MATT MATTHEWS AND KIP LINDBERG “SHOT ALL TO PIECES” The Battle of Lone Jack, Missouri, August 16, 1862

“Thousands entered the war, got just a taste of it, and then stepped out again permanently.” —Mark Twain

Lone Jack battlefield and cemetery, 2003. Photograph by Alinda Miller

FOR SEVERAL DECADES THE SMALL of the town’s historical event. The colo- have ever heard of the battle, except per- COMMUNITY OF LONE JACK, MISSOURI, nel awed the crowd with his recounting haps in a passing literary or film refer- hosted an annual picnic commemorat- of the glorious charges, snapping ban- ence.2 While certainly not an engagement ing the turbulent Civil War battle fought ners, and dashing uniforms. At his fever- of national note, the Battle of Lone Jack there on August 16, 1862. Families drove ish climax, however, an aged veteran was of great local importance; it was, by wagons or rode horses for miles, arriv- struggled to his feet and interrupted the and large, a battle fought by the men of ing early to spread their blankets in the mesmeric oration. “Colonel, that didn’t western Missouri—men who were best location, under the shade trees near happen that way,” he announced. “I was friends and neighbors, boyhood chums, the speakers’ platform. Following lunch there, and I know what took place. You’ve and blood relatives. And because both a succession of speakers would address misrepresented the facts.” Without a sides were the “home team,” playing un- the crowd and recall, between pitches moment’s hesitation Colonel Crisp de- der the evaluative gaze of loved ones, it made by aspiring politicians, the dra- clared, “God Damn an eyewitness any- became a personal and passionate fight, matic events of the Battle of Lone Jack. way! He always spoils a good story!”1 marked by extremes in both courage and One year the keynote speaker was a The history of the Battle of Lone Jack casualties. local office seeker, “Colonel” Crisp, who is a good story, and one that is now largely By the summer of 1862 Missouri, was renowned for his vivid descriptions forgotten. Few outside of Jackson County while far from serene, was certainly more 56 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 peaceful than it had been the previous summer. The first year of the war had witnessed several large battles and doz- Left: Colonel DeWitt Clinton Hunter. ens of skirmishes. Tens of thousands of Bushwhacker Museum, Nevada, Missouri Federal troops from Missouri, joined by Below: Colonel Jeremiah Vardeman others from Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Il- “Vard” Cockrell. General Sweeny’s Civil linois, and Indiana, traversed the state, War Museum, Republic, Missouri engaging the pro-Southern Missouri State Guard, irregular partisans, and Confederate troops from Texas, Arkan- sas, Louisiana, and the Indian Territory. A series of Southern victories had wrested much of the state from the Union, but lacking the logistical resources to retain their foothold the Confederate forces withdrew. By the onset of winter, the Missouri State Guard was left as the soli- tary guardian of the trophies won dur- ing the previous summer. But it too was poor in resources. Many of the guards- men left for their homes to harvest crops, commerce, and patrolling vital avenues planning to return to the ranks after of communication. Since each company spring planting. Those who remained in operated in the locality in which it was the army did so in winter camps across raised, the rank and file knew every coun- southwest Missouri. Cut off from these try lane, briar patch, and river bottom, secessionist havens, potential recruits in and soon became effective in ferreting the northern part of the state awaited the out enemy bands. In contrast to the nega- opportunity to join their compatriots. tive connotation implied by the title “mi- rendering their weapons. Not made spe- A turn in fortunes would alter their litia,” these forces were more effective in cific was the certainty that those who re- plans. Union forces under Brigadier Gen- small-scale, anti-guerilla operations than fused to join the militia for reasons of eral Samuel R. Curtis launched a cam- much larger volunteer or regular army self-proclaimed disloyalty would be paign in January 1862, pushing the Mis- units. closely observed under what was essen- souri State Guard and its recently In an effort to further augment tially house arrest.3 organized counterpart, the Missouri Union forces in the state, the newly ap- Farther south, in and around Van Confederate Brigade, from the state. De- pointed governor, H.R. Gamble, autho- Buren, Arkansas, a number of Missouri feated at the Battle of Pea Ridge, or rized the commander of the District of cavalry regiments were attempting to Elkhorn Tavern, in March, these rebels Missouri, Brigadier General John M. complete their organization before being were forced to continue the fight in Ar- Schofield, to issue General Order No. 19. accepted for Confederate service. All were kansas and Mississippi, dreaming of the Effective July 22, 1862, the order stated under strength and desperate for an in- day they could return to their beloved that all able-bodied men were required fusion of recruits. The sheer distance home state. to join the pro-Union Enrolled Missouri from Missouri, and the inability of re- Meanwhile, Federal authorities fur- Militia, or EMM, bringing with them cruits to make the journey south with- thered their goal of securing Missouri for their own horses and weapons. In addi- out molestation by the Federal MSM, the Union. In the absence of an organized tion, all weapons and ammunition in ci- prompted Confederate authorities to ap- enemy, Federal troops could focus on vilian hands were to be confiscated and prove a raid into Missouri for the pur- eliminating the small but steadily grow- used for the public defense. Further or- pose of gathering recruits. Brigadier Gen- ing numbers of partisan guerilla bands ders clarified the intent: in order to “put eral James S. Rains, senior officer of the that posed an increasing threat to Union down robbery, plunder, and guerilla war- greatly diminished Missouri State Guard, lines of supply and communication. fare, which it is plainly the duty and in- assigned command of this expedition to While Federal authorities continued to terest of every citizen to aid in doing,” Colonel Jeremiah V. Cockrell. The colo- raise volunteer regiments with which to Missouri men had to don Union blue or nel, more widely known as “Vard” prosecute the war farther south, they face stiff fines or incarceration. Exemp- Cockrell, was a Methodist minister from badly needed a force that would consti- tions were granted to those willing to Warrensburg, Missouri. He and his tute a deterrent to local insurrection. “contribute money rather than personal brother, Colonel Francis Marion Cockrell The force they organized was named service,” as well as “all disloyal men and (quickly rising to fame in the Confeder- the Missouri State Militia, or MSM. those who have at any time sympathized ate Missouri Brigade), were well known Armed, equipped, and funded by the fed- with the rebellion.” Those men, while not among the Southern families in Jackson eral government, this force was to be re- required to serve in the Union militia, still County, and it was believed his presence tained for service within the state, secur- had to register for service, giving their would influence others of similar belief ing strategic centers of population and names and place of residence, and sur- to enlist. Cockrell was to lead the force

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 57 into west-central Missouri, an area With Hughes dead, Upton Hays assumed a company of Union cavalry known as known for its pro-Confederate views. control of their combined commands. the “Fremont Scouts,” leading them Word of Order No. 19 had reached the Bewildered by the sudden influx of against local secessionist forces com- wilds of Arkansas, and it was earnestly Confederate recruiters into Missouri, and prised of the very men he suspected had hoped that thousands of Missourians, chagrined by the loss of Independence, assassinated his brother. Foster quickly forced to choose between compulsory Schofield ordered Brigadier General gained notoriety as a courageous warrior, Union service and voluntary Confeder- James Totten, the commander of the an honor he shared with his younger ate service, would choose the latter and Central Division of the District of Mis- brother Melville, who also served as a join Cockrell. souri, to start assembling a force to drive company commander in the 7th MSM In the last week of July 1862 Colonel the secessionists out of western Missouri. Cavalry. In April 1862 the brothers were John T. Coffee and Lieutenant Colonel Wishing to give further support to Tot- wounded in an engagement with John C. Tracy, each with about three hun- ten, Schofield appealed to the Kansas de- Quantrill’s guerillas just outside Warrens- dred men, rode from their camps at Frog partmental commander, Brigadier Gen- burg. Recovered from their wounds, they Bayou and headed north to Missouri. eral James G. Blunt, for additional troops. resumed their vendetta.6 Both commands considered themselves independent from Cockrell, as Coffee still refused to join the Confederate service and Tracy remained convinced he would soon receive some special dispensation from Richmond. On August 1 Cockrell and his small command moved out, accompanied by Colonel Dewitt C. Hunter and his seven hundred and fifty soldiers. The advance guard of the expedition consisted of roughly seventy troopers led by Captain Joseph O. Shelby. With Cockrell in over- all command of the expedition, Lieuten- ant Colonel Sidney Jackman took charge of his four hundred and fifty men.

Jackman’s command was badly mounted Society Historical ansas State

Library of Congress

K and equipped, in part because of the abys- mal supply system of the Trans-Missis- sippi Confederacy. Many of these men Left: Brigadier General John M. Schofield, commander of the District of Missouri. lacked saddles and rode bareback, while Right: Brigadier General James G. Blunt, Kansas departmental commander. most of their bridles were simply ropes On August 12 Totten ordered one To add some firepower to the Fed- or lengths of braided bark. company of the 7th Missouri State Mili- eral strike force Totten ordered a section As the secessionists rode rapidly tia (MSM) Cavalry to move from Syra- of the 3rd Indiana Light Artillery, under north, hundreds of men who had refused cuse to Sedalia. As Company H moved the command of Lieutenant James C. to join the enrolled militia flocked to the out, Major Emory S. Foster of the 7th Devlin, to join Foster’s command. rebel banner. They “pranced [in] from MSM was ordered to Sedalia to take com- Devlin’s two guns were of a type known every direction,” recalled Jackman. “The mand of the forces assembled there and as “James Guns,” being outdated M1841 woods seemed alive with men, and all move quickly to Lexington, where he was six-pounders altered for greater accuracy fleeing the wrath of what was known as to take charge of an ad hoc force and by rifling the bronze tubes to a pattern the Gamble order.” Many already had move south into Jackson County.5 developed by inventor and former sena- friends or family in rebel service, and did Totten’s selection of Major Foster to tor Charles T. James.7 Late on the night not want to be forced into facing them command this northern pincer move- of August 12 the train carrying the Indi- across a battlefield.4 ment was almost certainly due to Foster’s ana section sped past the depot at Syra- On August 11, as these mounted reputation as one of the most aggressive cuse. A witness recalled that the cars forces moved north, the Union high com- officers in the Missouri Militia. Only “whirled by our depot with the speed of mand was stunned by the fall of Indepen- twenty-three years old, the former news- lighting, without making any stop, amid dence, Missouri. A combined force of paper editor from Warrensburg had al- the wild cheers of the men… half envel- Confederates under Colonels John T. ready garnered the respect of friend and oped in sparks of fire, [the train] seemed Hughes, Upton Hays, and Gideon Th- foe alike. Foster was a staunch Unionist to be whirling to Hell.”8 ompson, supported by William Quantrill for whom the war had begun on a per- The following day Totten ordered and his small guerilla band, had struck sonal note. At an election in Warrensburg newly promoted Brigadier General Fitz without warning, capturing the entire early in 1861, pro-secession opponents Henry Warren and his 1st Iowa Volun- Federal garrison. Among the handful of had murdered his brother Marshall as he teer Cavalry, supported by a section of secessionist casualties was Colonel was on his way to vote. With the coming artillery, to move north from Clinton, Hughes, killed at the head of his regiment. of the war Foster raised and commanded Missouri, into Jackson County. There he

58 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 was to link up with Foster’s party mov- umn of Union soldiers left Fort Scott, small residences. The most impressive ing south from Lexington, smashing any Kansas, at 9:00 a.m. on August 15 des- structure was a large frame hotel known rebel forces in between. tined for Jackson County. Brigadier Gen- as the Cave House. “The oddity of such At 11:00 a.m. on August 14, follow- eral James G. Blunt led his 2,500 men a hotel in such a place was ludicrous in ing a grueling forty-eight hour forced swiftly north, placing his infantry in wag- the extreme,” recalled one visitor, “for it march, Foster arrived in Lexington with ons so that they could keep up with his could easily have accommodated in one Devlin’s section of Indiana artillery, cavalry.11 night all the visitors it had any reason to Company H of the 7th MSM Cavalry, and expect in a month.” About 1,300 people two companies of the 8th MSM Cavalry. Map 1 Union Movements lived in the community, almost all com- r 13 That same day Schofield wired Totten, ouri Rive mitted to the rebel cause. iss M telling him it was time to strike the Con- Lexington After searching the area for much federate force reported near Lone Jack, a needed supplies the secessionist force Kansas City Independence small community in southeast Jackson deployed around the town. Hunter and Westport Greenton County. Schofield was sure that this rebel Foster Jackman marched west, establishing force, which he thought numbered no their encampments about four miles Battle of Lone Jack Cool Spring more than a thousand men under August 16, 1862 from Lone Jack. Quantrill’s guerillas, ar- Hughes and Quantrill, would be easy prey Lone Jack Pleasant Hill Warrensburg riving on the scene, bivouacked about a for the converging Federal forces. Totten mile farther west. Coffee, with Tracy’s in- Kingsville quickly issued orders to effect this edict. Harrisonville dependent command, set up camp At 1:00 a.m on the morning August Rose Hill about a mile south of town. Captain 15 Foster received Totten’s order to sally Shelby and his command were not forth from Lexington at daylight. He was Dayton present, having forayed into Lafayette to move some thirty miles southwest to Cove Creek County the previous day. It was his de- Lone Jack, where he would rendezvous Clinton Elk sire to recruit enough men in his home with Warren’s command. Foster left Lex- Fork county to raise an entire regiment.14 Deepwater ington at dawn with approximately eight Butler Meanwhile Foster’s column was hundred men. He had with him five com- Warren making good time as it pushed south panies of the 7th Missouri Volunteer Cav- into Jackson County. Around noon the alry, three companies of the 6th MSM Papinsville Osceola major received intelligence from Cavalry, two companies of the 8th MSM Osage R. friendly residents that the rebel com- Cavalry, three companies of the Second Little Osage mander, John T. Coffee, was camped Battalion, Missouri State Cavalry, Com- near Lone Jack with some 1,600 follow- pany H of the 7th MSM Cavalry, and Fort Scott Blunt ers. This news, combined with the Devlin’s two James guns. Melville Foster knowledge that Hays and Quantrill accompanied the force, undoubtedly as were also near Lone Jack, should have eager as his older brother to close with Area of given the major pause. However, Foster Main Map the enemy.9 was undeterred. Sending a message back Missouri Unbeknown to Foster the campaign 0 25 miles

p Graphics © DLF Group 2003 Group DLF © Graphics p to his commander in Lexington, Foster had already suffered a serious setback. Ma promised he would be in a grand fight Warren, for reasons still unknown, had by that evening.15 disobeyed orders, moving his six hundred * * * Cockrell never made it to his fam- men southwest from Clinton instead of MEANWHILE, THE SECESSIONISTS HAD ily home. Approaching Warrensburg he north toward Lone Jack. Receiving re- NOT BEEN IDLE. Cockrell and Shelby had heard that Union forces were converg- ports from alarmed Union citizens along started for Jackson County on the ing on Jackson County. Reversing his route, Warren telegraphed his supe- evening of August 14, Cockrell desiring course, Cockrell returned to his com- riors in Leavenworth, Kansas, that a large to see his family, turning command over mand, arriving at his camp about 9:00 rebel force under Coffee, Jackman, and to Colonel Hunter and departing for his p.m. on August 15. others had passed through the area with home in Warrensburg. The next morn- At approximately the same time, a column of around 6,000 men, moving ing Hunter marched the command far- Foster’s command reached Lone Jack. north. Totten was stunned by the news ther north, halting at Lone Jack about Interrogating citizens, the Federal com- of such a large Confederate force in Jack- midday on August 15.12 mander learned that Coffee and his son County. He immediately sent word The village of Lone Jack had been force, now estimated at only eight hun- to Lexington to recall Foster, but the com- founded in the early 1830s, acquiring its dred men, were camped just south of mand had already left Lexington, mov- name from a giant blackjack oak tree that town. Issuing orders to tighten girths ing south at a rapid pace. Couriers were was visible for miles across the prairie. and ready weapons, Foster delivered on dispatched, but Totten could not be as- In 1843 a new addition, known as “New his promise of an engagement before sured Foster would receive the order in Town,” was established to the south of the day’s end, leading his command into ac- time.10 existing settlement. By 1862 New Town tion at 11:00 p.m. Unlike the slow moving and direc- consisted of two stores, a blacksmith Just south of town Foster’s advance tionally challenged Warren, the third col- shop, a saloon, a post office, and a few ran into rebel pickets. A scattering of VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 59 musketry, quickly followed by volleys of strength, would hamper a withdrawal Jackman led their commands to a point carbines and blasts of cannon fire, illu- south. Cockrell agreed.19 a half-mile from Lone Jack, where the minated the night. Foster’s command Soon Tracy and his command men dismounted. About half the Confed- rapidly shattered the enemy line, captur- straggled into Cockrell’s camp, having erate force, approximately 1,500 men, was ing several Confederate outposts before lost their pursuers before circling west. unarmed, having enlisted with the expec- sweeping into the rebel encampments. Tracy had no knowledge of Coffee’s con- tation of being issued weapons. These Completely unprepared for the assault, dition or location, only that the two com- men were to wait near the ammunition Coffee’s and Tracy’s commands aban- mands had become separated in their wagon, which had been brought up to a doned their camps, fleeing in confusion flight south from Lone Jack. point northwest of town. Meanwhile, and disappearing into the darkness.16 Civilians from New Town informed Cockrell’s force closed on the Union po- While the impetuous attack was suc- Cockrell that the Union force numbered sition. Hunter, with perhaps one hundred cessful it was by no means decisive, for about one thousand men, and with the fifty men, joined Jackman’s command of most of the rebels escaped. Even worse, addition of Tracy’s command Cockrell five hundred soldiers, and together with elements of the Union command lost believed he held a numerical advantage Tracy’s three hundred fifty recruits contact in the darkness and became dis- and planned his attack accordingly. The moved through the fallow field of weeds organized. During the skirmish some of Confederate forces would position west of town. They halted at a point esti- Foster’s cavalry mistook the Indiana artil- themselves for a dawn assault on the mated to be a mere hundred yards from leryman for the enemy, firing into them town. Hays would prepare a mounted di- the enemy position, secure in the knowl- and killing four men. Foster placed sec- version from the north while Hunter, edge that Hays, with his force of four tion commander Lieutenant Devlin un- Jackman, and Tracy moved dismounted hundred men, was preparing to attack der arrest, later claiming the Hoosier of- through a weed-choked field west of from the north.20 ficer was drunk. Whatever the reason, town. Once the Unionists were focused Following their disorganized assault either mistaken identity or dereliction of on Hays’ feint, the dismounted men on the Confederate camps, Foster and his duty, this friendly fire maddened and dis- would emerge from their cover and as- men had returned to Lone Jack. The heartened the Indiana boys.17 sault the town from the west. Federals were completely exhausted by the As Coffee’s and Tracy’s men van- ished into the dark of night, the echo of Union artillery continued to reverberate for miles, alerting the individual seces- sionist commands that an event of great importance had occurred. The fact that a Union force was in the area and confi- dently operating at night was unsettling, and their supporting artillery suggested it was a sizable force and not just a scout- ing party. Soon after the skirmish ended Colonel Hays, with his four hundred men, rode into Vard Cockrell’s camp. In- cluded in Hays’ command was a company commanded by Captain Caleb Winfrey, a physician whose home and office were in Lone Jack. Having served as a surgeon with the Missouri State Guard the previ- ous year, Winfrey had exchanged his medical kit for a sword and recruited his Left: Colonel Upton Hays. Jackson County (Missouri) Historical Society. own cavalry company. Joining Hays only Right: Major Emory S. Foster, commander of Union forces at Lone Jack. Lone Jack Museum. days before, Winfrey’s company had an The success of the flank attack de- events of the past few days. Most of the intimate knowledge of Lone Jack and a pended greatly on surprise, as the rebels men picketed their horses close to the vested interest in its security.18 lacked the resources for a sustained fight. main street, tying their reins to an Osage Colonel Cockrell ordered his men Despite the fact that his men had an av- orange, or bois d’ arc, hedge running par- into battle formation and waited for Cof- erage of only six cartridges apiece, allel to and about fifty yards from the fee and Tracy to join him. As the troops Cockrell thought that sufficient as the eastern edge of the street. When prop- rested on their arms Cockrell learned that “enemy would run after a shot or two.” erly trimmed such a hedge presented a a Union force of unknown strength had Not wanting to delay the attack by dis- tough and nearly impenetrable mass of attacked Coffee and Tracy, and returned tributing a greater supply of ammuni- thorns, each several inches in length. to Lone Jack for the night. Uncertain as tion, and unwilling to await Coffee’s un- These hedges had become popular in the to what action would be prudent, certain return, the entire Confederate previous decades as an effective barrier Cockrell consulted Jackman, who urged command was ordered into position. to errant livestock, protecting cropland an attack on the town in the morning, Hays rode away with his column more efficiently than either split rail or fearing that the Union force, whatever its while Cockrell, Hunter, Tracy, and stone fencing. The hedgerow ran north

60 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 and south along almost the entire east- mained with her three small children and As daylight approached Hunter, ern length of the street, turning east at her mother-in-law. She soon saw their Jackman, and Tracy waited patiently for its northern and southern ends to sur- home turned into a field hospital, as Fos- Hays’ flank attack to begin—the signal round a field of tall corn. As the com- ter ordered the Confederates wounded to launch their own assault. The eastern mand collapsed into sleep up and down in the skirmish to be treated there, and horizon began to brighten, and still there the street, Foster established his head- delegated Assistant Surgeon William H. was no sign of an attack nor further word quarters in the Cave Hotel. The two can- Cundiff from the Second Battalion Mis- from Hays. Then to Jackman’s great as- nons of the Indiana battery were parked souri State Militia Cavalry to that duty. tonishment Hays appeared out of the near the blacksmith shop. In the early morning hours Foster in- darkness, riding slowly down the rebel As soon as the Union cavalrymen re- formed his commanders that at daybreak line. Jackman called out, “Colonel Hays, turned to town it became clear to the resi- the command would mount and ride in the name of God, what are you doing dents that the Federals intended to stay. west, ready to give battle to whatever en- here?” Hays responded that his attack Fearing the secessionists would give battle emy they could find. At no point during would soon begin and, after surveying in the morning, most of the inhabitants the night did a messenger arrive from the line, turned and slowly rode away. took what valuables they could easily re- Lexington with word of Totten’s order to Jackman believed the only explanation move and fled under cover of night. By withdraw, and Foster remained blind to for Hays’ delay and personal reconnoi- morning only a few diehard families re- the fact that a Confederate force more ter was that the colonel was distrustful mained. Mrs. Bart Cave, whose husband than three times the size of his own was of his fellow commanders’ experience was proprietor of the Cave Hotel, re- within striking distance. and intent.21 As Hays’ men made their final prepa- rations for the attack a ripple of gunfire broke the early morning calm. Union pickets had discovered Hays’ advance and loosed a few panicky shots. The dis- charges alerted Foster to a possible threat but did not seem to unduly alarm the men themselves. A Union picket, recall- ing the three or four shots fired north of town, believed that a few of his wayward comrades were simply “aiming to get some chickens for breakfast.” Whether alerted by this gunfire, or simply follow- ing his decision to pursue the rebels at first light, Major Foster ordered his men to rise and prepare for battle.22 As the minutes ticked by, and the first rays of sunlight began to emerge in the east with no further sign of Hays’ at- tack, Jackman’s men grew more anxious. Circulating among his men, Jackman heard a number of voices mutter fearfully that something was wrong; it was not safe to remain in their exposed position any longer. While the tall weeds gave them concealment, they would provide no pro- tection once the Federals spotted their position, for minie balls would cut through the grass as easily as the blade of a scythe. Private C.B. Lotspeich of Jack- man’s command remembered lying prone in the field and listening to the Union forces as they began stirring. “We lay there and could hear them give every command,” he said, “hear them putting on accouterments, loading their guns [and] forming lines of battle.” Listening to his opposite number issuing com- mands, Hunter chaffed at the delay, badly A rare photograph of Missouri Confederates. Left to right: Thomas H. Brown, William A. Brown, wanting Jackman to order an attack re- and Abe Brown, all of whom served at Lone Jack with Colonel Upton Hays. The Lone Jack Museum. gardless of Hays’ failure to appear. “We

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 61 waited until they had donned the blue, pared for action, but lacking any cover William Plumb, commanding Company seized their guns, [and] provided them- they were dangerously exposed to hos- B, 6th MSM, “and sending their balls into selves with plenty of ammunition,” he tile fire. Most would still be in the street our ranks thick as hail.” A soldier in the later complained. “[They] formed into when the attack began.25 8th MSM recalled that the attack was so line and counted off, as if on parade, and The two rifled James guns were soon swift his unit was forced to fight dis- were thus ready and waiting for a foe to unlimbered to the right-front of the mounted “for they had not time to fight.” As the Federals continued their blacksmith shop, the new location of mount.” For most of the Federals this was preparation Hunter pleaded with Foster’s headquarters, and the Union just as well, as it would have been ex- Jackman to launch the attack immedi- commander ordered that the cannon be tremely difficult to reload their muzzle- ately. Jackman declined to attack before positioned to command the street from loading rifles on horseback. Hays, a decision seconded by Tracy, and end to end. With Lieutenant Devlin still The attackers hastened to close with the entire command continued to hug under arrest, command of the artillery the enemy, for most were armed with the ground and wait in baited silence.23 section went to Sergeant James M. Scott double barreled shotguns, effective only The Federal pickets fell back into the and Sergeant J.C. Updegraff. Captain at short range. The rebels emerged from town, heralding the Confederate threat Milton H. Brawner, commanding Com- the weeds, only to come up against a rail to the north. Although Foster later pany A, 7th Missouri Volunteers, was as- fence running north to south some fifty claimed he had forty minutes to prepare signed the responsibility of supporting yards from the Union position. As the for the Confederate assault, other eyewit- the guns. Confederates struggled to clear the ob- ness testimonies differ, suggesting the Foster evacuated his combatants stacle a massive volley erupted from the Federal commander barely had time to from the Cave Hotel, leaving behind Sur- Union line. The Federal cavalrymen had organize his command. Nonetheless, geon Cundiff and his three Confederate opened fire on their exposed foe, and compared to their opponents, Foster’s wards. Mrs. Cave, with her children and were quickly joined by the Indiana artil- men were well trained and disciplined, mother-in-law, again chose to stay, per- lery discharging blasts of canister. as well as slightly better armed, and they haps believing they were as safe in their Jackman saw a man on the left of went to their work with alacrity. Rush- own home as anywhere else in town. Be- Hunter’s line go down; rushing to his as- ing into position along the street north fore departing, Major Foster ordered the sistance Jackman saw there was little he of the blacksmith shop were Companies hotel marked with a yellow flag to denote could do, and after pleading desperately A, C, E, F, and I of the 7th Missouri Vol- its occupation as a hospital.26 unteer Cavalry. Many men in this unit The sun was now up and, even were equipped with Hall’s breech-load- though there was no sign of Hays, ing carbines, giving them a slight edge in Jackman issued the order to attack. Yell- rate of fire over their muzzle-loading foes. ing as they struggled through the tall With the exception of the 7th Missouri weeds and hemp, the three Confederate Volunteers, however, Foster’s force was commands charged toward the enemy. armed almost exclusively with M1854 Pausing only to take aim, the rebels Austrian “Lorenz” rifles, M1841 “Missis- poured a galling fire upon the Federals sippi” rifles, and a handful of M1853 Brit- in the street. “Our line of battle was ish “Enfield”-pattern rifles.24 scarcely formed when they came upon us, In the center, forming in and around yelling like savages,” reported Captain the blacksmith shop, were Companies A, C, and F of Nugent’s Second Battalion MSM Cavalry, supported by Company H, 7th MSM Cavalry—the only company present from Foster’s personal command. On the far left of the Federal line Com- panies A, B, and E of the 6th MSM Cav- alry speedily assembled in the road, while Companies F and H of the 8th MSM Cav- alry formed to their right. A small force from the 7th Volun- teers, probably no more than a company, occupied some houses on the northern edge of town, rapidly turning the dwell- ings into fortified fighting positions. Whether through lack of time or neglect, or the desire to keep their means of a rapid withdrawal close at hand, the command’s mounts were left where they Lieutenant Colonel Sidney Drake Jackman. had been picketed the night before. Tied U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Dr. (Captain) Caleb Winfrey. General Sweeny’s to the hedgerow, the horses were pre- Barracks, Pennsylvania. Civil War Museum, Republic, Missouri. 62 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 for water for several minutes the man turned to make his way to the rear as the Volunteers retired from their position died. Under this “rain of lead” Private assault on the Federal position began. along the north end of the street, falling Joseph Burcham, recruited into Hunter’s One of his men recalled, “All of the sud- back to the line formed by the Indiana command just six days before, observed den Tracy retreated to the rear, making battery and their own Company A.30 a number of men running away. Others as many gyrations as a burning worm, From the blacksmith shop Major became “less anxious to press to the saying he was shot.”29 Foster watched as a mass of Southerners front” and flung themselves behind what As the assault progressed, the battle ran across the northern end of the street. cover could be found.27 was joined by Hays’ tardy command, Recalling the desperate situation, Foster Returning to the battle line, Jackman which moved to attack from the north- noted, “A considerable body of men on witnessed Captain Levin Lewis fall from west. For some unexplained reason Hays foot, and armed with shotguns, running a wound to the head. Regaining his com- too dismounted his force, contrary to and firing as they ran, sought to pass on posure, Lewis, a Methodist minister in Cockrell’s orders. In the forefront of this the north of our position to our rear.” To civilian life, explored the injury. The bul- assault were Captain Winfrey and his counter this threat Foster ordered Cap- let was evidently almost spent when it men. Incensed that the Federals had oc- tain William Long and a portion of his struck the captain, for despite the flow cupied his house and office, Winfrey Second Battalion MSM Cavalry to move of blood Lewis could feel the ball had launched an immediate charge upon his back behind the hedgerow to his right, simply embedded itself in his skull. Amid own residence. His company was re- and take up a defensive position. the din of battle he removed the offend- pulsed in a brutal hand-to-hand encoun- From his supporting position near ing bullet himself, only to be struck again ter. Undeterred he reformed and attacked the guns, Captain Brawner witnessed the in the hand. Jackman observed the injury again, driving the Union men out of his cannons turn toward the swarm of ad- and the self-surgery that followed, and home and into the street beyond. Tracy’s vancing Confederates. Although under later joked with Captain Lewis that he men linked up with Hays’ command and considerable fire themselves, the artil- “had hoped to convert [Lewis] to engulfed the buildings in a deadly close- lerymen “opened upon them with ter- Campbellism, but since Yankee bullets range crossfire. rible effect, scattering them in confu- could not penetrate his head, there was Heavily outnumbered and taking sion.” Recoiling under the bombardment no use in trying….”28 horrendous casualties, the Federal right the rebels took cover next to the Osage While Hunter’s and Jackman’s men collapsed. Abandoning the barricaded orange hedgerow. Under a withering fire sought protection behind the fence, dwellings they quickly retreated south- from Brawner and the two rifled can- Tracy’s command negotiated the obstacle east toward the blacksmith shop, fol- nons to their south, the Confederates and rushed boldly toward the barricaded lowed closely by the triumphant Confed- were now fired upon by Long’s cleverly houses to their front. They did so, how- erates. With their flank now turned, the concealed force. ever, without their commander, who advanced companies of the 7th Missouri The devastating crossfire was too much for many of the Confederates, who abandoned their position and took cover in the tall hemp. Others stuck fast to the hedgerow and continued the fight. John S. Kritzer of Hays’ command recollected that each time they fired their shotguns and old brindle-stock squirrel rifles, “There was sure to be meat in the pot, in other words, a dead Yankee near the can- non.”31 Meanwhile, the attack on the Fed- eral left had stalled. Hunter’s men hugged the fence, while the troopers of the 6th MSM fired back from an even more ex- posed position in the street. Soon, how- ever, realizing they could not sustain such an exposed position, Captain Plumb and the three companies of the 6th MSM moved north up the street, seeking the protection of the dwellings on the east side of the road. Plumb’s detachment moved north to find shelter and Hunter formed his men into column, intending to attack east Left: Private John Berry, Company H, 8th Missouri Militia Cavalry. Berry suffered a broken right shoulder at Lone Jack, probably in one of the deadly assaults on the guns. across the street. But as he prepared to Luretta Williams Collection, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks. launch the assault, he learned that most Right: Henry D. Moore, captain of Company H, 8th MSM Cavalry. At Lone Jack he was shot of his soldiers had already exhausted their twice in the left thigh and once in the right ear. Courtesy Jerry Moore. meager supply of ammunition. To make

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 63 Map 2 Lone Jack 5am to 7am Aug 16, 1862

UNKNOWN

To Ammo Wagon HUNTER JACKMAN TRACY

Tall weeds Tall weeds

H 4 AYS

5

3 6

F PLUMB Street 8MSM A Street 7MVC BRAWNER

FOSTER 1

7 7

G OCUM CPT LON CPT SL 2

Long’s Counterattack Corn Corn Corn Corn

LONG Map Key (MAPS 2 & 3) Two James rifled cannons (Union) 5 Stables Old frontier-style weather boarded single story house 6 Dr. Caleb Winfrey’s house and store Outbuildings (i.e., cow sheds, etc.) Osage orange hedgerow orth 1 Blacksmith shop (Foster’s headquarters); large building, single story 7 Openings in hedgerow 2 Blackjack oak tree; very tall, visible for miles Rail fence 3 Cave Hotel; two story building, frontier-style and weather boarded Cornfields 0 150 feet 4 Log cabin Area of tall weeds

p Graphics © DLF Group 2003 Group DLF © Graphics p Public square Building used as field hospital Ma

matters worse, he received word that a able that this force was part of Coffee’s Plumb’s fusillade may well have dis- Union cavalry force was moving through missing command, or possibly a comforted the mounted rebels, but a the cornfield on his right flank and rea- mounted force led by Captain David greater shock was quickly to follow. Fos- soned that, “unless immediate steps were Shanks of Hays’ command. Far from ter had once again dispatched a small taken, they would capture our horses and threatening Hunter’s position this force, force behind cover of the hedgerow, this ammunition, and also be able to charge numbering perhaps two hundred men, time under the command of Captain me in the right rear.”32 was attempting to turn the Union left Elias Slocum of Company H, 7th MSM The flaws in the independent nature flank. Plumb’s Union detachment, catch- Cavalry. Pulling two companies from the of the rebel command and the resulting ing a glimpse of the horsemen as they center, Slocum worked his way south poor communication were quickly be- emerged from the cornfield, opened fire along the prickly barrier to a point per- coming apparent. Unbeknown to Hun- as it crossed to the east side of the street. haps a hundred feet south of the Union ter the horsemen moving on his right Plumb later claimed he “repulsed a large left, where the hedge, turning sharply, ran were not Union cavalry but fellow Con- force of cavalry, which charged furiously into the cornfield. federates. Although it will probably al- upon our left, aiming to rout us at the As the rebel horsemen charged ways remain an enigma, it is highly prob- first dash.”33 through the tall corn south of the hedge, 64 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 Map 3 Lone Jack 7am to 10:30am Aug 16, 1862

Tall weeds Hotel on fire, 9 a.m. Tall weeds HUNTER & JACKMAN TRACY Corn 5 HAYS

6 3 Federal withdrawal 1030 a.m. Street Street

By 9 a.m. Foster rolled the two guns into the street

1 7 7

2

orth

Corn Corn Corn Corn

Map Key (MAPS 2 & 3) Confederate unit Confederate attack Secondary Confederate attack Confederate march route Confederate retreat

Union company Union attack Union counterattack Union movement Union retreat

p Graphics © DLF Group 2003 Group DLF © Graphics p Ma hoping to outflank the Union position, completely, leaving an irate Jackman these dying horses as they collapsed in they smashed headlong into the formi- with his right flank completely exposed. heaps.36 dable hedgerow. Describing the resulting Shortly after Hunter’s departure The Hoosier cannoneers worked carnage, Foster wrote: Jackman ordered his own men to retire, the two guns at a feverish pace, discharg- Furious cries and fearful maledic- partly because of the exposed flank but ing blasts of canister as quickly as the cyl- tions, mingled with the sharp also because they too were out of am- inders could be rammed home. With rattle of Slocum’s rifles, told of munition. Marching west, Jackman’s sol- each discharge dozens of iron balls confusion on the one side and diers rejoined Hunter and together they belched from the guns, and billowing deadly determination on the other moved north toward the ordnance clouds of white smoke, combining with of that green wall. Here was one wagon. A lull descended on the south- the smoke from hundreds of small arms, of the deadliest spots on the ern portion of the field.35 choked the air and obscured friend and bloody field of Lone Jack. But the In stark contrast, the fighting to the foe alike. killing here was all done by north grew in intensity. The roar of Just moments after Hays ordered Slocum, for so great was the con- musketry and cannon fire rose to a cre- the charge the surging rebel tide swept fusion among the guerrillas— scendo, and pausing only long enough over the artillery pieces. A brief but those behind crowding forward to regroup, Tracy’s and Hays’ commands bloody close-quarter engagement en- upon those checked by the renewed their assault. The Confederates, sued. One young Confederate jumped hedge—that not a hundred shots, led by Hays himself, stormed from the up on a captured gun, yelling “Hurrah all told, were fired by them. Find- west side of the street. With their for Jeff Davis!” before falling dead, ing this route impracticable they trapped comrades from the hedgerow riddled with bullets. The surviving can- returned to the main body of Con- joining them, the Confederates aimed noneers abandoned their guns and ran federates massed on our front.34 their attack squarely at the two guns of to the rear, passing the blacksmith shop Hunter, not sure who was on his the Indiana battery. Desperate for cover, and squeezing through the break in the right and with his men almost out of many of the Union men brought up hedge beyond, with Brawner’s support- ammunition, marched his command their mounts to use as a living breast- ing cavalry joining the rout. Directly on southwest in a maneuver designed to pro- work. Seeing this, Hays ordered his men their heels came the screaming rebels, tect his flank. Then, changing his mind, to direct their fire at the animals. many following the Union men through he resolved to replenish his ammunition Brawner’s company alone lost twenty- the opening in the hedgerow. As the rebel and headed northwest, the last known six of them in rapid succession. For force poured around the hedge Captain direction of the ammunition wagon. By many years residents and veterans would Long and his detachment fled south into doing so Hunter abandoned the field recall the piteous screams and groans of the cornfield. Word that the guns had

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 65 been captured spread quickly along the great to overcome, or this style of fight- tacking the Federal guns. The rain of iron Union line, disheartening the defend- ing deemed too reckless for new recruits, fragments had, in Tracy’s words, “cut me ers.37 but many in the Confederate force re- on the top of the head and some cut my Toward the left-center of the street, fused to return to the fight. The presence legs terribly in front and one piece struck Company F of the 8th MSM Cavalry was of so many reluctant warriors had a det- me in the fundament, and now the blood ordered to mount up and ride north to- rimental impact on those preparing to is running down my legs.” After a quick ward the captured James guns, but as they return to battle. These men told examination, Jackman could find no neared them the order was counter- Jackman, “Why [should] a few of us go trace of the wounds, and in fact could manded. Instead the company was di- back to be killed, when the whole com- find nothing physically wrong with Tracy. rected to find a way to enter the corn- mand is here and refuses to go back?” “[I] was thoroughly convinced,” stated field east of the hedgerow and drive the Nevertheless, gathering up all who would Jackman, “that [Tracy] was mistaken as enemy out. The company of Federals follow, Jackman and Hunter marched to what was running down his legs.”40 proceeded south, finding another break directly back toward New Town.39 Now resembling more an armed in the hedgerow. “We went out some On his way to the firing line Jackman mob than a military unit, Jackman’s and twenty or thirty rows [into the cornfield,] spotted Colonel Tracy being carried from Hunter’s ad hoc command returned to turned north, then wheeled into line and the field by two men. Jackman, alarmed, the fight on the western edge of town. As made a charge,” stated Corporal William inquired about his fellow commander’s the Confederates climbed the fence and L. Roney. “The enemy was packed in injury. Tracy told him he had been moved toward the cover of a few scattered there as thick as they could lie on the wounded by an exploding shell while at- outbuildings they were once again met ground. They rose up and gave [us] a frightful volley, and wounded quite a few.” Forced back by a hail of gunfire, COLE YOUNGER shot down. The wounded of both Company F retreated to its original po- First Lieutenant Thomas Coleman forces were gathered up and were sition and dismounted. “Cole” Younger served under Colonel placed in houses. My brother and I, As Captains Brawner and Long tried Upton Hays at Lone Jack. After the war both supposed to be mortally to rally their shaken men, Major Foster Cole Younger, along with Frank and Jesse wounded, were in the same bed. took steps to remedy the situation. With James, gained national notoriety as bank About an hour after the Confeder- no enemy on his left flank he ordered and train robbers. On September 7, 1876, ates left the field, the ranking officer Captain Plumb to move with two com- the James-Younger gang attempted to rob who took command when I became panies toward the center to help recap- a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, but unconscious, gathered his men to- ture the guns. Taking his own Company were met by a hail of gunfire. Cole and gether and returned to Lexington. B, and Company A of the 6th MSM Cav- his brothers, Jim and Bob, were seriously Soon after [their departure] the alry, Plumb united with some rallied sol- wounded and later captured and con- Confederates returned. The first man diers and rushed toward the captured victed. Sentenced to life in prison, Cole who entered my room was a guerrilla guns.38 was helped in his parole efforts by former [Quantrill’s band arrived after the Amid the dust, smoke, and mangled Lone Jack veteran Major Emory Foster. fight], followed by a dozen or more heaps of dead and dying men and horses, Surprisingly, the Federal commander men who seemed to obey him. He the Unionists struck back. Fighting hand- wrote to Judge George M. Bennett of was personally known to me and had to-hand the blueclad troopers recaptured Minneapolis in the late 1890s in an ef- been my enemy from before the war. their cannon and quickly got them back fort to help secure Cole’s freedom. He said he and his men had just shot into action. The shattered Confederates Foster’s letter contains an interesting ac- a lieutenant of a Cass county com- were once again driven back across the count of the battle and sheds light on pany whom they found wounded, street, while an equal number took ref- conditions in Missouri immediately af- and that he would shoot me and my uge on the east and west side of the ter the war: brother. While he was standing over hedgerow. Among the bodies littering the During the progress of the fight us, threatening us with his drawn pis- street was that of Plumb, stopped by a my attention was called to a young tol, the young man I had seen dis- rifle ball that shattered his right shoul- Confederate riding in front of the tributing ammunition along in front der. Confederate line, distributing am- of the Confederate line rushed into Meanwhile Jackman, arriving at the munition to the men from what the room from the west door and ammunition wagon, was astonished to seemed to be a ‘split basket.’ He rode seizing the fellow, thrust him out of find hundreds of men simply milling along under a most galling fire from the room. Several Confederates fol- around. Jackman witnessed Cockrell our side the entire length of the Con- lowed the young Confederate into “urging them, with all his power that was federate line, and when he had at last the room, and I heard them call him in him, to return to the battle, but with disappeared, our boys recognized his Cole Younger. He (Younger) sent for little effect.” While most of Hunter’s and gallantry in ringing cheers. I was told Col. Cockrell (in command of the Jackman’s men hurriedly filled their by some of our men from the west- Confederate forces) and stated the pockets and cartridge pouches with am- ern border of the state that they rec- case to him. He also called the young munition, the remainder seemed uncon- ognized the daring young rider as man Cole Younger and directed him cerned about future operations. Perhaps Cole Younger. About 9:30 a.m. I was to guard the house, which he did. Foster’s spirited defense was judged too

66 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 by a withering fusillade from the Federals spirit, he shouted above the roar of battle some found this avenue blocked by the positioned across the street. The attack- that he would show his men something. onrushing cavalrymen.42 ing force quickly took cover and returned With a pistol in each hand Hays gave the Major Harvey Vivian and three of his fire. Aiming at shadowy figures made in- order to “Charge, double quick!” at the subordinates were captured by Long’s distinct by clouds of billowing smoke, Union men in the cornfield. The South- onrushing troopers. The officer watched some of the shots fired by Hunter’s and erners rose as one, with even the unarmed as the dismounted Union men shot his Jackman’s men missed their mark. Fly- men ready to launch themselves at their three comrades. As they turned on the ing wide, these bullets smacked into Hays’ foes. major a Union officer intervened, insist- and Tracy’s position behind the hedgerow From his position in the cornfield ing Vivian be taken prisoner. While in the rear of the Federals. One of the men Captain Long witnessed Hays’ prepara- marching their captive toward the black- injured by this friendly fire was Private tions and launched a hasty counterattack. smith shop a volley erupted from the Henry C. Luttrell. Severely wounded, he With their backs against the hedge bar- Confederates across the street, sending was dragged away to the rebel field hos- rier the Confederates found themselves the Union guards diving to the ground. pital, established in a mill just north of faced with the threat of the charging Instead of taking cover Vivian ran, suf- New Town.41 Federals while still taking fire from their fering a bullet through the arm in the Working his way among the prone own men across the street. Hays reluc- process. Desperation forced him to claw forms behind the hedge, Colonel Hays tantly ordered a swift retreat, and while his way to safety through the thorny bar- tried to rally his dazed command. Des- most of the rebels managed to escape rier. “Upon landing on the other side I perate to instill an aggressive fighting through the opening in the hedgerow, was somewhat of a tattered mess,” re- ported Vivian, “[as] the majority of my clothes had hung in the hedge.” With his My brother had with him about body torn and bleeding he stumbled to- $300, and I had about $700. This ward a riderless horse, swung himself into money and our revolvers were, with the saddle, and made good his escape.43 the knowledge and approval of Cole As the fighting continued to rage, a Younger, placed in safe hands, and… stream of wounded Federals found their delivered to my mother in Warrens- way to the Cave Hotel; with the yellow burg, MO. hospital flag clearly visible it appeared a Cole Younger was then certainly safe sanctuary from the maelstrom en- a high type of manhood, and every gulfing the street. Inside Mrs. Cave and inch a soldier, who risked his own her family, along with Dr. Cundiff and life to protect that of wounded and his assistants, gave what aid they could disabled enemies. I believe he still re- to the wounded and dying. tains those qualities and would prove Between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m., as the himself as good a citizen as we have opposing lines consolidated their posi- among us if set free, and would fight tions, the battle evolved into a shooting for the Stars and Stripes as fearlessly match across the sixty-foot-wide street, as he did for the Southern flag. Hay’s and Tracy’s men holding the west I have never seen him since the side of the street, the Union men the east. battle of Lone Jack. I know much of To the right-front of the blacksmith shop, the conditions and circumstances the two rifled cannons continued to blast under which the Youngers were away at any viable target, albeit at a slower placed after the war, and knowing rate owing to the number of casualties this, I have great sympathy for them. among the crews. Although the Confed- Many men, now prominent and erates faced a serious disadvantage, hav- useful citizens of Missouri, were, like ing to fire directly into the rising sun, they the Youngers, unable to return to nevertheless were now well within shot- their homes until some fortunate gun range of the enemy. With both friend accident through [threw] them with and foe firmly entrenched, Foster likened men they had known before the war, the struggle to “two wrestling athletes who had influence enough to make [holding] each other in a horrible em- easy their return to peace and use- brace.” fulness. If this had occurred to the As bullets and buckshot filled the air Youngers, they would have had good the Union casualties began to mount. homes in Missouri. One of Captain Long’s cavalrymen was struck in the face by a shotgun blast, the buckshot tearing away his lower jaw. Source: The Story of Cole Younger—By Thomas Coleman (“Cole”) Younger. Dazed, the critically injured soldier Himself (1903). Historical Society of Missouri stumbled against another comrade, who had been wounded when a rifle ball broke

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 67 both of his arms. Neither man wanted to rebels continued to lose men to the con- his two James rifles pushed forward into leave the fight, so they determined to cealed Federals. the street. As Captain Brawner and his work in tandem. Unable to load his rifle Frustrated, Lieutenant James C. company deployed to protect the remain- on his own, the jawless man would hold Martin suggested to Jackman that the ing cannoneers, the Union gunners took the cartridge while his comrade tore snipers could be flushed out if the struc- sight down the length of their tubes and through the paper with his teeth, expos- ture was set ablaze. Jackman approved the began to fire salvo after salvo into the ing the powder and ball. Onlookers plan and ordered his remaining soldiers house to the north.47 watched in amazement as the two con- to prepare to shoot any Federals who With projectiles pummeling their tinued to blast away at the enemy despite emerged from the hotel. Martin, assisted residence, Mrs. William Phillips, her two their horrible wounds. Nearby, Foster by Private Lafayette Logan, sprinted to the children, and a sixteen-year-old niece watched a round tear through the skull back of the structure, picking up bits of took shelter in a bedroom, crowding into of one of Captain Plumb’s men. Although paper and other combustibles along the the meager protection of an empty ward- mortally wounded the soldier continued way. Within minutes the two men had robe. Soon one of the Federal shots ripped to fumble through the motion of reload- crammed the kindling into the weather- through the house, smashing the bedstead ing his rifle; he died an hour later with board, setting fire to the hotel.45 and showering the wardrobe with debris; the weapon still locked in his hands. Pri- Busily moving from patient to pa- the family lost no time in fleeing.48 vate George T. Delozier of Company F, tient, Dr. Cundiff watched in horror as Shortly after 10:00 a.m. Foster no- 8th MSM, was wounded in succession by flames began to consume the back wall ticed that the Confederate fire was slack- a bullet through the right shoulder, one of his hospital. Rushing outside, the sur- through the right side of his neck, and geon pleaded for assistance. From across finally a blast in the face from a shotgun. the street a small force of Union men re- DEATH OF At his post beside the blacksmith shop sponded, hastily flanking the hotel and CAPTAIN LONG Private William Hopper, of the Second holding the rebels at bay until Cundiff Among the civilians who voluntar- Battalion MSM, was hit in the hand and could remove his patients. As the ily fought alongside Confederate troops knuckles by two spent rounds. As he bent wounded were carried across the avenue in the battle was a group of brothers from to recover his fallen rifle a third bullet Mrs. Cave and her family exited the build- Pleasant Hill, Missouri, a community ap- ricocheted off the building and struck ing, running as fast as they could through proximately a dozen miles southeast of him in the back of the head, driving him a hail of gunfire and making their way Lone Jack. James Henley, with ten other face forward into the dirt street.44 over the fence to take cover in the tall boys, raced to the scene of the fight, anx- Confederate casualties mounted weeds. Before long, however, Mrs. Cave, ious to get a shot at the Yankees. A too. As cannon and small arms fire swept while attempting to comfort one of her brother, Andrew Henley, was also in- the avenue the rebels managed to work offspring, was shot in the chest and mor- volved in the fight as a recent recruit of their way through the buildings and lots tally wounded. She died five weeks later Vard Cockrell. to the back of the Cave Hotel. Taking in the presence of her traumatized chil- Following the battle James Henley devastating fire from the buildings east dren.46 was surveying the carnage when he heard of the street, Jackman’s men broke into Within minutes the entire hotel was his name being called by a wounded Fed- small squads, each desperately trying to engulfed in flames. Miraculously, Cundiff eral officer. The man was unrecognizable, find cover. The colonel and five others had managed to get almost all of the with black smears of gunpowder and took refuge behind a small cabin in back wounded out of the building. One man, dried blood obscuring his face, but James of the Cave Hotel. In seconds, however, a Confederate badly wounded in the skir- knew the voice belonged to Captain Wil- a bullet slammed into the temple of a mish the previous night, was not moved liam Long. Prior to the battle Long had man beside Jackman. A moment later a in time and was burned alive in the been commander of the Federal garrison round ripped through the head of a first flames. at Pleasant Hill, which was located at the sergeant, who fell beside the other vic- From the limited vantage points of- old fairgrounds opposite the Henley fam- tim, whereupon a third bullet shattered fered by the blacksmith shop, Foster con- ily home. Long had befriended the fam- the skull of Captain Abner Bryant. Cer- tinued to scan the horizon for any sign ily, despite their secessionist leanings. tain that the next shot would add an- of reinforcements. At 9:15 a.m. he ob- The brothers decided to take the other body to the rapidly growing pile, served a force of some two hundred men wounded officer into their own care. Jackman recommended to his surviving about a mile south of town. Believing When Long said he was too badly hurt comrades that they change position. The them to be Federals, Foster’s soldiers let to make the trip on horseback, Joseph words had hardly left his mouth, how- out a loud cheer. However, after observ- Henley, the boys’ father, rode home and ever, before a fourth shot struck home. ing the fight for a short while, the returned with a wagon. Jackman and the remaining man quickly mounted men turned and rode from While all of his three wounds were moved to a new location. view; to this day their identity is un- serious, the shot that had shattered Cap- Convinced that the deadly sniper fire known. tain Long’s leg was most dangerous, and was coming from within the Cave Hotel, The battle continued to rage, and the several days after the battle his leg was the Confederates began firing into the Union men around the blacksmith shop amputated. By that time Andrew Henley, two-story structure. While this small began to take accurate fire from a small also wounded in the leg at Lone Jack, had arms fire easily penetrated the thin board house to their north. In an effort to dis- returned home. Long, hearing that the walls it seemed to have little effect, as the lodge the sharpshooters Foster ordered 68 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 ening. Convinced that the enemy was Jackman’s soldiers moved stealthily upon As their officer crumpled to the ground, running low on ammunition, Foster sur- the guns of the Indiana battery. Once and with a surging mass of yelping rebels veyed the area. To his great surprise he again the section of James rifles and bearing down on their position, most of witnessed a man on horseback distrib- Brawner’s supporting cavalry came un- the Hoosiers abandoned their artillery uting cartridges among the rebel soldiers der a blistering fire. pieces.49 deployed along the west side of the street. Enraged by what he perceived as the Emboldened by the sudden cessa- As the Union soldiers fired away the man needless slaughter of his men, Lieuten- tion of artillery fire the Confederates continued to dispense the greatly needed ant Devlin broke from arrest and ran to stormed into the street. About one hun- ammunition, apparently unconcerned by his section, ordering his men to fall back dred and fifty Southerners descended the Federal bullets hissing around him. to the safety of the buildings. As the crews swiftly on Brawner and the few remain- With his supply finally exhausted the began to break, Sergeant Scott, “with ing men of the artillery crew. A savage man rode calmly away, amid the cheers blackened face and flaming eyes, and hand-to-hand contest followed, the of impressed Federals. fighting like the devil incarnate,” coun- rebels capturing the guns and forcing the Within a few moments the center of termanded Devlin’s order. The artillery- Federals to flee. As the Confederates the street was once again engulfed in gun- men, trying to decide whose order to fol- wheeled the pieces around, and at- fire. As one wing of the Confederate army low, hesitated. At that moment Devlin tempted to get them into action, Brawner poured deadly shotgun blasts into the was struck down, two bullets tearing called for reinforcements. In another mad Federal position, some of Hunter’s and through his lower abdomen and testicles. sortie, Brawner once again secured the guns, driving the Southerners back to the west side of the road. In seconds, how- ever, the Confederates again charged, driving Brawner and his exhausted war- riors back to the blacksmith shop. The bloody contest was by no means over. Again Union soldiers stormed out of the blacksmith shop and surrounding structures, with Captain Brawner lead- ing them forward, back toward the guns. Amid the heaps of dead and dying men and horses, the close-quarter struggle continued, revolvers, clubbed muskets, and fists all being freely used. Brawner’s force once again secured the guns as the Confederates retired. Knowing their po- sition was untenable the Union men be- gan to wheel the guns by hand back to- ward the blacksmith shop. Before they could get far, however, another Confed- erate charge, the largest of the day, swept forward. In the face-to-face bloodbath that followed, a wounded Brawner and his survivors were sent reeling. As Foster watched from the blacksmith shop, the victorious rebels began to pull the cap- tured guns through the maze of prostrate bodies back to their side of the street. Meanwhile, Major Foster called on Captain Long for immediate support. Long, who had been fighting Hunter’s and Jackman’s men south of the black- smith shop, responded quickly, and de- spite his wounds personally led sixty men Captain William A. Long (left), commander of Company A, Second Battalion Missouri State Militia Cavalry, and unknown comrade. Courtesy Margaret McClellan. to the blacksmith shop. Foster remem- bered, “[Long’s] coat had been thrown oldest son was recuperating in the next Captain William Long died soon after, aside and his shirt, open at the collar, ex- room, asked if it was possible to see him. still in the care of the Henley family, and posed his breast bathed in blood and When Andrew hobbled into the room was buried in the Pleasant Hill cemetery. powder stained. He had a strange light and over to the bed Long took his friend’s Source: Pleasant Hill Times, in his eye, and his parted lips showed his hand and shook it heartily. August 25, 1911 teeth set sharply together.” Through the roar of small arms fire Foster called out

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 69 to Long, asking if he would help recap- Colonel Coffee, over eight hundred section were dead, their crumpled corpses ture the cannons. Long replied in the af- strong, emerged from the woods north still harnessed to the limbers. Unable to firmative, saying, “I would go with you of town and deployed for battle. The ap- drag the cannon by hand to Lexington, to hell!” With only an empty pistol in his pearance of this force, fresh and appar- some of Foster’s exhausted survivors hand, Long and his sixty men followed ently ready to redeem their reputation, rolled the guns south down the street, past Major Foster and small force into the electrified their exhausted compatriots. the hedgerow, and into the cornfield be- firestorm beyond. “[These reinforcements] arrived just in yond.53 Here the artillery pieces were Foster’s forlorn hope emerged from the nick of time, when victory was poised spiked, the tubes dismounted from the the blacksmith shop and leapt upon the over the field, uncertain where to perch,” carriages, and the carriages given a super- enemy. Surprised by the savage on- reported Hunter.51 ficial camouflage of corn stalks.54 slaught, the stunned Southern men again abandoned their prizes and staggered back to the east side of the street. The surviving Union force began wheeling the cannons back to the blacksmith shop, past the ever-growing piles of dead. As he strained to move one gun Major Fos- ter was struck by a bullet to the back, and he fell into the dirt street. Once the guns were back on the Union side of the street, Melville Foster traversed the road again, under an intense storm of gunfire, to return to his brother’s side. As the young captain reached his brother and bent down he too was struck. A bullet ripped through his right breast, emerging near his right shoulder blade. Losing blood quickly, the mortally wounded officer managed to retrieve his brother and struggle back to the black- smith shop, being hit again in the pro- Photograph of the subdivision located on the eastern portion of the Lone Jack battlefield. cess. The final charge had been success- Photograph by Alinda Miller. ful; the artillery would remain in Union The Friends of Historic Lone Jack, who a member of the Friends of Historic Lone hands for the duration of the battle. It support the Lone Jack Battlefield, Soldier’s Jack, visit their website: http://www. had been a costly victory. Forty-eight of Cemetery & Museum in a variety of ways— friendsofhistoriclonejack.org or write to: Long’s sixty men were killed or wounded including conducting all tours and provid- Friends of Historic Lone Jack, P.O. Box 34, within a few moments. Among the rows ing publicity for the museum—are actively Lone Jack, MO 64070. of dead and dying men littering the street trying purchase and preserve the remaining Other questions can be directed to was Captain Long himself, having fallen portion of the battlefield. Alinda M. Miller, president of the Friends at the head of his command. As Major To learn how to make a donation to the of Historic Lone Jack, at: Foster lay in a half conscious state on the Lone Jack preservation project or to become [email protected] floor of the shop the battle continued to rage outside. The few remaining cannon- With Major Foster grievously Mounting his command, with some eers, assisted by volunteer cavalrymen, wounded, Captain Brawner took com- no doubt riding double, Brawner led his once again manned their guns and mand of the remaining Union forces. It men out of the village they had fought opened on the Confederates.50 did not take him long to evaluate the so hard to defend. Nearly every officer in About 10:30 a.m. the firing again combat effectiveness of his dwindling his command had been killed or seemed to taper off, then cease. From command. His men were exhausted, hav- wounded, including Brawner himself. their position the Federals caught ing traveled over a hundred miles in the Unable to take their wounded with them, glimpses of Confederate troops in small previous days and fought the skirmish the Federals gathered them into a small groups of twos and threes breaking from the night before, and having been heavily store building near the smoldering ruins cover and leaving the field. Elated, a spon- engaged since daybreak. In addition, they of the Cave Hotel, where they were left taneous cheer went up from the Union were nearly out of ammunition. With re- to the mercy of the rebels. Among these lines—the rebels had begun withdraw- inforcements nowhere in sight, Captain bleeding men were the two Foster broth- ing to the north. To the Unionists it Brawner reluctantly but prudently gave ers and Captain Long. The Federal dead seemed that their sacrifice and struggle the order to abandon Lone Jack and re- were left where they fell, as there was not had been rewarded with victory. treat to Lexington.52 time enough for their burial. The cavalry The celebration was short lived, This would not be easy, as scores of column wound north from Lone Jack un- however. The Confederate retreat halted horses had been killed and wounded. All molested, reaching the Federal garrison as the heretofore absent command of of the horses belonging to the artillery at Lexington at 7 p.m.

70 NORTH & SOUTH JANUARY 2004 • VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 Captain Brawner expressed confi- erate casualties they were certainly severe, tention for the honor of superi- dently to his superior that his men had as Colonel Tracy reported after the fight ority in command among the of- won the battle. The price for this “vic- that the Southern command was “shot all ficers, where unity should have tory,” however, had been high; of the to pieces, crippled, and bleeding.” existed. Even at this late day we eight hundred men who left Lexington Important, too, was the disposal of see that the venom has not all the day before fewer than half returned. the dead cavalry and artillery horses. One been exhausted. No wonder the Brawner reported forty-three men killed, local farmer, Tom Roupe, was ordered to Confederacy collapsed.58 ■ 154 wounded, and seventy-five missing, drag some seventy-five to one hundred for a total of 272. This does not fully ex- dead or dying horses off the main street KIP LINDBERG is archivist of the plain the return of less than four hun- and deposit their carcasses outside of Weapons of Mass Destruction Collec- dred of the command. Perhaps the rest town, an effort that took all day.57 tion, U.S. Army Chemical School, Ft. were slightly wounded, either taking ref- As the secessionists completed po- Leonard Wood, Missouri, and the former uge in sympathetic homes along the licing up the battlefield their command- site superintendent of the Mine Creek route of retreat or returning to their own ers took stock of the situation. Opera- Battlefield State Historic Site. homes to recuperate; or perhaps they tionally their campaign had been a MATT MATTHEWS is an opposing were troopers who straggled or were success. Men had been recruited in ad- forces specialist with the Battle Com- forced to march on foot, arriving in Lex- equate numbers, enough to field several mand Training Program at Fort Leaven- ington later. In any case, Foster’s com- full regiments. Even better, the Federal worth, Kansas. He is also the former mand suffered a casualty rate of at least loss in arms and equipage significantly mayor of Ottawa, Kansas. thirty-four percent, and perhaps more benefited the Confederate command. The authors are currently complet- than fifty percent.55 However, the rebels knew their po- ing a book on the Baxter Springs, Kan- Bolstered by Coffee’s arrival the sition was untenable, so preparations sas, massacre. combined rebel command once again were made to begin their movement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: The authors entered Lone Jack, only to find its bul- south. They too would leave the seriously would like to thank Alinda Miller, presi- let-riddled buildings deserted. As the wounded behind. Those who could not dent of the Friends of Historic Lone Jack, rebel surgeons began ministering to the journey to their own homes to recuper- and LTC Frank Gammon for their help Union wounded the soldiers began to ate would be left with local citizens or in researching this article. comb the battlefield for much-needed await the return of the Federal army. NOTES ordnance and supplies. The retreating By mid-morning of August 17 the 1. A teenage Harry S Truman, future U.S. Federals had left behind hundreds of remaining rebels were warned of the president, was among those in the audi- rifles, pistols, and carbines. Scattered presence of another Federal force. Gen- ence when veteran and Truman family through the buildings and yards were eral Warren entered Lone Jack that morn- friend Abe Koger corrected Colonel Crisp. sets of leather accouterments, canteens, ing, and General Blunt arrived from Fort This is his recollection of that event. Merle blankets, and pieces of clothing. In ad- Scott the next day, his 2,500 men making Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography dition, scores of saddles and bridles were the trip with remarkable speed. Discov- of Harry S. Truman (Berkley, CA, 1974), p. removed from the dead cavalry horses ering the fate of Foster’s command, and 68; David McCulloch, Truman (New York, for further use. Hunter found the two ascertaining the Confederate route of re- 1992), p. 63. 2. “Rooster” Cogburn, the fiction character artillery pieces where they had been left, treat, Blunt set off in pursuit. The Union created by author Charles Portis for his guarded only by a small boy and two pursuit was dogged, but the Confeder- book True Grit, and portrayed by John horses. The guns were jubilantly claimed ates made good their escape, soon reach- Wayne in the 1969 motion picture of the as trophies of war.56 ing the relative safety of north-central Ar- same name, claimed he lost his eye as a The blistering August sun made it kansas. Confederate participant at the Battle of imperative that the bodies of the dead be Lone Jack. buried quickly. Two parallel trenches * * * 3. Organization and Status of Missouri Troops were dug under the shade of the large MANY OF THE MAJOR PARTICIPANTS, in- (Union and Confederate) in Service Dur- blackjack tree, with the bodies of the dead cluding Foster, Hunter, and Jackman, ing the Civil War (GPO, Washington, D.C., 1902), pp. 48-54. laid inside, segregated into friend and foe. contributed their memories of the battle 4. Richard L. Norton, ed., “Behind Enemy Colonel Hunter walked along the to a series of newspaper articles published Lines”: The Memoirs and Writings of Briga- trenches, surveying the bodies as they in the 1880s. Understandably, the ac- dier General Sidney Drake Jackman awaited a covering of earth. Inquiring of counts were in many respects contradic- (Springfield, MO, 1997), pp. 72-73, 81. the officer in charge of the burial detail, tory. Moreover, many of the writers, es- 5. United States War Department, The War Hunter learned that 119 Federals and pecially the ex-Confederates, descended of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Offi- forty-seven rebels had been brought there to character assassination. Prompted by cial Records of the Union and Confederate for burial. Undoubtedly more Confeder- this public squabbling Henry Luttrell, Armies, 128 Vols. (Washington, D. C. 1880- ates had been killed, as several sources list having survived his wound and served 1901), Series I, Volume 13, p. 238 (hereaf- ter cited as O.R.; all citations of O.R. refer a nearly equal number of dead for each until the end of the war, wrote: to Series 1 unless indicated otherwise). side. Most likely many of the Southern Let the honors fall on those who 6. George S. Grover, “Major Emory S. Fos- dead were identified and their bodies re- deserve them. But after the sad ter,” Missouri Historical Review, Vol. XIV, trieved by friends and family for private story is all and truly told it re- Nos. 3-4 (April-July, 1920), pp. 425-32.; burial. Whatever the number of Confed- veals the sorry spectacle of con- Liberty Weekly Tribune, April 4, 1862.

VOL. 7 • NUMBER 1 • JANUARY 2004 NORTH & SOUTH 71 7. Ordnance Reports, Box 767-768, RG: 94, Campbell and his son Alexander National Archives and Records Admin- Stack: 8WC, Row 13, Compartment 16, Campbell, in the early 19th century. The istration Shelf B, National Archives, Washington, order was known by many names such 45. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 99-100; D.C. Frank J. Gammon of Huntersville, as, the Restoration Movement, Disciples Missouri Republican, September 12, North Carolina, conducted this research, of Christ, and The Christian Church. 1885. which clearly shows that the two guns Many in the church believed that it was 46. Missouri Republican, September 26, used by Union forces at Lone Jack were a return to the pure New Testament and 1885; Webb, 159. Jesse M. Cave, “Memo- bronze M1841 6-pounders with 3.67-inch teachings. ries of the Battle of Lone Jack,” Indepen- bores, rifled to the James system. In addi- 29. Lebanon Rustic Leader, May 12, 1881. dence Examiner, August 14, 1937. tion, newspaper articles and veteran ac- 30. Webb, pp. 159, 328-30. 47. Missouri Republican, August 1, 1885. counts make numerous mentions of 31. O.R., Vol. 13, pp. 237, 239; Missouri Re- 48. W.Z. Hickman, History of Jackson “rifled bronze cannon” and specify James publican, August 1, 1885; Confederate County (Topeka, KS, 1920), p. 283. shells. Veteran, April 1916, p. 63. 49. Missouri Republican, August 1, 1885. 8. S.K. Hall, Letter to Harris, 12 September 32. Missouri Republican, September 12, 50. Ibid., Roney Memoirs. 1862, from the collection and courtesy 1885. 51. Missouri Republican, August 1, 1885; General Sweeny’s Museum of Civil War 33. Janet B. Hewett, ed., Supplement to the September 12, 1885. History, Republic, Missouri. Official Records of the Union and Con- 52. O.R., Vol.13, pp. 237-38. 9. O.R., Vol. 13, pp.238, 569, 575. federate Armies, Addendum [Reports], 53. Roney memoirs. 10. O.R., Vol.13, pp. 569, 575. Vol. 13, Serial No. 19 (Wilmington, 54. “Spiked” means the cannon were dam- 11. O.R., Vol. 13, p. 571. 1996), p. 46. aged, probably by driving a rat-tailed file 12. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 82-84. 34. Missouri Republican, August 1, 1885. Fos- into the vent hole to prevent the inser- 13. Kit Dalton, Under The Black Flag (Mem- ter wrongly believed this to be Quantrill’s tion of a friction primer or other igni- phis, 1912), p.76; Romulus L. Travis, The command. tion device. By removing the trunnion Story of Lone Jack (n.p. 1907). 35. Missouri Republican, September 12, caps and lifting the carriage trail a can- 14. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 84. 1885. non tube could easily be dismounted. 15. O.R., Vol.13, p. 239. 36. W.L. Webb, Battles and Biographies of Weighing around eight hundred pounds, 16. O.R., Vol.13, pp. 237, 239. Missourians: or the Civil War Period of it would take several men to remount the 17. S.K. Hall, Letter to Harris; O.R., Vol. 13, Our State (Kansas City, 1900), p.157. tube on the carriage. According to Cap- p. 239. 37. Webb, 158. tain Brawner’s after-action report, “we 18. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 85; W.L. 38. O.R., Vol. 13, p. 237; Roney Memoirs; spiked one of [the guns] and otherwise Webb, Battles and Biographies of Missou- Supplement to the O.R., Vol.13, Serial No. very much injured the other, while the rians: or the Civil War Period of Our State 19, p. 46. ammunition belonging to them was (Kansas City, 1900), pp.153, 159. 39. Supplement to the O.R., Vol. 13, Serial No. mostly destroyed before we left.” 19. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 86. 19, p. 46; Norton, ed., Behind Enemy 55. Report of Colonel Dan Huston, Septem- 20. Ibid., 89-90. Lines, 96. ber 23, 1862, from the collection and 21. Ibid., 92. 40. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 97. A courtesy General Sweeny’s Museum of 22. Corporal William L. Roney, hand-written previous example of Tracy’s behavior Civil War History, Republic, Missouri. memoirs, scrapbook, compiled by the comes from Dr. John W. Armstrong, who 56. Missouri Republican, September 12, Independence, Missouri, chapter, United fought at Lone Jack. Armstrong claimed 1885. Daughters of the Confederacy, tran- that Tracy ran away from a fight in “Hog- 57. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 110; scribed by The Blue and Gray Chronicle, eye,” Missouri, early in the campaign. Ernest N. Roupe, “Boyhood Memories Independence, Vol. 6, Number 3, Febru- Lebanon Rustic Leader, May 12, 1881. It of the Civil War,” from the Jackson ary, 2003. should be noted, however, that Tracy had County Historical Society Archives. 23. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, p. 92; by all accounts performed honorably at 58. Missouri Republican, October 3, 1885. C. B. Lotspeich, Manuscript, Mid-Conti- the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, where he nent Library, Independence, Missouri; was wounded in action. Henry C. Lut- Have you looked at the Missouri Republican, September 12, 1885. trell, a Lone Jack veteran, made the fol- 24. Ordnance Returns for 7th Missouri Vol- lowing statement after reading Jackman’s Official Records of the Union unteer Cavalry, Second Battalion Mis- account of Lone Jack: “Tracy certainly and Confederate Armies lately? souri State Militia Cavalry, 7th Missouri did not show any sign of cowardice while State Militia Cavalry, 6th Missouri State leading his regiment to the charge on Militia Cavalry, 8th Missouri State Mili- that fated morning; he faced ‘the music’ tia Cavalry, National Archives, Microfilm, like a little man to my certain knowledge Command and General Staff College, up to the time of his wound. What he Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. did afterwards, I, of course don’t know, 25. Missouri Republican, August 1, 1885; but I don’t believe he acted the pusillani- Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 93. mous cur that Jackman describes.” Mis- 26. Missouri Republican, September 26, 1885. souri Republican, October 3, 1885. 27. O.R., Vol. 13, p.237; Roney memoir; 41. Ibid. Lotspeich manuscript; Norton, ed., Be- 42. Webb, 157. Letter from Major Vivian, hind Enemy Lines, 92-93; Leslie Anders, Jackson County Historical Society Ar- “Fighting the Ghost at Lone Jack,” Mis- chives. souri Historical Review, Volume LXXIX, 43. Article on file at the archives of the Jack- Number 3 (April, 1985), p. 342. son County Historical Society. It is linked and searchable at 28. Norton, ed., Behind Enemy Lines, 93. 44. Missouri Republican, August 1, 1885; northandsouthmagazine.com Campbellism was founded by Thomas Pension application of William Hooper,

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