings [Weeks house or "old hotel"] To Be Sold," compiled by Sen. Omer Avery.

Warsaw Benton County Enterprise November 15, 1984—"Historic. 'Hooper House' Reconstructed Near Truman [Visitors] Center," by Tammie Nichols,

West Plains Daily Quill January 2,1985—Old area photograph.

Psyche at the Bath

The Gridiron, May, 1904. "Psyche at the Bath," a display by the White Rock Mineral Spring Co., promises to be one of the prettiest at the World's Fair. The figure will be life size and of solid silver, costing over $10,000. The workmanship is by Tiffany, of New York, and is said to be a marvel in its line.

Death With A Fever

Jefferson City Weekly Jefferson Inquirer, January 29,1859. A gentleman hearing of the death of another— "I thought," he said to a person in company, "you told me that B's fever had gone off?" "Oh, yes, I did—but forgot to mention that B. went off with it." Historical Notes and Comments 407

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Area Footprints, Genealogical Society of Butler County, August and November, 1984: "Early Settlers at New Madrid (Missouri) in Spanish Times: A Bibliographical Guide," by Albert Tate, Jr.; "Butler County History (Sec­ ond Courthouse)," by Mary A. Casper; "Researching Early Missouri (1804-1860)," by Margaret Dennison.

Bear Facts, November, 1984: "1855: [Missouri] Militamen seize Liberty Arsenal," by Orval Henderson. , December, 1984: "Uniformed [Missouri] militia has colorful past," by Orval Henderson. , January, 1985: "[Missouri's] 35th [Infantry Division (Mechanized) ] units serve in famous battle [of the Bulge in World War II]," by Orval Henderson.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, September, 1984: "Ben Jennemann's Alabama Market [in Carondelet]," by Margaret Jennemann; "Society Placed Markers on Two Buildings [Biibach Home and Hammel Home] May 20," by Donald Dates and Margo Villar; "Fond Memories of Caronde­ let," by Edward Deppe. Chariton Collector, Winter. 1984: "[Millard, Mo.] In The Days of High-Heeled Boots and Tobacco Spit," by Nial Belzer; "[Barn dances] A Tradition Since Forgotten," by Sharla A. Fox; "More Than 90 Years of News [Rine- hart News Agency in Kirksville]," by Mike Parsons and Jerry Winslow; "[Farm] Scenes from the Past," photos by Mike Parsons; "The Day Baldwin Hall Burned [at Kirksville State Teachers' College in 1924]," by Garen Shorten and Alan Hubbard; "Little Ponies [of Elmer D. Williams] Show Bigl" by Jon Williams and Doug Shoop; "The Presses Have Stopped [at Journal Printing Company in Kirksville]," by Mike Truitt, Mark White and Randy Adkins.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, January, 1985: "Chariton County: A Short Sketch/' by Zettie Hubbard.

Chart, November 15, 1984: "From the past" featured articles on Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, by Barb Fullerton, Lisa Bottorff and Lori Holzwarth. Civil War Times Illustrated, December, 1984: "The [William S.] Harney— [Sterling] Price Agreement," by Gerald Gannon.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, November, 1984: "History of the Museum Building."

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, Fall, 1984: "Minutes of the First Lutheran Teachers Conference in St. Louis [1851-1869]," by Leonard J. Dierker. DeKalb County Heritage, October, 1984: "Grandpa's [Absalom Riggs] House, Chapter 9, Chapter 10," by Bennett M. Stigall; "To God's Service The New M.E. [Methodist Episcopal] Church Dedicated Last Sunday [in Maysville in 1891]," reprinted; "Owen Family Were Early Settlers in County," reprinted. 408 Missouri Historical Review

, January, 1985: "Some History of the Banking Indus­ try of Stewartsville," by Gordon Saunders; "Robert Asher Family," by Gerald E. Sherard; "The First National Bank [of Stewartsville] Will Hold Open House ... To Celebrate Its Fiftieth Anniversary," reprinted.

Diggin* History, January, 1985: "Missouri and Its Nickname 'The Show Me State'," by Thomas P. Keaveny; "Selecman Family," by John R. McDaniel, M.D.; "Fillmore Octogenarian [Mollie Spicer Duncan] Recalls Early Days," by Thomas P. Keaveny, reprinted.

Farm & Home Go-Getter, November, 1984: "Farm & Home [Savings Associa­ tion] Legends," a series.

Gateway Heritage, Fall, 1984: "Lengthening Shadows: Mary Institute's 125 Years," by Reverend Earl K. Holt III; "The Block Brothers Photograph Collection: Treasure House on Grandel [in St. Louis]," by Duane R. Sned- deker, Glen E. Holt and Glenn S. Hensley; "Reminiscences of [George Forman] a Common Boatman (1849-1851) ," edited by Michael Allen; "Emile Louis Herzinger (1839-1887) : St. Louis Artist," by Lincoln Bunce Spiess. , Winter, 1984/1985: "Where is the Gateway to the West [St. Louis]?" by Norbury L. Wayman; "The Yocum Silver Dollar: Sorting Out the Strands of an Ozarks Frontier Legend," by Lynn Morrow and Dan Saults; "What Ever Happened to Bohemian Hill [in St. Louis]?" by Patricia L. Jones; "Harriet Flosmer's Sojourn in St. Louis," by Dolly Sherwood.

Gone West! Summer, 1984: "Fort Benton: Gold and the Missouri River Trade," by Robert Archibald; " 'Captured in Time': Cargo from the 1865 Bertrand [steamboat, sunk in the Missouri River]," by Sharon A. Brown.

Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, November/December, 1984: "The Tradition Jams On [at Mutual Musicians Foundation building]," by Douglas Wasama; "Focus On . . . Dr. Generous L. Henderson Residence," by Linda F. Becker.

Historic Preservation, December, 1984: "Winemaking Renaissance in Hermann, Missouri [at Stone Hill Winery]," by Lucie T. Morton, photographs by Kenneth Garrett. Inland, Magazine of the Middle West, Number Four, 1984: "Mark Twain: Un­ likely Soldier," by Mark D. Coburn. Journal, Jackson County Historical Society, Fall, 1984: "Cultivating the Land, Cultivating the Man [Harry S. Truman]: The Young-Truman Farm [at Grandview]," by Jill York O'Bright; "The Summer White House [Gates- Wallace-Truman house in Independence]," by Ron Cockrell. Kansas City Magazine, January, 1985: "Painting [by Marijana Grisnik] A Proud Past [of Strawberry Hill area of Kansas City]," by Don Lambert. Keys to Springfield, November, 1984: "A Classy Place to Stay [Wrightsman/ Smith Hotel in Ozark]," by Shirley Stewart. Historical Notes and Comments 409

., December, 1984: "Butchering Day—A Cold One," by Annabelle Scott Whobrey. Kirkwood Historical Review, June, 1983 [published 1984]: "Mermod Place," by Mary Ceil Wise Thurman; "Some Reminiscences of the Two Kirkwood Banks," by Gus Engelland.

La Posta: A Journal of American Postal History, October-November, 1984: "A Thrilling Train Ride That Started the Pony Express," by J. Hurley Hagood and Roberta Hagood.

Laclede County Historical Society Nexvsletter, Fall, 1984: "The 'Good Old Days' of Brownfield Are Recalled," by Kirk Pearce.

Landmarks Letter, November, 1984: "St. Louis Architects [Thomas Crane Young and William S. Eames]: Famous and Not So Famous (Part 3) ."

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, January, 1985: "Alice Perry John­ son, 1875-1953," by E. R. Perry; "Our Namesake! Captain James Lawrence," by Ross J. Cameron; "Catts/Crawford [families]: Genealogical Studies," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "Turnback Trails [Fullerton Spring and Center Creek Congregation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church]," by Fred G. Mies­ winkel.

Midwest Motorist, January/February, 1985: "Literary landmarks, heritage of Missouri," by Jerry Hunter.

Missouri Alumnus, January-February, 1985: "Comeback For Missouri Wine," by Joe Marks, reprinted.

Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly, July-September, 1984: "Henry W. Hamilton Missouri's Preeminent Amateur Archaeologist," by Carl H. Chap­ man.

, October-December, 1984: "A Fifty-Year Perspective on the Archaeological Survey of Missouri," by Eric N. van Hartesveldt; "Evidence for Mississippian Use of the Upper Current River," by Alan Banks.

Missouri Municipal Review, October/November, 1984: "Springfield: Missouri's Third Largest City and Still Growing," by Springfield city staff.

, January, 1985: "It All Comes Together In Cabool," by Noah January.

Missouri Preservation News, Fall, 1984: "The first tree ring dating of a building [Bequet-Ribault house, Ste. Genevieve] in Missouri," by Richard P. Guyette and Osmund Overby; "Bethel," by Lucille Bower; "Preserving [the Pelster Housebarn in Franklin County] a piece of Missouri's past," by Curt Wellman.

Missouri Press News, January, 1985: "Newspapers Make Jim Sterling Tick"; "Francis Pike Marks 50 Years At [Columbia] Daily Tribune," by Forrest Rose. 410 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Republican, January, 1985: "Restoration of the [Governor's] Mansion- Carolyn Bond's Project"; "Christopher Samuel (Kit) Bond." Mojuco [Moberly Area Junior College] News, November/December, 1984: "Memories [of Moberly in 1934]," by Ralph Gerhard.

MSM Alumnus, October, 1984: "UMR [University of Missouri-Rolla] Designates Site of [Civil War] Fort [Dette]."

Nemoscope, Fall-Winter, 1984: "Our fighting men. . . . [1943 commencement address by Senator Harry S. Truman]."

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society, January, 1985: "The Making of a Mural [in Parker Hall, University of Missouri-Rolla]," by John W. Koenig; "Winter Quarters at Camp Rolla, 1861," by John Brad­ bury; and additional information on some Missouri place names.

North American Decoys, 1984: "Ben Yeargan Missouri 'Working' Decoy Carver," by James W. Goodrich.

Northwest Missourian, October 25, 1984: "M-Club Hall of Fame [at Northwest Missouri State University] to induct former athletes [Bill Bernau, George Coulter and Robert Rogers]."

Old n' Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society, Volume 3, No. 1, 1984: An article on early land sales in Randolph County; "Venerable Citizens, 1891 Old Settlers Reunion [at the Jacksonville Fair]," reprinted; "Old Moberly [in 1868]," reprinted; "An Expedition to California [from Ran­ dolph and Macon counties in 1850]," reprinted; "John H. Hall," con­ tributed by Virginia Darr Alexander.

Ozarks Mountaineer, November-December, 1984: "The Barefoot School [in Ozark County]," by Wilfred E. Wooldridge; "Memorable Missouri Mules," by Emmett Adams.

, January-February, 1985: "And Each [Ozarks place] Name Is a Story," by Russell Hively; "Dent County's Log Cabin Fiddler [Howe Teague]," by Kathy Love; "Our Roots and Our Branches [research­ ing family history]," by Lyle Owen; "New Mission for Star School [at Ralph Foster Museum, The School of the Ozarks]," by John Hensley; "Mark Twain National Forest The Naming Of a Forest," by Kay Hively; "Anti-Horse Thieves Association Continues As a Social Group," by Bonnie June Robinson; "Dr. J. B. Gordon of Bunker, Mo.: Famous Cancer Doctor," by Kathy Love.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, October, 1984: "Ruby Scott," by Ruby Scott.

Pennsylvania Heritage, Winter, 1985: "Daniel Boone: The Formative Years," by Koren P. McCarthy.

Perry County Heritage, October, 1984: "Seventy Six, A Town That Was!" Historical Notes and Comments 411

Pioneer, January-February, 1985: "Cemetery [in California] Recalls The Story of Lilburn W. Boggs," by Paul J. Updike,

Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin, Fall, 1984: "The Mid Payne House [in Platte City]," by Dustin Durand.

Ray County Mirror, December, 1984: "The General [Alexander Doniphan] Turns Green," bv Mary Ann Lowary; "The Tree That Grew: Rural Life and Ray County Memoirs Relived," by Leta McCullough, reprinted; "Richmond as Described Following Civil War."

St. Louis, November, 1984: "Scrapbook, St. Louis' Summer Olympics [at 1904 World's Fair]," by George Lipsitz.

St. Louis Bar Journal, Winter, 1985: "A History of Legal Education in St. Louis, 1843-1984: Part I—The Formative Years," by Joseph Fred Benson, edited by Keltner W. Locke.

Saint Louis Commerce, November, 1984: "wings in the wind [aviation in St. Louis]," by Betty Burnett; "carondelet [South St. Louis neighborhood] makes a comeback," by NiNi Harris, photos by Julie Dueber. , December, 1984: "North St. Louis County [Spanish Lake, Black Jack, Bellefontaine Neighbors and Riverview]," by Norbury L. Wayman, photos by Stephen R. Dolan; "the decade [1920s] that roared," by Bea Adams. January, 1985: "name these statues [in St. Louis]!" by Candace O'Connor, photos by Julie Dueber.

Show-Me Libraries, September, 1984: "Fine Printing in Missouri From 1930 to 1984," by David Weaver

Show-Me Postmaster, September-October, 1984: "Freistatt [Post Office] 100th Anniversary."

Spectrum, January 17, 1985: "Dropout [of Kansas City School of Law, Harry S.] Truman became prominent alumnus [of University of Missouri-Kansas City]."

Springfield! Magazine, November, 1984: "Country Doctor [Marvin Gentry] Extends Practice into 55th Year," by Bonnie June Robinson; "[Wilfred] Wimpy Adler: Piano Pizazz (Part I) ," by James Pace; "[Clyde] Slim Wil­ son: Country Before It Was Cool," by Jim Ellison; "Remembering May Kennedy McCord," by Lida Wilson Pyles; "What's the Future of Doling, 'First Lady' of City's Parks? (Part I)," by Karen Robinson; "When TV [KTTS, Channel 10] Was Young, Teacher [Joe] Kuklenski Introduces New Math Curriculum." , December, 1984: "[Wilfred] Wimpy Adler: Piano Pizazz, Part II," by James Pace; "Fortification of Springfield [during the Civil War] Part 1," by Hayward Barnett; "Doling Park: Hotbed for Skat­ ing Champions," by Karen Robinson. 412 Missouri Historical Review

. _, January, 1985: "Springfield's First Governor [John Smith Phelps] Ruled Arkansas Before He Ran Missouri," by Bob Glazier; "Your Neighbor's Faith, New Bishop [John J. Leibrecht, of the Catholic Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau] Headed St. Louis Catholic Schools"; "The Shaping of a Governor [John Ashcroft]," by Shirley Shedd; "[Wil­ fred] Wimpy Adler: Piano Pizazz, Part III," by James Pace; "The Sease House Victorian Masterpiece [in Springfield]," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Up From The Ashes Hallam's Peanut Butter [Company in Nixa, Mo.]," by Judson Howell; "Old Doling Park: Recreation for All Ages (Part III) ," by Karen Robinson; "Fortification of Springfield [during the Civil War] Part 2," by Hayward Barnett; "When TV Was Young, First TV News on Battle of Wilson's Creek Appears 95 Years Late."

Stephens Life, November 29, 1984: "Alumnae remember lively, majestic Senior Hall," by Linda West. Town Squire, November, 1984: "The Unusual Surrender of Frank James," by W. Patrick O'Brien; "Tragic Tales of the [Santa Fe] Trail," by Shifra Stein. , December, 1984: "The Great Freshet [flood, 1844 on Missouri River] of *44," by Shifra Stein. ., January, 1985: "Early K.C. [Kansas City] Hotels and Newspapers," by Shifra Stein.

Twainian, September-October, 1984: "Dedication of Mark Twain Lake and Clarence Cannon Dam."

Virginia Genealogist, October-December, 1984: "George Coberly (1788-1855) Virginia Migrant to the Midwest," by John Bradley Arthaud, M.D. Waterways Journal, November 17, 1984: "Transfer Boats Are A Forgotten Breed The St. Louis Ran Between Belmont, Mo., and Columbus, Ky.," by James V. Swift. , December 15, 1984: "St. Louis Scene as Viewed by Camera and Artist," by James V. Swift. , January 5, 1985: "The 'Genny' [steam, sternwheel dredge, Sainte Genevieve'] Will Be Missed on the Rivers," by James V. Swift.

Webster County Historical Society Journal, December, 1984: " 'The Old Rock Castle' (A history of the Seymour Public Library) ," by Claddie Nichols and Maxine Ledgerwood; "The Goss Family," by Edna V. Goss; " 'Murray Thompson and Marshfield' [in 1948]," by Joe Cody, reprinted; "A Bit of the [Shackelford] Spring," by Ellis Jackson; "Mission Home Neighborhood [and Jameson school]," by Sarah Jameson Greer.

West Plains Gazette, Fall-Winter, 1984. "Our Own Boy of Summer: The story of Preacher Roe's Baseball career," as told to Terry Fuhrmann Hampton; "Nellie Patterson: Gentle and Wise Were Her Teaching Ways," by Sue Ann Jones; "Miami Club [in West Plains, 1901-1908]"; "A History of the First Christian Church in West Plains," by Russ Cochran and Mary Monks Historical Notes and Comments 413

Green; "Gazette Gallery," a pictorial article; "Cora Crass Dotson: Howell County Poet and Historian"; "German Royalty [descendant of von Elsberg family] Living in Howell County?" by Norman Peters; "Excerpts from Memoirs of St. Joseph's [Catholic] Parish White Church, Missouri," by Cora Crass Dotson; "Evergreen Church & Cemetery [in Howell County]."

Whistle Stop, Volume 12, Number 5, 1984: "Covering [Harry S.] Truman A Reporter's Story," by Harry S. Rosenthal.

White River Valley Historical Society Quarterly, Fall, 1984: "The Bakers of Taney Co. Missouri"; "Memories of the Kimberling Ferry [on the White River]," by Fred Baker; "Stone County and 'The Trail Of Tears'," by Leonard Williams; "Carico, Past Village of the Ozarks," by Lefa Woods; "The Spring Creek Mill First Business in Hurley," by Kathleen DeWitt; "The Faye Sisters [Genevieve Brayfield and Eloise Tarch]," by Dean Wallace.

Word and Way, November 1, 1984: "Missouri Began SBC [Southern Baptist] Work in Iowa; Helpful Relationship Continues Today." , November 8, 1984: "Four Major History Books Re­ tell Highlights of Missouri Baptists"; "True Baptists—'You Got Saved, You Got Baptized'," by Gordon Kingsley. , November 15, 1984: "Missouri Baptists Were Born to Cooperate," by Gordon Kingsley; "Baptist Health Systems Celebrates Con­ tinued Growth in Health Services." , November 22, 1984: "Early Baptists Died for Re­ ligious Liberty," by Gordon Kingsley; "[Missouri] Baptist Hospital [in St. Louis] Celebrates Century of Service," by Brenda J. Sanders; "Major MBC [Missouri Baptist Convention] Evangelistic Campaigns Reveal Mis­ souri Baptist Priorities." November 29, 1984: "True Baptists Have a Passion for Evangelism," by Gordon Kingsley; "Missouri Baptist College [in St. Louis] Provides 'Gateway to Knowledge for Service'." , December 13, 1984: 'Bold Mission Taiwan Spells Suc­ cess For MBC's [Missouri Baptist Convention] Largest Outreach Effort"; "Baptists Reach Out as a Missionary People," by Gordon Kingsley.

Emma Wants Rain Safety The Insurance Leader, July, 1913. Lloyd's has been asked for rain insurance by Miss Emma A. Knell, Secre­ tary of the Jasper County Missouri Fair Association, the policy to cover four days of the fair next fall. 414 Missouri Historical Review

IS MEMORIAM

AGEE, RAY, Dallas, Texas: September KOCH, ERWIN T., St. Louis: June 2, 5, 1924-November 25, 1984. 1906-July 31, 1984.

ALLEN, GUY, Birmingham, Alabama: LEM M ON, SIDNEY, Leawood, Kansas: April 30, 1892-December 24, 1984. August 2, 1903-November 22, 1981. BALKE, MRS. ROSALIND, Stover: Sep­ MEADOWS, MAURINE M., Licking: tember 11, 1911-December 22, 1984. July 22, 1922-December 2, 1983. CARROLL, MRS. F. M., Kansas City: RODGERS, HARRIS D., Sun City, Ari­ February 29, 1904-June 14, 1984. zona: April 2, 1888-January 27, 1985. CHENAULT, MRS. CLARA, Henrietta: October 9, 1915-March 28, 1984. ROUSH, STANLEY, St. Louis: Novem­ ber 14, 1903-October 12, 1984. CUNNINGHAM, MRS. OPAL A., Fulton: February 13, 1899-December 27, 1984. SCOTT, FRANK H., Sarasota, Florida: August 11, 1896-January 23, 1985. DOANE, D. HOWARD, Point Lookout: July 30, 1883-February 19, 1984. SMITH, LEE R., Lakeside, California: July 29, 1904-October 3, 1983. DUER, JOSEPH E., Kansas City: Oc­ tober 14, 1914-August 23, 1984. STEWART, ROBERT E., Bryan, Texas: May 4, 1915-November 13, 1983. FORD, TOM H., Sedalia: June 22, 1899-September 4, 1984. THOMPSON, DAN F., Port Hueneme, FREUND, MRS. ARTHUR J., St. Louis: California: January 1, 1899-March 4, October 11, 1893-April 16, 1984. 1983.

JOHNSON, RALPH, Glasgow: June 2, WAIT, JEANNE, Columbia: August 31, 1908-June 24, 1984. 1922-November 1, 1984. Historical Notes and Comments 415

BOOK REVIEWS

Germans for a Free Missouri: Translations from the St. Louis Radical Press, 1857-1862. Edited and translated by Steven Rowan, with introduction by James Neal Primm (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1983). 323 pp. Indexed. Illus­ trated. $26.00.

When the issue of secession began to torment Missourians, it was the good fortune of the Unionists to have strong concentra­ tions of friendly immigrant Germans in St. Louis and Jefferson City. Because loyal Anglo-Saxon elements were so scattered and not so easily mobilized, it became the German-Missourians' privilege to man the Union's first line of defense here in 1861. Even so, this predominance of German loyalists in Missouri's key centers might have counted for little had it not been for the energetic indoctrination provided by two radical German-language news­ papers, the Anzeiger des Westens and the Westliche Post. Steven Rowan, associate professor of History at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, has provided us with selected translations from these two vital sources. Their editorial pronouncements, dat­ ing from 1857 to 1862, reveal in glittering detail the elements of German radical thought on the sectional crisis dragging this new homeland toward its colossal tragedy. The reader may judge for himself how effectively the journalistic ideologues from Germany's Revolutions of 1848 developed a "hybrid" movement here, linking the humanistic Romanticism of the continent's passing generation 416 Missouri Historical Review to the Puritanical reform-thy-neighborism exemplified by a native radicalism coming into its own in the era of Fort Sumter and Camp Jackson. Readers lacking "basic training" in the rudiments of the tragic drama opening in the Missouri of 1861 will share Rowan's gratitude for the lively and highly useful introduction provided by his senior colleague, Professor James Neal Primm. Rowan offers valuable background with his sketches of such central figures of German radical journalism as Friedrich Munch. Carl Danzer, and Theodor Olshausen, editors of the Westliche Post; and Heinrich Bornstein and Karl Ludwig Bernays, publisher and editor of the Anzeiger. On the other hand, the table of contents may seem less than fully useful to some casual readers. And scholars of the era may puzzle over the spelling of the name of the steamer "Swon." There are literally dozens of references to the vessel in the Official Records of the land and sea forces of the Civil War, but the spelling is invariably "Swan." In his early years as a civil-rights advocate, Bayard Rustin often startled audiences by dwelling on the moral injury that slavery had inflicted on white society. The Harriet Stowes and W. L. Garrisons had expatiated on the brutalization of the victims. Origins of Rustin's theme stand out in dramatic relief as one reads these translations from the German radical press in Missouri. The ideo­ logically sensitive "Forty-Eighters" settling here became aware of an offensive popular coarseness, a hardness of spirit essential to the maintenance of a society where "God's image" could be bought and sold "in the midst of raw jesting." Not inured to this generations- old conditioning, Germanic elements settling here offered a disturb­ ing perspective of epic significance. Many readers will emerge from this helpful work with a taste for "more!" But Rowan's preface implies a certain weariness with the task of providing it. He registers a justifiable plea for intensi­ fied language-training that can take Missouri's future historians con­ fidently into the vast storehouse of materials unavailable in transla­ tion. This counsel of perfection looks to a time that few eyes of those now living will ever behold, and many budding young his­ torians rising in Missouri's immediate future will be giving thanks for as many companion volumes as they can find to Germans for a Free Missouri. Central Missouri State University Leslie Anders Historical Notes and Comments 417

Truman In Cartoon and Caricature. By James N. Giglio and Greg G. Thielen (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1984). 165 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Not indexed. $14.95.

Truman in Cartoon and Caricature contributes yet another monograph on the 33rd president of the United States, published in celebration of his 100th birthday anniversary. More than 260 car­ toons portray the life and times of Harry S. Truman as seen through the eyes of political cartoonists. The book points out that editorial cartoons are a democratic art form that reflects the feeling of the community, as well as the artist and the publication. Cartoonists respond to immediate events rather than analyze long-range effects. This form of art work furnishes insight into how society perceives public figures and issues. Truman's courage, tenacity, impulsive­ ness, frustrations, stubbornness, petulance and humanity are evident in the cartoons.

Truman valued highly the works of political cartoonists and appreciated the humor, although it often came at his expense. He collected cartoons of himself and many are preserved in the Truman Library in Independence. Among his favorite cartoonists were Herbert L. Block (Washington Post), Clifford K. and James Berry- man (Washington Star), and Daniel R. Fitzpatrick (St. Louis Post- Dispatch). Each is represented in this book, along with other lead­ ing cartoonists, such as Don Hesse, S. J. Ray, "Ding" Darling, Bill Mauldin, Karl Kae Knecht and Gib Crockett.

The cartoons are arranged into six chapters. Each chapter be­ gins with an introductory essay, followed by the related cartoons. Explanatory material for each work includes the repository, an ex­ planation about the cartoon, name of the artist, publication media and date.

Chapter one, "Apprenticeship" contains a biographical sketch of Truman from his birth to the vice presidency. The earliest car­ toon here, drawn by S. J. Ray and published in the Kansas City Star, 1934, portrays the candidates in the 1934 Missouri Democratic sena­ torial primary.

"Reconversion," chapter two, features events of Truman's life from his assuming the presidency to 1948. Cartoons illustrate the United Automobile Workers' strike in November 1945, which im- 418 Missouri Historical Review peded Truman's reconversion efforts. Many others reveal price and wage controls and civil rights concerns. The "1948 Election" alone is the subject for chapter three. Many cartoonists too misinterpreted the progress of the campaign. After the election results they emphasized Truman's heroic personal victory. Chapter four, the "Fair Deal" includes the liberal commitments espoused by Truman after his 1948 victory, up to his decision not to seek reelection. Evident by these cartoons are Truman's diffi­ culties with the 81st Congress and the increase of public criticism. The "Cold War" highlights chapter five. Cartoons portray the U.N. charter, atomic bomb, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, the Societ blockade of West Berlin and Korea. "President Emeritus," in chapter six, focuses on Truman after he relinquished the presidency to Dwight D. Eisenhower. It con­ tinues the life of the former president up to his death in 1972, Cartoonists chose such subjects as the presidential library, Truman the tourist and new7 grandfather, and his efforts in presidential campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s. Coauthor James N. Giglio is professor of History at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. Greg G. Thielen serves as curator of collections at the Springfield, Missouri, Art Museum. The general public should find this book interesting and en­ tertaining. It provides light reading for those who do not consider themselves history scholars. However, scholars too may gain special insight into the character of Harry Truman and public opinion of him by studying the editorial cartoons. State Historical Society of Missouri Mary K. Dains

A Horse In Showy Harness

College Farmer, November, 1926. You can't make a good horse by putting him in showy harness, the same applies to most men. Historical Notes and Comments 419

BOOK NOTES The John Wornall House. 1858: The History and Restoration of Kansas City's Historic Wornall House Museum. By Janet Bruce (Kansas City, Missouri: Lowell Press, n.d.). 64 pp. Illustrated. Map. Notes. Sources. $5.00. The idea for this writing project started when the museum celebrated its 10th anniversary and many realized the need for an in-depth interpretation of middle-class pioneer families like the Wornalls. A grant from the Missouri Committee for the Humanities aided in the production of this booklet. Janet Bruce, director of the museum, compiled the paperback history. John Wornall built the imposing Greek Revival house in 1858 in the center of his 500-acre farm. In 1964 the Jackson County His­ torical Society purchased the house and carefully restored it. The museum now is open to interpret the daily lives of prosperous farm families who migrated to western Missouri from upper southern states before the Civil War. Ms. Bruce describes the farm operation of Wornall and his wife, family life, their entertainment and effects of the Civil War. She also relates the planning and construction of the home, furn­ ishings, architectural features and restoration of the home. This interesting booklet is available for $5.00, plus $.75 for postage and handling. Checks may be made payable to the Wor­ nall House and ordered from The John Wornall House, 146 West 61st Terrace, Kansas City, Missouri 64113.

Summerstory: Recollections of Early Childhood. By Gary D. Roney (Joplin, Missouri: Dixie Printing, Inc., 1984). 89 pp. Illus­ trated. Map. Not indexed. Appendix. $7.50. Compiled as a centennial edition for Carl Junction, Missouri, 1884-1984, Summerstory is told through the eyes of a young boy growing up in the Jasper County community in the 1950s. The author was born and spent his youth and early adult life in Carl Junction. He presents the history in story form which he hopes will appeal to school children as well as older residents. The paperback booklet also includes an illustrated chronology from the 1820s to the present, historical tales and a photo album that recalls mining days, school days and various other views. 420 Missouri Historical Review

Mr. Roney supplemented early recollections of the town with records from the Jasper County Courthouse archives, newspaper files, family scrapbooks and correspondence. Summerstory may be ordered for $7.50, plus $1.00 postage, from Summerstory, P.O. Box 207, Carl Junction, Missouri 64834.

The Hannibal, Missouri Presbyterian Church: A Sesquicenten­ nial History. By Henry H. Sweets III (1984). 71 pp. Footnotes. Illustrated. Bibliography. Appendices. $7.50. For the 150th anniversary of the Presbyterian Church in Han­ nibal, this history was compiled from contemporary accounts, ses­ sion records, newspaper articles and earlier histories. The author relates the early history of Marion County and Hannibal prior to the organization of the church on August 19, 1832, by Reverend David Nelson. The congregation divided in 1842 and again in 1859. Mr. Sweet relates the history of each branch and their reunion in 1873, the building of their houses of worship, the Samuel Clemens family and their relation to the church and highlights of church activities from 1873 to 1982. He includes a biographical listing of the ministers and a list of elders who have served over the years. The paperback booklet sells for $7.50 postpaid and may be ordered from First Presbyterian Church, 120 North Sixth Street, Hannibal, Mis­ souri 63401.

St. John United Church of Christ, Florence, Missouri 1858-1983 year 125 [1983]. 34 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $3.00. The German Evangelical Lutheran Saint John's Church was organized in 1858. Land was purchased in 1866, and a house of worship was built three years later. Germans settled the area in the 1840s and for many years, German remained the official lang­ uage in the church. English began to be used in 1900 and in 1918 it became the official language. The paperback book relates the poor financial conditions which the congregation often encountered, the history of the Lay Fellow­ ship and contributions of other organizations in the church. It re­ flects on celebrations, education (parochial school) and Christian education, the construction of the present building, parsonage and parish hall, and development of St. John Cemetery. The volume includes a list of church pastors beginning in 1858. St. John United Church of Christ may be purchased for $3.00 from the church at Florence, Missouri 65329. Historical Notes and Comments 421

The Rebirth of the Missouri Pacific, 1956-1983. By H. Craig Miner (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1983). 236 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $19.50. Author Craig Miner became interested in railroad history while a graduate student preparing a dissertation on the Saint Louis-San Francisco Railroad. This book deals with a history of the Missouri Pacific Railroad since its reorganization in 1956. The Missouri Pacific has a well-organized archival inventory with a vast array of records dating from the 1850s to the present. The author received complete access to company archives and per­ sonnel and entire freedom to use whatever methods he chose and reach whatever conclusions the evidence justified. These archives provided the bulk of the material and interviews gave special in­ sights that added life to the facts. The history tells the story of a company pulled from the crisis of an almost interminable receivership. With innovations, consolida­ tions and modernization. Missouri Pacific became an object of pride by 1983. Anyone interested in railroad history will want a copy of The Rebirth of the Missouri Pacific. The hardback book sells for $19.50. If not available in local bookstores, it may be ordered from Texas A & M University Press, Drawer C, College Station, Texas 77843. Springfield, Missouri: Forty Years of Growth and Progress 1945-1985. By Harris Edward Dark. Edited by Phyllis Betty Dark (Springfield, Missouri: Dolandark Graphics, 1984). 239 pp. Illus­ trated. Indexed. $22.95.

This lavishly illustrated hardbound volume traces Springfield's economic growth in terms of business, service, education and hous­ ing. The years 1945-1985 are chronologically covered in eight chapters. Those unfamiliar with the community's twentieth-century history will find the mention of people and events most informative. Numerous photographs, some in color, of businesses, schools, hos­ pitals and other buildings add to the narrative, even though the illustrations are placed within the volume without a sense of chron­ ological order. Springfield, Missouri: Forty Years of Growth and Progress 1945-1985 may be purchased for $22.95, plus $2.00 postage and handling, from John Q. Hammons Industries, 300 Sherman Park­ way, Springfield, Missouri 65806. 422 Missouri Historical Review

Overland on the California Trail, 1846-1859. Compiled by Mar­ tin L. Heckman (Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1984). 159 pp. Indexed. $50.00. This volume in the Arthur H. Clark Company's "American Trail Series" is a compilation of 403 published and unpublished narratives about the California migration between 1846 and 1859. Each entry contains if possible, the author, year of migration, title and number of pages, name of the company with which the writer traveled, date and place of beginning and termination/the account, the format, location of the document, publication history and other bibliographies listing the writings. Forty-five repositories were can­ vassed, including the State Historical Society of Missouri. The beginning and termination information of many diaries and jour­ nals include the mention of a number of Missouri counties and com­ munities, in particular Independence, St. Joseph and St. Louis. This hardbound bibliography may be purchased for $50.00 from the Arthur H. Clark Company, P.O. Box 230, Glendale, California 91209. The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and Its Colony Hermann, Missouri. By William G. Bek. Translated by Elmer Danu- ser. Edited by Dorothy Heckmann Shrader (Columbia, Missouri: American Press, Inc., 1984). 301 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Not in­ dexed. $10.00. This update of William G. Bek's classic history of the German settlement society and early Hermann will be a welcome addition for those interested in the German-American experience in Mis­ souri. Elmer Danuser, a descendant of one of the early Hermann immigrants, has provided translations of the German quotations used by Bek in his early work. The translations, of course, will be extremely helpful to those who do not possess a reading knowledge of the German language. Dorothy Heckmann Shrader, another direct descendant of one of the early families, has provided quality editing to the soft- bound volume. In addition, Shrader prepared a new chapter, titled "Then and Now," which adds to Bek's earlier writings. In the chap­ ter she comments upon numerous subjects including language, archi­ tecture, churches, schools and wineries. Historical homes and build­ ings are documented and illustrated. Historical photographs and artists' sketches augment the illustrations that Bek included in the first edition. Historical Notes and Comments 423

This softbound volume may be purchased for $10.00 from Historic Hermann, Inc., 312 Schiller, Hermann, Missouri 65041.

From These Beginnings: A History of First United Methodist Church, Kirksville, Missouri. By Ruth Warner Towne (Kirksville, Missouri: Journal Printing Company, 1984). 96 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. $6.00. In this history, the author related the microcosm of First United Methodist Church in Kirksville by supplying a background of national events pertinent to the local situation. Methodist circuit riders appeared in the area prior to statehood. The general con­ ference established an annual conference for the Missouri Territory in 1816. A Macon Mission, formed in 1837, encompassed the Ma­ con County region and extended north to the Iowa line. Abram Still served this circuit. By 1853, a society of Methodists existed in Kirksville, and the next year, John James became the pastor. Various chapters feature church buildings, pastors, women, the Epworth League, Sunday School and annual conferences in Kirksville. The paperback history also lists pastors of the church from 1854 to 1984. A disasterous church fire in 1955 destroyed the church records. Despite this lack of valuable resources, the author used journals of the annual conference, Kirksville newspapers and personal memories. A copy of the book may be obtained for $6.00 from First United Methodist Church, 300 East Washington, Kirksville, Mis­ souri 63501.

Methodism In Columbia, Missouri: A Brief History in Com­ memoration of the Methodist Bicentennial, 1784-1984. By Historical Events Committee, Columbia Methodist Bicentennial Commission (1984). 27 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. Bibliography. $2.00. Methodist bodies in Columbia share a common history. This paperback booklet explains the relationship of the United Methodist Churches, the African Methodist Episcopal church and the Chris­ tian Methodist Episcopal church. The history begins with the Christian teachings of John Wes­ ley. Methodists held the first Missouri Conference in 1819 in McKendree Chapel, Cape Girardeau County. One year later, James Scott became Columbia's first Methodist minister. Eventually the 424 Missouri Historical Review congregation worshiped with the Baptists in a Union church on Walnut Street, between 7th and 8th. The Columbia Methodist Church became part of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1844. As membership increased, the congregation outgrew the Union church. They bought land on Broadway and 6th Street and dedicated a new building in 1852. Blacks organized separate churches; other churches were established as Columbia and con­ gregations grew. A listing near the back of the volume includes seven Columbia churches of Methodist leadership in 1984, with a combined total membership of 4,194. Anyone interested in obtaining this brief history may write to Margaret Ann Durham, Missouri United Methodist Church, 204 South Ninth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Copies sell for $2.00, plus 54 cents postage.

The Tilley Treasure. By James B. King, Jr. (Point Lookout, Missouri: The School of the Ozarks Press, 1984). 184 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Indexed. $10.00. The title of this softbound volume concerns two boxes of silver coins buried by Wilson M. Tilley during the Civil War. The boxes were uncovered by an earth-mover on November 30,1962. Finding the "Tilley Treasure" a fascinating part of the Civil War history of Waynesville and Pulaski County, James B. King, Jr., decided to chronicle the events of the years, 1861-1865, in an effort to explain what had happened to Tilley. A known Confeder­ ate sympathizer, Tilley was hung by unidentified persons some­ time during the war. Besides the Civil War history, the author includes the trial proceedings of Wilson Leroy Tilley, a son of Wilson M. Tilley. The son had been arrested for violating his oath Q{ allegiance to the Union and for being a "guerilla-marauder." The Tilley Treasure may be purchased for $10.00 from James B. King, Jr., P.O. Box 226, Waynesville, Missouri 65583.

NOTICE: Due to the recent postal increases, the postage prices may be slightly higher. Photo by Janice R. Cameron, Mo. DNR MISSISSIPPI COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM

Organized February 14, 1845, the triangular-shaped county received its name from the broad Mississippi River which delineates a large portion of its boundary. Charleston, laid out in 1837, became the county seat. Known as the "cotton capital," the town is located in an area that produces large amounts of cotton, grain and soybeans. The city of over 5,000 residents each spring attracts large numbers of tourists who come to view the dogwood and azaleas growing around the stately old homes. Big Oak Tree State Park provides another area attrac­ tion. A famous Civil War battle between Generals U. S. Grant and G. J. Pillow occurred in the county at Belmont on November 7, 1861. Former Missouri Governor Warren E. Hearnes, archaeologist Thomas Beckwith and writer and planter Thad Snow are well-known Mississippi Countians. In an effort to preserve the county's rich heritage, citizens organized a local historical society in 1966. Under the direction of its first president, Mrs. Audley A. Brown, the group established a museum in Charleston's Russell Hotel. When rent for the hotel became pro­ hibitive, the Society sought another facility. In September 1977, family descendants offered the Victorian home of James Handy Moore and Mary Bird Hunter Moore, at 403 North Main Street in Charleston. The donors stipulated that the Society must provide a maintenance endow­ ment to assure the permanent upkeep of the house. A successful fund-raising campaign followed and the Mississippi County Historical Museum opened in 1978. The Hunter and Moore families appeared among the early settlers in Southeast Missouri. A successful businessman, James Handy Moore helped develop electric and telephone services of the area. Although he died at an early age, his widow, children and other family members lived in the house until it was given to the Historical Society. Through the years the home served as a social center for Moore friends and relatives. Architect J. B. Legg, designer of the Mississippi County Courthouse, drew the plans for the Moore home. Built at a cost of some $7,000 near the turn of the century, it became the "showplace of Charleston." The two-and-a-half-storv, red-brick structure features an expansive veranda, gables, and an interior ornamented with rich oak woodwork, fireplaces, U-shaped stairway with ornate carved balusters, original crystal chandeliers and pocket-sliding doors. Initially, the house had its own water works and sewage disposal. A speaking tube allowed the mistress and servants to converse between the floors. Light fixtures could be adapted for either gas or electricity. After electricity became available the family added a central vacuum-cleaning system. The home sits on a landscaped corner lot along with a small grainery and servants quarters. Most furniture in the house belonged to the Moore family. The museum also contains ex­ hibits of Governor and Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes memorabilia, Indian artifacts, old clothing, documents pertaining to flood control and Civil War letters and papers. Open to visitors from 9 A.M. to 3 P.M., Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, the home may be toured at other times upon request. No admission is charged, however, donations are accepted. A visit will provide a rewarding historical experience.