Planning History • + •

•••••+ • • •• + • • •• •• •• • • Bulletin of the International Planning History Society

Vol15 No.l 1993 Planning History Contents Bulletin of the 1 International Planning History Society Editorial

Notices 3 Editor Or Robert Freestone School of Town Planning Articles 4 Or Stephen V Ward University of New South Wales School of Planning PODox 1 Urban Renewal In Hamburg and London - Origins, Procedures, Oxford Brookes University Kensington NSW 2033 Australia Effects- A Structural Comparison from 1875 to 1950 Gipsy Lane Campus 6 Headington Dirk Schubert Oxford OX3 OBP Or Pieter Uyttenhove Open City Co-ordinator Banack Camps for Unwanted People: a neglected planning tradition Telephone: 0865 483421 (Urban Planning and Architecture) Robert Home 14 Telex: G83147 VIA Antwerpen 1993 v.z.w. Fax: 0865 483559 Grote Markt 29 International Influences on Urban Design: The impact of the en 1 B-2000 Antwerp in Belgium Aesthetics of British Guild Socialism on Yorkship Village Editorial Board Camden, New Jersey 21 Professor Shun-ichi Watanabe Or Gerhard Fehl Hanegi 2-26-8 Lehrstuhl fi.ir Planungstheorie New Towns as the Monuments of Tomorrow Setagaya-ku 32 Technische Hochschule Aachen Slawomir Gzell Tokyo S100 Aachen Japan Schinkelstrasse 1 Cordon Stephenson: Designing the Great and the Small Germany 38 Professor Cordon E Cherry Christina DeMarco Geography Oept Or Kiki Kafkoula University of Bi rmingham 44 Dept Urban & Regional Planning Research P O Dox363 School of Architecture Birmingham B15 2TT Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Entries in the 1912 Competition for the Design of the Australian Thesssaloniki 54006 44 Michael Ebner National Capital Greece Oept of History Lake Forest College 49 Professor Georgio Piccinato Practice 555 North Sheridan Road Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia Lake Forest Oipartimento di Urbanisti ca OCX:OMOMO Scottish National Group Illinois 30125 Venezia Santa Croce 1957 49 IL 60045-2399 Glendinning Italy USA Planning History in Zimbabwe Or Halina Ounin-Woyseth Derek Gunby 51 Oslo School of Architecture Production Dept of Urban Planning Design: Rob Woodward P O Box 271 Word Processing: Sue Bartlett 3001 Orammen Reports 53 Norway Printing: Middlesex University Print Centre Planning History is published three ti mes a year The Australian Planner Professor John Muller 53 Dept of Town and Regional Planning for distribution to members of the International Cordon E Cherry University of Witwatersrand :tanning Hist?ry Society. The Society as a body Johannesburg tS not responstble for the views expressed and PO Wits 2050 statements made by individuals writing or Publications 54 South Africa repo~ti n~ in Planning History. No part of this p~blt canon may be produced in any form wtthout permission from the editor. Pl~nning History Vol. 15 No. 1.1993 Editori~l

depended for their improvement on contributions from developers profits that have so far failed to Editorial materialise. There are many other lessons of the same type, but not all the insights of this Parisian trip were quite so simple. One day, having set the students working on A trip to the capital city of a neighbouring country various projects, I took myself off to the north always provides opportunities for interesting reflec­ eastern suburb of Drancy to track down a late 1930s tions and insights. When that city is Paris, the housing scheme which had had a great impact on opportunities are particularly rich for anyone inter­ British planners and architects through its exciting ested in planning and its history. Taking a group of use of a mixture of horizontal and tower blocks. students on a field trip to see the city at the end of Known as the Cite de la Muette, images of it ap­ March proved even more thought provoking than peared in many important planning, architecture usual, not least because we travelled on the day and housing books published in Britain in the late France decisively elected a new right wing govern­ 1930s and 1940s. In general the suburbs of Paris, ment and returned on the day that British rail especially this very working class part of Paris, are workers staged a one day national strike. remarkably dreary- the other side of the coin to the charms of the central city. Yet I half expected to find The actual journey, by what is still, rather quaintly, this model estate of the 1930s still shining out from called the boat train, will soon be consigned to its unremarkable surroundings just as it had done. history when the Channel Tunnel is opened next year. Even allowing for the inevitable run down in And it actually did stand out, though not in the way boat train facilities on both sides of the Channel, the I expected. The line of towers that had been such a consequences of the French belief in investment in a striking feature had gone, as indeed had much of the publicly-owned railway system and the British rest of the cite. What I found instead was a memo­ obsession with short term pursuit of profits, pro­ rial. A few years after its completion, the area had duced starkly contrasting experiences. Paris itself is evidently become a Nazi deportation camp, whence also the very model of a superb and, despite a thousands were deported to death or labour camps. devalued pound, cheap metropolitan transport These horrific events were commemorated by a system, far superior to anything currently found in sculpture, whose inscription told the stark truth, and Britain. One wonders of course whether the new a small railway wagon, bearing the words '40 government of Prime Minister Balladur, appointed hommes'. Given the circumstances in which I came on the second and third day of our visit, will be upon it, it served as a particularly poignant reminder tempted to follow the road of anti-interventionism of the inherent corruptibility of planning and design pioneered across the Channel by Mrs Thatcher. It ideals. would clearly take huge redirection of political effort to undo the all-party commitment to planning and Remote though they are from the routine of most massive public investment which has characterised planning activity, we can detect some echoes of this post-war France under governments of all persua­ theme in the present issue of Planning History. The sions. most explicit connection is of course with Rob Home's piece on barrack camps for unwanted Visiting La Defense, the vast, bustling, off-centre people. However Stlwomir Gzell's article addresses office park to the west of the City of Paris proper, I the question of how planning ventures become was struck by the contrast with London's equally monuments, highlighting the critical issue of keep­ ambitious, but largely empty, Docklands office ing faith with the original, even when it is tainted centre at Canary Wharf. La Defense was a product of with political ideologies that have become discred­ planning, underpinned by massive public ited. Mike Lang's contribution gives another, less infrastructural investment and accompanied by tight chilling, example of the diversion of ideals, William controls of new office developments in the City of Morris' guild socialism, into warlike ends, the Paris. Canary Wharf by contrast was a product of the creation of housing for munitions workers. deregulated British planning system of the 1980s. A creation of the market, it failed because major new Christina deMarco's biographical account of Cordon developments were allowed to proceed elsewhere in Stephenson gives a different twist, focusing on the London which had eroded its initial rental advan­ growth and application of the ideals of an individual tage, especially when the recession of the early 1990s planner. On the whole most of his efforts survived began to bite. And, quite simply, its transport links the transition from plan to reality, but we see how to the rest oflondon were woefully inadequate and they were occasionally thwarted and corrupted by

1 Notices Pl;anning History Vol. lS No. 1. 1993 Pl;anning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Noticu forces outside his control, including McCarthyism in vision of the next. Do cities still serve a purpose? Association of Collegiate 1950s America. Yet the first article, by Dirk Schubert, This investigation into our relationship with the is perhaps the most optimistic, showing the resil­ Notices nineteenth century city leads us to reflect about the Schools of Planning ience of planning ideals, transcending even the most perception and representation of cities, about the cataclysmic external events. way we plan and create them. 35th Annual Meeting, Overall these articles, from Germany, the UK, the Antwerpen 93 A number of detailed reports, based on exchanges USA, Poland and Canada, and the other contribu­ Cultural Capital of Europe with an interested audience, are being prepared by Philadelphia, tions to this first Bulletin of the International Planning an international group of researchers and experts for History Society serve to remind us of the truly inter­ publication at the end of 1993. The OPEN CITY Pennsylvania, national endeavour of which we are part. It is also STUDIO seminars will take place during the first particularly good to note Derek Gunby's efforts to Open Stad (Open City) half of the year and are open to everyone. October 28-31 , 1993 create a p lanning history network in Zimbabwe, particularly since there have recently been such Contact: Pieter Uyttenhove Open City Coordinator (Urban Planning and Archi­ Preamble impressive developments in neighbouring South Open City is the programme for urban planning and Africa. Readers will be able to learn more about the tecture) architecture of AN1WERP 93, Cultural Capital of The Department of City and Regional Planning at latter in the next number of Planning History, which Antwerpen 1993 v.z.w. Europe. the University of Pennsylvania cordially invites the will be a theme issue on South Africa, edited by John Grote Markt 29 faculty and students of the programs affiliated with Muller. Open City Forum provides an opportunity in the B-2000 Antwerpen 1 Belgium the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning to form of symposia and lectures to exchange ideas on participate in the annual conference to be held in Step hen V. Ward intolerance and urban minorities, on the functional Philadelphia from October 28-31, 1993. We also rationale behind urban planning and architecture, warmly welcome colleagues in other disciplines and past and present, on the essential nature of Antwerp, The Urban History programs concerned with urban and regional affairs on visions of the future European city. Open City and non-academic practitioners of the complex craft Observatory is conceived as an introduction to the Association of planning. city, in this case Antwerp. One can get to know a city from many angles, through various means, and Department of History Lake Forest College There are several ways of participating in the confer­ at different times. Open City Studio is a place for ence- some of them new. Please follow the guide­ reflection and respecting, where in considering ways 555 N Sheridan Road Lake Forest, IL 60045-2399 USA lines below. of tackling Antwerp's urban problems history and 708-735-5135 future, theory and practice converge. Open City can Fax:708-735-6291 We expect to distribute a preliminary program and be a working method in the future for all those who full registration materials by June 15, 1993. are concerned with a culture of the city in this Recipients of prizes awarded by The Urban Associa­ country. tion in its 1992 competition for scholarly distinctions Registration Materials A programme book has been produced which include: If you are not affiliated with an ACSP programme contains a complete survey of all the projects and Best dissertation in urban h istory, without and would like to attend the conference but do not activities. The more detailed programme of the geographic restriction, completed in 1991: Eric expect to apply for a p lace on the formal pro­ public seminars of Studio Open City is being pre­ Todd Sandweis (St Louis Historical Society), gramme, please send us your name and address to pared and will also be sent to you on request. 'Construction and Community in South St assure that you receive the preliminary programme Louis, 1850-1910' {degree awarded by Univer­ The programme book can be ordered at the price of and registration materials. sity of California, Berkeley). 100 BF (+50 BF mailing costs). From March 8th you can also order the beautiful calendar poster at the A Call for Papers Best scholarly journal article in urban history, price of 100 BF (+50 BF mailing costs). You can without geographic distinction, completed in order by fax 32/3/22.615 55 or by telephone 32/3/ If you would like to present a paper at the confer­ 1991: Richard Harris (McMaster University, 2269300. ence, prepare and abstract of 300 words that de­ Ontario), 'Self-Building in the Urban Housing scribes the issue to be addressed and your major Market', Geography, 67 Oanuary, Of particular interest to planning historians is Economic argument. Place the paper within public and schol­ 1991), 1-21. arly discussions, and the corpus of your own work­ Open city studio published and unpublished. Please list three poten­ Best book in North American urban history tial discussants whose critical comments you would published in 1991: Roger Lane (Haverford value. Atelier XIX-XXI will focus on nineteenth century College) Wil/iam Dorsey's Philadelphia and Ours, Antwerp. The last century is not shown as a histori­ On the Past and Future of the Black City in Entire Sessions cal period that is past but as a current starting point America (Oxford University Press, 1991). for considering the European city, for a critical appreciation of our twentieth century and for a We welcome the initiative of individuals

3 2 Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Notices Notices

invited to speak. It is scheduled to take place over sessions of three related papers. The We also expect to organise roundtables on work Professor Seymour J Mandelbaum inproposing the Friday and Saturday, IS-16th October, 1993. organisers should collect a complete set of abstracts published in 1992, that is of commanding impor­ ACSP'93 a cover statement of roughly 100 words tance. Again, we welcome your nominations of both Rm 127 Meyerson Hall and provide The seventh Film Festival includes the following describing the rationale for the session. texts and prospective panelists. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6311 seasons USA The Jury Room Journal Symposia Imperfect' - urban dystopias and the Telephone: (21S) 898-6492 •'future Fax: (21S) 898-S731 future city We invite practitioners to present current planning We would like to devote one or more roundtab les to "'Going Underground'- hidden subcultures of discussion of symposia published in planning projects or programmes across the entire profes­ the city . sional spectrum and at every scale from great multi­ journals between January, 1992 and July, 1993. "'Shadowland'- the city of film nozr purpose regional development projects to small Nominations (by authors or journal editors) should Sixth International Plan­ "'Streets of Gold' - the city and the country neighbourhood conservation schemes, We will be accompanied by a copy of the symposium. "'Celebrating the city' organise a jury of expert critics appropriate for each ning History Conference presentation. Proposals for presentation in the Jury Wish List The conference will pick up on some of these Room should describe the setting in which the Hong Kong themes. Additional issues the conference may planning effort was mounted, the major features of If there are speakers outside the ACSP circle whose broach incl ude the effort, its special qualities, and its likely state in participation you would like us to elicit, please Following earlier conferences by the Planning October, 1993. Please also indicate the qualities you provide us with names, addresses and likely topics. History Group (since 1988 in Tokyo, Birmingham "The 'third world' city /other non-Western views would seek in a panel of jurors. We welcome ex­ We will follow-up on your suggestions. (England) and Richmond (Virginia), its successor, of the city in film pressions of interest in serving as a juror. Please the International Planning History Society is prepar­ "'Jameson, Film and the City'; an examination of briefly describe your areas of expertise. Thursday at ACSP ing for a conference in Hong Kong during the last the possibility of representing the postrnodem. week of June 1994. The provisional theme is 'Town city, drawing especially on the work of Freden c Two International Meetings ln addition to the two international and the usual Planning in the Colonial and Post-Colonial City'. Jameson array of business meetings, we are eager to support The call for papers will follow as soon as financial •women, Film and the City We are organising two small international meetings informal study or discussion groups on October 28. sponsorship issues are clarified, but in the meantime embedded in the larger conference. The first will If you would like to list such a meeting in the pro­ contact points are: Anyone interested in submitting papers on any of deal with the 'international trade in planning stu­ gramme, please briefly describe the topic you pro­ these, or indeed other themes, should contact Dave dents' as an element in the global movement of pose, the time slot you would like, and the antici­ Dr Robert Home Clarke at the address below in the first instance. It is planning ideas; the second with the 'design of pated attendance. Dept of Estate Management intended that the conferen ce will be structured markets' (particularly for land and shelter) in East­ University of East London around a small selection of these themes depending on em Europe and the newly independent states of the Computer Users Group Duncan House the interest displayed in offers of papers. Note that the former Soviet Union. These meetings will begin on Stratford High Street conference plans make space for a separate section of Thursday, October 28, 1993, will be limited in enrol­ The meeting of the Computer Users Group on London EIS 2JB feminist work; of course, particular approaches are ment, and will require the pre-circulation of papers. October 28 will be devoted to large scale land use welcome on any of the above themes. and transportation models. Early, informal expres­ or We welcome both formal proposals for papers for sions of interest in the CUG meeting should be The conference papers will be published as an edited these meetings and early informal expressions of addressed to Professor Stephen Putrnan at the Dr Kerrie MacPherson collection early in 1994. The collection should interest in participation. We are seeking funds that Department of City and Regional Planning, Univer­ Dept of History represent an important contribution to film theory would allow us to subsidise the travel costs of sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6311. University of Hong Kong and urban theory alike. participants. Pokfulam Road Students Hong Kong Offers of papers should include a suggested title and Round tables a brief abstract. These should be sent as soon as Planning students at every level are encouraged to possible to We will reserve places on the programme for several attend the conference. We are particularly eager to The City and the Cinema informal round tables. We welcome the initiative of encourage doctoral students to apply for places on Dr David Clarke individuals in proposing a topic or (even better) the programme. If you are a doctoral student but are Leeds, UK School of Geography proposing a topic plus a prospective panel to kick­ not quite ready to give a paper, come anyway! There University of Leeds off the discussion. Leeds is no better way to join the community of planning This is an advance call for papers for a major confer­ to chime-in from the audience of a LS2 9JT4 scholars than ence on The City and The Cinemil to be held in con­ Appraisals and R eappraisals session and to make new friends in the conversa­ Tel: 0532 333331 (Direct line) junction with the Seventh Annual Leeds Interna­ Fax: 0532 333308 tional circles in the corridors, at the bar, and over tional Film Festival. The Festival is one of the largest We expect to organise several roundtables discuss­ meals. in the country and the conference is setto be a ing articles, books, reports and plans published prior significant feature of the Festi val, as well as an to 1974 that have attained a classic status. We Proposals and suggestions should be sent important event in its own right. It aims to attract suggestions for texts that merit such welcome to: speakers from a wide range of academic disciplines. reappraisal and recommendations for prospective In addition, a number of film directors have been panelists.

5 4 Articles Planning History Vol. 1S No. 1. 1993 Pl~nn ing History Vol. 1S No 1. 1993. Articles

•adjustment to changed functions, usually by the term 'slums' is likely to go back to the German word Advance Notice territorial expansion of the 'tertiary sector' (F) 'Schlamm' 'and it has come to be associated in the Articles •interventions motivated by housing policy (H), public mind with areas, inhabited by the very poor, •hygiene-orientated measures (Hy). composed of mean streets and squalid houses' 4.

The Planning of London Often, however, it is a mixture of the above-men­ A generally valid, precise definition of the term Urban Renewal in tioned motivations. 'Stadtemeuerung' or the English 'urban renewal' is 1944-94 problematic for several reasons. Urban renewal is - The following case studies - in chronological order ­ made up of different problem fields, occasions, aims Hamburg and London . These include Michael Hebbert, London School of Economics, is are evaluated in the full study (A = number of and measures of urban interventions lopment), 'inn ere organising a conference on the above topic under the Procedures, Ef­ dwelling units, P + number of persons displaced, or terms of'A ssanierung' (redeve Origins, extension), auspices of the International Planning History new dwellings provided). Stadterweiterung' (inner town Society. It is to be held in London in April1994. fects -A Structural Com­ Anyone interested should contact Michael at parison from 1875 to London Hamburg Time District Amount Type Time District Amount Type Department of Geography 1950 London School of Economics 1896 Boundary St 1044 A H/Hy Hougham Street 5719P London WC2A 2AE Dirk Schubert, Technical Uni­ 1900 Siidliche 4577 A H/ Hy Fuller details are contained on the flyer versity Hamburg - Harburg, Neustadt 21094 p inserted in this issue. 1903 Millbank 894 A H Germany 4430 P 1905 Kings way 3700 p F Introduction Aldwych (pari. to 1864 p Boume Estate) This is a short survey and an abbreviated version of a research project on a comparison of slum clearance 1906 Altstadt Nord 4152 A F operations in London and Hamburg. Within the 17027 p scope of this work, the instruments of urban renewal 1918 to Altstadt Siid 2459 A F and put into practice as early as the late developed 1935 9447 p 19th century are reappraised and compared on the basis of case studies in Hamburg and London. 1925 Tabard Garden 2850 P H/ Hy Origins, procedures and effects of urban renewal Estate processes will be comparatively analysed in the context of the emergence and development of town 1927 Ossulston Estate 514 A H/Hy planning models. The processes of urbanisation and Nordl. Neustadt 520A H/Hy urban growth in Germany and England 1 and the 1933 Rockingham 925 A H 1933 3300 p 2000 p simultaneous specialisation and functionalisation of Estate parts of the city are taken as the background against which origins, procedures and effects of urban renewal processes will be comparatively analysed in Some Definitions 'Gesundheitsmassnahmen' (measures for public the context of the emergence and development of health), 'Durchbruchsanierung' (break-through town planning models. The insti tutionalisation of In German town planning terminology the broader redevelopment), "Verkehressanierung (traffi c town planning as a state/municipal task, the devel­ term 'Stadtemeuerung' has today largely replaced redevelopment), and 'Elendsviertelsanierung (rede­ opment of know-how and the increasing the term 'Sanierung'. In England the term 'Urban velopment of slums). In England the terms were professionalisation of town planners and urban Renewal' ad¥'ted from American English is used 'slum clearance', 'urban regeneration', 'urban rede­ developers are examined in contrast to comparable analogously . The term 'Sanierung', which had velopment' and 'urban reconstruction and 'improve­ developments in the fields of civil engineering, been used for a long ti me, implied a medical origin ments'. In each context different emghasis was place medicine health reform and architecture. with great emphasis on the supposedly unsound. on a physical or a social component . This definition For example the 'Handworterbuch des will refer to the following aspects: Urban renewal projects affect the reorganisation of Wohnungswesens' 3 (Handbook on housing) states: urban parts and the modernisation of urban struc­ 'Sanierung' means measures taken in order to •projects initiated and planned by tures and living conditions. The measures of re­ improve unsound housing conditions, especially to themunicipality (institutional and instrumental newal are normally designed for the old towns orthe clean or remove the so-called slums. The English dimension), city centres and represent:

6 7 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1.1993 Articles

•area-related interventions (local dimension) Germany has similar achievements in the field of •areas (formerly) dominantly used for housing public health and housing provisions', wrote one of 'The above-mentioned comments show clearly that (the dimension of changed use). the most well-known German town-planners in England, which preceded all other peoples in so 1904. 14 many questions of practical hygiene, is far ahead of Slum Clearance in London and Hamburg­ us, also on the field of housing maintenance, so that some introductions to a comparison German-English Links we have good reason to emulate her example. However, this catJnot be reached by a mere transfor­ Between Germany and England and above all mation of English forms to German condition, but The temporal delimitation of the research is given by only by starting from the local conditions and the last two decades of the 19th century and plans between Hamburg and London there existed mani­ applying on them cons~uences resulting from the r reconstruction after the Second World War. As fold commercial and cultural relations. Already fo English experiences'. 19 early as the beginning of the 19th century the struc­ when installing the sewer system after the Big Fire in tural features of redevelopment areas and slums - 1842 Hamburg followed the example of London. An English expert in the person of Lindley, was con­ However, the physical characteristics of the slums the first usage of the term in England dates back to and redevelopment areas are different in London 20 - were described in terms of a combination of sulted, who was to influence town-planning in 1812 and Hamburg. The dominant form of housing in constructional and social criteria. 6 The indices Hamburg decisively for many years. Until the end of the 19th century Hamburg was called the 'most London, as in other parts of England, even for the emplo~e~ to characterise such areas have always lower income groups was the small, two storey been smular, even though with shifting emphasis English' town of the continent. Good contacts existed and information between the two countries and terraced house, rented or as property, often in bad and interpretation according to the changing histori­ Figure 1: Plan for clearance and rebuilding in towns was exchanged concerning urban develop­ structural condition and over-crowded (often back­ cal context: high population density as a result of Hamburg- si.idliche Neustadt starting about 1900. ment and town-planning. 15 to-back houses), whereas in Hamburg and Germany ~igh-density housing and overcrowding of flats, low there were normally small, overcrowded rented flats mcome of the tenants, high morbidity and mortality dential population and the warehouses, is taking showing a significantly higher density per flat as all infant mortality), frequent occurrence of Towards the end of the 19th century the urban (above more and more the shop and office character and is well as on the level of urban development. 21 all forms of social anomalies, juvenile delinquency, growth had reached a new quality requiring increas­ ing specialisation and functionalisation of parts of more.and more resembling that what is making up alcoholism, prostitution. 7 However, it is important the C1ty of London. 18 In 1895 Hamburg's leading to emphasise the relativity of these criteria and their the urban area. Housing, urban construction and The Twentieth Century hygiene reform, which started in Germany in the staff of the. planning department and building dependence on the individual historical standards, rol off1ce was sent on a business trip to England middle of the 19th century and in England at the cont After 1900 the national and international flow of norms, living conditions and social and cultural collect information on the stage of urban renewal. beginning of the 19th century, had met with a to information was increasingly intensified by personal moral concepts. report which was submitted after the trip says: growing consensus and it was no longer confined to The contacts, visits and excursions, specialist journals The insufficient hygienic housing conditions, 8 the a few reformers. 16 By the press, specialist journals, and conferences. 22 However, at these conferences fear of epidemics ('King Cholera') and revolts are conferences and a multitude of investigations the emphasis was normally laid on questions of urban public had increasingly become aware of the rel­ construction ('urban extension'), aspects of housing re~ected by a large number of contemporary publi­ cations and suggestions to act of different shades. 9 evance of the housing provision p roblems. 17 provision ('housing standards') and above all on the In England London had, like Hamburg in Germany, construction of new houses ('minimum standard a leading position in the implementation of redevel­ In England this discussion found its expression in housing'). The conference of the International opment plans. 10 The housing reform efforts, which legislation such as the Housing of Working Classes F~eration for Housing and Town Planning in 1935, were articulated earlier in England than in Germany, Act of 1894. In Germany it was evident in discus­ wh1ch was devoted to the redevelopment of slums led sooner to the corresponding laws and were sions on a Housing Act (which was not passed), in and which looked at examples from Hamburg, developed mainly on the background of the prob­ Hamburg in 1893 and 1902 in acts to support the London aod other cities remained the exception. lems of industrial towns like Manchester, Glasgow, construction of small flats. Institutional changes Thus experts were relatively well informed about Leeds, Birmingham and London. were caused by the setting up of the LCC 1899 in questions of housing provision, urban construction London and the Commission for the Improvement of and partly also about redevelopment projects in the The development of Hamburg takes a special posi­ Housing Conditions (1897) in Hamburg. Both were tion within Germany. Already after the Big Fire in thereby given similar authorities concerning redevel­ 1842 11 and with the construction of the Warehouse oping measures. Social welfare was more and more District gigantic redevelopment and restructuring accepted as a public task, which is reflected on the processes were realised which at those times served municipal level by expanding benefit administration. as examples for other towns in the whole of Ger­ many. A catalyst for the carrying through of rede­ As a port city, London was regarded as an example velopment measures was the outbreak of the cholera for Hamburg in many respects and there were epidemic in 1892, in which more than 8,600 people manifold interrelations between England and Ger­ died 12. With preparationsstarting in 1892 a gigantic many, between Hamburg and London. In 1896 redevelopment work was initiated, which (with Hamburg's chief planner F A Meyer hopefully altered emphasis) was finished in the 1930s. 13 As co.mpared the development of the City of Hamburg early as about 1900 the relevant journals made w1th that of London: 'So the old city centre which reference to the exemplary character of the redevel­ has become open by many streets breaking through opment measures of Hamburg. 'No other town in the density of buildings and by removing the resi- Figure 3: A slum-alley in Hamburg-Hammerbrook Figure 2: Crosset Place London-Southwark 1923. 1929.

8 9 Pl01nning History Vol. 1S No 1. 1993. Articl" Planning History Vol. 1S No. 1. 1993 Articles

Figure 4: C hina Walk, a typical clearance and rebuilding scheme from the LCC. Figure 6: A wrong comparison 1933: slums in Figure 7: Old buildings in the clearance area 'Gangeviertel' 1933. international comparison. Although the necessity of ln 1926 the Chairman of the London County Council London and new tenement blocks in Berlin. extensive redevelopment projects was emphasised, Housing Committee formulated the central question 1889) were for the first time which were connected w ith extensive 'remedial the projects which were realised were rather small in for all redevelopment projects: 'Does the slum make Charles Booth in London work of sociologist Andreas actions'. number and of minor importance. the slum dweller, or the slum dweller the slum? made on the basis of the Would someone who is 'filthy' in one room be clean Walther 26 in a changed ideological context which lopment with those of The redevelopment projects realised in London as in two?'25 combined measures of redeve The Second World War and After on 'clean-up'. The new well as in Hamburg primarily aimed at the removal a comprehensive populati signed to make Hamburg of undesired buildings and housing and very little Towards the end of the 1930s a change in trend town-planning concepts de In England the bombing of Coventry in November Fuehrer 27 carried this was done for the former tenants who normally were started froln redevelopment measures limited to one of the capitals of the 1940 caused a lasting shock. 28 London also suffered forced to move away. 23 One effect of this was that small areas to identifying areas of redevelopment approach on, although it mainly aimed at develop­ from sustained bombing. The plans for London, after the demolition the tenants had to move into within the frame of overall urban plans. For the total ment and restructuring and the redevelopment was which were worked out afterwards, were obviously other inferior buildings where the rents were still urban area the districts were indicated which should largely a (desired) result of these measures. Rede­ made under the impression of the effects of the relatively low, but thus these districts became even be renewed on a short, medium or long-term basis. velopment goals were continued with the general bombing war. The Abercrombie-Forshaw plan for more crowded and the houses more dilapidated. 24 ln Hamburg, classifications (similar to those of development plans for Hamburg in 1941 and 1945, London of 1943 and Abercrombie Greater London

,,I ,./111.- s

Figure 5: Poster of the 1930s: slum clearance as a national task. Figure 8: 1945: The County of London Plan - flats or slums? Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 Articles Planning H istory Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles

23. Hall, Thomas, Planung europiiischer in the respective district after redevelop­ 10. WohJ, Anthony S, The Eternal Slum Housing Plan of the following year were both based on an planned Hauptstiidte,Zur Entwicklung des Stiidtebaus im 19. ment, there were fewer and m ore expensive flats andSocial Policy in Victorian London, London, 1977. open and spaciously structured city and intends to fahurhundert, Stockholm 1986, p. 279. reduce the building density and to resettle 1 million available than before, especially when redevelop­ ment measures were connected with removing 11. Schumacher, Fritz, Wie das Kunstwerk Hamburg inhabitants within the frame of redevelopment 24. WohJ, AS, The Housing of the Working Classes War with its bomb housing and creating space for the business and nach dem grossen Branc entstand, Hamburg 1947. measures. 29 The Second World in London 1815-1914, in: Chapman, Stanley D (ed), sector. In London, the population was reset­ destruction provided a unique chance for experts to office The History of Working-Class Housing, Newton-Abbot, l­ tled in rather peripheral areas and the redevelop­ 12. Evans, Richard, J, Death in Hamburg - Society and use the fear of destruction for an extensive redeve p. 16, also: Wohl, A S, The Eternal Slum: Housing and ment project was connected to the emergence of the Politics in the Cholera Years 1830-1911, Oxford 1987. opment of towns. 30 policy in VictoriJm London, London 1977. idea of garden cities and new towns later. 35 social efforts were known 13. Schubert, Dirk, 'International und heimatlich From 1943 the London planning 25. Garside, Patricia L, 'Unhealthy Areas': Town r­ zugleich'. Die Monckebergstrasse. Planung und to German planners in spite of all barriers to info References Planning, Eugenics and the slums, 1890-1945, in: Bau einer 'Weltstadtstrasse' fi.ir Hamburg, in: mation flows during the war. It was taken as an Planning Perspectives 3/1988, p. 24 ff. important example for the town planning models in Zeitschrift des Vereins for Hamburgische Geschichte, Bd. the 1950s. The London plans 76, 1990; and Schubert, Dirk, 'Der Stadtebaukunst West Germany during 1. As an introduction: Reulecke, Ji.irgen, Geschichte 26. Walther, Andreas, Neue Wege zur rg as dienen - und der Finanzdeputation eine Freude of neighbourhoods were published in Hambu der Urbanisierung in Deutschland, Frankfurt 1985; 1936. bereiten' oder: Die wechselvolle Geschichte der Grossstadtsanierung, Stuttgart models. Despite the war, contacts among the experts Teuteberg, Hans Ji.irgen, (ed) Urbanisierung im 19. Sanierung der si.idlichen Altstadt, in: Hohns, Ulrich were maintained. In 1981 R Hillebrecht stated in a und 20. jahrhundert. Historische und Geographische Dirk, ... ein neues Hamburg entsteht. .. , (Hrsg.), Das ungebaute Hamburg, Visionen einer 27. Schubert, conversation that the English occupying officers had Aspekte, Koln Wien 1983; FehJ, Gerhard, Juan schen anderen Stadt in architektonischen Entwiirfen der letzten Planungen in der ' Fiihrerstadt' Hamburg zwi been highly astonished about the Hamburg general Rodriguez-Lores (eel), Stadterweiterungen 1800-1875, (eel), Faschistische hundertfiinfzig jahre, Hamburg 1991. 1933-1945, in: Frank, Hartmut develo~ment plans and their similarity to London Von den Anfangen des modernen Stlldtebaus in Architekturen-Planen und Bauen in Europa 1930-1945, plans. 1 Besides these overall urban development Deutschland, Hamburg 1983; Heineberg, Heinz (eel) Das Wohnungswesen, in: Hamburg 1985. plans w ith their consequences of extensive demoli­ lnnerstiidtische Dijjerenzierung und Prozesse im 19. und 14. Sti.ibben, Josef, of Technisches Gemeindeblass 1/1904, p. 1 f. tion, in practice however, ' the approach 20. jahrhundert, Geographische und historische Aspekte, 28. Durth, Werner, Niels Gutschow, Triiume in reconstructional urban renewal' was of central Koln, Wien 1987. Triimmern, Planungen zum Wiederaufbau zerstorter importance. 32 15. Sutcliffe, Anthony, Planung und Entwicklung der in England und Frankreich zwischen 1859 Stiidte im Westen Deutschlands 1940-1950, Bd. 1 2. Harms, Hans, Erfahrungen zur Gross-Stiidte 1875 und ihr Einfluss auf Deutschland, in: Fehl, Konzepte, Bd. 2 Stadte, Braunschweig-Wiesbaden In Western Germany in the early 1950s and, at the Gebietserneuerung in London, Ergebnisse des bis (Hrsg.), 1983. 1988, p. 297. latest, from the middle of the 1950s, the focus of internationalen Symposions Stadterneuerung in Wien Gerhard, Juan Rodriguez-Lores to the periphery. Social reconstruction shifted 1988, p 44. 29. Abercrombie Patrick and Forshaw, J H, County housing was then assigned the task of solving the 16. Sutcliffe, Anthony, Towards the Planned City, Germany, Britain the United States and France 1780- of London Plan, prepared for the London County problems of housing shortage, which was often 3. Handworterbuch des Wohnungswesens (Hrsg. im 1914, New York 1981. Council, 1943; and Abercrombie, Patrick, Greater effected by building large housing estates. Only Auftrage des Deutschen Vereins fur London Plan 1944, London 1945. after a pause of 10-15 years towards the end of the Wohnungsreform e.V. Berlin), Berlin 1930, p. 619. renewal come 17. Cherry, G E (ed), Shaping an Urban world, Plan ­ 1960s did the discussion about urban 30. Diefendorf, Jeffry M (eel), Rebuilding Europe's a different character. ning in the twentieth Century, London 1980. to the fore again, however, with 4. London County Council, London Housing, London Bombed Cities, London 1990, p. 3. Urban renewal was then connected to the new task 1937, p. 13; also: Rentorff, F M, Slums, Englisches in the inner cities 18. cit. after: Maak, Karin, Die Speicherstadt im of removing residential functions Wohnungselend, Berlin 1940, p. 7. 31. Durth, Wemer, 'im Gesprach mit R Hillebrecht office and Hamburger Freihafen, Hamburg 1985, p. 147. and creating space for the increasing u.a.', in: Stadtbauwelt 48/1981, p. 377. business sector. Although there was not so much 5. Gibson, Michael, S, Michael J Langstaff, An compared to 19. Olshausen, H Reincke, J J; Reisebericht iiber bombing and destruction in Britain Introduction to Urban Renewal, London 1982. 32. Bodenschatz, Hara id, 'Platz frei fi.ir das neue period new housing was often Wohnungspflege in England und Schottland, Germany, in this Berlin', Geschichte der Stadtemeuerung in der rance, for (Staatsarchiv Hamburg), p. 53. linked with redevelopment and clea 6. Cherry, Cordon, Cities and Plans, The Shaping of grossten Mietskasernenstadt der Welt' seit 1871, Berlin example in the East End of London. Urban Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth Centuries, 20. There are two new important books on slum­ 1987. London 1988. J A, Slums and Slum Overall Themes clearance in London: Yelling, Clearance in Victorian London, London 1986 and 33. Wischennann, Clemens, Wohnen in Hamburg vor 7. Spiegel, Erika, Slum, in: Handworterbuch der Yelling, J A, Slums and redevelopment. Policy and dem Ersten Weltkrieg, Mi.inster 1983 (Studien zur investigation period one structural RIJumforschung und RIJumordnung, Hannover 1970, p. For the whole practice in England 1918-1945, London 1992. Geschichte des All tags Bd. 2), p. 366. problem in London and Hamburg was that the 2952 ff. workers had to be accommodated near their work 21. Hall, Peter, Urban and Regional Planning, 34. Weightman, Gavin, Steve Humphries, The laces, especially the docks. The geographical 8. Gauldie, En id, Cruel Habitations, A History of p Harmondsworth 1976, p. 44. making of Modem London 1815-1914, London 1983, p. conditions and the borders of the administrative Working-Class Housing 1780-1918, London 1974, also: 126. in Hamburg made it difficult to realise the Bumett, John, A Social History of Housing 1815-1985, districts 22. Sutcliffe, Anthony, Towards the Planned City, ment projects and to find new accommo­ London 1986. redevelop Germany, Britain the United States and France 1870- 35. Dyos, H J, The Slums of Victorian London, in: for the population affected. 33 dation 1914, New York 1981, p. 163. Victorian Studies, Vol XI, Number 1, 1967, also: Dyos, 9. Bullock, Nicholas, James Read, The movement fo r H J, The Victorian Suburb, A Study of the Growth of In London, by contrast, redevelopment measures led housing reform in Germany and France 1840-1914, Camberwell, Leicester 1961. to suburbanisation. 34 Even if flats had been Cambridge 1985.

13 12 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

of people world-wide have been, and are still being, Barrack Camps for subjected to these regimes, the physical arrange­ ments of the camps have been little studied. The Unwanted People: a Nazi concentration camps of 1933-45 are perhaps the most extreme example: their state-sanctioned neglected planning regimes of brutality and extermination have become symbols of civilised society's potentiality for barba­ tradition rism. Such camps can, however, be seen as not so much a monstrous aberration, but a perverted extension of a discernible intellectual tradition. Robert Home, University of Colonial expansionism and the First World War East London, U K provided important models which were adapted in the Nazi camps. So-called 'concentration camps' were used to control hostile populations in colonial Asylum-seekers, economic migrants, and persecuted wars of the late 19th century: the Spanish in the ethnic groups are news these days. Camps for Cuban insurrection of 1895, the Americans in the Figure 2: Plan of Bremen housing welfare institu­ unwanted people are springing up in many places, Philippines in 1898, and the British in the South tion, Germany (1936). Source: Voigt (fn 10) some of them used for atrocities not heard of in African War (1900-1902). During the First World Europe since the Nuremberg trials. While ethnic War millions of troops and munitions workers were cleansing, segregation, and special camps may not There is a clear line of descent from utilitarianism to organised and accommodated in temporary camps. the 'father of town planning', Ebenezer Howard9, seem part of the town planning intellectual tradition In the Russian empire, both under the Tsars and Figure 1: Ebenezer Howard's plan for a system and to discredited eugenic theories of social Darwin­ (the typical planner doubtless seeing himself as (after 1917) the Bolsheviks, the Siberian forced of safeguarding and improving the quality of commu­ garden cities. Source: Voigt (fn 10) ism and racial superiority. Howard's famous plan labour camps (where an estimated 15 million people for a system of garden cities (figure 1) would have nity life), yet that same community may seek died in the Stalinist period alone) anticipated the and political theory'6. Utilitarian ideas, absorbed located in his version of the green belt special institu­ through the state to isolate, control and even eradi­ Nazi camps in many details4. cate unwanted social groups. into government in this period, contributed to an tions for various groups ' 'inebriates', 'waifs', the increased regulatory role for the state over many insane, epileptics, convalescents, the blind. Voigt This article is offered as an initial traverse over the aspects of society - classifying, segregating and sees Howard's plan as isolating, 'those people which The tenns need defining. 'Barrack' is discussed terrain, but addresses only certain aspects of this controlling. The philosophy's father figure, Jeremy the eugenists wanted to exclude from further propa­ below. 'Camp' is taken here to mean a largely self­ sombre history, viz the 19th century intellectual links Bentham, devised the famous panopticon (cited by gation', and shows both that approach and the sufficient, state-run settlement, kept separate from with British utilitarianism, the British contribution to Foucault as a paradigm of disciplinary technology), Benthamite panopticon applied in a Nazi housing the rest of society under a special disciplinary barrack form, and the physical layout of the Nazi which subjected prisoners to solitary confinement welfare institution for the socially undesirable regime. 'Unwanted people', includes those excluded camps. from society for reasons of state, whether as a under an all-seeing central supervision. His ideas (figure 2)10. temporary expedient or more permanently: were applied to the isolation of groups such as criminals and lunatics for special institutional Britain and the barrack tradition •criminals and political dissidents; The utilitarian link treatment in purpose-designed buildings and settle­ •prisoners of war and wartime intemees1; ments6. Some of these institutions, notably the Utilitarianism and industrialised building come •segregated ethnic groups; Classifying and segregating social groups became a long-stay mental hospitals, have only recently been together in the principal building form used incamps •hostile colonial populations; major part of European political thought during the closed under a new philosophy of community care for unwanted people- the barrack. The term is •displaced persons, refugees and other forced fifty years following the end of the French Revolu­ (admittedly one driven more by cost-saving consid­ defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as ' tempo­ migrants. tionary Wars in 1815. Restored conservative govern­ erations than by enlightened social policy). rary hut or cabin, eg for the use of soldiers in a ments applied new methods to controlling their siege', and is etymologically linked to the 'baracoon' A slightly wider interpretation would also include populations, aided by an emerging science of soci­ Utilitarianism was associated with tan increasing (quarters for slaves in transit)ll. An early example, groups of workers, viz: ety. Foucault has traced the development from the specialisation of building forms. Olsen has identi­ from the Housesteads Roman fort on Hadrian's 18th century Enlightenment of systems of thought fied the emergence of a 'professional building': Wall, shows how it changed over time (figure 3): the •armed forces; which redefined the 'power-knowledge relationship' 2nd century arrangement of ten rooms (contubernia), •forced labour on estates or in special camps (eg between the state and social man, and provided ' After Waterloo there appeared one after another each for eight soldiers, with a larger apartment for the Soviet Gulags); much of the intellectual framework for new codes of new types of building designed from the outset the centurion, became by the 4th century a row of •rrugrant or indentured labour2; social disciplineS. for a specialised function ... Prior to that period, individual small dwellings or chalets, separated by •women confined for the sexual gratification of most urban buildings were amateur, adaptable narrow alleys, and ~robably accommodating fami­ troops (eg for the SS during the Second World After Waterloo Britajn found herself not only a for a variety of purposes.'7 lies or dependents1 . War, and in the recently publicised 'rape camps' world industrial and maritime power, but also with in the former Yugoslavia)3. a vast overseas empire to control. Utilitarianism, New industrialised building technologies and Soldiers through the centuries have been either seeking to bring the benefits of the industrial revolu­ materials also became available for specialised and billeted upon civilian households, or accommodated The topic is not one for the squeamish, and is also tion to society through 'the greatest good of the temporary buildings. Among such innovations were in barracks, the latter having the advantage to large and difficult to research, with source material greatest number', became what has been called'the machine sawing of timber, mass-produced wirecut military authority of segregation and greater control. in many languages and cultures. Although millions largest contribution made by the English to moral nails, cast-iron framing- and barbed wireB. The barrack seems to have developed in scale and

14 15 Pl anning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 Pl.1nning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles

The design of barracks in British India was severely ~~ . -=·t. in the mid-19th century by a Commander­ criticised l~ ' I in-Chief, Sir William Napier, who resigned his position because of policy differences with the civilian administration. In a book written upon his jI ~ •. 11111 ln!flllllll . ll ~ return to England, he accused the Military Board, which was responsible for housing the troops: 'Murdering Board should be its name, for directly ~ . IIIIIIIHIIIIIIII Jj or indirectly it causes more loss of life, more described'. 6 extravagance than can be ~, , -: ,r - n One of a prominent family closely associated with 1 L•o•••".,.. M''"' •e•d 1 VeqctU•@ G.. •c•"' political radicalism and the utilitarians, Napier based :t l!llt.lo(h t O+tCI'I ... tl'l l>voe c ..•~O • '"feMe • ..,o C•mo W•t ) '•••lffl G•ow"41 to+ lllott (<~'' 9 w_.tc.t~ ro_,, 4 JCkill\h•• '"' '11\U to"'" C•ml) ei'IO Owll4 llloom tO •~.,• ~· PI+J.OI'I 81o0. J his recommendations for better barrack design upon ) ' 'W••t«""'"'t•tt6u44' <'t•IC"• " · l•v~"~O•v Silo"'•" etc 11 C•e""-ltOo<•"'"" 0 utilitarian space standards of at least 1000 cubic feet ' D•• "'"''0"' ""' - w -- person: per Figure 5: Dachau concentration camp, Germany (1938). Source: Dachau (fn 23) 'with less, insufferable heat and a eutrid atmos­ ~ phere prevails, death is the result!'16 • c A0 300 IS "" ""'. ,.., s, !E:!] ~~~!.'i:!~~.:,:' "-"' eh1.10.• • TREBLINKA EXTERMINATION CAMP EO) "',..,. The barrack, based upon such 'scientific' principle ~ C,.., l~-""'" was adapted for the millions of indentured labourers (Spt1ng 1943) :..~ -· --· ·--·- · •- ~ <10 lO recruited after 1845, mostly from India and China, to --· toil in the estates and mines of South Africa, the Figure 4: Resettlement village in Malaya (c. 1950). Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Source: Nyce (fn 21) Figure 3: Evolution of barracks at Housesteads elsewhere17. Government regulations covered every (Hadrian's Wall ). Source: English Heritage (fn 12) aspect of the indentured labourers' living and camps' in South Africa in 1900-2 for the families of working conditions, and prescribed housing stand­ Boer commandos, where bad water and sanitation design for the new mass armies of the French Revo­ ards which derived directly from military models. killed about 30,000 women and children (as well as lutionary period. After 1815 Britain's greatly ex­ Such barrack housing (variously known as 'barrack uncounted deaths in similar camps for the black panded imperial role required standing armies, both ranges', 'coolie lines' and 'hostels') typically com­ Africans)20. Fifty years later, when the British home and colonial, and the quartering, training and prised long, single-storey buildings, about 10-12 feet returned to Malaya after the Japanese occupation to control of such large groups of men was best under­ wide and 100 feet long, constructed of machine-sawn find widespread Communist sympathies among the taken in isolation from the general population. timber planking, subdivided into cubicles about 10 Chinese minority population (mostly descended Aldershot was the first of a new type of military feet square for the workers, with a corridor or from indentured labourers), they devised barracks, starting as a summer-only tented camp in verandah down one side18. the'r esettlement village', during the so-called 'Emer­ 1853, with more permanent wooden barrack huts gency' of 1948-56 (figure 4). Over half a million S...... toiiOn following shortly afterwards. Similar wooden In Trinidad, for instance, such barrack ranges be­ people, mostly Chinese, were forcibly resettled in 23 barracks were erected in the Crimea for the winter came the main form of worker housing, both on the 480 such villages, each enclosed by a barbed wire siege of Sebastopol in 1854-5, and were soon adapted estates and in the towns. A critic in 1888 called them fence, with one or two controlled entrances. The for the use of civilian construction workers on the 'a legacy of slavery, being little more than a modified model was soon afterward applied in South Viet­ canals and railways13. form of the old slave baracoon': nam21.

British India seems to have been particularly impor­ 'All noise and cooking smells pass through the Nazi concentration camps tant for the development of the barrack camp. open space from one end of the barrack to the Throughout the 19th century the British maintained other. There are no places for cooking, no The most inhuman and extreme barrack camps were there a large standing army, which was kept segre­ latrines... Co mfort, privacy and decency are those created under the Third Reich in 1933-45. impossible under such conditions ... With all this, gated for political and health reasons in over a Millions of human beings were classified into catego­ hundred cantonments. These privileged enclaves can anyone wonder at the frequent wife-murders ries such as 'life unworthy of life' (lebensunwertes LEGEND often survived and were even enlarged in the post­ and general demoralisation among the Indian Leben) or ' racially unfit to live' (rassisch nicht Mamroad = Well 0 Barbed wire - - independence period, with their colonial manage­ immigrants?'19 Lebenswerten), transferred to such camps, and then Minor road ===:: Watchtower • Anti·tank obstacles «=>e» ment regulations still intact14. The idea of a sepa­ either 'exterminated through labour' (Vernichtung Woods {){)t> Raolway ~ Earthwall - rate, self-sufficient camp for the military was not Such approaches to regimenting and controlling durch Arbeit) or by special treatment new to India: ancient Vedic texts classify as many as whole populations were carried forward into the (Sonderbehandlung) in the gas chambers. The large Figure 6: Treblinka extermination camp, Poland seven types of such camps15. later stages of the British empire. As mentioned literature on the Holocaust includes relatively little (1942-3). Source: Holocaust Encyclopaedia (fn 24) above, General Kitchener created 'concentration systematic work on the built environment of the

16 17 1. 1993 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles ArtidH Planning History Vol. 15 No.

camps, but what plans of their layout are available experiments were undertaken23. The official records off the train and subjected to a variety of procedures. tion, particularly utilitarianism, provided an intellec­ show a rapid evolution in only a decade to the (acknowledged to be an undercount) registered Once stripped of clothing and possessions, they were tual justification for classifying, isolating and disci­ extermination or death camps. A cursory compari­ some 200,000 prisoners there between 1933 and 1945, driven naked down a narrow fenced path, called the plining sections of society. Military barracks were son of tJ:'ese c~p layouts should be enough to of whom 31,000 died. 'tube' (Schlauch) or 'Heaven Street' (Himmelstrasse), among the specialised building types to emerge at c~ntr~dtc t the vtew, propagated by right-wing into Camp B, the extermination area. Completely this time, benefiting from improved buiJding tech­ histonans such as David Irving, that the Holocaust The number of camps under the Third Reich grew fenced in and covering an area of an acre, Camp B nologies, and become models for housing workers was not centrally directed and deliberately rapidly after the invasion of Russia in 1941, and the contained gas chambers disguised as bathhouses), from subordinate races all over the British Empire. planned22. existence of several thousand has been documented. burial pits and funeral pyres on railway sleepers. The idea of 'concentration camps' to control whole Most extreme were the Operation Reinhard camps in Those too weak to reach the gas chambers were sent populations seems to have appeared at the end of The barrack camp influence is apparent in the plan the forests of eastern Poland, whose physical layout to an infirmary (lazarett), where they were killed. the 19th century, and, as the coercive power of the of Dachau (figure 5). This was the first Nazi concen­ makes abundantly plain their function as extermina­ Permanent staff numbered about twenty SS, 80-120 state grew with two world wars, was applied in tration camp, created within weeks of their coming tion centres. Treblinka (east of Warsaw) was typical Ukrainian guards, and about 1500 Jewish prisoners many situations, including the machinery of the to power in 1933, on the site of a former munitions (figure 6). The camp, enclosed with a double who operated the extermination area; an estimated Holocaust. factory near Munich. Jews, political prisoners, and barbed-wire fence and watchtowers, was subdivided 700-900,000 Jews were murdered there24. others selected by the state, were systematically into two. Camp A included the railway platform, Note: The author would welcome further informntion on maltreated, terrorised and killed, in a testing ground housing, offices,clinic, and workshops for the Ger­ The plan of Auschwitz-Birkenau (figure 7) shows the the physical jonn of such camps, especii111y in a colonii11 for methods and staff. The camp had a simple mans and Ukrainians who ran the camp, with a vast scale of the largest Nazi concentration camp. context. layout, with rows of barracks, an administrative fenced-off area for the Jewish prisoners who served Here extermination was undertaken alongside block, and communal facilities limited to a market­ there. An open square acted as a reception area forced labour with an exceptionally high death rate References garden, canteen, and infirmary in which medical where deportees on incoming transports were taken from disease. In the words of a prisoner in both Dachau and Auschwitz: 1. For internment during the two world wars, see R Stent, A Bespattered Page? The Internment of His THE PLAN OF AUSCHWITZ 11 (PIRKENAU) (Late October 1944) 'As a clerk in both camp hospitals, I received a Majesty's 'most loyal enemy aliens', And re Deutsch, sharp object lesson: in Dachau we spoke of a bad London, 1980; P Daniels, Concentration camps: North $ ) ::~-~';:::~s::..w:~ K) K•tehtn day if we had to announce ten or more deaths American Japanese in the United States and Cmuufa H ) $-rs l) Latnnes that day. In Auschwitz, we had shifts working during World War Two, Krieger, Florida, 1981; G 81 ) The lnt ~iOI'I of the Clltnf) I la ) Women~, um:p day and night on seven typewriters just drawing Fischer, Enemy aliens: internment and the homefront 81~ I Mtn•s Uf"nC). ftom 1943 womtn•s La bot camp MQOnCI MCt.c>n Of U"'C) up lists of the dead.'25 experience in Australia 1914-1920, Institute of Com­ I IQ ) The the monwealth Studies, 1989. Poles, Jews, Russian prisoners-on-war, gypsies and others were brought from all over Europe. Those 2. Extensive research on worker housing has so far selected for work were tattooed (Auschwitz being included little on forced labour settlements, although the only camp to follow this practice) - 405,000 plantation slavery is beginning to be well researched during the life of the camp (1940-45), of whom in the United States. See E T Thompson, Plantation 261,000 died there. Those not selected for work Societies, Race Relations and the South: The Regimenta­ (estimated at between two and four million people) tion of Populations, Durham, N C, 1975; 0 Patterson, were gassed immediately on arrival. The plan Slavery and Social Death, Cambridge, Mass, 1982; DB shows the railway platform where the selections Davies, Slavery and Human Progress, OUP, New York, were made, with barrack-style camps on either side, 1984. On the built form of the plantations, see C and the combined gas chambers/crematoria in a Anthony, 'The Big House and the Slave Quarters', separate area within a short walk. lAndscape, 20 (3), 1976, pp 8-19, and 21 (1), 1976, pp 9-15; G McDaniel, Hearth and Home: Preserving a Conclusions People's Culture, Temple University Press, Philadel­ phia, 1982; J L Michie, Richmond Hi./1 Plantation 1800- Barrack camps are an important historical phenom­ 1868: The DisC(wery of Antebellum Life on a Waccamaw enon: millions of people suffered and died in them, Rice Plantation, Reprint Co, Spartanburg, S C, 1990; J particularly in the 20th century. Usually intended to Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia I be temporary, they often became permanent settle­ 1750-1860, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, ments, as for instance in Palestine/IsraeJ26 and in 1985. E Malaysia. Yet their physical form and the evolution 3. For one aspect of this, the brothels for the British of the ideologies behind them have been relatively troops in India, seeK Ballhatchet, Race, Sex and Class under-researched. Colonial economic system from under the Rnj, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, \ .W, the early days of plantation slavery treated people 1980, chapter 2. primarily as units of labour in built environments which were dehumanising, with no provision for 4. The origins of the Soviet gulag system is dis­ family or communal life. In the 19th century the cussed in R Pipes, The Russian Revolution 1899-1919, application of scientific principles to social organisa- Collins Harvill, London, pp 832-7, and in J Bunyan, "'w Poland (1944). Source: Nazi Concentration Camps (fn 25) Figure 7: Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp,

18 Plotnning H istory Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 Plotnn ing History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles

The Origin of Forced Labour in the Soviet Union 1917- 16. Sir C J Napier, Defects, Civil and Military,of the 25. H Langbein, quoted in Nazi Concentration Camps, International Influences 1921, Baltimore, Md 1967. Indian Government, Westerton, London, 2nd edition, p 150. 1853, esp p 205. For barrack and cantonment design Urban Design: The 5. P Rabinow (ed), The Foucault Reader, London, in India see 26. For an example of a barrack camp in Palestine/ on Penguin, 1986; L Benevolo, The origins of town Israel which became a permanent settlement and impact of the Aesthetics planning, Routledge, 1967. 17. K Saunders (ed), Indentured Labour in the British then a new town, Rosh Ha'ayin (lying between Tel Empire 1834-1920, London, Croom Helm, 1984; H Aviv and Jerusalem in Israel, at the junction of two of British Guild Social­ 6. J Plamenatz, The English Utilitarians,m Blackwell, Tinker, A New System of Slavery: the Export of Indian important roads) began as a wartime British army Oxford, 1966; SE Finer, 'The transmission of labour Overseas 1830-1920, OUP, 1974; and PC camp. Used during the Arab-Israeli war of 1948 by on Yorkship Village Benthamite ideas 1820-1850', in G Sutherland (ed), Campbell , Chinese Coolie Emigration to Countries Arab and Iraqi irregular troops, it then became a ism Studies in the growth of nineteenth-century government, within the British Empire, Franck Cass & Co 1971 (1st home for six thousand Yemeni Jews, brought to New Jersey London, Routledge, 1972; FE Hyde, 'Utilitarian edition 1923). Israel in Operation Magic Carpet in 1949-50. The in Camden, Town Planing 1825-45', Town Planning Review 17 (3), Jewish Agency installed public services, and the 1947, pp 153-9. 18. The building form may derive also from the so­ settlement became self-governing in 1954, and after a called 'shotgun house' or 'single house' in the Ameri­ period of slow growth, in the late 1980s its advan­ Michael H Lang, Rutgers 6. AD King, Anthony D (ed), Buildings and society: can South, themselves traced to the design of West tages of cheaper housing land and accessibility to Essays on the social development of the built environment, African family compounds. See J M Vlach, 'The both Tel Aviv and Jerusalem made it a town planned University, New Jersey, USA London, Routledge, 1980, includes essays by H Shotgun House: An African American Legacy', for rapid expansion. Tomlinson, 'Design and reform: the separate system Pioneer America, 8 (1), 1976,47-76. 'Tiult art will make our streets as beautiful as the woods, in the nineteenth-century English prison', and A as elevating as the mountainsides: it will be a pleasure quoted in E Williams, History of the Scull, 'A convenient place to get rid of inconvenient 19. L Guppy, and a rest, and not a weight upon the spirits to come from People of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, 1962, pp people: the Victorian lunatic asylum'. the open country into a town; everyman's house will be 106-7. fair and decent, soothing to his mind and helpful to his 7. Olsen, Donald J, 'Victorian London: specialisa­ work: all the works of man tlult we live amongst and 20. T Pakenham, The Boer War, Macdonald, London, tion, segregation and privacy', Victorian Studies, 17 lulndle will be in lulrmony with nature, will be reasonable 1982, pp 503-10; A C Martin, The Concentration Camps (March 1974), pp 265-78. and beautiful: yet all will be simple and inspiring , not 1900-2, Cape Town, 1957; GAB Russell, War Concen­ nor enervating; for as nothing of beauty and tration Camps in Nata/1900-3, 1988; and,for the childish 8. For one such innovation, timber-framed building ur that man's mind and lulnd may compass slulll camps for black Africans, P Warwick, Black People and splendo in the 1830s, see J I Rempel, Building With Wood, and be wanting from our public buildings, so in no private in central the South African War 1899-1902, CUP, 1983, chap 8. other aspects of nineteenth-century buildings dwelling will there be any sign of waste, pomp or inso­ Canada, Toronto, 1980, pp 121-3. lence, and every man will have his share of the~. It is a 21. R Nyce, Chinese New Villages in Malaysia: A dream, you may say, of wlult luls never been and never Community Study, Malaysian Sociological Research 9. R Beevers, The Garden City Utopia: A Critical be ... anyhow, dream as it is, I pray you to pardon my Institute, 1973; Hamzah Send ut, 'Planning Resettle­ will Biography of Ebenezer Howard, Macmillan, 1988; S setting it before you, for it lies at the bottom of all my ment Villages in Malaya', Planning Outlook, 1 (1966), Buder, Visionary Planners, New York, 1990. in the Decorative Arts... help me in realising this pp 58-70. For Vietnam, see J J Zasloff, 'Rural Settle­ work dream, this hope.' William Morris 1 10. W Voigt, 'The garden city as eugenic utopia', ment in South Vietnam: The Agroville Program', Planning Perspectives, 4 (1989), pp 295-312. Pacific Affairs, 35 {1962-3), pp 327-40. Introduction 11. Oxford English Dictionary the origin of the word 22. I Gutman, (ed in chief), Encyclopaedia of the by World 'barrack' is uncertain, but it appears early in Spanish Holocaust, Macmillan, New York, 1990, has plans of During the housing shortage occasioned War 1 the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) and and Catalan as 'barraque'. Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, Belzec, Dachau, Sobibor, Treblinka. the United States Housing Corporation (USHC) were 12. J G Crow, Housesteads Roman Fort, English funded by Congress to provide emergency housing c shipbuilding Heritage, 1989. 23. Comite International de Dachau, Concentration for the wage workers in the strategi Camp Dachau 1933-1945, Brussels and Munich, 1978. and munitions industries in America's industrial 13. M H Brice, Stronghold: A History of Military cities. In a major effort, some 55 housing develop­ Architecture, London, 1984, pp 153-5. 24. The Treblinka layout is in Encyclopaedia of the ments (27 USHC, 28 EFC) of varying size were built Holocaust. See also The Nazi Concentration Camps: by these corporations in 1918.2 The men placed in 14. A D King, Colonial urban development: Culture, Proceedings of the Fourth Yad Vashem charge of the design aspects of these programs, F L social power and environment, Routledge, 1976, chapter lnternationa/Historical Conference, Jerusalem, 1984, pp Olmsted Jr., landscape architect, and F L Ackerman, s who were 5. 357-61; and R Rashke, Escape from Sobibor, Michael architect, were experienced professional Joseph, London, 1983. Estimates of losses in the familiar with the wide range of innovative and 15. P V Begde, Forts and Palaces of India, New Delhi, other death camps are: Belzec 500-600,000, Chelmno progressive housing andcommunity planning approaches as practised both here and abroad. They 1982, chapter 2. 230-330,000 Majdanek 120-200,000 and Sobibor 150- 250,000. Claude Lanzmann's film Shoah records in tum were careful to hire like minded architects survivors' accounts of these camps. and land planners to design the individual housing projects. The involvement of this team of architects

20 21 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Art icl~ Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1.1993 and planners ensured that the designs for these war Institute of Architects to visit these planned war time time housing developments were based on their communities in 1917. ... F-ti~J.€'~.~~~:~: professional experience with model communities, - / -. ~- - British garden cities and philanthropic housing When in Britain, he met with some of the major ~~~~ schemes. Their efforts resulted in the production of British architects and town planners concerned with a series of well planned and designed garden vil­ the application of garden city principles to the war lages. Many appear to have been influenced by the time need for low cost housing; men such as so called 'English Free Architecture' approach to Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker, the designers of urban design that often resulted in picturesque the Letchworth (1904) and Hampstead Garden vernacular cottage architecture utilising local materi­ Suburb (1907). In addition, he was probably intro­ als and building methods, creative site planning, and duced to the less publicised cottage housing estates ample public open space. Many of these develop­ begun by the London County Council (LCC) in 1904. ments featured clustered group housing, well crafted These estates represent an often ignored but impor­ streetscapes and town centres equipped with shops tant intellectual input to both the British garden city and community facilities. It could be said the best of movement as well as the American war housing these communities constituted the best American programme. Figure 2: Part of the Old Oak Estate, built in 1913. adaptation of the design principles and the social philosophy associated with John Ruskin and William The LCC Cottage Estates this design approach was to appear as if it had Morris as exemplified in the work of the British grown up naturally on the site. Honest design could architects Williams Lethaby, Philip Webb (architect These estates were produced as a result of pressure only be achieved if nature was the only true guide; of Morris' Red House) and Frank Baines. 3 by newly ascendant socialists and other progressives an approach initially carried out by Webb's hero, the architect William Butterfield in his village of in the LCC who were concerned about scandalous Figure 1: Old Oak Estate. The pre-war section is to ted throughout the US, some of the more Baldersby. 9 This new design method was both Loca conditions in London's slums and were anxious to the west of the railway line. (Source: LCC, 1937). prominent examples of these garden villages in­ improve the housing conditions for the working respectful of local building traditions while being Seaview Village, and Gateway Village in modem in its concern for the functional needs of the clude: classes. A group of idealistic young architects such by free market capitalism. 6 His socialist utopia was Connecticut, and Yorkship Village in contemporary user. Today this theoretical approach Bridgeport, as Charles Winmill and Archibald Soutar jumped at an inclusive, guild based, hierarchical society rather New Jersey. These garden village commu­ to modem architecture and planning is kept alive in Camden, the chance to work for the LCC where they were than a strictly egalitarian one. Morris further devel­ nities survive to this day, often in extremely de­ the work of the architect and planner, Christopher challenged to create a new standard of community oped these joint themes in the classic utofian novel the Alexander. 10 pressed inner city surroundings, testimony to housing for the working classes. As disciples of of Guild Socialism: News from Nowhere. It de­ timelessness of good urban design. Indeed, they Lethaby and Webb, these young men were dedicated scribed a pastoral village where everyone was may be considered a more subtle forerunner of The practical results of this design approach, though to developing high quality housing for workers happily engaged in making beautifuJ handicrafts today's planned neo-traditional viJlage popularised short-lived, were impressive. Figures 1 and 2 show based on the principles of guild socialism and a according to their individual abilities. by such architects as Krier, Duany and Plater­ modem approach to vernacular architecture, crafts­ the Old Oak estate, designed in part by Sou tar in 1913. Due to pressure from conservative elements Zyberk. manship and building materials. All of these cottage and Lethaby took Ruskin and Morris' aes­ Webb within the LCC, it was built to a high density and estates, while built at rather high densities, were thetic and social philosophy, and developed it into a Ackerman and Olmsted provided the central with rather cramped accommodations, however, its While very successful. Beattie goes so far as to call the best theory of urban design, architecture and plan­ new external appearance is striking in its provision of design concepts for the programme, many of the of them 'revolutionary'. it ning. This theory developed out of an admixture of most notable architects and land planners village sca_le views and vistas. The use of varied country's and Lethaby's actual building experience as Webb setbacks, enclosure and traditional architectural were involved in creating the designs for the indi­ These LCC developments were based on powerful well as classes and discussions held at the Central details helped to evoke an environment of pictur­ vidual garden villages. Henry Wright, John Nolen, philosophical principles that influenced both their School for Arts and Crafts in London under esque domestic tranquility absent in the working Henry V Hubbard, Arthur A Shurtleff, and Electus D design and layout. Specifically, they were the Lethaby's direction as well as Morris' Society for the class sections of major industrial cities of the day. Litchfield were notable contributors. Marcia Mead of product of a philosophical continuum that linked the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SP AB). All the LCC nk and Mead, one of the first women's architec­ Beattie has remarked on the direct linkage to Webb, Sche English romantic poets, and the progressive aesthetic architects were early members of these important 'The character of the Fitzneal Street quadrangle, with tural firms, designed Gateway Village in Bridgeport. and social philosophy of Ruskin and Morris with the associations. 8 Sometimes called 'English Free its tiled roofs and hipped dormers, owes as much to architectural theories of William Lethaby and Philip Architecture', this theoretical approach emphasised the architecture of Philip Webb and the English British Design Influences Webb. The intellectual basis of this philosophy was the avoidance of all style or artificial ornamentation; vernacular tradition as to Unwin's theory and expressed by Ruskin in his chapter on The Nature of the role of the architect and planner was reduced to example. In their single-minded devotion to those Several British architects has a determining effect on the Gothic' in The Stones of Venice. 5 His reasoning that of facilitator for various artisans rather than ideals the architects of the LCC contrived to avoid the design aspects of the programme. For instance, was based on a strong appreciation of the honest artistic superstar seeking personal identification with the quaintness of expression and cloying sentimen­ Ackerman (Chief of Design for the Emergency Fleet expression of the picturesque qualities of nature a particular style (this viewpoint might explain tality that constantly threatened the garden suburb Corporation) helped produce theoverall programme epitomised by the artistic achievements of the craft Webb's lifelong avoidance of publicity). Instead, ideal and did not leave even Hampstead Garden design guidelines, but much of its tone and direction based medieval village community as contrasted to design was to follow an assessment of the natural Suburb unscathed. Combining inventiveness with came from Ackerman's personal knowledge of the the sterility of monumental classical architecture conditions of the site as well as the local building austerity in its design and breadth with intimacy in early British Garden Cities movement, the interna­ built by slaves. He joined his aesthetic analysis with traditions and materials. Ideally, the building its planning, the Old Oak Estate is, perhaps, the tionally renowned Hampstead Garden Suburb and a developing socialist philosophy in his influential process would be based on the medieval system; a LCC's finest contribution to the revival of English the British government's own garden village hous­ book Unto This lAst which used a concern for aes­ communal process giving craftsmen of all types domestic architecture. 11 ing programme for war industry workers. Indeed, thetic values in community life to mount a strong input into the final design. The physical result of Ackerman was sent to Britain by the American challenge to the prevailing urban squalor occasioned

22 23 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 199·3. Art ides Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

British War Housing Estates Morris and Webb. After the war Unwin was put in Hall ' .. .from an a rchitectural standpoint, without charge of developing a national housing policy that equal in the whole world'. 17 The creative use of a The LCC cottage housing estates were an important would favour simplified cottage design over a more vernacular design approach a ided by the use of precursor to the larger programme developed a few individualistic or picturesque approach. The result varied set backs, curvilinear streets, and varied years later by the central government in order to was the development of the successful, if uninspired, architectural materials and features resulted in house munitions workers.12 Two prominent archi­ interwar council housing estate known to all British architectural triumph. Swenarton h as described tects were placed in charge of this programme: citizens. 15 Well Hall scheme as ' ... a tour de force of pictu.resque Raymond Unwin and Frank Baines. design, in which the components of the old English village were assembled with a virtuosity, exceeding anything attempted by Unwin, even at Hampstead Garden Suburb. 18 At Well Hall the wide range of materials was put to dramatic visual effect and emphasised by the variety of finishes: brick, stone, roughcast, half-timbering, tile-hanging, slate-hang­ ing, and weatherboarding. Diversity of finishes was matched by complexity ofshape and silhouette, achieved not only through the usual gables and dormers but also through overhangs, tunnels, assorted projections and recessions and careful adjustments of the building line. 19 Figures 5-6 show just a portion of the elevations and street layout of Well Hall and cannot do it justice due to the variegated nature of the street views and street patterns. Webb, who was always frustrated in Figure 4: Examples of dwellings at Eastriggs show­ having to make his living designing houses for the ing permanent cottages and cottage shells used as wealthy would likely have approved of Baines' hostels. (Source: Whitaker) efforts on behalf of England's workers. Figure 3: Part of the Development at Gretna. The northern part of the site includes the permanent Ackerman's role buildings, including houses and community facili­ and Abercrombie who championed a return to a ties. (Source: Whitaker) design approach based on the simplicity and formal­ ity of Georgian architecture. Also important was Ackerman was clearly impressed with the results of Unwin's involvement w ith the Fabian socialists. The the British war time housing programme. He came Unwin, architect of the garden city of Letchworth as Fabians approached socialism from a social science home laden with pictures and plans of Well Hall as well as Hampstead Garden Suburb was initially based, administrative perspective and rejected the well as Gretna and Eastriggs. These photos and allied with the Morris-Webb approach to design. As aura of community based, medieval romanticism plans were subsequently published, together with head of the Housing Branch at the Ministry of Ackerman's detailed defence of government pro­ they associated with the guild socialism of Ruskin, ... - _.., Munitions he designed the communities of Gretna ---- :,..,. ) -·-- vided housing, in a monograph as well as in the and Eastriggs in 1915. These communities were journal of the American Institute of Architects. 20 His good examples of the art of garden city planning. HOUSTN:::; SCHEME testimony before Congress was instrumental in Figure 6: Housing types at Well Hall. (Source: The However, their design reflects a break with Unwin's persuading the government to fund the construction Builder) earlier use of picturesque vernacular design idioms 0 of permanent housing for workers in the munitions in favour of a simplified architectural approach set Baines took a d ifferent approach in the war commu­ industry. within a formal rectilinear layout as can be seen in c nities of Roe Green and Well Hall which he designed Figures 3-4. One visitor to the new development was 0 for the Office of Works in 1915. These communities Ackerman was probably the most progressive of the quoted as saying that the overall effect of the estate 0 reflected a strong adherence to Webb's 'English Free architects and planners involved with the American was dreary and repetitive, while Swenarton de­ 0 Architecture' approach. Indeed, Baines apprenticed war housing programme. A prolific essayist who scribes the architecture as having a 'brick box' effect. under C R Ash bee founder of the School for the was trained at Cornell University and in Paris, his Handicrafts and one of the leading exponents of the writings reflected a clear admiration for the views of Unwin's impulse towards a simplification resulted views of Ruskin and Morris. The result of this Fabian socialism. Indeed, he would quote Sidney from diverse influences. As early as 1901 in The Art tutelage is evidenced by Baines' successful use of Webb and R H Tawney as frequently as he did the of Building a Home Unwin was arguing in favour of design elements such as continuity, enclosure, American radical economist Thorstein Veblen. 21 simplification and against the application of the contrast and surprise as well as other design ele­ But it is not clear from his published work whether artificial picturesque elements which he felt had ments praised by Ruskin in The nature of the he appreciated the distinction between the design been abused by builders of suburban villas. 13 To Gothic'. The result was truly organic architecture; implications inherent in the centralising tendencies some extent, his attitude may have been influenced the estate looked, according to Beaufoy, 'as if it had of Fabian Socialism favoured by Unwin and the by the strong anti-picturesque campaign mounted grown and not merely been dropped there.' It is not Figure 5: Layout of part of the Well Hall Estate, more community based principles of Guild Socialism by Liverpool University Professors Reilly, Adshead hard to appreciate why Ewart Culpin called Well Eltham, Kent. (Source: Whitaker) espoused Webb and Baines. Since Ackerman's

24 2S Planning His tory Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Planning History Vol. 1S No. 1. 1993 personal papers were destroyed, his personal feel­ Neither kind of development would find a ready ings and influence on this matter remain unclear. market, and the reason in both cases would be at bottom the same: that people in this country want to For instance, in his published comments, Ackerrnan live in independent, self-sufficient homes of their appeared to favour the simplified design of Gretna own in a real complete American town, which they and Eastriggs. Referring to the British war housing understand and run in their own way, and they do programme in general, he wrote: 'The work is, on not want their houses to be or to look like, parts of the whole simple and more direct than the garden an artistic or sociological experiment.' 25 city work with which we are familiar, and I am inclined to think that it is, in many respects, of a higher order of merit than much that was executed in the days of peace.. .! saw it in contrast to our rather stupid efforts at industrial housing.' 22 Thisview may have been simply a reflection of sentiments

expressed in the Journal of the American Institute of """' •.. f'it'')(*-.A:!-.~... ., " Architects in 1916 by Ewart Culpin who wrote, The logic of circumstances has forced upon cottage architects the conclusion that the simple style of f;] cottage is the one which must now be concentrated upon... Building had become, I fear, permanently deare$ and we must cut our coat to suit our ill cloth2 .. .' tc...u:..,.,• -1 .• FIVE ROOM BU NGA~OW U S H C STANDARD TYPE F

SIX ROOM SEMI-DETACHED HOUSES A I.OC ~ PL A N US HC STANDARD TYPES SAND SR One way to gain insight as to Ackerrnan's attitude NORE C. V ILLA CI C.L OUCI STER. N J on this issue is to assess his work, since the design UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION UNI T I D S T ATE S S H IPP I N G BOAR.D EMB R.C.INCY F LEET COR.POR.ATION orientation of the EFC projects under his direction rltQNT l\oCV..tJON a 1 I S S.J.L .. SltfltliL UTAlHID AMKJTZ:CTS Pill LA. PA &I.'C • ~llCIC.,)ot" would seemingly constitute evidence concerning FigureS which tendencies he embraced. An examination of Figure 10: Housing at Noreg. the EFC projects while inconclusive, appears to show (Source: US Shipping Board) that Ackerrnan was strongly influenced by Webb's vernacular approach to cottage design. For instance, the EFC programme under Ackerman was extremely disaggregated for a government programme; it "lOOIII ,..,_.,.. TYPE G consisted of various teams of planners and architects SIX ROOM BUNGA~OW U S H C STAN DARD who were given considerable responsibility for the design of individual projects. They were encouraged UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION to follow general garden city design principles as outlined in a book of 'standard plans' compiled by Figure7 Otto Eidlitz at the USHC as well as a statement This organisational framework and its aesthetic entitled 'Standards Recommended for Permanent orientation largely corresponds to the facilitator Industrial Housing' written in 1918 by the housing approach suggested by Web b. On the other reformer, Lawrence Veiller. However, since these hand,some of the 'standard plans' and some, but 'standard plans' were intended only as a 'condensed certainly not all, of the actual housing projects practical guide, rather than as hard and fast forms', appeared to adhere to a design aesthetic more akin they had significant freedom and encouragement to to Unwin's simplified Georgian architecture than design their individual pr~ects according to ver­ Baines' picturesque vernacular villages. (See Figures nacular housing patterns. 4 For instance, the 7-8) architects and designers were set to work with the Figure 11 : Milton Hill, Alton, Illinois, built for following advice regarding the overall aesthetic While there is evidence of Unwin's influence with USHC. goals to be achieved: 'First, in seeking a unified regard to the simplified architecture used in some of effect the designer should not make all the houses the projects, Webb's influence was reflected in the cut all possessed picturesque architectural and and lots so much parts of one set and formal design architecture, layout and site plans of the best of the compositional elements as well as a high degree of that they look like a penal or charitable institution. projects. For example, some projects developed by architectural detailing. Many of the EFC projects Second, in seeking interest and picturesqueness he the EFC and the USHC utilised a modem architec­ were based on quite complex curvilinear street should not make all the houses so different and each ture that reflected local and regional styles. The systems, complex site plans, and clustered housing so unusual, with so much done evidently for effect, better projects, notably Yorkship Village, Gateway Figure 9: Plan of Noreg Village, built for EFC, more akin to that of Well Hall rather than Eastriggs that the whole looks like a village on the stage. Village and Seaview Village in Bridgeport, Connecti- Gloucester, New Jersey. or Gretna. (See Figures 9-17) (Source: US Shipping Board)

26 27 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

Yorkship Village

Yorkship Village in Camden, New Jersey is usually considered the best of all the war time housing developments. 26 It was designed along garden city lines by Electus Utchfield with assistance from Henry Wright and Plint Rodgers, all working under Ackerman's direction. 7 An examination of its design features gives evidence of both the simplified Unwin approach and the more picturesque vernacu­ lar approach favoured by Webb and his followers. For instance, the community was planned around a large and functional village green. Four storey apartments ring two sides of the green while the remaining sides were lined with row housing. The total effect was a sense of enclosure. This green was clearly planned as the heart of the community; a Figure 16: Seaview Village, Bridgeport, Connecticut, place to meet friends and to socialise. Churches, built for USHC. library, school and public meeting hall were located just off the green and provided for a full measure of

= ,,. ST f'\.00411 --._AH community life and interaction. Balancing this sense SIX ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP 4 6 A TYPES A ANO A 11 CONVERTIB~E TO BOARDING HOUSE of enclosure were several generous greenswards and UNITED STATES HOUSING pede CORPORATION FIRE HOUSE strian footpaths that radiated out from the PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT ALTON ILL • • • - -~ (T' green and led into the community. Additional open AJ(HITtCTS MAUlA" AU~SUL A'-:0 ( 11:0 W(ll UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION space was provided by a large green belt that sur­ PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT BETHLEHEM PA rounded the community on three sides. Figure 12: Housing at Milton Hill.

Figure 14: Fire station at Bethlehem.

Figure 18: Yorkship Village, Camden, New Jersey.

KCOHO ~ ,..,...,.. SEMI· DETACHED ~0 FLAJ ~O~s_:z. TYPES H 5 The central green was also the centre of the street UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION DEVELOPMENT AT BR IDCEPORT CONN system which was made up of a series of concentric A.UOCI \T( At(HIT[(TS l CUPSTOfrr' UU.u;ts A H HHIURN rings divided by radial streets reaching to the pe­ riphery (see figures 18-20). This pattern restricted the usual dominance of the car while the pedestrian Figure 17: Houses at Seaview. footpath system separated children and pedestrians from the street.

1918 The picturesque site planning shows the influence of HOUSINC DEVELOPMENT SI X ROOM ROW HOUSES GROUP 2909 TYPES E2 ANO R 1 BETHLEHEM PENN SYLVANIA Webb and Baines. Varied setbacks, grouping and UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT BETHLEHEM PA imaginative placing of units on their lots provided Figure 13: Housing development at Bethlehem, visual stimulation and variety as well as enclosed Pennsylvania for USHC. Figure 15: Housing at Bethlehem. streets with terminal vistas. A community of some

2B 29 Planning H istory Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Pl anning History Vol. 15 No. 1.1993

Georgian may have been based on more than a 3. M Lang, The Design of Yorkship Garden Village: 18. Pepper and Swenarton, op. cit. desire for simplicity since in the eastern United Radical Expression of the Progressive Planning, States, Georgian architecture was the vernacular Architecture and Housing Reform Movements, 19. Swenarton, op. cit. architecture and brick the local building material. Planning the American City Since 1900, C Silver and M Thus the designers of Yorkship village could be seen C Spies (eds), Baltimore: John Hopkins University 20. C H Whitaker et at, The Housing Problem in War as attempting to follow vernacular forms when they Press, 1993, forthcoming. and Peace, Washington DC, The Octagon, 1918. decided to adapt the Georgian architecture of nearby colonial towns such as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 4. S Beattie, A Revolution in London Housing: LCC 21. F L Ackerman, Where Goes The City Planning Burlington, New Jersey and Newcastle, Delaware Housing Architects and Their Work 1893-1914, London, Movement? TV: The Confusion of Viewpoints, into a modem format. In that sense, and in their use GLC and Architectural Press, 1980. Journal of the American Institute of Architects, August of appropriate architectural detailing, their approach 1920, 284-87. ··- was very like that suggested by Webb. 5. J Ruskin, The Nature of the Gothic [1854], The Art ....;~.... . Criticism of John Ruskin, R Herbert (ed), New York, 22. F L Ackerman, The Significance of England's --. Conclusion Da Capo, 1964. Program of Building Workman's Houses, Journal of Figure 19: Group of three houses at Yorkship. the American Institute of Architects, 5, 1917,538-40. (Source: US Shipping Board) Overall, the design approach used in Yorkship 6. J Ruskin, Unto This Last, The Political Economy of Village while safely within the garden city tradition, Art, Essays on Political Economy, New York: Dutton, 23. Culpin, op. cit. appears to be in sympathy with Webb's vernacular [1862], 1968. 1400 units, a hierarchy of housing accommodation approach. Specifically, the highly detailed Georgian 24. United States Housing Corporation, Report 1919- was provided by the inclusion of single houses, architecture, its environmentally sensitive layout and 7. W Morris, News From Nowhere, Harmondsworth: 20: War Emergency Constitution, Vo/1 , Organisation twins, triplexes and short rows. This hierarchy complex site plarining achieve a picturesque overall Penguin, [1890], 1962. Policies, Transactions, Washington DC, USGPO. conforms more closely to the philosophy of guild composition which Webb might have sought. Over­ socialism rather than the more strictly egalitarian all, its design avoided the repetitive character evi­ 8. D G Jones, Some Early Works of the LCC Archi­ 25. ibid, Vol11, Homes, Site Planning, Utilities. values of Fabianism. dent in Gretna and Eastriggs which made these tects Department, The Architectural Association communities look more Like 'projects' than true Journal, London, VLXX, n 786, November, 1954 26. R Stem, The Anglo-American Suburb, Architec­ ~e architecture of Yorkship Village is neo-Georgian villages. Needless to say it is always a difficult and tural Design, Vol 51, 1971, 49. wtth a generous amount of high quality architectural often imprecise exercise to attempt to ascribe specific 9. W Lethaby, Philip Webb and His Work, London, detailing: windows with mullions, shutters, porches, intellectual influences to any one person or school of Raven Oak Press, 1935; P Thompson, William 27. EC Litchfield, Yorkship Village, American Review fanlights, decorative mouldings, slate roofs and high thought. Clearly, Ackerman was subject to broader Butterfield, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1971. of Reviews, Vol 6, December 1919,599-602. quality brickwork. Litchfield encouraged the build­ influences than those provided by his trip to Eng­ ing of Fairview along the craftbased lines advocated land in 1917. Further research in this area, as well as 10. C Alexander, A Pattern Language, London: 28. E C Litchfield, Model Village ... The Story of Webb and Lethaby: ' ... the joining and the bond­ by an assessment of the relative contribution of Oxford University Press, 1977; C Alexander, The Yorkship Village, Planned and Completed In Less ing of the brickwork was infinitely varied - the Litchfield and his associates to the overall design is Timeless Way of Building, London: Oxford University Than Two Years, House Beautiful, 51, 1922, 533~ . different foremen competing to make the brickwork needed. Nonetheless, I think that a closer examina­ Press, 1979. ost interesting. Here and there in the gables they m tion of the intellectual basis of the design concepts amused themselves making some special design in used at Yorkship Village will show that it repre­ 11. Beattie, ap. cit.; M Swenarton, Homes Fit For brick, or introduced a concrete tablet bearing the sented a unique expression of the aesthetics of Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of Early State of the armistice or some object of interest.' 28 date British Guild Socialism in America. Housing in Britain, London: Heinemann, 1981. While Unwin opted for the Georgian style at Gretna Acknowledgement 12. S Pepper and M Swenarton, Home Front: Gar­ and Eastriggs in a conscious effort to achieve sim­ den Suburbs For Munitions Workers, Architectural plicity, Litchfield and Ackerman's choice of neo- Review, CLXII, June 1978,364-75. This project was supported by a grant from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts and the Building a Rutgers University Research Council. 13. B Parker, and R Unwin, The Art of Home, London: Longmans, 1901.

References 14. Swenarton, op. cit.

1. W Morris, The Decorative Arts, in The Political 15. ibid. Writings of William Morris, Morton, A L (ed), London: Lawrence and Wishart. 16. ibid.

2. R Lubove, Homes and 'A Few Well Placed Fruit 17. E Culpin, The Remarkable Application of Town Trees': An Object Lesson in Federal Housing, Social Planning Principles To Wartime Necessities of Research, 27, 1960, 468-86; R S Childs, The Govern­ England, journal of the American Institute of Architects, ment's Model Villages, The Survey, 1919, February, 5, 1916, 157-9. 585-92. Figure 20: Street view in Yorkship.

30 31 Pl.anning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Pbnning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

newest monuments but it is argued here that we the cultural heritage. Its essence is its very change­ the table would be defined as the 'priority' -espe­ New Towns as the should adopt a liberal definition as this will widen ability, the fact that it becomes the element of social cially for any financial help to secure their p reserva­ the spectrum. The aim of this evaluation is to integration. In the atmosphere of moral responsibil­ tion. Monuments of ascertain that the planners' work and administration ity for everything that has been built earlier or later, in the cities, which were of course defined earlier, it is important to find a place for the newest con­ If we contemplate further the problem of our con­ Tomorrow fulfil the standards designed for the cities which are structions among objects accepted as monuments. temporary priorities, we can conclude that priority classified as 'older' or historic cities. In other words, Different institutions have pushed the candidacy of should be given to those objects which are in greatest the question is, will the new towns, which from the various towns as monuments. Great pressure is peril. Without a doubt, whole towns belong in that Stawomir Gzell, point of view of their value may in future be ac­ exerted for 'integrated conservation'. This has the category, as well as urban complexes. As it has cepted as urban monuments be respected to a effect of widening the list of monuments by the already been said, both world wars, uncontrolled Warsaw University sufficient degree? acceptance of urban complexes. This is in fact in development and pollution of the environment accord w ith the intentions of the various advice and which followed in the wake of the Second World ofT echnology, Poland Are New Towns Monuments? recommendations. War, caused most damage. In towns, the layout and groups of buildings w ith a certain identity should be Introduction These words 'value' and 'degree', describing which Preservation Ideals preserved. It is proposed that during the process of of the new towns may be defined as monuments (in town rebuilding (the reasons for which may be future) (and why) as well as our contemporary numerous), planners should not change complexes The assessment of the value of monument is increas­ The concept of the 'historical monument' first movements to save those objects from deformation, once existing in a defined place. If there were no ingly one of the main aims in the planning and appeared in the nineteenth century. The definition s urban complexes (because the town was smaller), it management of cities. The reasons for this is on one hould be further explained. accepted that the monument had an impact upon its would be better if in the newly shaped element of side stimulated by the existence of an extensive built surroundings and at the same time was also influ­ The most important thing is to determine whether the town the spatial ideas of the existing urban fabric which can be specified as historic and, on the enced by 'genius loci'. Those relations have never the new town possesses the values predestining it to nucleus were perpetuated. This would mean an other, by the rapid decay of that fabric. This theme been questioned. They existed. They were imple­ a name of 'future monument'. An assessment of unbroken planning idea, not just simple transfer of has been the subject of research, observations, mented instinctively in each city, town and village. terms. It would also mean that the logic of what publications and scientific and professional meetings towns, based on systematic criteria, is very much needed. Such criteria have been established for was once created would continue today as well as by different disciplines. This fact could be most The twentieth century changed everything. New, older towns. Because of their universality, they can tomorrow. easily demonstrated through bibliography, but such powerful ideologies and two world wars broke the be used for our purposes as well. For example, we a bibliography would certainly at the same time natural ties within and between the built and natural can consider the system of K K Pawlowski and M show that the works are mainly concerned with environments. Nearly simultaneous destruction and What to Preserve? Witwicki1: buildings characterised by their age. There are few uncontrolled building construction brought negative works which examine buildings created not too long effects. It became clear that without equally wide Once again we may ask the questions, as to which a. Extent of the endurance of the elements of the ago in the same light. action to preserve existing buildings, they would not elements of our contemporary architecture and spatial layout - in the new towns this is certainly survive the influence of their new surroundings. planning might be accepted as valuable, as the 'Not too long ago' in this context means a period high; This dangerous atmosphere caused the actions heritage of our present times? One must remember wholly within the twentieth century and with a mentioned early. Apart from some obvious successes a large number of constructions and variety of b. The artistic value of individual objects- usually these marked date of its beginning. We can accept that in actions have had an uneven impact, as experi­ aesthetic concepts. If we want to be objective, we in new towns there are buildings defined as the twentieth century there have been two such ences of one town or country are not so easily have to justify a certain eclecticism of the chosen important (exceptional) architectural creations; transported dates, both of them at the end of world war. In 1918, to the other place. Moreover, there still representative, at the same time defining the values arises the question: where should a borderline the threshold to the twentieth century world was of entirely different types of buildings and towns. c. Aesthetic values of the complex - as above, and defined through new political and economic powers appear between those elements which should really other conscious solutions of the townscape; be kept in unchanged state, and those which may be which clashed in a rhythm of early industrialisation. So, the choice of the creations which should find changed? The end of World War 11 marked the beginning of What, in short, should be preserved? their place in the 'preservation group' must be done d. Representative values of the complex as a mate­ new techniques which worked as a catalyst for social in two ways. The first one is undoubtedly the avant­ rial document of the evolution of forms -this changes, and which were more rapid where eco­ As it has been said, the number of categories of garde creations built in a short series or as single value is possessed by a new town from its very buildings which should be preserved is still grow­ nomic and political changes were most intense. Both objects (which does not mean that we are talking definition; dates were very important for architecture and ing. As a result, there might arise a situation where about a single house). Usually, even now, or some­ 'everything is considered history' and should conse­ planning, as they were the starting point for a mass times already during their construction, they are e. Representative and unique values in the regional quently be preserved. This is unrealistic, unneces­ rebuilding movement after the havoc of way. The thought of as worthier of keeping as historic monu­ or country scale - fulfilment of that criterion is sary and incorrect. Yet, how can one define qualifi­ post-war periods were also turning points for many ments, even if they never subsequently become possible through analysis of a town in compari­ cation rules, especially when remembering their countries. This showed in the structure of new representative of mass building. This then suggests son with other towns, but is rather easy to prove; towns planned under new rules - towns and cities variety? It seems that the best solution is to lead the proposition of a second way, to choose repre­ complex overall architectonic - urban - historic which during their construction were readily called sentative objects from large scale building schemes. f. Richness of the historic traditions connected with re 'of tomorrow'. Very often they were founded in new search, make inventories and describe the objects, Here one can mention for example the garden cities, a town- here new towns are limited to a few, and then choose from them those which are most places or with single, ready to execute plans. Their Mediterranean and Atlantic Coast recreation sometimes just one event and often concerned representative to each group or trend, and creators thought about them as a single whole, built towns,green suburban districts, industrial company with the fact of their founding. thosewhich are the witness of the historic, social under one plan, upon a new site. and towns, cooperative or communal housing etc. economic events, etc. Those objects should be The most important aspect is the attitude towards classified in a certain ranking list. Those at the top of There is a problem in defining the time period of the When we consider large housing complexes, there is

33 Pl•nning Articles History Vol. 1S No 1. 1993. Articles Pl•nning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 a problem, It is quite true that they are characterised rial growth, as well as by the growth of the whole by the monotonous aesthetic of domino pieces, and agglomeration of Tr6jmiasto (three cities: Gdansk, do not reflect the richness of city life. Nevertheless Sopot, Gydrua). The small town was threatened that those complexes were, and still are being built. They its very spatial structure would be ripped apart. are the facts of our surroundings and their represen­ Unfortunately this is exactly what did happen: the tation should be preserved. It would be best if they mass transportation of Tr6jmiasto and its exterior were kept as fragments of whole town districts, new connections went right through the centre of M .-;, r under the care of the first authors since the very the scientists of the Institute of the History of Archi­ beginning (1952). Consequently, the city is being tecture in Venice about American cities3, and, above, developed, and its construction, in the formal layer, all, to Donald Olsen's work under the title The City as reflects the changes in architecture and planning. a Work of Art: London, Paris, Vienna4. (Presented in Planning History Vol13 No 2, 1991). Figure 1: The First Plan of the City of Gdynia, by A Olsen starts off with a question: 1s the city a work of Zielone Wzg6rza (Green Hills) is a small city. It was Kuncewicz, St Filipkowski et al 1926 (Source: W art?' and answers 'certainly not', quoting other designed in the 1980s in the post-modernistic man­ Ostrowski, Urbanistyka Wspotczesna, Arkady, functioning definitions of a city. Yet, as we read on, ner. It was built rather quickly along original plans, 1975). turning from page to page, we see that the author even though the economic crisis can be seen in some finds in each chosen city those issues which are the places. (Figure 5) rudiments of the work of art. Desire to create monu­ mental objects, seeking composite solutions in large scale, trying to convey ideas or historic background through three dimensional forms - those elements, just as in sculpture, painting, music - we also find in the constructed towns. So the outcome is pretty obvious -a town, in favourable conditions, may become one great work of art. Such an opinion is also expressed by George and Christiane CollinsS, who deal with Camillo Sitte's works, so important for contemporary town planning.

Polish Examples Figure 3: Plan of Mai'y Kack, by A Kuncewicz and A Paprocki 1930 (Source: Architektura i Budownictwo, 1930, p 207). In Poland there are very few examples of towns with distinctive historical identities. Until1939 few towns were founded (or entirely changed). The most Created after the 2nd World War, new towns in famous one is the city of Gdynia. It is possible to say which we might be interested are: Nowa Huta, that its plan, even though changed in the interwar Nowe Tychy and Zielone Wzg6rza near Poznan. It Figure 5: Plan of Zielone Wzg6rza, by J Buszkiewicz period has survived nearly intact until our times. would also be useful to see what happened to a et al, 1980. 1. Main Square, 2. School, 3. Civic The 'dressing' was changed, but those were only Finnish town called Espoo designed by Polish Centre, 4. Church 5. Contractors houses, 6. Kinder­ superficial changes. (Figure 1, figure 2). planners. garten, 7. Existing Housing. First stage of implemen­ tation in black (Source: S Gzell, Sielone Wzg6rza, A totally different situation developed in the small Figure 2: Plan of Gdynia from 1938 (Source: W The analysis of the contemporary plans of those Miato, 11/88). town of M~ Kack. It was situated in the immediate Ostrowski, Urbanistyka Wspotczesna, Arkady, most interesting Polish towns and their comparison vicinity of Gdyrua, and was influenced by its territo- 1975). with their original plans, shows that the above four Pl ;~~ nning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Pt..nning H istory Vol. 15 No. 1.1993

Conclusions heritage, and at the same time creating a break­ through in 'historic' thinking that we are pres­ At this point it is possible to formulate some conclu­ ently building a future. sions: References 1. The easiest test through which it would be possible to establish whether the town is 'a 1. K K Pawlowski, M Witwick.i, 'Wartosc zabytkowa monument of the future' is its value in compari­ miejskich a zakres ich ochrony', in: Miasto a oblicze son with other towns, under criteria specified at czasu, (City and the Face of Time). the beginning of this paper. The main criterion is the existence of the town as a crystallising 2. N Evenson, Paris: A Century of Change 1878-1978, element. Yale University Press, 1978.

2. There is no other prescription for securing the 3. G Ciucci, F Dal Co, M Manieri-Elia, M Tafuri, The values which were specified above, without a American City. From the Civil War to the New Deal, 'planning continuity'. MIT Press, 1979.

3. The basis of city development depends upon a 4. D Olsen, The City as a Work of Art: London, Paris, flexible plan. One could think that it stands in Vienna, Yale University Press, 1986. opposition to the rule of keeping the town plan and the town itself in an unchanged shaped. Yet 5. G and C Collins, Camillo Sitte and the Birth of it is possible to understand flexibility somewhat Modern City Planning, Random House, 1966. differently, as a feature which enables adapta­ tions of new parts of a town, merging them with already existent schemes. Such understanding of flexibility should be recommended. Indispensa­ ble is morphological monitoring, which would show instantaneous danger, existence or loss of spatial values, through changes such as introduc­ tion of different building materials etc. Certainly one must not think about repudiation of all new architecture and planning a priori. There should be a place in each town for new stylistic trends. One should turn aside the rule of preserving a museum town instead of a living town.

4. A new town is created for a long time and very often it may be reshaped during its realisation process. It is therefore important to define the scope of the unchangeable elements of the plan, without which, after many planning changes, it could be found that an entirely different town is being created.

Figure 6: The City of Espoo, Finland by J M Chm.ielewski, J Kazubinsk.i, K Kuras'. 1967 5. Our contemporary methods of planning enable (Source: Arkkitehtuurikilpailuja, 8/1967). us to reach the aims defined in the above four points. Firstly, international standards rejecthomogeneity of planning processes, and Nowa Huta, the leading creation of social-realistic turn against such a solution. (Presented in Planning turn towards individualisation of the towns. planning in Poland, seems likely to be less fortunate. History Vol 13, No 2, 10991). Secondly, it is possible to observe a revaluation Firstly, it is not an independent unit any more (it was of urban thinking to encourage the more tradi­ annexed by Krak6w). Secondly, after repudiation of Finnish-Polish Espoo is in by far the worst situation. tional meaning of the town. Thirdly, there exist the communist system in Poland, many people Its original plan was the result of a competition. a number of known ways of financing, favour­ question its right of existence and of any objects Even before implementation, the competition realisa· able to the monuments of tomorrow. Fourthly, which were shaped under the influence of that tion plans have only deepened this trend. (Figure 6) there exists a real possibility of including the system. The mind dictates their preservation as the most important examples of the twentieth witness of a certain epoch, theprevailing emotions century towns upon the list of our cultural

36 37 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1.1993. Articl es Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

the quotations are taken from this book. was exhilarating but never exhausting. Indeed, Gordon Stephenson: Stephenson's long and continuing career as an after work one had the time and energy verbally architect, urban designer, metropolitan planner, and to settle world problems every night at the Dome Designing the Great and professor spans three continents and over sixty or Coupole on the Boulevard Montparnasse.' years. Among his friends and mentors were Le (fbid, p 26) the Small Corbusier, Lewis Mumford, Clarence Stein, Patrick Abercrombie, and William Holford. Although he was inspired by Le Corbusier in his early years, Christina DeMarco, Mumford and Stein have been his leading influences wince the late 1940s. City of Vancouver Planning Stephenson is best known in Britain for his plan for Department, Canada Stevenage, the first post-war new town. He was the fourth Lever Professor of Civic Design at Uverpool University from 1948 to 1953. In Australia, his Perth Like his mentor Abercrombie, he taught because he had Metropolitan Plan of 1955 is considered a master­ Figure 2: Professor Charles Reilly in 5th Year Studio, practised, and having taught continued to practise. His piece of metropolitan planning. In Canada, he was University of Uverpool School of Architecture account of A Life in City Design is vivid and personal. ing professor of the School of Urban and 1930-1. He opens a window into the workshop of planning; he found Regional Planning at the University of Toronto and gives a welcome view of its human aspirations and its prepared many important urban renewal schemes. ence cheered everybody.' (On a Human Scale, p essentilll function - to enable cities to enhance the lives of He has pursued his mission of improving the built 18) their citizens. (Sir Peter Shepheard) environment with incredible enthusiasm and bound­ less energy. The number and breadth of projects he Stephenson met William Hot ford on the first day of Introduction L has taken on is nothing short of astounding. architecture school. That was the beginning of a close and lasting friendship. They could not have This article is based on the recently published book Early Years been more different in backgrounds and personali­ On a Human Scale: A Life in City Design by Cordon ties - perhaps that was the great attraction. Stephenson and edited by Christina DeMarco. All Cordon Stephenson was born in 1908 in Walton, a Stephenson and Holford went to Paris together on a suburb on the north-eastern edge of Uverpool. His travelling scholarship in 1927. Prior to this trip the father was a policeman and his mother's father was a furthest Stephenson had been away from home was stonemason. Stephenson attended the Liverpool London. Holford, on the other hand, was well Figure 3: Antwerp Competition 1932: Under the Institute High School for Boys. He gained entrance travelled and worldly: Influence of Le Corbusier, this was the design entry to high school through an unusual competition. The by Stephenson, Holford, Adam and Sanuner for the Headmaster gave a lecture on bridges and after­ 'My trip to France left a lasting impression.. .! was city extension to the left bank. wards, requested the boys to write a paper on the an innocent abroad. Bill, on the other hand, was subject. Stephenson's paper and drawings im­ the master of every situation. It was almost as if Stephenson had visited Le Corbusier's office on pressed the headmaster and he won a scholarship. he'd memorised Baedeker. I gradually learned that although he knew more than any person I several occasions for letters of introduction to visit buildings. Finally in the fall of 1931, drawings under In 1925 Stephenson was interviewed by Charles had yet known, he could act his way through his ~rm, Stephenson plucked up enough courage to Reilly, Professor of Architecture at Uverpool Univer­ gaps in his knowledge.' (Ibid, p 19) ask If there was a place in his atelier. Le Corbusier sity. Professor Reilly liked his drawings and liked his drawings and the very next day Stephenson awarded him a 5 year scholarship to the school. Rich as his educational experience was at Liverpool, began his year in Corbusier's office. His first project Stephenson has very fond memories of those years Stephenson considers his time in Paris from 1930-32 was to help with Le Corbusier's entry in the Palace and Charles Reilly left a lasting impression on as the best years of his education. He very much of Soviets' competition: Stephenson. He looked forward to the 'crits' every wanted to work with Le Corbusier in Paris so Monday: Charles Reilly invented a scholarship which would allow him to study sanitary science at the Sorbonne. November 27, 1931 'Every Monday students of every year did a DearMums sketch design, generally presenting a solution in 'The period 1930-32, my two years in Paris, was perspective to a progranune set by Reilly. The the beginning of the Great Depression and the !oday, th: greatest event of my young and bigger and more dramatic the drawing the more world seemed to be slipping into economic, social mnocent hfe took place. I entered the office of he liked it. He criticised the drawings before the and political chaos. There was mass unemploy­ After a steady attack during whole school, which in his day never had more ment in Europe and American Fascism and Sa~t Co rb~sie~! which I pa1d him four visits inside the space of a than 100 students and his 'crits' were always a communism were attracting many of the young, month, he capitulated, despite the fact that he is source of enjoyment. He praised the good, gently and Hitler was bidding for power. Students were up to hi~ neck in a whopping great competition. dismissed the bad and kept up his weekly contact generally poor. But they still came to the Left Now I ftnd myself plunged into the middle of the with his students. In any studio, Reilly's pres- Bank from all parts of the world ... Postgraduate education at the Sorbonne and with Le Corbusier new Russia, ilS if to learn some real socialism and

39 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles ArticlH Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

some real architecture at the same time .. .' (Ibid, p sive plans for the whole of the London metropoli­ Stephenson and his team at Planning Technique Returning to Liverpool 29) tan region while the war was on and bombs, were responsible for determining which facilities flying bombs and finally V2 rockets were literally were needed for communities and neighbourhoods, The University of Liverpool invited Stephenson to On returning from Paris in 1932 Stephenson was dropping around them. As it was, the almost and included everything from churches to play­ become the fourth Lever Professor of Civic Design in offered a position as lecturer in the Liverpool School completed drawings for the Greater London Plan grounds. They also worked out standards for 1948. After touring many universities on the conti­ of Architecture. Stephenson fresh from Paris and Le were nearly lost on the night when fast-flying residential densities in new and redeveloped areas. nent and in the States, Stephenson was convinced Corbusier's atelier would help the school 'go mod­ German planes targeted a building occupied by They used communities as regional planning units, that he wanted to establish a two year master's em'. General Eisenhower and his headquarters staff, ideally having a population of 60,000. Individual degree in town and regional planning. Under his on the eastern side of St James's Square. On the neighbourhoods varied in size between 5,000 and guidance, the University of Liverpool led the way in In 1936 Stephenson was awarded a Commonwealth opposite side of the square a bomb dropped in 10,000 people. developing a course open to students from a wide Fellowship to complete a master's degree in City King Street and brought down a wall of the range of disciplines. They had made these changes Planning in the School of Architecture of the Massa­ building occupied by the Ministry of Town and Stephenson also helped Abercrombie and Coote before the Town Planning Institute had made up its chusetts Institute of Technology. During this time Country Planning and the small Greater London determine the location of the proposed new towns. mind to recognise social-scientist planners. there were only two full-time planning teachers at planning team. The drawings were saved by V N Lewis Silkin, Minister for Town and Country plan­ MIT. Others were borrowed from outside the Prasad who was working late on the night the ning in the Attlee Labour Government was anxious While teaching, he continued to practise and he also institution and included leading professionals such bomb fell. When Abercrombie came the following to implement the London Plan. In 1945 Holford edited the Town Planning Review. In 1948 as Clarence Stein, Raymond Unwin, and Thomas morning, he rescued a small basket of French asked Stephenson if he would prepare the plan for Stephenson attended the American Society of Plan­ Adarns. Before leaving Boston in 1938, Stephenson wine from the debris in his room. He, Prasad, the first new town at Stevenage. Stephenson assem­ ning Officials annual conference in New York. The married a fellow student, Flora Crockett. She was an Shepheard and I retired for a while to sit in the bled his small team - Eric Claxton, Tom Coote, Terry conference proved to be a great source of material architect and the first woman to complete the mas­ sunlit but war-tom garden of St James's Square, Kennedy and Peter Shepheard. Stephenson de­ for the journal. He persuaded Lewis Mumford to ter's degree in City Planning from MIT. drinking a bottle of his precious wine.' (Ibid, p scribed himself as the 'ideas man and hard-to-please write an article for the Review based on his brilliant 82) critic on the team'. talk titled 'Planning for People'. He later persuaded Inside the Ministry of Town and Country Clarence Stein, who was also at the conference to Planning write Toward New Towns for America. It first appeared as Volume 20 of the Town Planning Review. It was become one of the best-known town planning After working for two years on Holford's team to books ever published, now in its seventh edition. designing and supervising giant wartime building projects, Stephenson was invited to join Lord Reith's 1949, he added to his university workload by Reconstruction Group at the end of 1941. H G In entering into a partnership with Robertson Young, Vincent headed the small team which at that time Norman Kingham and William Knight. A housing was made up of H Charlton Bradshaw, John Dower, project commissioned by Wrexham Borough Council William Holford and Thomas Sharp. The group gave Stephenson an opportunity to put to the test his decided that revolutionary planning techniques were developing ideas on providing economical and needed to grapple with post-war planning, depart­ convenient housing. He had by that time become a ing from the zoning and laying out of suburbs which vocal opponent of high rise housing for families. had constituted pre-war planning. Using mostly row housing and a Radbum-style layout with a separate and continuous footpath Holford, Stephenson, and Kennedy were the driving system leading to front doors, playgrounds, and forces of the Planning Technique Section. Holford Figure 5: The Controversial Plan for Stevenage open spaces, they achieved a net density of 21.5 concentrated on the administration and left Town Centre, prepared by Holliday, Stein and dwellings per acre (54 dwellings per hectare). Stephenson and Kennedy to get on with the techni­ Stephenson, 1950. cal side of things. One of the most important docu­ In 1953 Lewis Mumford came to stay with the ments produced by Planning Technique was The Stephensons and together they made a site visit to Redevelopment of Central Areas, a guide to assist local One of the most controversial design elements of Wrexham: 'Mumford, my wife and I came to the authorities in re-building war-damaged areas. Stevenage was the pedestrian mall. Stephenson was conclusion that we might well have made the houses convinced that a pedestrian mall at the heart of the and flats larger and the landscape richer and still He was also loaned to Sir Patrick Abercrombie to town centre was an essential ingredient in making have had the lowest-cost scheme in the country'. assist with The Greater London Plan. It was not easy the new town work 'on a human scale'. A few years Nevertheless, Wrexham is a good demonstration of for Abercrombie and the ministry to recruit a team in earlier he and Clarence Stein had enjoyed their achieving relatively high densities but being able to the middle of the war. He had seven qualified discovery of the Kalverstraat. In the heat of the ONE SHILLtf\G provide affordable ground-oriented housing for assistants, including Stephenson who was working pedestrian mall controversy Stephenson enlisted the families. part time and running Planning Technique in the Figure 4: Planning for Reconstruction: The Cover of help of Clarence Stein and together Stein, Clifford Ministry at the same. Nevertheless, the entire plan Holliday and Stephenson presented a report on a Booklet prepared by Stephenson and FRS Yorke Planning for Metropolitan Perth was completed in 18 months: in 1944. The picture shows Winston Churchill, 'Principles Proposed for the Planning Development of the Town Centre' in 1950. Stephenson stepped out Britain's wartime Prime Minister, laying bricks at his In 1953 Stephenson resigned from the University of 'It is now difficult to imagine town planners busy home at Chartwell. of the picture in 1952 but the controversy raged. It at their drawing boards preparing comprehen- was not until1954 that the Stevenage Development Liverpool. He was enticed away from England by Corporation agreed to the pedestrian mall. two exciting opportunities. First, he was offered the

40 41 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Articles Articles Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

chair of the School of City and Regional Planning at The need for a plan for Perth had long been obvious. As soon as the University of Toronto heard that MIT to commence in 1955 and secondly he was The metropolitan area was growing rapidly as a Stephenson's visa was refused they offered him the asked to help Perth prepare their first metropolitan result of high migration levels and the beginnings of founding chair of the School of Town and Regional plan. He planned to stay in Perth for about 18 major industry in the region. Mr Alistair Hepburn Planning. He remained at the University of Toronto months and then move to Boston. was appointed as Town Planning Commissioner and from 1955-60. He continued to undertake many together they put together a small team. In the important consultant studies during his time in Russell Dumas, the Western Australia State Director introduction to the plan, completed in 1955, they Canada, including urban renewal schemes for of Works and Allan Green, Town Clerk for the City wrote: Kingston and Halifax. of Perth travelled to England in 1952 look.ing for a consultant to prepare a metropolitan plan. They 'With or without a comprehensive plan, the were advised to start from the top and try to get region would continue to grow... wi th a Plan. ..th e Stephenson or Holford. They asked Stephenson first cities and the communities in the Metropolitan and he accepted. Region could grow in a spacious and orderly arrangement on either side of the broad Swan River as convenient places ... Decisions taken now w ill mean much to this as well as succeeding generations. It is time for practical men, but for also bold and courageous action ... ' (Ibid, p 138)

The Greater London Plan was their model. _J Stephenson, a man of big ideas, persuaded everyone - that the plan should show how another 1,000,000 people could be accommodated in the region. They - forecast that Perth would grow from about 400,000 Figure 7: The jury in the international competition in 1955 to 1,000,000 in 1985 and in fact it d id just that. - for Toronto City Hall, 1958. From left to right Sir The outstanding open space system in Perth protect­ William Holford (UK), Cordon Stephenson ing not only the river foreshores and ocean frontage Figure 8: Cordon Stephenson with Tom McKenna (Canada), Ned Pratt (Canada), Eero Saarinen (USA) but also the wetlands and escarpment is one of the prepared an updated plan for Canberra's Civic and Ernesto Rogers (Italy). a sunken most important contributions of the plan. It also laid Centre in 1962. Access by car was from the foundations of an excellent metropolitan trans­ peripheral road into multi-storey car parks. The mall. port system, which greatly improved public trans­ inner rings included a continuous pedestrian port and established a system of regional roads. Return to Perth all the important principles that he had fought so A Victim of McCarthy Before Stephenson left Perth he had also prepared a hard to win for Stevenage almost forty years earlier: new plan for the rapidly growing University of While living in Perth, Stephenson applied for his Western Australia campus. In the late 1950s while 'Sad to relate, in recent years, the planning of visa for the United States in order to take up his Stephenson was in Canada, the vice-chancellor of the }oondalup Regional Centre has been regressive. position at MIT. His wife Flora was an American University of Western Australia asked him to return The proposed pedestrian system has been de­ and they thought that securing the visa would be a to Perth to advise on important planning decisions. stroyed and motor vehicles have been given price simple task. Sadly, he was refused a visa for his so­ The Public Works Department, then custodians of of place in a plan which contains far too many called un-American activities: the plan, were asking the university administrators intersections and is unsuitable for both pedestri­ to discard the principle of separating pedestrians ans and cars. The shopping area is going to be 'We supposed that the 'evidence' against me was and cars and suggested that the library should be contained in another large, banal, suburban in large part gathered by the US FBI in England. built in the middle of the university's finest open shopping centre for which conventional wisdom In the McCarthy era the FBI probably put the space, the Great Court. Stephenson came to Perth dictates fort-like buildings, locked up when not in worst complexion on things. They would have and persuaded them against the major departure use and surrounded by car parks.' (Ibid, p 224) found out that, when teaching in Liverpool from his plan. During his visit, the vice-chancellor School of Architecture in the early 1930s, I had and chancellor asked him if he would return perma­ It is now twenty years since Stephenson ' retired'. He visited the Soviet Union on two occasions and I nently as consultant architect and professor of is still consulting and continues to keep a watchful had worked desperately hard in my free time as architecture. Stephenson accepted and he held the eye on Perth. He is currently assisting the Western Secretary of the Liverpool Relief Committee for chair until 1972 when he resigned to undertake plans Australia State Department of Planning with the the Victims of German Fascism... ' (Ibid, p 155) for Murdoch University in Perth. structure plan for Perth's north-east corridor. In 1975 Stephenson undertook an important study Figure 6: Mrs Outer Suburbia. The decision that the Despite several supporting letters, including letters Christina DeMnrco is a planner in the City Plans Divi­ on The Design of Central Perth. He also prepared the Perth planning region would be 2000 square miles from the President of MIT and Bert Hawke, the sion of the City of Vancouver rJanning Department. She first plan for the new town of Joondalup in Perth in inspired this cartoon by Paul Rigby, Daily News, Premier of Western Australia, nothing could per­ has worked in Toronto, Sydney, Canberra, and Perth. 1977. Unfortunately his plans were altered and lost early in 1953 (Western Australia Newspapers). suade the Americans to give Stephenson a v isa.

42 43 Planning History Vol. 1S No 1. 1993. Reseu ch Planning History Vol. 1S No. 1. 1993

On a Human Scale: A Life in City Design by Gordon ments about the selection of the judges and their 120 Socking, M urray R, 11 Wigram Road, Glebe Stephenson, edited by Christina DeMarco. Published work, and contemporary newspaper and journal Point, Sydney, NSW, Australia by Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Western Australia, Research comments and criticism o the competition and its 1992. 272 pages, limp cover, illustrated, £1750. results. 110 Bryon, A H, C E, 187 A 'Beckett St, Melbourne, ISBN 1 86368 016 0. Also distributed by Liverpool Australia University Press through Burston Distribution Biographical information about the participants, Services, Bristol, fax no 0272 711056. Entries in the 1912 however, proved elusive, and efforts to find collec­ 97 Butterworth, William, Landscape Engineer and tions or individuals holding original drawings Building, Bulli, NSW, Australia Competition for the yielded meagre results. Some limited additional information on US participants has since been found. 88 Cousins, C, 120 Erskineville Road, Erskineville, Design of the Australian This plea for assistance recognises the need for an Sydney, NSW, Australia international search. I appeal to all who may read National Capital these words to send any information they may have 34 Cracknell, E W, Queensferry, Via Grantfille, to me at this address: Victoria, Australia Help is requested from planning historians in providing biographical information about the 137 John W Reps, Professor Emeritus 44 Davies, J Hugh, Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia participants in the 1912 competition for the design of Department of City and Regional Planning the Australian Federal Capital, in locating any of College of Architecture, Art, and Planning 32 Ekberg, Dr 8 F, Stanley, Tasmania (Or 'Malmo', their original drawings, and in finding written 216 Sibley Hall, Cornell University Elm Street, Hawthorn, Victoria), Australia explanations of their plans. The following brief Ithaca, New York 14853 comment explains why this material is needed. 5 Fauron, Albert, 25 Rosby St, Drummoyne, The names and addresses of the 137 participants as Sydney, Australia In 1994 the National Library of Canberra will hold they appear in hitherto unpublished archival records an exhibit that will focus on the 1912 competition. It will be found below. They include few persons 61 Gamer, Frank, 11 Edwards St, Glenferrie, will feature thirty-eight previously unpublished usually associated with the town planning move­ Victoria, Australia designs recorded on very large photographs. The ment. This suggests that we need to widen our judges used these images to select the finalists from studies beyond the usual suspects rounded up from Gilroy, W J, 186 Barkley St, St Kelda, Melbourne, among a group of forty-six entries regarded as worth time to time in articles, lectures, and conference Australia further study. papers. These competitors of 1912 looked on them­ selves as town planners, and some doubtless served 87 Grealy, Louis J, Survey Office, Brisbane, Queens­ From this group the judges chose the eight finalists. in that capacity before or after the competition. I land, Australia Original drawings for only four of the eight are hope this information will lead to fruitful investiga­ known to exist in public archives: those by Griffin; tions of this cast of characters that has lurked in the 10 Griffiths, Robert W, Chas Gibbon Coulter, Saarinen; Agache; and the joint submission of wings for 80 years and now returns to the stage of Charles Henry Caswell, 52 Royal Chambers, 3 Griffiths, Coulter, and Caswell. The basic plans of history. Castlereagh St, Sydney, Australia these and of the other four finalists were depicted in lithographs printed in 1913 but remain virtually COMPETITORS IN THE 1912 COMPETITION FOR 60 Heath, Charles, Licensed Surveyor, Sydney unknown. THE DESIGN OF THE AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL Road, Fawkner, Melbourne, Australia CAPITAL The exhibition of the 'new' thirty-eight designs Compiled by John W Reps, Cornell University 25 Hine, James, FRIBA, Colonial Mutual Buildings, together with those of the eight finalists will thus St George's Terrace, Perth, W A, Australia present a fascinating cross-section of planning Note: Countries of origin are arranged alphabeti­ thought and practice in the early twentieth century. cally, as are the names of competitors within each 108 Jackson, William M, 109 Den.ison Road, Lewi­ The plans are remarkable in their variety, and many country. Numbers were those used to identify sham, Sydney, NSW, Australia reflect principles of urban planning advocated by designs and do not indicate any order of merit. theorists and critics of the time. The long and 114 Jacob, H, Government Surveyor, Survey Office, detailed written explanations of their plans submit­ Competitors from Australia Adelaide, S A, Australia ted by seven of the final eight entrants as well as by another have also been located, and others may be 93 Adams, Alexander, AMICE, 'Waratah', Silver 78 Jorgensen, C, Architect, Bundaberg, Queens­ found . Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia land, Australia

In advising the National Library on the exhibit 84 Bennett, Edward James, Boomerang St, 134 Lalor, Robert H, Seven Hills, NSW, Australia during the final quarter of 1992, I prepared a de­ NorthQuay, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia tailed exhibit outline. In addition to notes on each 103 Lawrinowa, Raoul Gaston, Wakha Road, New design, this identified and explained the significance 113 Bicknell, George, 52 Bridge St, Ballarat East, England, NSW, Australia of dozens of their potential exhibititerns. These Victoria, Australia include many depictions of the site, revealing docu- 13 Lundberg, H W, St Peters, near Adelaide, SA, Australia

44 4S Rtse<~rch Pl<~nning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Rtsearch Pl<~nning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

9 Macdonald, A J, Brighton Road, Elsternwick, Competitors from Canada 62 Forbes, A J J, Architect, St George's House, 75 St 40 Coutts, James, Jr, CS, 18 Bridge St, Aberdeen, Victoria, Australia George St, Cap€>town, South Africa Scotland 122 Barrett, Ambrose, 22 Beach St, Halifax, Nova 59 McClay, ASH, Menzies, W A, Australia Scotia, Canada 43 Gibson, James Gibson, Box 54, Cleveland, 50 Elsworthy, Frank, Station Road, Fish Ponds, Transvaal, South Africa Bristol, England 104 McLean, 0 J, Ben Lomond Park, Bagshot, 85 Cartwright Metheson Co, Consulting Engineers, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia 503 Cotton Buildings, Vancouver, BC, Canada 36 Lawson, George G & David J Parr, Public Works 15 G imson, Emest W, Architect, Daneway House, Dept, Pretoria, South Africa Sapperton, West Cirencester, England 33 McMullen, George, Forest Chambers, 81 St 49 Ouiment, Seraphin, Civil Engineer, 15 St Law­ George's Terrace, Perth, W A, Australia rence Building, Montreal, Canada 92 Lovemore, J W, Turney's Post, Queenstown, 100 Greenfield, John, CE, c/o Messrs Cassell & South Africa Langton, 85 Gresham St, London, EC, England 99 Parer, Joseph, 193 Danks St, Albert Park, Mel­ 118 Stone, EA, Vancouver, BC, Canada bourne, Australia 73 Masey, Francis, FRIBA, Salisbury, Rhodesia, 22 Harford, Heruy, RE Office, Delhi Barracks, Competitors from France South Africa Tidworth, Andover, England 6 Parsons, George & Son, 317 Collins St, Mel­ bourne, Australia 117 Menmuir, R W, AMICE, National Mutual 76 Heaton, Ralph, Architect & Surveyor, 19 4 Agache, Agache, 11 Rue Eugene Flachat, Paris, Buildings, Church Square, Capetown, South Newhall St, Birmingham, England 3 Pullman, Edwin, Windermere Crescent, France Africa Brighton, Victoria, Australia 91 Hinchcliff, John Herbert, 'The Quarry', 37 Berard, Andre, Architect, 19 Villa Spontini, 27 Moffat, John A, National Mutual Buildings, Skelmanthorpe, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, 8 Powries, W, Albury, NSW, Australia Paris, France Corner Rissik & Market Sts, Johannesburg, England South Africa 53 Roberts, R J A, Alexandra Street, Hunter's Hill, 98 Delattre, M M & H Mantez, Ingenieurs des Arts 119 ]ackson, George, Bel tinge Road, Herne Bay, Sydney, Australia et Manufactures, 64 rue de Lille (?), Halluin 121 Moffat, John A, National Mutual Buildings, Kent, England Nord, France Corner Rissik & Market Sts, Johannesburg, 17 Robinson, H W, 59 Sydney Row, Manly, NSW, South Africa 51 ]ones, John Humphreys, ARIBA, 76 Fairholt Australia 46 Hanin, H, 63 rued' Auteuil, Paris, France Road, London, England 11 Roberts, Thomas Nisbet, 10 Markhams Cham­ 16 Sennett, A R, Union Bank of Australia, Mel­ 83 Machiels, And re, Engineer & Auguste Stuttge, bers, Capetown, South Africa 106 Knowles, Leslie, FSI, 47 Portrnan St, Manchester, bourne, Australia Architect, 31 ave Henri Martin & 42nd boul England Drago, Paris, France 67 William T Olive, MICE & Hugh S Olive, 4 & 5 89 Sharland, E C, Architect, Mildura, Victoria, National Bank Chambers, St George's St, 38 Langston, John Alfred, 106 St Paul's Road, Australia 128 Segovia, Louis de, Engineer, Froges, Isere, Capetown, South Africa Canonbury North, London, England France 52 Sherwood, Guy, Fairlie House, Anderson Street, 72 Winder, Arthur, 41 Durban St, King South Yarra, Melbourne, Australia Competitors from New Zealand Williamstown, Cape Province, South Africa 79 Leech, Donald C, MICE, Baron's Court Road, London, SW, England 105 Tibbits, W H, 'Eurabah', Ocean Street, 107 Byron, DJ, Islington, Christchurch, New. Zea­ Competitors from the United Kingdom Woollahra, NSW, Australia land 69 Mortelmans, Louis, Salisbury Works, Salisbury 125 Backhouse, Bemard, Deanfield, Meopham, Kent, Road, Harringay, N London, England 2 Tuxen, F V, 60 Market St, Melbourne, Australia 133 Davies, Robert W, Box 195, Christchurch, New England Zealand 12 O'Connor, Henry, AMICE, 1 Drummond Place, 129 Watts, Waiter W, c/ o Messrs Muirs Ltd, Queen 57 Bedford-Tylor, H, LRIBA, Architect & Surveyor, Edinburgh, Scotland St, Brisbane, Australia 82 Maddison, V, 39 Molesworth St, Wellington, Bournville, Birmingham, England New Zealand 109 Phillips, Emest Alfred William, MICE, 44 130 White, E, Constitution Road, Ryde, NSW, 45 Blackwell, J, Architect, 33 Lynn St, West Hartle­ Sackville Gardens, Hove, Sussex, England Australia Competitors from South Africa pool, England 65 Powell, Charles E, The Little House, Binfield, 111 Willie, Otto, Gardener, 14 Pratt St, Moonee 95 Eisenhofer, A A, 78 Nord St, Johannesburg, 132 Canal, Wilfred Adams, 150 Portrnanmoor (?) Berkshire, England Ponds, Victoria, Australia Transvaal, South Africa Road, East Moors, Cardiff, Wales 70 Price, Arthur J & Sons, Engineers & Surveyors, 94 Wilson, E G, Public Works Dept, 80 Elphinstone, F S, Government Surveyor, 105 Vos 96 Chance, E W, The Science Museum, South 14 Park Road, Lytham, Lancashire, England Brisbane,Queensland, Australia St, Central Chambers, 12 Bureau Lane, Pretoria, Kensington, London, Eneland South Africa 28 Rafferty, J H, 9 Grosvenor Mansions, Westmin­ 54 Wood, Arthur B, Licensed Surveyor, Tooranie, 71 Clayton, Charles H J and Harold Slicer, MSA, 23 ster, S W London, England Moulamein, NSW, Australia 58 Fallon, W A Ritchie, ARIBA, Southern Life Barry Road, London, England Buildings, St George St, Capetown, South Africa 123 Renwick, Edwin Ernest, 7 Claremont Terrace, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England

46 47 Pl~nning History Vol. 15 No 1.1993. Rese~rch Pr~ctice Planning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993

19 Reynolds, J F Jodrell & Eric Byron, 19 Old Queen 41 Comey, Arthur C, Landscape Architect, Harvard Competitors from Italy, Hungary, Sweden, India, St, Westminster, England Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Paraguay, Mexico and Finland Practice 75 Robson, Phillip A, ARIBA, 5 St Stephens House, 137 Gieske, J R, Architect Engineer, Ceredo, West 131 Botazzi, Agostino, Architect, Trisobbia, Italy Victoria Embankment, Westminster, London, Virginia, USA England 101 Forbath, Dr lmre, Eugene Lechner, Architect, & 29 Griffin, Waiter Burley, 1200 Steinway Hall, Ladislas Warga, Engineer, collaborators, V Falk DOCOMOMO Scottish 77 Saunders, James, 44 Victoria Road, Clapham, Chicago, Illinois, USA Miksa-utoza, Budapest, Hungary London, England National Group 48 Holme, Ole Jacob, Architect, 1 Washington St, 81 Gellerstedt, Nils, Civil Engineer, Ivan Lindgren, 35 Schanfelberg, Rees & Gum.mer, 31 Great James Poughkeepsie, New York, USA & Hugo du Rietz, collaborators, 2 St, London, WC, England Kungsbroplan, Stockholm, Sweden 136 Hulluck, George W,6410 15th Avenue Building, Miles Glendinning 23 Schulz, Waiter, G Pepler and Alien, Howard New York, USA 126 Gogerly, John, Architect & Civil Engineer, 15 University of Edinburgh, UK House, 4 Arundel St, Strand, London, England Metcalfe St, Calcutta, India 30 Jones, Francis L, 1336 East Acacia St, Stockton, 21 Stables, Robert Lawrence, 48 Saville Road, San Joaquin Co, California, USA 124 Leckie, John D, Villa Rica, Paraguay DOCOMOMO is an international working party Silverstown, Essex, England which was set up several years ago to pursue the 20 Kellaway, Herbert J, Landscape Architect, 2a 139 Roveda, Pedro, Avenida Cinco de Mayo, No 1, documentation and conservation of buildings, sites 127 Strachen & Weekes, Civil Engineers, 9 Victoria Park St, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Mexico, D F, Mexico and neighbourhoods of the Modem Movement. St, Westminster, London, England 24 Keller, George, FAIA, Architect, Hartford, 18 Saarinen, Eliel, Helsingfors, Finland ln our country, almost all Modem architecture was 66 Sunderland, Thomas, C E, Architect & Surveyor, Connecticut, USA built during the four decades between c1940 and 151 Far Gosford St, Coventry, England 1980. ln the interwar years, classical and Art Deco 7 Magonigle, Harold van Buren, 7 West 38th St, styles had been completely dominant, but the late 90 Waddington, Alfred H, 11 Hampton Place, New York, USA 1940s and 1950s saw the meteoric rise of Modem Bradford, Yorkshire, England design, and the 1960s and 1970s its nationwide 47 Maybeck, Bemard R, M H White, & Prof Charles ascendancy. Modem Architecture thrived in our 14 Waite, Christe L, Church St, Castleford, York­ Gilman Hyde, 35 Montgomery St, San Francisco, country for a great many reasons: it cannot be shire, England California, USA defined in a simple statement, Partly, it seems to have grown out of a national tradition of massive 63 Williamson, G Wallace, 'Surbiton', 90 Paisley 31 Mische, ET, Portland, Oregon, USA monumentality in architecture and city planning, Road, West Southboume, Hampshire, England and, as a result, to have drawn strength from exist­ 56 Mitchell, CS, La Ward, (probably Texas), ing patterns of building and urban life. 26 Wilson, George, CE, Gracious St, Jackson Co, USA Knaresborough, Yorkshire, England 74 Roewade, Alfred J, CE, 2642 (2842 on list) 116 Wingrave, C, Jr, 38 Bellevue Road, Southend on Francisco Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, USA Sea, England 112 Rowntree, Richard, 3552 Cascade View Drive, 64 Yorath, Christopher James, AMICE, 98 Twyford Laurelhurst, Seattle, Washington, USA Avenue, Acton, London West, England 42 Rush, Louis H, William D Hewitt, Alfred H Competitors from the United States Grainger, & Phineas E Paist, 671 Bullitt Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 55 Bellamy, Edward,60 Washington Square, New YorkNY, USA 135 Wayman, John H, 38 Cowan (?) St, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA 140 Brown, Thomas Seabrook, Architect, 615 First 86 Weisman, S G & S Arkin, 744 East 179th St, New National Bank Building, Roanoke, Virginia, USA Crathie Drive York, NY, USA Development, Glasgow. First Multi­ Storey Scheme in Scotland, seen under construction 138 Bruns, George H, 34 Orlon Place, Brooklyn,New 1951. York, USA 115 Yost, Clarence B, Tyler, Texas, USA

102 Chivers, Herbert C, 126-128 Russ Building, San Last year, the Scottish National Group of Francisco, California, USA DOCOMOMO was established, with the chief aim of starting the task of documenting the architecture and

48 49 Pl<~nning H istory Vol. 1S No 1.1993. Pr<~ctice Prutice Pl<~nning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 building of those momentous decades- or, more ence of the Scottish National Group of Membership applications/all other enquiries to: accurately, of coordinating this task, as substantial IXXOMOMO, opened by Prof Hubert-Jan Henket Planning History records had already been made or collected on an of the University of Eindhoven, brought together 150 Paul Stirton ad-hoc basis, by the National Monuments Record of delegates to hear the direct, and at times passionate Secretary, DOCOMOMO Scottish National Group in Zimbabwe Scotland (NMRS) and the Royal Incorporation of testimony of a wide range of contemporary partici­ Department of History of Art Architects in Scotland (RIAS). Our aim is to foster pants, ranging from the political 'housing crusaders' University of Glasgow an informed climate of discussion concerning a to engineers and architects (see report by David Glasgow G12 8QQ Derek Gunby, Bulawayo, period which is now slipping into history. The Whitham, 'Planning History' vol 14 no 3). We hope Scotland buildings which concern us cover a huge range, to publish, in due course, their papers, along with Zimbabwe drawn from all aspects of the immense post-war those of younger academic speakers, as a spur to Tel: 041-339-8855 (Ext 5626) further investigation and debate. reconstruction - from Bunton's Red Road tower This brief article is an attempt to stimulate interest in blocks and Gillespie, Kidd and Coia's Seminary at establishing a Planning History Group in Zimbabwe. We also intend, ourselves, to contribute directly to Cardross, to massive industrial and public-service is an International Planning History Society to this follow-up process, by initiating historical re­ There developments such as Monktonhall Colliery and we may affiliate. There is also interest in search into the architecture of the period, including which Cruachan Hydro-Electric Project. Despite our Africa. Generally we may be able to spear­ the inventarisation of both buildings andarchival South group's name, the scope of its work will encompass greater awareness and interest in Planning collections. In common with many other national head a not just Modem architecture itself- although that is throughout the Continent. At present Africa groups, the initial focus of our efforts will be the History of course predominant- but all works of architec­ is the only continent not represented on the Board of production, by the end of 1993, of a register of the tural and historical merit from those decades, includ­ the International Planning History Society. ing the 'late' work of previousphases (such as neo­ most architecturally, historically and technically significant Modem (and other contemporary) monu­ Romanesque churches) and early examples of the I have more than a passing interest. I was one of the ments and sites within our country. DOCOMOMO successor phases: the Conservation and Post­ members of the Planning History Group guidelines permit each group to concentrate on a founding Modem movements. 1974. I have continued to support its activi­ defined period, and we initially intend to home in on back in ties since that time. This task of documentation is greatly complicated by the quarter-century of our most intensive Modem the anomalous present-day position of postwar building - the years 1945 to 1970. architecture within 'public opinion' - by the fact that Why should we study Planning History? the values which drove forward this tremendous A draft register of some 60 sites (including both collaborative enterprise are now largely obscured or individual monuments and areas) is being drawn up To a young country with eyes firmly set on creating travestied. The monuments of Modem architecture now, and this will form the basis of a major exhibi­ new, sustainable futures, the idea of delving back are all around us, yet sometimes they seem today as tion being organised jointly with the RIAS, as part of into history may seem irrelevant. By the same token inscrutable as prehistoric monuments. Most obvi­ the 1993 Edinburgh Festival. This exhibition will today's planners may wonder why when we face so ously, the reason for this is that Modem architecture include drawings and photographs from the collec­ many difficult problems here and now in urban and contexts, we need to look backwards at what has fallen from fashion across the world. But the tions of the RIAS and the NMRS, and from archi­ rural particular vehemence of the repudiation of Modem tects' and engineers' offices. We hope that, by earlier planners attempted. The answer is the same architecture in our country (compared to, say, Italy presenting our draft register in this visually arresting to all those who, like Henry Ford, saw history as or France) stems from something beyond mere way, we will provoke widespread comment and bunk; without history you are no one and have no to fashion. It derives ultimately from a violently discussion among interested professionals, and the direction. In order to go forward it is essential fluctuating framework of evaluation of buildings, general public, and that this will, in turn, throw up understand how we got to where we are. An analy­ invented in England by A W N Pugin in the 1830s further subjects eligible for inclusion in our final sis of past policies and outcomes arms us with an set of lessons and makes us, as practition­ and subsequently imported to our country as part of register at the end of 1993. invaluable the attempt to construct a 'British culture'. This alien ers, that much more mature. framework of 'Westminster debate' sets out to We also intend to organise a wide range of other polarise periods of building into opposed 'Utopias', activities, including publications and meetings. Our What Planning History can we study in which are first praised, then violently rejected, and annual subscription is £15 (£7.50 student). This will Zimbabwe? finally 'revived' once again as 'heritage'. The result not only support our work of research and docu­ of this process of caricature and counter-caricature, mentation, but will give members: Some people have suggested that because our record in the field of postwar architecture as any other, is to of planning is comparatively recent we do not have repudiate, and reduce to silence, participants from •preferential rates for all events; sufficient material to investigate. In fact our urban those years - people whose experience could be of •a direct mailed newsletter; history is 100 years old and planning, as such, has special help in remedying the real practical problems •contacts with an international network of accompanied much of this development. 100 years of which arise in any major period of building. architects, critics and historians. planned urbanism, as well as the planned distribu­ tion (annexation) of land with its concomitant of To end this 'silence', we organised a symposium in rural settlement policies is as much as most countries Glasgow in October 1992 - 'Visions Revisited' -which have to offer the historian. Of course, apart from brought back into the public domain the values of interesting speculations abouthow Great Zimbabwe the postwar building drive. This inaugural confer- was organised as an urban community and died, there is little pre-industrial urbanisation to study,

so 51 Pr<~ctice Pl~nning History Vol. 15 No. 1. 1993 Pl~nning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Reports but this need not worry us. There is a considerable town and countryside has changed through the early months of 1993. The Council will then elect agenda of 20th century research to accomplish. influence of planning thought and practice will assist from amongst themselves a Board of Management. us in a greater understanding of where we are today. The Journal will continue as will the convening of an Reports A possible agenda of research International Conference every 2 years commencing A Zimbabwe Planning History Group? in 1994. The present subscription rate of £10 per There are a great many possible avenues of research. annum will remain unaffected. I put forward a tentative agenda only in order to I would like to see a Zimbabwe Planning History stimulate interest. Group, with formal links to the International Body. But first we need to have a nucleus of people inter­ The Australian Planner •How far did the early settler towns reflect a ested and able to undertake some research, either typical colonial set of planning principles? Was collectively or individually. To test the water for this there a special set of Zimbabwean influences? If proposal I would like to suggest that an~one ~ho is Professor Gordon E Cherry so what were they and how did they arise. To interested contact either myself or Ceceha Dav1son. what extent have these early planning principles If we get a reasonable response we will announce a University of Birmingham, UK continued to impact on current planning and land date and venue for a meeting early in 1993 when we management. can plan a course of action. I believe we have a A Conference was held on Saturday 13 March 1993 unique opportunity to make a significant contribu­ in the School of Town Planning, University of New •CJearly British Town Planning law has greatly tion to the understanding of planning here is Zimba­ South Wales. Its theme was to explore 'the nature, influenced Zimbabwean Planning Law, but what bwe and to help broaden the perspectives of the meaning and context of the contributions of indi­ have been the other in.fluences? In particular how International Body. viduals to urban and environmental planning theory far have the principles and practice of South and practice in Australia from the early colonial to African law affected us here? Planning History Group the post modem eras'. It was held under the aegis of the International Planning History Society, and •What factors have shaped the Government's Any individual or organisation may join the Plan­ indeed was the first such Conference under the new planning service since its inception? ning History Group. The group publish a jo~al colours. called Planning History which comes out three times •How have the principal cities of Zimbabwe a year. The subscription is £10 per annum with, I It was attended by over 70 people, representative of differed in their approach to town planning? believe, other currency equivalents. Membership of all the States. That so many people, travelling from the Group also entitles members to a substantial such large distances, competed with the country's •Which individuals have made particular contri­ discount rate for the journal, Planning Perspectives. General Election that day, speaks volumes for the butions to planning in Zimbabwe? What has been The Group organise regular Planning History organising powers of the Convenor, Dr Rob the nature of their influence? conferences in the UK and every 2 years an Interna­ Freestone, and the hospitality of the host institution. tional Conferences in the UK and every 2 years an •What was the role of the Provincial and District International Conference is held. The present The day provided rich fare, with 35 papers on offer. Commissioner in rural planning? How did these officers are: Chairman, Professor Cordon Cherry, There was an opening General Session, with papers administrators affect outcomes of land manage­ Membership Secretary and Treasurer, Dr D W ranging across 200 years of history; and a closing ment and settlement patterns? Mnssey, and Editor of Planning History, Dr S V Ward General Session, which focused on Sydney. ln between, competing Specialist Sessions were ar­ •What have been the principal factors of continu­ Contact Points ranged under the following titles: suburb, subdivi­ ity and change in town planning practice since sion, and neighbourhood; Victoria; Canberra; independence? Derek Gunby: P 0 Box FM 524, Famona, Bulawayo, development, planing and the state; colonial town Tel Byo 60447 (day), Byo 41308 (night). planning; progressivism and beyond; the late 20th •Policies of racial segregation have had a marked century; and environment, landscape and design. impact on much of the physical arrangement of Cecelia Davison, 25 Dart Road, Vainona, Harare, Tel The refreshment intervals were useful commercial Zimbabwe towns and cities. How far was this Hre882172 breaks for IPHS, PH, the Spon Series and SACRPH. overt in professional town planning practice? The Papers from the Conference are being published What were the detailed results in terms of plan­ Update - thankfully, because there was almost too much to ning policies at national and city level? How did take in during the day and because the material changes in the intensity of this racial outlook I have just received a newsletter from the Group. It presented was of a high order. reflect in the way cities were planned? How gather from all this that I enjoyed the day has been recommended to the membership that the You will would one seek to unlock racial and economic Your President was able to declare that Group will be renamed the International enormously. factors in town development? and well. PlanningHistory Society (IPHS) from January 1993. planning history in Australia is alive so quickly on the heels of the paper by Two organisations are to be invited to become Coming One could go on. These all tend to be quite stone and Hutchings in Planning Perspectives, Vol affiliates: the Society for American City and Regional Free largeprojects. There is scope for much sim~ l er and 1993., 'Planning History in Australia: the Planning History (SACRPH) and the Urban History 8, No.l, smaller scale investigations. One may, for mstance, state of the art', the Conference showedconclusively Association (UHA). A Council of 20 will be elected want to study the history of a National Park or a a specificall y Australian brand of planning by and from paid-up members of the Society in the that small town. Any historical insight into the way

S3 52 Planning History Vol. 15 No 1. 1993. Publications Notes for Contributors history, distinctive in its concerns, its insights and its personalia, is there waiting to take off. When it does, and its scholarship becomes widely available in Publications published form, an international readership will be The p rime aim of Planning History is to increase awareness of developments and ideas in grateful. planning history in all parts of the world. In pursuit of this aim, contributions (in English) ~ re invited from members o r non-members alike for any section of Planning H istory. Non-native A recurrent theme during the day was to emphasise English speakers, please do not worry if your English is not perfect. The edito r will be happy to the singular contributions of key actors -politicians, help improve its readability and comprehension, but cannot unfortunately underta ke transla­ professionals, academics, observers and those in Abstracts tions. various positions of authority or influence on mat­ ters of urban and regional planning and the course ' Paul Ashton (compiler), Planning Sydney: Nine The text f or PH is prepared using Wordperfect 5.1 e~ nd Pagemaker. Contributions on disk of urban development over two centuries. Time and planners remember, Sydney, Council for the City of accompe~nying hard copy. again we came back to the quirkiness and irrational­ Sydney, 1992. 203 pp $15A. ISBN 0 909368 57 0. compatible with either of these systems are encouraged, with ity of the human input to city planning. Biographi­ cal studies accordingly figured large in the day's A series of edited interview transcripts with nine Articles agenda- Waiter Burley Griffin, William Holford and prominent Sydney planners who have had impor­ Cordon Stephenson the most obvious in the collec­ tant individual roles in the planning of central These should aim to be in the range 2,000-3,000 words. They may be on any topic within the tion. Sydney in the post world war two period. This general remit of IPHSe~nd may we ll reflect work in progress. lllu s tre~ ti onsa re no rmally expected contribution to oral history is a spin-off from re­ for e~rt i c le s. They should be supplied as good quality xeroxes o r black and white photographs In many ways the day came as a welcome relief from search undertaken for a volume in the Council's where there are half tones. Articles should normally be referenced with superscript numbers in today, both practitioner many aspects of planning sesquicentenary history series by Paul Ashton the text and a full reference list at ·the end, as shown in thjs issue. Autho rs s hould note that and the observer beset by the deadening hand of a Sydney sine#ce entitled The Accidental City: Planning subheads are inserted in articles and give thought to what these mig ht be and where they might profession weighed down by a 'system' committed 1788 (1993). Those interviewed were Nigel Ashton, e placed. to process often without self-evident purpose. David Chesterman, George Clarke, John Doran, b Planning history throws up scholarship in a disci­ Frank Hanson, Susan Holliday, Robert Meyer, John pline often devoid of it. It adds a vibrant dimension Mclnerney, and Kerry Nash. Inquiries and orders: Other Co11trilmtio11s both to academia and the profession. It points Mark Stevens, Archives, Sydney City Council, GPO repeatedly to the essential heart of planning: a Box 1591, Sydney, NSW, 2001, Australia. O ther types of contributions are also very welcome. Research reports should be not m ore than recognition of process. It acknowledges the unex­ 2,000 words. They need not be referenced, but any relevant publications should be listed at the pected and accordingly teaches planners to be end. Illustrations are encouraged, following the e~bove notes. Simila r short pieces on important . humble in the activity of negotiation and transaction David Hedgcock and Oren Yif~chel , Urban and source materials, aspects of planning histo ry pre~ctice (eg in conservation) etc. are also encour­ Regional Planning in Western Australia, Perth: Para~ aged. Abstracts of relevant publications o ri ginall y published in a language other than English My Australian friends (and now I have many) may digm Press, Curtin University of Western Austraha, a re especially welcome. They should follow the format in this issue. be surprised that my incarceration for a day in 1992,290 pp. ISBN 186342 172 6, paper, $A23.95. unfamiliar lecture halls led to such a thoughtful reaction, seemingly a little distant from the detailed This book is said to 'provide- for the first time - a Notices of Curre11t Events business before us. But good Conferences provide broad account of urban and regional planning in material which sparks off interrelationships with Western Australia. Its 16 chapters cover historical, These are very welcome from any part of the world. Organisers of events should, however, bear other things; this Conference was one of them. theoretical, practical and critical analysis of planning in mind that PH is only published three times a year, no rmally in April, August and December. Planning history is not some esoteric specialism in Western Australia, as a guide for scholars, stu­ Copy needs to be in at least 4 weeks before the start of the publication date to be certain of beloved of a hardy nucleus of historians manque; it dents and professionals. Contributors to the book inclusion. Please try to ensure that calls for papers etc are notified sufficiently in advance for is an essential component of the planning discipline, include some of Western Australia's leading aca­ inclusion. Later inserts are possible, at the time o f dispatch, though sufficient copies, folded as and I fear that many do not yet acknowledge it. demics and practitioners in the fields of planning, required, must be supplied by the event organiser. Nothing larger than a single A4 sheet will be design, environment and urban studies'.lncludes accepted. Every effort will be made to include such inserted new s material w ithout cost. Thank you Australia. accounts of the evolution of local (C Berry), metro­ material at no rmal advertising rates. politan (R Stokes and R Hill) and regional {I McRae However, the Editor reserves the right to charge for such and D Brown) planning. Notes for Advertisers

Planrung History has a circulation of approximately 350, reaching most of the world's active planning historians, mainly in academic institutions. Publishers in pa rticular will find it a useful way of publicising new books. Advertisements can be carried either printed within the magazine or as inserts. Sufficient copies of inserts must be supplied in good time for despatch. Advertise­ ments printed in the magazine must be supplied ce~ me re~ ready a nd respect normal deadline times. The usual cha rge is £50 for up to a single A4 sheet or page. Multiple page inserts will be accepted pro rata.

54 International Planning History Society (IPHS)

The Society was inaugurated in January 1993 as a successor body to the Planning History Society, founded in 1974. Its aims are to advance interrelated studies in history, planning and the environment, particularly with regard to the industrial and post-industrial city. Its membership is drawn from several disciplines: planning, architecture, economic and social history, geogra­ phy, sociology, politics and related fields. Membership is open to all who have a working interest in planning history. The Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) and the Urban History Association (UHA) are US affiliates of IPHS

Members of IPHS elect a governing council every two years. In turn the council elects an executive Board of Management, complemented by representatives of SACRPH and UHA. The President chairs the Board and Council.

Pn•sidcut

Professor Cordon E. Cherry School of Geography University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

Phone: 021 414 5538

J\.1embcrsh1 p

Applications are welcome from individuals and institutions

The annual subscription is:

Australia 24.50 $ Aus Canada 21.50 $Can France 90.00 FF Germany 27.00 OM Italy 23,500.00 Lira Japan 205.00 Yen Netherlands 30.00 Fl USA 17.00 $ US UK 10.00£

Further alternative currencies available on request from:

Or David W. Massey Secretary /Treasurer IPHS Department of Civic Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.

Phone: 051 794 3112

Applications for membership should be sent to Or Massey. Cheques, drafts, orders etc should be made payable to the 'INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY'.