JOHN HILDESHEIM’S NOTES

1845-1864: EDUCATION AND EARLY YEARS

I was born on April 9, 1845, in Hamburg. I went to the school of Johann Roeloff and left it under his successor, Dr. Friedrich Dörr, on March 1, 1859. The same day, I was accepted as an apprentice at N.H. Bernhard & Co., Hamburg. On January 1, 1862, I became a clerk with a salary of 500 pennies courant. The Hamburg Courant. The mark courant was the currency I traveled to England on a pleasure trip, sailing on June 3, of Hamburg and other northern cities in 1862, and was equal to 1862, through Hartlepool to Manchester, Nottingham, and 16 schillings. The schilling was London, for the Great Exhibition in Sydenham. Then I worth twelve pennies. traveled back, through Nottingham--I visited Matlock--and through Hull, to Hamburg on July 1, 1862.

On September 4, 1862, I left Hamburg again and joined Dagron & Cie., Paris, as a clerk, earning 150 francs per month. For this house, I went on October 21, 1863, to Gex, near Geneva, where I remained until December 31 the same year. From January 1 to May 15, 1864, I stayed in Paris with a salary of 3000 francs, then traveled through Cologne to Solingen, and, three days later, to Hamburg for the wedding of my sister Caroline.

The Great Exhibition of 1862. The hall designed for the Exhibition by Captain Francis Fowke (1823-1865) of the Royal Engineers was called a “wretched shed” and was torn down after the event.

1 Rene Dagron. Shortly afterward visiting the Great Exhibition, John found work with the French photographer René Dagron (1819-1900), who had exhibited there. John worked for Dagron from September 1862 until May 1864. Dagron is remembered today for inventing microfilm, for the microfilm viewers he produced in his factory at Gex, Switzerland, and for using carrier pigeons to smuggle microfilmed letters and news to the citizens of Paris while the city was under siege by Germans in 1870-1871. This portrait of a girl--probably Johnʼs niece Louise Marie “Blanche” Hildesheim--made in Dagronʼs Paris studio, was among Johnʼs possessions.

1864-1865: CUBA AND MEXICO

On June 2, 1864, I left Hamburg and traveled via the port of Grimsby to Birmingham, and there, on the 5th, joined the firm of Herr Leopold Cohen with a salary of £120.

I traveled with Adolph Cohen in August to Manchester and Liverpool. In the fall, Cohen’s house sent me on a trip to Cuba. Before departing, I visited Nottingham, and received a visit from my brothers Julius and Eduard.

Gustav Tuch. In 1864, John attended the wedding of his sister Caroline Hildesheim (d. 1877) and banker, author and journalist Gustav Tuch (1834-1909). He was political- economic editor of the daily newspaper Hamburger Nachrichten. In 1871, Tuch became director of the Anglo- Deutsche Bank. In 1886, his book The Extended Military State in Its Social Significance advocated a militarized socialist welfare state. In 1899, Tuch was decorated by Kaiser Wilhelm I for advocating that Hamburg should join the German Customs Union, which occurred in 1888. He was active in the Hamburg Jewish community, serving 12 times as chair of the Hamburg Bʼnai Bʼrith. He campaigned against prostitution of Jewish women in Poland and participated in organizations to support eastern European emigrants. In response to rising antisemitism, he formed Jewish community organizations and urged German Jews to participate in farming to integrate them into the German agricultural economy. This photo, and others in the Tuch family album, were captioned in red by Gustav and Carolineʼs son Theodor in 1942, as the Nazi government was preparing to deport him and his wife Clara to Theresienstadt, and ultimately, to death at Treblinka.

2 Veracruz, Mexico, 1869. John visited the city in 1865 on a business trip to Cuba and Mexico undertaken for the brothers and business partners Leopold Louis Cohen and Adolph Cohen of Birmingham. Leopold was an export merchant and Adolph a jeweler. Their niece, Pauline Jeanette Meyer, would become Johnʼs wife. Paulineʼs grandmother, Jette “Jessie” Warburg Cohen, resided with her son Adolph in Birmingham.

On November 2, 1864, I traveled from Southampton aboard the Seine to St. Thomas, where I arrived on November 24, and from there on the Royal Mail Ship Trent to Havana. The entire cost was £150, everything free. On January 9, 1865, I met with my brother Hermann in Havana. He stayed one week, then returned to Europe via Nassau and the U.S.

From February 1-12, 1865, I visited the following cities of the island Cuba: Matanzas, where I saw the Caves of Bellamar, then Bembu, Cardenas, Sagua, Villaclara, Cienfuegos, and Trinidad, and returned through Batabanó to Havana. I left Havana on February 24 on the Eyder, and on the 28th, arrived at Veracruz, Mexico, where I stayed until March 23. Then I traveled by diligence through Paso del Macho, Cordoba, Orizaba, and Puebla to Mexico’s capital city, which I reached A diligence stagecoach traveled six or seven on March 27. miles per hour.

3 On May 17, 1865, I left Mexico and returned to Lipman & Company. John made his Havana on the Walcott via Veracruz and Sisal. I second trip to the Americas from stayed there for 3 days, then took the Barcelona to 1865-1868 as an employee of Lipman & New York. I remained in New York from June 4-10. Co. Dundee. John and his brothers David and Then I sailed on the Baltimore for England, and Hermann were at various times partners arrived in Birmingham on June 23, via Queenstown of Lipman & Co., which exported burlap cloth made from Indian jute fiber and Liverpool. I visited Nottingham on June 25. On internationally, with offices in Dundee, the 27th, I traveled to Hamburg, and on July 18, Glasgow, Belfast, Manchester, returned via Grimsby and Manchester to Hamburg, and New York. Birmingham, where I visited my brother Hermann The owner was their uncle Isaac Lipman (1806-1884), the brother of their mother, on August 6, 1865. Therese Lipmann Hildesheim (1803-1885). (Isaac Lipman adopted a On August 12, I left Birmingham for Paris, where I shorter spelling of the Lipmann family went together with Papa [Siegmund Hildesheim name.) He was also a principal in (1804-1895), a Hamburg merchant] and Julius. I left Lipman & Wulff Hamburg. A pioneer in the Dundee jute industry, he was a Paris on August 25 and met that evening with [my partner in the Lipman & Hamel trading uncle Isaac] Lipman and his family as well as company there as early as 1845. Hermann in London. On the 26th, I was in David was in partnership with Lipman Sydenham, on the 27th, in Richmond and Hampton and Malta Wulff in the firm Lipman & Co. Dundee. He withdrew from the Court. On the 28th, I went to Nottingham. partnership in 1882. Back in Birmingham on August 31, I chose from four After Johnʼs period of employment with the Dundee firm, he was taken in as a offers Lipman & Co. Dundee had made me. I chose partner and in 1869 established Lipman the one that was most profitable for me: £250, & Co. Glasgow. In 1880 he became sole everything free, ¼ share. owner of the business under his own name. On September 2, I met my brother David and his In late 1885, Hermann became a family in Blairgowrie. I went on the 11th to Belfast, partner in Lipman & Co. Dundee. In 1892, Lipman & Co., then owned by and returned to Dundee through Glasgow on the Hermann, Isaac Lipmanʼs son Ernst 18th. On October 14, I went to Hamburg via Lipman, and Edward Friedländer, failed, Edinburgh and Leith, and returned to Dundee on and bankruptcy litigation ensued. October 29, 1865.

1865-1868: SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA, CALIFORNIA, THE CARIBBEAN

Brazil

On November 6, 1865, I went to London, then from there to Southampton on the 8th. On the 9th, I left Southampton on the steamer Douro. By November 12, we were in Tajo near Lisbon, passed Tenerife on the 16th, and on the 20th, St. Vincent. On the 27th, we arrived at Pernambuco, Brazil, where I stayed until December 15.

4 The Panana brought me on the 20th to Maranhão, after touching on the Parahiba harbor, Rio Grande do Norte, and Céara. I spent Christmas, 1865, on the quinta [ranch] “San Lazaro“ in Maranhão. On December 31 and New Year's Day, I was in Remedio.

On January 12, 1866, I left Maranhão and arrived in Pará. On the 24th I left Pará; toured Maranhão, Natal, Parahiba, Céara, Pernambuco, Abaceio; and was in Bahia on the Tocantino on February 7. On February 20th, I went on the Kepler to Rio, where I arrived on February 24. On March 7, I left Rio on the Brasil. On March 10, I was on Santa Catarina Island. On the 13th, I arrived in Rio Grande do Sol, then, on the 27th, left that place on the Gerente.

Uruguay, Argentina, Chile

From March 28 to April 4, 1866, I was in Montevideo. I left on the Rio Paraná and arrived in Buenos Aires on the 5th. On the 17th I took the Icihu to Rosario, where I spent April 18- 24.

Between April 24 and May 3, I spent one day in each of the following places: Arequito [Argentina] Tres Cruces [Montevideo, Uruguay] Tortural--there was dancing Rio Cuarto [Cordoba, Argentina] Achiras [Cordoba, Argentina] Rio Quinto [Cordoba, Argentina] Desaguadero [Mendoza, Argentina] San Luis [Argentina] Santa Rosa [Mendoza, Argentina] Mendoza [Argentina]

On May 4, 1866, I started from Mendoza for Valparaiso, where I arrived on the 13th, traveling through the Chilean towns of Coquimbito los Andes and Llay-llay. On May 27, I went by railroad to Recoleta in John Hildesheim in Lima, Peru, 1866, about 21 years Santiago, and returned to Valparaiso old. Photo by Courret Hermanos. on June 1.

5 Peru

On June 3, 1866, I took the Limeña through Coquimbo and Caldera, Chile; Cobija, Bolivia; Iquique and Arica, Chile; and reached Tacna, Peru on June 9.

On the 18th, I went on the Ecuador to Iquique, where I arrived on the 19th. On the 23rd, I continued on the Ecuador to Pisagua. On June 27, I went to Arica and Tacna. On July 1, I went from Arica on the Payta to Islay, where I arrived on July 2. On the 3rd, I went by mule to Arequipa. On the 9th, the Guayaquil took me from Islay to Callao and Lima, where I arrived on July 12. July 27-31 was the national holiday celebration.

I left Lima on August 11 on the Talca, and arrived in Huanchaco on the 14th. Between Lima and Huanchaco, I saw the various garrisoned harbors of Huasco, Supe, Samanco, Culebras, Santas, etc. Traveling by horse Luis G. Albrecht. A Bavarian, through Trujillo (where there was a four-day delay), I Albrecht (1826-1891) established arrived on the 19th in Facala, at the hacienda of Luis a plantation empire in Peru and was one of the world’s largest sugar Albrecht. producers. He received praise for agricultural and engineering My return to Huanchaco was on August 22. Between innovations, but was later accused Huanchaco and Paita, I saw Pimentel and San José, and of exploiting and abusing Chinese arrived in Paita August 25 on the Santiago. On August 26, laborers. John visited his hacienda at Facala in 1866. I arrived in Guayaquil on the Favorita, and left again on September 12, going to Tumbes on the Peruano.

Central America

On September 16, 1866, I took the Limena from Paita to Panama, where I arrived on the 21st. On the 25th, I left Panama on the Parkersburgh; and arrived in San Jose de Guatemala on October 4, after touching on Puntarenas harbor in Costa Rica; Realejo and Corinto, Nicaragua; and La Union, Libertad, and Acajutla, El Salvador. At 5:00 in the evening, after passing through Esquintla, I arrived by diligence in Guatemala's capital city.

On October 16, I left Guatemala City, and on October 17 was in San Jose, Guatemala, where I waited until the 21st for the steamer San Salvador, which brought me on the 27th to Puntarenas in Costa Rica. I left that place by mule on the 28th and arrived--via Esparza and San Mateo--in San Jose, Costa Rica, on the 30th. I left that city again on November 9 for Puntarenas. After a three-day horseback ride in continuous rain, I left Puntarenas for Panama on the Parkersburgh on November 12, arriving there on the 15th.

6 The Aspinwall Railroad. John made the trip across Panama on the Aspinwall Railroad in 1866. In 1855, the American William Henry Aspinwall (1807-1875) had completed construction of a coast-to-coast railroad across Panama, joining the Pacific port of Panama City to the Caribbean port of Colón--called Aspinwall by Americans traveling to the gold fields in California. The train was officially called the Panama Railroad. Today the Panama Canal joins the two cities. Aspinwall also founded the Pacific Mail Steamship Company in 1848.

Colombia, Venezuela, Caribbean Islands

On November 23, I went on the Aspinwall railroad to Colón, Panama, and from there, on the 25th, went on the Danube to Cartagena and Santa Marta, Colombia. On the 29th, I left Santa Marta on the Gaira for Baranquilla, which I reached on the 30th. On December 14, 1866, I went back to Santa Marta. On the 23rd, I went by horse to Ciénega, and spent Christmas there. On December 28, I took the Colombia to Cartagena.

On January 2, 1867, I went from Cartagena to Colón, arriving there on the Danube January 4. On the 7th, I took the Moctezuma through Kingston, Jamaica, to Santiago de Cuba. From January 14-17, I was in Barracoa; on the 18th, Gibarra; on the 19th, Nuevitas; on the 20th, Havana. On February 8, I went on the Villa Clara through Batabanó and Cienfuegos to Trinidad, and was back on the 13th.

7 On the 19th, I took the Nouveau Monde to Fort de France, Martinique, which I reached on February 25. The same day, I took the Caraibe to the Venezuelan port of La Guaira, arriving on the morning of the 28th.

On March 12, I took myself to Caracas, and, on the 16th, was again in La Guaira. On March 21, I went to Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, on the Mercedita. Then I went on the Filomena to Curacão, which I reached on the 23rd, and on April 6, sailed for Maracaibo. On April 15, I was again in Curacão on the Nueva Clara.

On April 23, I took the Robert Todd through Puerto Cabello and La Guaira to St. Thomas, which I reached on the 29th. On May 15, I went on the Denvent to Peter Island and, from there, on the Tyne to Colón and Panama on May 17, arriving on May 24.

California

On May 29, 1867, I went on the Golden City by way of Acapulco to San Francisco, which I reached on June 12. From June 18-27, I went on a tour to Yosemite Valley, taking the steamer Cornelia to Stockton, then by stagecoach to Coulterville, then on horse, returning to Stockton the same way: 122 miles. On July 15, I left San Francisco on the Sierra Nevada and on the 26th, came to Mazatlan. From there I went on August 3 on the sailing ship Pacifico to Manzanillo, where I arrived on the 9th and stayed until the 17th. The Golden Age took me again to San Francisco on the 23rd--an unnecessary trip. A cable dispatch regarding a Japan trip had missed me in Manzanillo.

Ecuador, Columbia, Peru, Chile

On August 30, 1867, I went on the Montana via Acapulco to Panama, where I stayed September 12-16. Taking the Talca to Guayaquil, Ecuador, I arrived on September 24, after stops in the ports of Buenaventura and Tumaco, Colombia, and Esmeraldas and Manta, Ecuador.

On October 13, I left Guayaquil on the Colon and on the 15th, before entering Paita, Peru, was placed in quarantine. I was in the so-called “Lazareth” on November 2. On the 3rd, there was a coup in Paita Province.

On November 6, I went to Callao, Peru, on the Limeña. On the 8th, I was in Lima. On November 20, I left on the Pacific for Arica and Tacna via Quiloa and Islay, arriving on the 23rd.

On the 30th, I went to Pisagua, Chile, on the Chili; on December 4, to Iquique on the Favorita. On December 8, I went on the Santiago to Valparaiso by way of Cobija, Mejillones de Bolivia, Caldera, and Coquimbo. I arrived on December 12. On the 17th, I went via Llay- llay to Santiago, and returned on December 21.

8 The Pacific Mail Steamship Company. From 1847, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company held the U.S. government contract to deliver mail between Panama and California. Its sidewheel steamship Golden City took John Hildesheim from Panama to San Francisco in 1867. (She was lost on the coast of Baja California on February 10, 1870.) In early 1867, the company inaugurated the first regular steamer service to China and Japan. John was disappointed when--because of an undelivered cablegram--he missed the arrival of one of these ships, the Great Republic, in San Francisco on August 5.

Yosemite. Yosemite Valley by Albert Bierstadt, 1866. John Hildesheim toured on horseback in 1867.

9 On January 3, 1868, I left Valparaiso on the Peru. I stayed in Lima from January 11-14 and arrived in Panama on January 20. On the 23rd, I went to Colón. On the 27th, I went on the Tyne to Cartagena, and arrived in Santa Marta on the 30th.

On February 4, I left Santa Marta on the Gaira, and was in Baranquilla by the afternoon. I left Baranquilla on the Canon February 17 to return to Santa Marta. On March 3, I went to Kingston on the Tyne, arriving on March 11 after stopping at Cartagena on the 5th and Colon on the 7th.

Haiti

On March 12, 1868, I went to Port-au-Prince on the Bolivar, arriving on the 14th. On the 23rd, I went through Gressier and Massena to Jacmel. On the 29th, I returned to Port-au- Prince. On April 8, I went again to Jacmel. On the 10th, I went via the RMS Atrato to St. Thomas, where I arrived on the 12th.

Return through Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina

On May 1, I went on the Merrimack to Pará, Brazil, arriving on the 8th. Prince Philipp von Sachsen-Koburg was there. On May 16, I took the Paraná to Maranhão, and arrived on the 19th.

I left on the Guana on June 4, traveling European Royalty through Ceara, Maceiu, Natal, Paraniba and in Brazil. Philipp von Pernambuco, arriving in Bahia on the 15th. Saxe-Coburg and On June 16, I took the South America to Rio, Gotha (1844-1921) and his brothers, and arrived on the 19th. On the 21st, I went Hungarian royalty to Rio Grande Sul on the Gerente, which we related to the British reached on June 27. On July 12, I took the royal family, traveled to Brazil in 1868, Guapano to Montevideo. I rode the James T. where John Brady to Buenos Aires on July 15, returning encountered them. from there to Montevideo on the same steamer on July 23.

1868: RETURN HOME; ENGAGEMENT TO PAULINE MEYER

Departing on July 26, 1868, on the Panama--via Rio de Janeiro on July 31, Cape St. Vincent on August 12, the Canary Islands on August 16, Lisbon on August 19, and St. Nazaire on August 21--I arrived on August 24 in Liverpool, where I was embraced by David and Hermann.

I went by Pullman that evening to Manchester. On August 26 I went to Bradford to meet Eduard, to Leeds for the Exhibition, and to Nottingham, where I stayed until August 28. Then I went with David through London, where we met Leopold Cohen, and through Dover, Calais, Brussels and Cologne to Hamburg, where I arrived on the 31st.

10 On September 4, 1868, I became engaged with Pauline Meyer in Gross Borstel. From Hamburg, I went on Thursday, September 24, to Frankfurt and Offenbach, arriving on Friday, the 25th. On Saturday, the 26th, I went back to Hamburg. On Sunday, September 27, to October 2, I went to see Julius in Paris. Friday and Saturday, October 3, I met Hermann in London. On Sunday, the 4th, I was in Birmingham. Monday the 5th, and Tuesday the 6th, I visited Nottingham. On Wednesday, October 7, I went to Dundee.

1868-1869: ESTABLISHMENT OF LIPMAN & CO. GLASGOW; HERMANN’S WEDDING

On Friday, October 26, I went to Glasgow. On the 27th, I took the Llama to Belfast Pauline Meyer. In 1868, John became engaged to accompanied by David. I returned to Pauline Jeanette Meyer (1848-1924). Shortly after Glasgow on the 29th, on the 30th to becoming engaged in Hamburg, John embarked on Dundee. On November 10, I went to a trip to Offenbach, Germany; Paris, France; London and Nottingham, England; and Dundee, Glasgow and returned on the 12th. Scotland--each of the cities where his brothers, sisters, and other family members resided--and to On November 23, 1868, I went to Glasgow Birmingham, where Paulineʼs grandmother and to live there. I established an office for uncles lived, evidently to announce the Lipman and Co. The terms of the engagement and receive congratulations. Together, the couple made a similar trip after their marriage partnership are: a quarter share of the the following year. Photo by Stuart, Glasgow, 1871. business and a guarantee of £500, as well as extension of my share of the recognized business for four months.

Moritz Portheim of Lipman & Co. Belfast and David visited me February 5-7, 1869. On February 27, I went to Dundee and returned on the 29th [sic]. On March 27, I took the Cumberland to Hamburg through Leith, and arrived there on March 31 to join in the Polterabend of my brother Hermann, and the wedding ceremony with Cäcilie Lipman on April 4.1

On April 14, I went to Copenhagen through Kiel and Korsör, Denmark, and arrived again in Hamburg on the 18th. I left Hamburg on April 21 for Paris, left Paris on the 26th for

1 A German custom, the Polterabend was a party generally held on the Friday before the wedding. John does not mention his own Polterabend. Cäcilie Lipman (b. 1849) Isaac Lipmanʼs daughter, was Hermannʼs first cousin.

11 Glasgow. Probably a view of George Square, Glasgow, Johnʼs drawing includes what appears to be the Tron tower, which is located a few blocks away. John moved to Glasgow in 1868 to open an office for Lipman & Co. He and his family remained in Glasgow until 1887, when they returned to Hamburg.

Amsterdam, left Amsterdam on the 28th for Rotterdam, and, on the 29th, left Rotterdam by steamer to Harwich. I went to Nottingham via London on the 30th. On May 1, after luncheon on the bowling green, I went from Nottingham to Glasgow, where I arrived on May 2.

In July, I went on a tour in the Highlands with Henry Davis: Loch Lomond, Loch Katrin, and the Trossachs--then the Glasgow Fair. On July 24, after I had already visited David twice in that month, I went to Dundee again, and made arrangements for my wedding. On August 9, I left for Hamburg on the Warsau and arrived there on the 10th. I left Hamburg on the 14th and was in Glasgow again on the 16th. On August 24, I went to Dundee for Lipman's jubilee celebration.2 I returned to Glasgow on the 25th.

2 Possibly the 25th anniversary of Lipmanʼs business.

12 1869: MARRIAGE AND WEDDING TRIP

On October 1, I went to Hamburg via London, Dover and Ostende, arriving on the 3rd, and on October 6, celebrated my wedding with Pauline Jeanette Meyer (born July 2, 1848).

On October 7, we went to Cologne. On October 8, we sailed up the Rhine to Mainz. On the 9th, we went to Frankfurt, Offenbach and Wiesbaden. On October 10, we went from Mainz through Creuznach and Oberstein to Metz. On the evening of October 11th, we reached Paris and stayed until the evening of October 18.

We arrived in London on the 18th via Calais and Dover. On the evening of the 19th, we were in Birmingham.

On the morning of the 21st, we went to Nottingham. In the Marriage. John Hildesheim and Pauline Meyer in 1869. Family members attributed her stern demeanor to her fatherʼs lifelong evening of the 22nd, we were in grief over Paulineʼs mother Jeanette, who died four days after Manchester. On October 24th, Paulineʼs birth. Photo by Emilie Bieber, Hamburg. we arrived at 51 Renfrew Street, Glasgow. We had a short visit from David and his daughter Alice Hildesheim, age 7. On December 3, we proceeded with Alice to Dundee, and returned to Glasgow on December 6.

1870-1871: TOURS AROUND GLASGOW; BIRTH OF DAGMAR; JULIUS VISITS

On January 13, 1870, we had a visit from David and his wife Susette. On March 1, David and his son Adolph Hildesheim, age 6, visited and we went to Alva, Alloa, and Tillicoultry with Juile. On March 28, I went with Pauline to Dundee. We returned on April 1.

We had a picnic party with Moritz Portheim at Bishopbriggs.

13 On April 23, we moved into No. 1 Hamilton Terrace, Hillhead, Glasgow. On May 24-25, we received a visit from David. On the 25th, Pauline went to Dundee. On the 26th, Moritz, his wife, and I went to Lanark, to the Falls of Clyde. On March 27, I went to Dundee and returned on the 30th without Pauline. On June 3, I went to Dundee again and returned with Pauline on the 6th. On July 2, we received a visit from David and Susette until July 4.

On August 29, 1870, Susette came and was present on August 30th at 8:45 a.m. at the birth of our little daughter, who we named Dagmar, and had her registered in Partick, at the City of Glasgow Bank.

On October 13, we had a visit from Dagmar. Pauline and Dagmar Hildesheim, May 1871. Julius. David also came from Photo by Ovinius Davis, Glasgow. London on the 16th--he was here for the Streicht affair--and left us again on the 17th. On the 20th, Julius and I traveled to Manchester. On the 21st, we were there and in Birmingham. Then we visited the following cities: October 22, Kidderminster and Birmingham; October 23, Nottingham; October 24-25, Manchester.; October 26, Halifax; October 27, Lancaster, Hawick, and Galashiels. On the 28th, we were again in Glasgow.

On November 4, 1870, I took Lipman’s offer for 1871: a one-third share, without guarantee; continuation of the agency agreement; and no contribution in case of loss.

January 14-15, 1871, I was in Dundee, and back in Glasgow on the 16th. David came on the 19th, and on the 25th, I traveled to London. Pauline traveled on May 18 to Hamburg and returned mid-July. I myself went several times to Dundee, and David came here a few times. In mid-July I also visited Rosemount at Blairgowrie and made different short pleasure trips to Arran, Ayr, Stroan, Helensburgh, Luss, Blairmore, etc. David visited us from October 12 until October 17.

On November 30, 1871, Dagmar began to walk without help: 15 months old.

14 1871-1872: INVENTION TO DESALINATE SEA WATER

On August 20, 1871, I was working on an invention to make fresh water from bad water through freezing with an improved splitter.3 From January 4-9, 1872, I went to London on the matter of the invention and on January 8 discovered that through pressure in a sievelike press, everything contained in sea-ice--even the salt--can be removed, from natural sea-ice as well as artificially made. On January 9, I obtained provisional protection for my invention from the British government. On January 26, I went to Manchester, on the 27th, to London.

1872: FRANCE--AFTERMATH OF WAR4

On January 28, 1872, I went to Paris. In the theater, on the evening of the anniversary of the surrender of Paris, I gave my small contribution to the payment of the war tribute.

On January 29, I left Paris for Nancy on an affair concerning J. Salmon et fils. I met him on the morning of the 30th. The same evening, I saw G. Falkenstein in Strasbourg. Still on the same night, I traveled in a heated coach via Frankfurt, Kassel and Hannover to Hamburg, where I arrived on January 31. On February 2, I went from Hamburg to Leith on the steamer Cumberland.

1872-1873: BIRTH OF MARTHA; THE LIPMANS’ ANNIVERSARY

I was back in Glasgow on February 5, 1872. On February 6, I leased a house in Kelvinside Terrace. On April 12, we had a visit from Emma Bauermeister.

On May 8 at 10:55 p.m., a little girl was given to us, who we named Martha, and had her registered under this name in Dagmar and Martha.. Photo by Ralston & Sons Partick at the City of Glasgow Bank. Glasgow, about 1874.

3 On November 29, 1871, John was elected a member of the scientific association the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow.

4 Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, resulting in the unification of Germany and the loss of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. Visiting Paris in 1872, John paid a surcharge on his theater ticket toward the war debt that France owed Germany. He visited Nancy, the capital of Lorraine, which remained French, and Strasbourg, the capital of Alsace, which became German. (French refugees fled to Nancy to avoid becoming German citizens.) Johnʼs visit may have had to do with his brother Juliusʼs family-- Juliusʼs wife and son-in-law were Alsatian--or with business interests such as Salmon & Fils, a Nancy firm that may have been affected by the dislocations.

15