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Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg: Slovakia's Path of Political Transformation During Her First Five Years of Independence (1993-8)

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Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg: Slovakia's Path of Political Transformation During Her First Five Years of Independence (1993-8) Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg Timothy John Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg: Slovakia’s Path of Political Transformation During Her First Five Years of Independence (1993-8) Ph.D. Thesis School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, London University ProQuest Number: U642570 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642570 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg Abstract Accounts of the first five years of Slovakia’s independence tend to find an explanation for her transformation from a front-runner to join NATO and the European Union into the black sheep of Central Europe in two words: Vladimir Meciar. This thesis is an attempt to assess that claim. After two introductory chapters, one exploring the terrain of Slovak politics, and the other assessing the utility of applying theories of democratization and political culture, the thesis examines Meciar’s role in explaining Slovak development. Employing theories of leadership and decision-making, the role of the former Slovak prime minister is examined in detail. Meciar’s position vis-à-vis his own party, HZDS, and the input of other political actors into the decision-making process is evaluated. A central chapter of the thesis explores the formation and functioning of the 1994-8 governing coalition. Utilising comparative coalition theory, the chapter gauges the part played by the two smaller parties, ZRS and SNS, in the 1994-8 government. In order to ascertain the degree of responsibility for Slovakia’s political development that deserves to be placed on Meciar’s shoulders, the thesis incorporates a consideration of the part played by the institutional framework of politics and Slovak public opinion. Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg Table of Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. 4 Tables, Figures and Graphs .................................................................................... 7 Frequently Used Abbreviations.............................................................................. 9 Preface ..................................................................................................................... 10 1 Theories of Democratic Transition, Consolidation and Political Culture and their Utility in Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg ....................................................................................................14 2 The Terrain of Slovak Politics................................................................... 69 3 Meciar: the Power of the Prime Minister through the Prism of Leadership and Decision-making Theory ................................................ 90 4 HZDS: The Movement for a Democratic Slovakia................................ 152 5 The Formation and Functioning of the 1994-8 Coalition Government...................................................... 192 6 The Institutional Framework of Slovak Politics.................................... 262 7 Public Opinion........................................................................................... 308 8 Conclusion: Meciar and His Place in Slovak History............................354 Bibliography......................................................................................................... 359 Statistical Appendix ..............................................................................................409 3 Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg Acknowledgements Although running the risk of falling into an Oscar night acceptance speech, I would like to take this opportunity to thank a number of people. My primary debt is to my supervisor at SSEES, Kieran Williams. From his four-page response to my initial proposal letter all the way through to submission, he has proved to be a valuable source of knowledge, contacts, enthusiasm and constructive criticism. Many others at SSEES have provided assistance and intellectual stimulation, most notably, Pete Duncan, Alice Hudlerova, George Kolankiewicz, David Oldman, Vesna Popovski, Robert Pynsent, George Schopflin, David Short and Andrew Wilson. The bulk of the primary research was conducted during the 1999-2000 academic year when the author was based at Comenius University’s Department of Political Science. I am grateful to the department’s staff and students particularly, Andrej Findor, Matus Korba, Nela Holeckova, Erik Lastic, Eudmila Malikova, Darina Malova, Silvia Mihalikova, Marika Ondruchova, David Reichardt, Marek Rybaf, Leo Singer, Sona Szomolanyi and Bill Walski. Many others within the Slovak intellectual community deserve a mention, particularly Ol’ga Gyârfâsovâ at the Institute of Public Affairs (IVO) and Alexander Duleba, Pavol Lukac and all the staff at the Slovak Foreign Policy Association (SFPA). From the wider academic community, I am particularly grateful to Kevin Krause and Peter Vermeersch for enlightening conversations. I extend my gratitude to all those politicians who gave up their time and agreed to be interviewed and to Andrea Foldesova at the Slovak Parliament for all the statistics. Many libraries allowed me to peruse their Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg collections. Special thanks go to the staff of the Newspaper Library at Comenius University’s Law Faculty. Numerous friends also deserve a mention. Thank you to Jeremy Bransten, Karen Buerkle, Marek Chorvatovic and all the Monday night football guys from Sme, Clara Farmer, Paul Gaskell, Sue Legro, Petra Luksikova, Ernest Hancock, Jana Holà, John Mackinlay, Charles Seville, Sharon and Nity Raj, Robo Stofko, Adriana Stryckova, Jiri Tichacek and Mark Wibberley. During the course of my research I have had the good fortune to have been given a platform for some of my views. This thesis incorporates and builds on ideas I first presented in three articles and two presentations: ‘A Dispensable Priority? Questioning the NATO policy of HZDS’, Slovak Foreign Policy Ajfairs, 1, 2, (Fall 2000), pp. 67-73; ‘HZDS: The Ideology, Organisation and Support Base of Slovakia’s Most Successful Party’, Europe-Asia Studies, 53, 5, (2001), pp. 745-69; ‘A Powerful Explanatory Tool or a Red Herring? Political Culture Theory and Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe’, The Masaryk Journal, 3, 1, (January 2000), pp. 46-58; ‘Modelling Meciar: a Theoretical and Comparative Analysis of Vladimir Meciar’s Premiership’, Between the Block and a Hard Place Conference, SSEES, UCL (5-7 November 1999); and ‘Vladimir Meciar’s Impact on Democratic Development in Slovakia’, 20^ Anniversary World Congress of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, Washington DC (8-13 August 2000). The chapter on institutions also incorporates some ideas first aired in an article I co-authored with Darina Malova, ‘Parliament and System Change in Slovakia’, to be published in Susanne Kraatz and Silvia von Steinsdorff (eds.), Parlamente und Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg Systemtransformation im postsozialistischen Europa Opladen; Leske und Budrich (2001). The research would not have been possible without financial assistance accorded by the SSEES bursary fund, the University of London’s Scholarship Fund and the generosity of my parents, to whom I dedicate this thesis. TJH, Stroud, November 2001. Tim Haughton Explaining the Slovak Sonderweg Tables, Figures and Graphs 3.1 Trade-Offs in Decision-making ............................................................................. 94 3.2 A Framework for Understanding Decision-making ...........................................109 3.3 An Adapted Form of Cole’s Leadership Model ................................................. 119 4.1 Slovakia’s Election Results 1992-8 (% of vote) ................................................. 153 4.2 HZDS’ Election Results 1992-8 ...........................................................................153 4.3 Number of Paid Employees of Slovak Parties 1998-9 ........................................184 4.4 Income (in Sk) of Slovak Political Parties 1993, 1997 and 1998 ....................... 186 4.5 Parties in Receipt of Anonymous Contributions in 1998 ..................................187 4.6 Membership of Four of Slovakia’s Most Popular Parties Since Independence .....................................................................................................188 5.1 The 1994 Slovak Election Results ....................................................................... 198 5.2 Votes and Cabinet Posts in the 1994-8 Coalition ...............................................213 5.3 Weekly Schedule of Employment Minister ........................................................ 229 6.1 The Number of Parties in Slovakia’s Parliament 1990-8 ....................................290 6.2 Legislative Initiative, Government or Parliamentary: Bills Passed By the Slovak Parliament 1994-2000 ...................................................293
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