Independent and Informed ON TRACK Autonome et renseigné

The Conference of Defence Associations Institute ● L’Institut de la Conférence des Associations de la Défense

Spring / Printemps Volume 16, Number 1 2011

What Next for the CDA Institute?

The Ottawa Conference on Defence and Security

Arctic Security

Building a Legacy: Canada’s OMLT & the Mentoring of the ANSF

Direct Communic\tions with the Canadian Public CDA INSTITUTE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Admiral (Ret’d) John Anderson Dr. David Bercuson L’hon. Jean-Jacques Blais Dr. Douglas Bland Mr. Thomas S. Caldwell Mr. Mel Cappe Mr. Jamie Carroll Dr. Jim Carruthers Mr. Paul H. Chapin Mr. Terry Colfer Dr. John Scott Cowan Mr. Thomas d’Aquino Mr. Dan Donovan -général (Ret) Richard Evraire Honourary Lieutenant- Justin Fogarty Colonel, The Hon. John Fraser Lieutenant-général (Ret) Michel Gauthier Rear- (Ret’d) Roger Girouard Brigadier- (Ret’d) Bernd A. Goetze, PhD Honourary Colonel Blake C. Goldring Mr. Mike Greenley Général (Ret) Raymond Henault Honourary Colonel Paul Hindo Honourary Colonel, Dr. Frederick Jackman The Hon. Colin Kenny Dr. George A. Lampropoulos Colonel (Ret’d) Brian MacDonald Lieutenant-General (Ret’d) George Macdonald -General (Ret’d) Lewis MacKenzie Brigadier-General (Ret’d) W. Don Macnamara Lieutenant-général (Ret) Michel Maisonneuve General (Ret’d) Paul D. Manson Mr. John Noble The Hon. David Pratt Honourary (N) Colin Robertson The Hon. Hugh Segal Colonel (Ret’d) Ben Shapiro M. André Sincennes Rear-Admiral (Ret’d) Ken Summers The Hon. Pamela Wallin

ON TRACK VOLUME 16 NUMBER 1 CONTENTS CONTENU SPRING / PRINTEMPS 2011TEMPS 2009

PRESIDENT / PRÉSIDENT Dr. John Scott Cowan, BSc, MSc, PhD

VICE PRESIDENT / VICE PRÉSIDENT Général (Ret’d) Raymond Henault, CMM, CD From the Executive Director...... 4 Colonel (Ret’d) Alain Pellerin EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR / DIRECTEUR EXÉCUTIF Colonel (Ret) Alain M. Pellerin, OMM, CD, MA Le mot du Directeur exécutif...... 4 Le Colonel (Ret) Alain Pellerin SECRETARY-TREASURER / SECRÉTAIRE TRÉSORIER Proceedings of the 2011 Ottawa Conference on Defence and Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret’d) Gordon D. Metcalfe, CD Security...... 12 Colonel (Ret’d) Brian MacDonald HONOURARY COUNSEL / La Séance de la Conférence d’Ottawa (2011) sur la défense et AVOCAT-CONSEIL HONORAIRE Mr. Robert T. Booth, QC, B Eng, LL B la sécurité...... 12 Le Colonel (Ret) Brian MacDonald PUBLIC AFFAIRS / RELATIONS PUBLIQUES What Next for the CDA Institute?...... 25 Captain (Ret’d) Peter Forsberg, CD Dr. John Scott Cowan Building a Legacy: Canada’s OMLT & the mentoring of the ANSF...... 28 PROJECT / AGENTE DE PROJET Captain Jamie Donovan Ms. Meghan Spilka O’Keefe, MA Review Essay - Afghanistan Redux...... 31 DEFENCE POLICY ANALYST / Dr. Howard G. Coombs ANALYSTE DES POLITIQUES DE DÉFENSE Canada and the Arctic: 2013 and Beyond...... 34 Mr. Arnav Manchanda, MA Dr. Andrea Charron The SDF: Canada’s Security and Defence Future?...... 37 Conference of Defence Associations Institute Meghan Spilka O’Keefe 222 Somerset Street West, Suite 400B Ottawa ON K2P 2G3 The Need for Direct Communication...... 39 Thomas S. Caldwell PHONE / TÉLÉPHONE The Ross Munro Media Award...... 40 (613) 236 9903 Colonel (Ret’d) Charles Keple Address - The Ross Munro Media Award...... 41 [email protected] e-mail / courriel: Murray Brewster website / site web: www.cda-cdai.ca Canada’s Army Reserve - Post the Combat Mission in Afghanistan...... 43 ON TRACK is published by the CDA Institute. The views expressed in Brigadier-General Gary O’Brien ON TRACK are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the CDA Institute. The publication of ON TRACK was made pos- War Posters?...... 46 sible in part through a grant from the Department of National Defence. Gertrude Kearns ON TRACK est publié par l’Institut de la CAD. Les points de vues expri- més dans ON TRACK - Book Reviews ment ceux de l’Institut de la CAD. La publication de ON TRACK est “Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of reflètent les vues des auteurs et pas nécessaire Défense nationale. American Power...... 48 rendue possible en partie grâce à une subvention du Ministère de la Copyright © 2011. ISSN 1916-6699 ON TRACK (Print) (imprimé) “Canada’s Army”...... 49 Copyright © 2011. ISSN 1916-6702 ON TRACK (Online) (en ligne) COVER PHOTO: 24 February 2011. The 2011 Ottawa Con- Permission is granted to reproduce, in whole or in part, articles from ON TRACK. ference on Defence and Security. Panel 1 – Canada-US A credit line is desired. For inquiries contact the Public Affairs Officer, Captain Relations – 10 Years Since 9/11. Photo by: Lieutenant- (Ret’d) Peter Forsberg, CD , at: (tel) (613) 236 9903; (fax) (613) 236 8191; (e- Colonel (Ret’d) Gord Metcalfe. PHOTO DE LA PAGE COU- mail) [email protected]. Permission est accordée de reproduire en tout ou en partie VERTURE: Le 24 février 2011 – La Conférence d’Ottawa des articles de ON TRACK. Nous souhaitons que la source soit mentionnée. Pour demander des renseignements, contactez l’agent des affaires publiques, le Capit- (2011) sur la défense et la sécurité. Panel 1 – Les relations aine (ret.) Peter Forsberg, CD au (tél) 613-236-9903; (fax) 613-236-8191; (courriel) entre le Canada et les É-U – 10 ans après le Onze-Septem- [email protected] bre. Photo: le Lieutenant-colonel (ret) Gord Metcalfe. ON TRACK

From the Executive Director Mot du Directeur exécutif

We are pleased to begin our 16th year of the Nous sommes heureux de lancer la 16e année publication of the CDA Institute’s ON TRACK. de publication de ON TRACK, de l’Institut de la This quarterly journal is an important vehicle CAD. Ce journal trimestriel est un outil important through which the Institute contributes grâce auquel l’Institut apporte une contribution and security issues in Canada, with the de défense et de sécurité au Canada, avec la presentationsignificant value of articlesto the discussion by experts of indefence those publicationsignificative d’articles aux discussions rédigés sur par les des questions experts dans le domaine. ON TRACK informed and non-partisan debate on defence pour un débat informé et non partisan sur les andfields. security ON TRACK matters. provides a medium of questions de défense et de sécurité. offre un forum Colonel (Ret) Alain M. Pellerin, OMM, CD Nous croyons que des politiques de security policies must be based on rigorous and objectiveWe believe research that and effective reasoned defence policy and options. By shar- sur une recherche rigoureuse et objective et présenter ing the results of our research and our recommendations des optionsdéfense raisonnées. et sécurité En partageant efficaces doivent le résultat être fondées de nos with policy-makers, politicians, academics and the public, we recherches et nos recommandations avec les décideurs, les help promote change in the policies of our Federal govern- politiciens, les universitaires et le public, nous favorisons ment for the betterment of our country. des changements dans les politiques de notre gouvernement fédéral pour le bien de notre pays. This spring edition of ON TRACK features articles of ON TRACK current interest in the areas of the 2011 Ottawa Conference des articles d’actualité sur la Conférence d’Ottawa – 2011 sur on Defence and Security, the way ahead for the CDA Institute, la SécuritéCette et la édition défense, printanière la voie du defutur pour l’Institut vous de offre la Arctic security, NATO transformation, Afghanistan, commu- CAD, la sécurité de l’Arctique, la transformation de l’OTAN, nications with the Canadian public, the Ross Munro Media l’Afghanistan, les communications avec le public canadien, Award, war art, and book reviews. le prix média Ross Munro et l’art de guerre ainsi que des comptes rendus de lecture. The 2011 Ottawa Conference on Defence and La Conférence d’Ottawa – 2011 sur la Sécurité et Security was held on 24 and 25 February, in the Fairmont la défense s’est tenue les 24 et 25 février à l’hôtel Fairmont Château Laurier, Ottawa. The theme of Day One was Canada- U.S. Security Interests – Ten Years After 9/11. The theme of the était Les intérêts canado-américains en matière de sécurité – second day of the conference was The Canadian Forces Post- 10Château ans après Laurier le 11 à septembre. Ottawa. Le thème de la première journée Combat Mission in Afghanistan. Both themes were timely, given de la conférence était Les Forces canadiennes : Post-mission the challenges that Canada faces both externally, in the war de combat en Afghanistan Le thème de la seconde journée against terrorism and, domestically, with the government tant au plan extérieur, avec. Les la deux lutte thèmes contre le étaient terrorisme, fort à the Fairmont Château Laurier, in which the conference was qu’aupropos plan étant intérieur, donné avec les défisun gouvernement auxquels fait luttant face le contre Canada le wrestling with the nation’s financial deficit. The Ballroom in lieu la conférence, était pleine à craquer avec plus de 500 held, was filled to overflowing with over 500 attendees. participants.déficit. La salle de bal du Fairmont Château Laurier, où avait The conference luncheon address, held on Day One, was delivered to a packed audience in the Adam Room of the de la conférence a été prononcée par M. Thomas d’Aquino, hotel by Mr. Thomas d’Aquino, Senior Counsel - Gowlings and avocat principalL’allocution au bureaudu déjeuner de Gowlings lors de laà premièreOttawa et journée ancien Former Chief Executive, Canadian Council of Chief Executives. chef de la direction et président du Conseil canadien des chefs His address, “Canada-US Security Imperatives: The Economic Dimension,” can be read at http://cda-cdai.ca/cdai/uploads/ la salle Adam du Fairmont Château Laurier. On peut trouver cdai/daquino2011.pdf. Mr. d’Aquino is a member of the CDA led’entreprise, texte de son devant allocution un auditoire « Canada-US remplissant Security complètement Imperatives: Institute’s Board of Directors. The Economic Dimension » sur le site http://cda-cdai. ca/cdai/uploads/cdai/daquino2011.pdf. M. d’Aquino est membre du Conseil d’administration de l’Institut de la CAD. We heard presentations from the Hon. Peter MacKay, Nous avons entendu des présentations de Minister of National Defence; Dr. John Hamre, President, l’honorable Peter MacKay, ministre de la Défense nationale; Center for Strategic and International Studies; Vice- de M. John Hamre, Président du Center for Strategic and International Studies; du Vice-Amiral Bruce Donaldson, General Mieczyslaw, Deputy , NATO Supreme Vice-chef d’état-major de la Défense; du Général Mieczyslaw Admiral Bruce Donaldson, Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff; 4 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

Allied Command Transformation; General Keith Alexander, Commander, U.S. Cyber Command and Director, National allié Transformation (SACT) de l’OTAN; du Général Keith Security Agency. Alexander,Bieniek, commandant commandant, adjoint,US Cyber Commandant Command et Directeur, suprême National Security Agency.

Panel: Future Challenges for the Canadian Forces and Panel : Les futurs défis pour les Forces canadiennes et le Min- Department of National Defence. L-R: Brigadier-General istre de la Defense national. G-D: Le brigadier-général (ret) (Ret’d) Don Macnamara, CDA Institute; Dr. Philippe Lagassé, Don Macnamara, I’Institut de la CAD; M. Philippe Lagassé, University of Ottawa; Dan Ross, Assistant Deputy Minister l’Université d’Ottawa; M. Dan Ross, Sous-ministre adjoint (Materiel), National Defence; and Lieutenant-General Andrew (Matériels); et le Lieutenant-général , Chef – Leslie, Chief of Transformation, Canadian Forces Transformation des Forces canadiennes

Photo by Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret`d) Gord Metcalfe Photo by Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret`d) Gord Metcalfe

Other speakers included the Hon. Michael Wilson, Les autres conférenciers incluaient l’honorable former Canadian Ambassador to the United States of America; Michael Wilson, ancien ambassadeur du Canada aux États- Lieutenant-General Frank Grass, Deputy Commander, Unis; Frank Grass, commandant adjoint, U.S. Northern U.S. Northern Command; James Blanchard, former U.S. Command; James Blanchard, ancien ambassadeur des Ambassador to Canada; General (Ret) Michael Hayden, former États-Unis au Canada; le Général (Ret) Michael Hayden, ex- Director, Central Intelligence Agency and National Security directeur, Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency; Senator Colin Kenny, former Chair, Senate Standing Agency; le sénateur Colin Kenny, ex-Président, Comité Committee on National Security and Defence; Commander permanent de la sécurité nationale et de la défense du Sénat; James Kraska, U.S. Naval War College; Dr. Andrea Charron, le Commandant James Kraska, U.S. Naval War College; Mme Carleton University; Mr. Chris Alexander, former Canadian Andrea Charron, Université Carleton; M. Chris Alexander, diplomat; Lieutenant-General Peter Devlin, Chief of the Land ex-diplomate canadien; le Lieutenant-Général Peter Devlin, chef d’état-major de l’Armée de terre; le Lieutenant-Général André Deschamps, chef d’état-major de la Force aérienne; le Staff; Lieutenant-General André Deschamps, Chief of the Air Vice-Amiral Dean McFadden, chef d’état-major de la Force NationalStaff; Vice-Admiral Defence; Lieutenant-General Dean McFadden, Andrew Chief Leslie, of Chief the ofMaritime maritime; M. Dan Ross, sous-ministre adjoint (Matériel), Transformation,Staff; Mr. Dan Canadian Ross, AssistantForces; and DeputyDr. Philippe Minister Lagassé, (Materiel), Défense nationale; le Lieutenant-Général Andrew Leslie, University of Ottawa. chef - Transformation des forces canadiennes; et M. Philippe Lagassé, Université d’Ottawa. The Conference was attended by members of the Les participants à la conférence incluaient des Canadian Forces, Ambassadors, Senators and MPs, military membres des Forces armées canadiennes, des ambassadeurs, Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 5 ON TRACK

des sénateurs et des députés, des attachés militaires, des attachés, officer-cadets from the Royal Military College of mediaCanada interest and from in the Collège seminar. militaire royal de Saint-Jean, and canadien.officiers cadets Les médias du Collège ont militaire aussi fait royal preuve du Canada de beaucoup et du members of the Canadian public. There was also significant Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean et de membres du public I am pleased to note the very positive feedback we have received in the days following the conclusion of the positifsd’intérêt quepour nous la conférence. avons reçus dans les jours suivants la Conference. Videos and electronic copies of the addresses Je remarque avec plaisir les commentaires très that were delivered at the seminar are available online at allocutions faites lors de la conférence sont disponibles en http://cda-cdai.ca/cdai/defence-seminars/seminar2011. lignefin de sur la conférence.le site http://cda-cdai.ca/cdai/defence-seminars/ Les copies vidéo et électroniques des seminar2011.

The 2011 Ottawa Conference on Defence and La conférence d’Ottawa – 2011 sur la Sécurité et heightened interest in Canada’s role in international security andSecurity national was truly defence. successful, Our Senior reflecting Defence the Analyst,general public’s Colonel la défense a connu un véritable succès, ce qui reflète bien (Ret’d) Brian MacDonald, presents a summary of the l’intérêt accru du public en général pour le rôle du Canada en proceedings of the two-day conference in this edition of ON Brianmatière MacDonald, de sécurité présente internationale un sommaire et défense des nationale. délibérations Notre TRACK. quianalyste ont euprincipal lieu lors en desmatière deux de journées défense, dele Colonel conférence (retraité) dans cette édition de ON TRACK. The presence of so many speakers from around the La présence de tant de conférenciers venant de partout dans le monde a été rendue possible grâce à l’appui of General Dynamics Canada, General Dynamics Land Systemsworld was - madeCanada, possible General through Dynamics the financial Ordnance assistance Tactical Land Systems - Canada, General Dynamics Ordnance Tactical Systems - Canada, Irving Shipbuilding, Airborne Underwater Systemsfinancier - de Canada, General Irving Dynamics Shipbuilding, du Canada, Airborne General Underwater Dynamics Geophysical Signals, Pratt & Whitney Canada, ADGA Group Geophysical Signals, Pratt & Whitney Canada, le groupe ADGA Consultants, Boeing, Defence Management Studies of the Consultants, Boeing, Defence Management Studies (School School of Policy Studies at Queen’s University , NATO, Colt of Policy Studies, Queen’s University), l’OTAN, Colt Canada, Canada, DRS Technologies, DEW Engineering & Development, DRS Technologies, DEW Engineering & Development, Royal Royal Roads University, Bombardier, Raytheon Canada Roads University, Bombardier, Raytheon Canada Limited, Allen Vanguard, et le SecDev Group. Le café pour le séminaire the seminar was generously provided by CSMG of Ottawa and, followingLimited, Allen the conclusionVanguard, andof the The seminar, SecDev General Group. CoffeeDynamics for graciously hosted a reception for the attendees. réceptiona été généreusement pour les participants. fourni par CSMG d’Ottawa. Après le Our President, Dr. John Scott Cowan, provides us séminaire, General Dynamics a eu la gracieuseté d’offrir une with a look into the organisation and functioning of the CDA aperçu de l’organisation et du fonctionnement de l’Institut de Institute today and with an outline of what the Institute la CAD aujourd’huiNotre Président, et esquisse John ce Scott à quoi Cowan, devrait nous ressembler offre un should look like in the future. In ‘What Next for the CDA l’Institut dans le futur. Dans « What Next for the CDA Institute?, Institute?, Dr. Cowan outlines the initial steps that have been le docteur Cowan dresse un tableau des actions déjà taken and will be taken in the near future to achieve the goals accomplies et de celles qui seront entreprises dans le futur that have been set out for the Institute. Since 2006, members of Canada’s Operational Depuis 2006, les membres de l’équipe de liaison et Mentor and Liaison Team (OMLT) in Kandahar have been depour mentorat atteindre opérationnel les objectifs qui [ELMO] ont été canadienne fixés pour déployéel’Institut. à working in close proximity to their Afghan National Army Kandahar ont travaillé étroitement avec leurs partenaires and Afghan National Police counterparts. Captain Jamie de l’armée et de la police nationale afghanes. Le Capitaine Donovan outlines some of the challenges that are faced by members of the Team, in ‘Building a Legacy: Canada’s OMLT & font face les membres de l’équipe dans « Building a Legacy : the mentoring of the ANSF’. Captain Donovan is a member of JamieCanada’s Donovan OMLT & nous the mentoring fait part deof the certains ANSF ». défis Le Capitaine auxquels Task Force Kandahar Operational Mentor and Liaison Team. Donovan est un membre de l’équipe de liaison et de mentorat opérationnel de la Force opérationnelle à Kandahar. In ‘Review Essay – Afghanistan Redux’, Dr. Howard Dans « Review Essay – Afghanistan Redux », Howard Coombs edits a compendium of references, that pertain to Coombs édite un compendium de références relatives à Afghanistan and that were provided by Captain (N) Darren l’Afghanistan fournies par le Capitaine de frégate Darren Hawco, Colonel Robert (Rob) Kearney, Colonel Paul Prévost, Hawco, le Colonel Robert (Rob) Kearney, le Colonel Paul Lieutenant-colonel Michel-Henri St-Louis, as well as Dr. Prévost, le Lieutenant-colonel Michel-Henri St-Louis, ainsi que Combs. The compilation provides a palette of references from which interested readers can create their own perspective partir desquelles les lecteurs intéressés peuvent développer concerning Canada’s involvement in South-West Asia, or act leurM. Combs. propre Cette perspectivecompilation offre concernant un éventail la de participation références à

6 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK as a point of departure for further reading on Afghanistan. canadienne en Asie du Sud-Ouest, ou qui peuvent servir de Dr. Coombs is deployed with Joint Task Force Afghanistan point de départ pour d’autres lectures sur l’Afghanistan. M. 5-10 as a civilian advisor to the Task Force Commander. Coombs est déployé avec la Force opérationnelle interarmées Afghanistan 5-10 en tant que conseiller civil du commandant de la Force opérationnelle. In 2010, Canada will assume the two-year En 2010, le Canada assumera, pour deux ans, la Chairmanship of the Arctic Council – a high-level forum for présidence du Conseil de l’Arctique – un forum de haut cooperation, coordination and interaction between Arctic niveau pour la coopération, la coordination et l’interaction states, indigenous communities and other Arctic residents. entre les pays de l’Arctique, les collectivités autochtones et Dr. Andrea Charron reviews deadlines Canada faces and les autres résidents de l’Arctique. Andrea Charron passe en takes a brief look at a few questions for the reader to ponder, in ‘Canada and the Arctic: 2013 and Beyond’. Dr. Charron is Canada Research Associate, Canadian Defence and Security Studies, andrevue the les Arctic: échéances 2013 andauxquelles Beyond le». CanadaMme Charron fait face est et associée soulève Carleton University. dequelques recherche, sujets de Canadian réflexion Defence pour le andlecteur Security dans « Studies, Université Carleton. Le 24 mars, notre agente de projet, Meghan Spilka attended the Security and Defence Forum (SDF) award O’Keefe, a participé à la Séance d’information pour les On 24 March our Project Officer, Meghan Spilka O’Keefe, lauréats du Forum sur la Sécurité et la défense (FSD). andwinners engaging. briefing. In ‘ MeghanThe SDF: is Canada’s a two-time Security recipient and Defence of SDF Future?,’funding, s and found this year’s award briefing informative etMeghan regorgeait a bénéficié d’informations. du financement Dans du «FSD The à deux SDF: reprises Canada’s et on the Canadian Forces and DND policy, and discusses the Securityconsidère and que Defencela séance Future? de cette », année elle était présente très intéressante les séances on-going needhe reports for an activeon the and compelling funded SDF. briefings of the day d’information fascinantes sur les Forces canadiennes et les

adéquatement.politiques du ministère de la Défense ayant eu lieu ce jour Thomas S. Caldwell writes in his article, ‘The Need là, et discuteThomas du S. besoin Caldwell continu nous d’un parle, FSD dans actif son et financé article for Direct Communication’, of the need to address the “why” of « The Need for Direct Communication », de la nécessité de se

Canadians to receive a follow up report on big ticket or game Forces canadiennes et du droit des Canadiens à avoir un suivi changingour Canadian acquisitions. Forces’ efforts Mr. Caldwell and sacrifices is Chairman, and of the Caldwell right of surpencher les acquisitions sur le « pourquoi qui sont » desimportantes efforts etou des qui sacrifices changent desla Securities Ltd., and a member of the Board of Directors of the donne. M Caldwell est Président de Caldwell Securities Ltd et CDA Institute. membre du Conseil d’administration de l’Institut de la CAD. In 2002 the Conference of Defence Associations En 2002, la Conférence des associations de la défense

(CDFAI) initiated the Ross Munro Media Award (RMMA). Colonel(CDA) and (Ret’d) the Canadian Charles KepleDefence outlines and Foreign for us, Affairs in ‘Ross Institute Munro Colonel(CAD) et (ret) l’Institut Charles Canadien Keple nous de présente, la Défense dans et « des Ross Affaires Munro Media Award’, the rationale for its creation. Colonel (Ret’d) MediaÉtrangères Award ont », lancé les motifs le prix de média sa création. Ross Munro Le Colonel (PMRM). (ret) Le Keple is a Vice-Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Charles Keple est Vice-président du Comité exécutif de la Conference of Defence Associations. Conférence des associations de la défense.

The Ross Munro Media Award was most recently Le prix média Ross Munro a été présenté, en novembre presented, last November, to Mr. Murray Brewster, Parliamentary defence reporter and senior war corres- défense au Parlement et premier correspondant de guerre pondent for The Canadian Press news agency. The pourdernier, l’agence à M. de Murray presse Brewster, La Presse journaliste Canadienne. en Le matière prix a été de presentation was made during the Vimy Award dinner présenté lors du Dîner Vimy alors que M Brewster était en while Mr. Brewster was on assignment in Afghanistan Afghanistan avec nos troupes. En son absence, une vidéo with our troops. In his absence he provided the dinner émouvante, dans laquelle il acceptait le prix, a été présentée a very moving video accepting the Award. We are aux participants au dîner. Nous sommes heureux d’inclure le pleased to include the text of his address in ON TRACK. texte de son allocution dans ON TRACK. The presentation of this prestigious award, this year, La présentation de ce prix prestigieux, cette année, will be presented during the Vimy Award dinner in November sera faite lors du Dîner Vimy (en novembre) à un journaliste contribution to the understanding by the public of defence compréhension, par le public, des questions de défense et de to one Canadian journalist who has made a significant sécuritécanadien qui qui touchent a fait le une Canada. contribution Le prix est significativeaccompagné àd’un la a cash prize of $2,500. The notice of the call for nominations montant en argent de 2 500$. L’avis d’appel de candidatures alsoand securityappears issueselsewhere affecting in this Canada.issue. The Award comes with apparaît ailleurs dans ce numéro.

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 7 ON TRACK

Brigadier-General Gary O’Brien has written, Le Brigadier-Général Gary O’Brien écrit, dans in ‘Canada’s Army Reserve – Post the Combat Mission in « Canada’s Army Reserve – Post the Combat Mission in Afghanistan’, that Canada’s success in Afghanistan has shaped Afghanistan the transformation of the Army Reserve that is under way. décrit la transformation », que les en succès cours du de la Canada Réserve. en Le Afghanistan Brigadier- Brigadier-Generala new vision and confidence O’Brien is inDirector its Army General Reserve. Land He Reserves outlines Généralgénère une Gary nouvelle O’Brien estvision directeur et confiance général dans – Réserve la Réserve. terre au Il at National Defence Headquarters. Quartier général de la Défense nationale. Gertrude Kearns is a Toronto-based artist who has Gertrude Kearns est une artiste de Toronto qui a executed four portraits of Canadians serving and who have réalisé quatre portraits de Canadiens en service et ayant served on various missions. In ‘War Posters?’, Ms. Kearns servi lors de diverses missions. Dans « War Posters? », Mme explains the rationale behind her work and provides a commentary for the third of four portraits that we are featuring over the next while in ON TRACK. vousKearns présenterons explique la prochainement raison d’être de dans son ON travail TRACK et. offre un We are pleased to include reviews of two books commentaireNous sursommes le troisième heureux des d’inclure quatre des portraits comptes que rendus nous our Defence Policy Analyst, Mr. Arnav Manchanda, who Le premier est de notre analyste des politiques de défense, providesthat should a critical be of interestreview of to Robert our readers. Kaplan’s The Monsoon: first is from The de deux livres qui devraient être d’intérêt pour nos lecteurs. Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power. He notes that livre de Robert Kaplan Monsoon : The Indian Ocean and the Kaplan’s writing is notable for its ability to get at both facts FutureM. Arnav of AmericanManchanda, Power qui. Ilnous note offre que l’écriture une revue de critiqueKaplan sedu and esoteric details and impressions. distingue par sa capacité à intégrer tant les faits concrets que les détails ésotériques et les impressions. L’agent de projet de l’Institut de la CAD, Meghan O’Keefe, reviews Jack Granatstein’s Canada’s Army: Waging Spilka O’Keefe, fait un compte rendu de Canada’s Army : War and TheKeeping CDA the Institute’s Peace. Meghan’s Project Officer,review paysMeghan particular Spilka Waging War and Keeping the Peace de Jack Granatstein. Son attention to Granatstein’s account of the from 1968 to the present. Her overall assessment of the book is that fait Granatstein de l’histoire de l’Armée de terre du Canada, is provides a well-written, accessible, and comprehensive deanalyse 1968 porteà aujourd’hui. une attention Elle juge particulière que, globalement, sur la relation le livre que est account of the broad role of the Canadian Army throughout its history. important joué par l’Armée de terre du Canada tout au long debien son écrit histoire. et décrit de manière accessible et détaillée le rôle One of the major events in the CDA Institute’s Un des événements importants dans le calendrier calendar is the annual presentation of the Vimy Award to d’activités de l’Institut de la CAD est la présentation annuelle du Prix Vimy à un Canadien ou une Canadienne ayant fait une contribution to the defence and security of our nation and theone preservationCanadian who of ourhas democraticmade a significant values. and outstanding sécurité de notre nation et la préservation de nos valeurs démocratiques.contribution significative et exceptionnelle à la défense et la Last year’s programme was an outstanding success, with a record number of excellent submissions that were considered by the Vimy Award Selection Committee. The de haut Le calibre programme présentées de au l’année Comité dernière de sélection a connu du Prix un programme culminated with the presentation of the Award Vimy.succès Le exceptionnel, programme aveca culminé un nombre avec larecord présentation de soumissions du Prix to the Rt. Hon. Adrienne Clarkson by the His Excellency the Rt. Hon. David Johnston, Governor General and Commander- in-Chief of Canada, before some 670 guests at a formal dinner commandantà la très honorable en chef Adriennedu Canada, Clarkson devant quelques par Son 670 Excellence invités, in the Canadian War Museum. lorsle très d’un honorable dîner de gala David tenu Johnston, au Musée Gouverneur canadien de général la guerre. et This year’s presentation of the Vimy Award will La présentation du Prix Vimy aura lieu cette année take place on 18 November at a gala reception and dinner, le 18 novembre lors d’une réception et d’un dîner de gala, again, in the Canadian War Museum. To make the Award encore une fois au Musée canadien de la guerre. Pour donner truly meaningful the Institute needs your nomination for this tout son sens au Prix, l’Institut a besoin de vos nominations year’s recipient. While we have already received a number of pour le récipiendaire de l’année. Bien que nous ayons déjà nominations, CDA member associations as well as individuals reçu un certain nombre de candidatures, les associations are encouraged to submit nominations for their candidate. membres de la CAD ainsi que les individus sont encouragés Please refer to the notice of the call for nominations which à soumettre leurs nominations pour un candidat. Veuillez appears elsewhere in this issue, and go online at http://cda- référer à l’avis d’appel de candidatures que l’on peut trouver cdai.ca/cdai/. plus loin dans ce numéro et visiter le site http://cda-cdai.ca/ cdai/. The CDA Institute will continue to provide Canadians L’Institut de la CAD continuera de fournir aux with insightful analysis of events and issues that impact on Canadiens des analyses judicieuses des événements et des the defence and security of this country. Through the CDA questions qui ont un impact sur la défense et la sécurité de ce

8 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

Institute’s research, roundtable discussions, annual seminars pays. À travers notre recherche, nos tables rondes, séminaires and symposia, and our collaboration with universities and annuels et symposiums, ainsi que notre collaboration avec other groups, we continue our focus on defence and security les universités et d’autres groupes, nous continuons à mettre issues. Our aim is always to inform as well as support l’accent sur les questions de défense et de sécurité. Notre but our government and policymakers in directions that will est de toujours informer et appuyer notre gouvernement et safeguard the defence and security interests of Canada and ceux qui conçoivent les politiques en vue de sauvegarder les its citizens. et de sécurité. In closing, I wish to thank our benefactors, particu- intérêts duEn Canadaterminant, et de j’aimerais ses citoyens remercier en matière nos bienfaiteurs, de défense patron, compagnon, et officier larly our patrons, companions and officer level donors, for- auet travail particulièrement de l’Institut nos de la donateurs CAD, appui des sans niveaux lequel il nous date.their financial support for the work of the CDA Institute, pour l’appui financier qu’ils accordent without whom we would be hard-pressed to fulfill our man mission. If you are not already a donor to the CDA Institute, I would serait très difficile de bien nous acquitter de notre ask you to become one and recruit a friend. If you join at the CAD, je vous demanderais d’en devenir un et de recruter un Supporter level with a donation $75, or at a higher level, you ami. Si vousSi vous vous n’êtes joignez pas au déjà niveau un donateursupporter à, avec l’Institut un don de de la your donation: suivants pendant les 12 mois qui suivront votre don : will receive the following benefits for 12 months following 75 $, ou à un niveau plus élevé, vous recevrez les bénéfices • A charitable donation tax receipt; • Four issues of the CDA Institute’s quarterly magazine, ON ON TRACK; • TRACKUn reçu de d’impôt l’Institut pour de don la CAD; caritatif ; • Advance copies of all other CDA Institute publications, • Quatre numéros de la revue trimestrielle such as the Vimy Papers; and publications de l’Institut de la CAD, comme les • CahiersDes exemplaires Vimy ; et anticipés de toutes les autres • A discount registration rate at the CDA Institute’s Annual Seminar. annuel de l’Institut de la CAD. • Un tarif à escompte pour l’inscription au séminaire A copy of Donor forms is printed elsewhere in this journal. Une copie du formulaire de donateurs est imprimée ailleurs Donor forms are also available on line at www.cda-cdai.ca/ dans ce magazine. Également disponible, en ligne, à www. cdai/become-a-donor cda-cdai.ca/cdai.

Thank you. © Merci. ©

Correction notice:

The article, Canada’s‘ Counter Insurgency in Afghanistan’, which was published in the previous edition of ON TRACK was co-authored by Dr. Howard Coombs and Brigadier-General Dean Milner. The authorship of the article, as listed in the previous edition, was incorrect. The Editor regrets the error.

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 9 ON TRACK

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Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 11 ON TRACK Proceedings of the 2011 Ottawa La Séance de la Conférence Conference on Defence and d’Ottawa 2011 sur la défense et Security la sécurité by Colonel (Ret’d) Brian MacDonald par le Colonel (ret.) Brian MacDonald

DAY 1 – Canada-US Security Interests: Ten PREMIÈRE JOURNÉE - Les intérêts canado- Years After 9/11 américains en matière de sécurité: dix ans après le Onze-Septembre

First Keynote: Managing Our Shared Defence Premier conférencier invité: Gérer notre défense During A Time of Fiscal Austerity commune pendant une ère d’austérité fiscale

Dr. John Hamre, of the Center for Strategic and M. John Hamre, du Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, began by noting International Studies (CSIS), de Washington, ouvre le débat that the United States was going through a great change, en notant que les États-Unis passent présentement à travers un grand changement sous la poussé de la récession, qui alsodriven for by government. the recession Americans which represented are worried a aboutgreat financialhaving a functioningwake-up call government.to the serious In financial such an peril environment, for individuals defence and gouvernement.représente un vibrant Les Américains appel au réveilsont préoccupés fiscal devant d’avoir le grave un will have to make do with fewer resources. gouvernementpéril financier qui qui fonctionne. menace les Dans individus un tel environnement, aussi bien que la le défense devra se contenter de moins de ressources.

Colonel (Ret’d) MacDonald is Senior Defence Analyst with the Le Colonel (Ret) Brian MacDonald est l’Analyste principal de Conference of Defence Associations. He is a Member of the la Conférence des associations de la défense. Il est Membre du Board of Directors of the CDA Institute. Conseil d’administration de l’Institut de la CAD.

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12 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

he cautionedHamre against focused Americans on four demonizing main themes. themselves The first, at préoccupations Sa présentation des Américains met l’accent vis-à-vis sur laquatre sécurité thèmes du thereflecting next incident on American through concerns bi-partisan about political Homeland condemnation Security, territoire,principaux. il lance Dans un leavertissement premier, en contre réfléchissant la démonisation sur les on themselves than those achieved by the terrorist act itself. par le biais d’une condamnation politique bipartisane qui which might result in greater punishments inflicted by them des Américains par eux-mêmes lors du prochain incident,

pourrait avoir pour résultat des punitions plus sévères His second theme addressed the need to recognize infligées par eux à eux-mêmes que les punitions résultant de that we are now in a time of genuine austerity, and that l’acte terroriste lui-même. America needs to re-learn the value of alliances through véritable Son austérité, deuxième et que l’Amérique thème répond a besoin aude réapprendre besoin de consensus internationalism, coalitions of the willing versus lareconnaître valeur des que alliances nous sommesforgées grâcemaintenant à un internationalisme dans une ère de formal alliances which are treaty based or structurally based. consensuel, des coalitions émanant de la volonté des We need to clean up the UN rather than simply walking away partenaires comparativement aux alliances formelles qui se from it, which is also the case with NATO. font à base de traités ou qui émanent de structures. Nous avons besoin de nettoyer l’ONU plutôt que de simplement s’en détourner ; et c’est également le cas avec l’OTAN. The third was the need to understand that since we que, comme nous n’avons pas les moyens de tout faire, nous real priorities are. We need to adopt a federated approach sommes Le obligés troisième de déterminer touche à la quelles nécessité sont de nos comprendre priorités tocan’t security afford and to dodefence. everything For example,so we must we determineneed to cooperate what the réelles. Nous avons besoin d’adopter une façon fédérée with respect to security in the High North. d’approcher la sécurité et la défense. Par exemple, nous avons besoin de coopérer pour ce qui est de la sécurité dans le Grand Nord. The fourth is the need for an updated model of industrial cooperation and industrial security. The old model required us to invest to stay ahead in technology. We have Le quatrième traite de la nécessité d’une mise à since created a model in which we ship manufacturing to niveau du modèle de la coopération industrielle et de la China. We need to discriminate on the basis of what is actually sécurité industrielle. L’ancien modèle exigeait que nous important to us. lequelfassions nous des investissements envoyons la fabrication pour rester vers à la la tête Chine. en matière Nous avonsde technologie. besoin de faire Nous des avons discrimination depuis créé sur un la base modèle de ce dans qui est réellement important pour nous.

Panel 1: Canada-U.S. Relations – 10 Years Since 9/11 Panel 1: Les relations entre le Canada et les E-U – 10 ans après le Onze-Septembre

Governor James Blanchard, former U.S. Ambassador to Le Gouverneur James Blanchard, ancien ambassadeur des Canada, noted that the initial impact on Canada/US relations États-Unis au Canada, note que l’impact initial de l’attaque of the 9/11 terrorism attack was tempered by the supportive terroriste du Onze-Septembre sur les relations Canada/US Canadian response to the incident. However, the longer term a été tempéré par la réaction canadienne d’appui lors de American response was excessive in terms of the resulting l’incident. Mais la réponse américaine qui en a résulté à long terme a été excessive en terme « d’épaississement » de la U.S./Canada trade and economic relations which now involve highly“thickening” coordinated of the manufacturingborder that had dependent damaging uponeffects “just upon in avoir sur les relations commerciales et économiques entre time” inventory practices. What are needed are improvements lesfrontière, États-Unis avec et les le effets Canada, dommageables lesquelles supposent que cet obstaclemaintenant a pu to a common U.S./Canada infrastructure. un secteur manufacturier hautement coordonné qui dépend de pratiques d’inventaire « juste à temps ». Ce qui est nécessaire, ce sont des améliorations à une infrastructure canado-américaine commune. The old phrase “Security trumps trade” must now be Le vieil adage « La sécurité l’emporte sur le recognized as a cliché which misses the point that trade is now part of security. Together we will work out the problems qui oublie que le commerce fait maintenant partie de la but it will be a real educational challenge. commerce » doit maintenant être reconnue comme un cliché

sécurité. Ensemble nous allons résoudre les problèmes, mais The Honourable Michael Wilson, former Canadian L’Honorablece sera un véritable Michael défi éducationnel. Wilson, ancien ambassadeur du Ambassador to the United States, noted that attempts to Canada aux États-Unis, note que les tentatives de création

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 13 ON TRACK create a secure border started well but then deteriorated, resulting in a need for a new paradigm as to how to manage the border. A key point is that we are now trading inputs d’une frontière sûre avaient bien commencé mais qu’elles Uns’étaient des points ensuite clés, détériorées, c’est que nous d’où aéchangeons découlé un maintenant besoin de recourir à un nouveau modèle de façon de gérer la frontière. rather thanHe final noted products. a number of delicate points relating to Il note un certain nombre de points délicats ayant energy security and environmental concerns with respect to traitdes intrants à la sécurité plutôt de que l’énergie des produits et aux préoccupations finis. touchant cross border pipeline development and the potential for such l’environnement, en rapport au développement d’un pipeline for second source energy demand markets. que les entreprises canadiennes cherchent ailleurs des differences to cause Canadian companies to look elsewhere marchésinterfrontalier de demande et la possibilité énergétique de de différences seconde source. telles fassent He also mentioned the need to understand the Il mentionne également la nécessité de comprendre impact of such measures as ITAR [International Traffic in l’impact de mesures comme l’ITAR [International Traffic Arms Regulations] in terms of outcomes rather than solely in Arms Regulations] en termes de résultats plutôt que processes. seulement de processus.

Lieutenant-General Frank Grass, Deputy Commander U.S. Le Lieutenant-Général Frank Grass, Commandant Adjoint Northern Command, reviewed the overlapping relationships U.S. Northern Command, passe en revue les relations de between NORAD, Northern Command, and , chevauchement entre NORAD, le Northern Command et le and noted that the addition of the maritime surveillance Commandement Canada, et note que l’addition de la mission mission is being dealt with successfully. Il note que la nouvelle industrie de l’aquatourisme He noted that the newly developing aqua tourism ende surveillancevoie de développement maritime se et déroule la possibilité avec succès. qu’un vaisseau de business and the potential for an arctic cruise ship getting into trouble represented a developing Search and Rescue en développement de recherche et sauvetage qui renforce la requirement which reinforces the need for improved arctic nécessitécroisière arctiqued’une amélioration se trouve en de péril la capacité représentent de SAR un arctique besoin SAR capability in Canada. au Canada.

Second Keynote: Canada-US Security Imperatives: The Deuxième conférencier invité : Les impératifs canado- Economic Dimension américains en matière de sécurité : La dimension économique

Thomas d’Aquino, Senior Counsel, Gowlings, and Former Thomas d’Aquino, avocat principal chez Gowlings et Chief Executive, Canadian Council of Chief Executives, ancien chef de la direction du Conseil canadien des chefs recalled the impact of the 9/11 attack on the Canada/US d’entreprise, rappelle l’impact de l’attaque du Onze- border with tense security preoccupations resulting in long and unprecedented delays imposing serious economic préoccupations tendues concernant la sécurité qui ont costs on both sides of the border leading Canadian business causéSeptembre des délais sur laprolongés frontière jamais canado-américaine, vus et imposé de avec graves les leaders to raise the alarm that without a quick resolution the cross-border paralysis could lead to a catastrophic impact on amené les chefs d’entreprise à sonner l’alarme en disant que, trade, investment, and jobs. coûts économiques des deux côtés de la frontière, ce qui a pourrait mener à un impact catastrophique sur le commerce, l’investissementfaute d’une résolution et les emplois. rapide, la paralysie transfrontalière

The Canadian Council of Chief Executives pressed Le Conseil canadien des chefs d’entreprise a fortement hard for a “smart border” that would keep the wheels of commerce rolling while safeguarding security. Achievements qui maintiendrait en mouvement les roues du commerce such as the 2001 Canada-United States Smart Border toutinsisté en pour sauvegardant la mise en la place sécurité. d’une Des « frontière réalisations intelligente comme la», Declaration and the 2005 Security and Prosperity Partnership Déclaration sur la frontière intelligente entre le Canada et les were extraordinary achievements but further development États-Unis de 2001 et le Partenariat pour favoriser la sécurité has not been as successful as was hoped. Consequently et la prospérité de 2005 ont été des réussites extraordinaires, events of this year, including the joint statement by President mais le développement qui a suivi n’a pas réussi aussi bien Obama and Prime Minster Harper, A Declaration on a Shared qu’on l’avait espéré. Conséquemment, les événements de Vision for Perimeter Security and Economic Competitiveness, cette année, dont notamment la déclaration conjointe du and a commitment to create a Regulatory Cooperation Council, Président Obama et du Premier ministre Harper, Déclaration represent steps to re-energize the cross border process. sur une vision commune concernant la sécurité du périmètre et la compétitivité économique, et un engagement à créer un Conseil de coopération en matière de réglementation,

14 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

représentent des étapes qui peuvent redonner de l’énergie au processus transfrontalier.

En allant de l’avant, nous aurons besoin d’agir dans trois domaines particuliers. Le premier, c’est la coopération militaire. Nous devons améliorer l’interopérationnalité de nos forces armées, élargir la structure de commandement de NORAD et embrasser

c’est le front économique : l’Accord de libre-échange la défense antimissiles balistiques. Le deuxième, compétitivité de nos deux pays est à la baisse. Nous avonsnord-américain besoin d’un n’est Accord plus canado-américain suffisant, parce que sur la compétitivité mondiale servi par un Conseil de nos

c’est dans le domaine des institutions, pas suivant Panel 1 – Canada-US Relations Panel 1 – Les relations canado- chefs publics et privés les plus créatifs. Le troisième, – 10 Years Since 9/11. L-R: - américaines – 10 ans depuis le 11 mais plutôt une série de commissions conjointes Lieutenant-General Frank Grass, septembre. De gauche à droite: le modèle européen d’un partage de souveraineté, Deputy Commander U.S. Northern - Lieutenant-Général Frank Command; the Hon. Michael Wilson, Grass, Commandant adjoint, particulières à des secteurs ou des enjeux précis pour former Canadian Ambassador U.S. Northern Command; mieux gérer nos affaires bilatérales. to the United States of America; l’honorable Michael Wilson, Panel 2:Les intérêts canado-américains en matière Governor James Blanchard, former ancien ambassadeur du Canada de sécurité US Ambassador to Canada; and aux États-Unis; Gouverneur Mr. Colin Robertson, CDA Institute James Blanchard, ancien Le Général (ret) Michael Hayden, ancien directeur and Canadian Defence & Foreign ambassadeur des États-Unis au de la Central Intelligence Agency et de la National Affairs Institute Canada; et M. Colin Robertson, Security Agency, note que la politique des États-Unis Institut de la CAD et Institut sous l’administration Obama demeure préemptive, Canadien de la Défense et des comme elle l’était sous l’administration Bush, et que Affaires Étrangères les opérations menées par les États-Unis ne sont pas Photo by Lieutenant-Colonel Photo par le Lieutenant-colonel toujours en accord avec la loi internationale. (Ret’d) Gord Metcalfe (ret) Gord Metcalfe Une des questions principales, c’est de savoir si le Canada et les États-Unis ont un point de vue commun sur ce qui constitue des actions appropriées. Going forward we will need to take action in three C’est là un domaine délicat parce que les actions canadiennes enhance the interoperability of our armed forces, expand NORAD’sspecific areas. command The first structure,is military cooperation. and embrace We ballisticneed to vont affecter les points de vue étatsuniens sur « l’épaisseur » missile defence. Second is the economic front: the North aériennede la frontière » en entre Libye le Canada sans une et les résolution États-Unis. du Par Conseil exemple, de American Free Trade Agreement is no longer enough, for the sécuritéle Canada si serait-illes modalités prêt à d’une participer telle zone à une incluaient « zone d’exclusion l’abattage competitiveness of both our countries is in decline. We need d’avions libyens ? a Canada-United States Accord on Global Competitiveness served by a Council of our most creative private and public moins bien que le font les Américains. Les Canadiens et leaders. The third is in the area of Institutions, not in the Les Canadiens acceptent les opérations secrètes European model of shared sovereignty, but rather a series of voisins.les Américains regardent dans la même direction, mais les Canadiens ne sont pas prêts à aller aussi loin que leurs sectoral or issue specific joint commissions to better manage Le Sénateur Colin Kenny, ancien président du Comité Panelour bilateral 2: Canada-U.S. affairs. Security Interests du Sénat sur la sécurité nationale et la défense, critique vertement ce qu’il voit comme l’apathie canadienne envers General (ret) Michael Hayden, former Director Central les questions de sécurité et demande pourquoi les Canadiens Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency, noted that U.S. policy under the Obama administration remains pre-emptive, as it was under the Bush administration, and ont l’air Ilaussi fait remontersûrs, en identifiant l’impact de cette ce sentiment question decomme sécurité un U.S.-conducted operations are not always consistent with problème important. international law. A key question is whether Canada and the U.S. have labénigne sécurité au parce manque qu’ils d’intérêt ont compris qui découle clairement de la qu’ilréticence n’y a pasdes a common view of what constitutes appropriate actions. depoliticiens votes dans canadiens un tel mouvement à accorder de un leur financement part, avec leadéquat résultat à

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 15 ON TRACK que la dépense totale sur la sécurité de tous les organismes U.S. views of the “thickness” of the Canada-U.S. border. For de sécurité fédéraux – MDN, SCRS/CSIS, CSCE, GRC, Agence example,This is a would sensitive Canada area sincebe prepared Canadian to actions participate will in affect the Libyan ‘No Fly Zone’ without a Security Council resolution if such a zone’s terms of reference included the shooting down Panelfrontalière 3:Préoccupations – s’élève à moins contemporaines de 2 % du PNB. en matière de of Libyan aircraft? sécurité Canadians are less comfortable with covert operations than Americans. While Canadians and Americans Commandant James Kraska, U.S. Naval War College, parle are pointed in the same direction, Canadians are not prepared des développements stratégiques dans la région de l’Asie- to go as far. de liens bilatéraux avec les États-Unis dans une relation Senator Colin Kenny, former Chair of the Senate Committee radialePacifique. avec Il lesnote autres que la pays région de la est région. essentiellement une série on National Security and Defence, sharply criticized what he saw as Canadian apathy in security matters and asked why économique et militaire de la Chine a fait d’elle une Canadians seem so secure, identifying that question as an préoccupationDernièrement, de sécurité la plus croissance importante de que la l’Afghanistan puissance important issue. ou l’. L’approche chinoise présentement en évolution He traced the impact of this feeling of benign security consiste à accentuer le déni régional au moyen de capacités to the resultant lack of interest on the part of Canadian politicians to provide adequate funding for security since la ligne qui va du Japon à Taiwan et aux Philippines) et they clearly understood that there were no votes in such a anti-accès jusqu’à la première chaîne d’îles (essentiellement move for them, with the result that the total spending on ligne qui va du Japon à Guam). L’idée centrale est l’utilisation security of all federal security agencies—DND, CSIS, CSCE, duéventuellement concept des Troisjusqu’à guerres la deuxième : guerre chaîne psychologique, d’îles (en grosguerre la médiatique et guerre juridique, et l’établissement de la Zone économique de la Mer de Chine occidentale. Les États-Unis PanelRCMP, 3:Border Contemporary Agency—amounted Security toConcerns less than 2.0% of GNP. n’ont pas répondu substantiellement à ces développements mais d’autres pays de la région ont pris des mesures pour Commander James Kraska, U.S. Naval War College, spoke augmenter leurs ressources militaires, avec le résultat qu’il y a maintenant une course aux armements qui est en voie de He noted that the region was essentially a series of bi-lateral développement dans la région. linksabout with the strategicthe United developments States in a hub in therelationship Asia-Pacific with area. the other nations in the region. Mme Andrea Charron, associée de recherche à l’Université Of late China’s increasing economic and military Carleton, parle de la sécurité de l’Arctique en notant que le power has made it a larger security concern than either Canada va présider le Conseil de l’Arctique de 2013 à 2015, Afghanistan or Iraq. The evolving Chinese approach is to suivi des États-Unis, de 2015 à 2017, une séquence qui a emphasize area denial through anti-access capabilities nécessité une coordination et une coopération attentives entre les deux États circumpolaires. to Taiwan to the Philippines) and eventually to the second Islandup to the chain first (roughly island chain the line (essentially from Japan the throughline from Guam). Japan proche de Moscou que d’Ottawa, il semble y avoir, quand on Central is the use of the concept of the Three Warfares: l’examine Même sous lasi lentillephysiquement militaire, SFC peu Alert de menaces est en réalité majeures plus psychological warfare, media warfare, and legal warfare, and à la sécurité envers l’Arctique canadien. Les FC n’ont pas the establishment of the South China Sea Economic Zone. The l’autorité de contrôler le Nord et doivent travailler avec U.S. has not responded substantially to these developments Sea but other countries in the area have taken steps to increase Rider dans lequel des équipages américains et canadiens se their military resources with the result that there is now a retrouventd’autres ministères ensemble à sur ces les activités vaisseaux. comme le processus developing arms race in the area. Certaines des questions dont il faut traiter comprennent la soumission à la Commission de l’ONU sur Dr. Andrea Charron, Research Associate, Carleton University, les Limites du plateau continental, l’expansion possible du spoke on Arctic Security, noting that Canada would chair the Conseil de l’Arctique pour inclure des États qui ne sont pas Arctic Council from 2013-15, followed by the United States in 2015-17, a sequence that needed careful coordination and cooperation between the two circumpolar states. ducircumpolaires, Nord-Ouest etle statutl’examen obligatoire quadriennal de la dezone NORAD du Système en 2014 de Though CFS Alert is actually physically closer to ettrafic l’expansion de l’Arctique de son canadien mandat (NORDREG), pour inclure le statutl’alerte du maritime passage Moscow than to Ottawa, there seem to be, when examined et l’addition possible d’un mandat terrestre. through a military lens, few major security threats to the Canadian Arctic. The CF does not have the authority to Chris Alexander, ancien diplomate canadien et ambassadeur control the North and must work with other government en Afghanistan, parle de Afghan Endgame en notant qu’il y a eu departments in such activities as the Sea Rider process which un changement substantiel sur le terrain, en Afghanistan, avec sees joint U.S. and Canadian crews for maritime vessels.

16 Independent and Informed les Talibans qui contrôlentAutonome moins et renseigné de villages, ayant souffert ON TRACK

THE CDA INSTITUTE L’INSTITUT DE LA CAD

WISHES TO THANK DÉSIRE REMERCIER

FOR THEIR POUR LEUR GENEROUS SPONSORSHIP APPUI GÉNÉREUX

OF LORS DE

THE 2011 OTTAWA CONFERENCE LA RÉCEPTION DE ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY LA CONFÉRENCE D’OTTAWA RECEPTION (2011) SUR LA DÉFENSE ET LA SÉCURITÉ

Some of the issues to be dealt with include the submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the parmi le niveau des commandants. Le milieu politique a vu Continental Shelf, the potential expansion of the Arctic plusdes pertes de dialogue de plus et lesen pluspertes nombreuses, civiles ont été particulièrement réduites à tel Council to include states which are not circumpolar states, point que les Afghans blâment maintenant les IED talibans

Services Zone (NORDREG), the status of the Northwest causées par les forces de la FIAS et du gouvernement et que Passage,the mandatory and the status NORAD of quadrennialthe Northern review Canada in Vessel2014 and Traffic the plus fréquemment, puisque seulement 15 % des pertes sont expansion of its mandate to include maritime warning and possible addition of a land mandate. au85 % Béloutchistan sont le fait des et Talibans. au Waziristan, restent actifs bien que l’ampleurMais de la les campagne Talibans, du au printemps Pakistan etsera particulièrement probablement Chris Alexander, former Canadian diplomat and Ambassador to Afghanistan, spoke on the Afghan Endgame, noting agisse contre les Talibans puisque, sans une campagne that there has been a substantial change on the ground in multilatérale,réduite cette année. on n’a Il probablement faut influencer pas le Pakistan encore l’élan pour qu’il Afghanistan with the Taliban now controlling fewer villages as faut pour en arriver à la paix. Les Afghans voient encore les régions pashtoun du the level of commanders. The political setting has seen more Pakistan comme faisant vraiment partie de l’Afghanistan, dialoguethey have and suffered civilian increasing casualties causalities have been reducedparticularly such among that et le Pakistan croit encore qu’il a le droit d’interférer en Afghans now blame Taliban IEDs more frequently since only Afghanistan.

15% of casualtiesHowever, are Taliban caused by in ISAF Pakistan, and government especially forces in Baluchistanand 85% by andthe Taliban.Waziristan remain active though the size of the spring campaign this year will likely be reduced. There since without a multi-lateral campaign there is probably still notis a enoughneed to momentum influence Pakistan to achieve to peace.move against the Taliban The Afghans still view the Pashtun areas in Pakistan as properly part of Afghanistan and Pakistan still believes it

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 17 ON TRACK has the right to interfere in Afghanistan. DEUXIÈME JOURNÉE – La mission post-combat des DAY 2 – The Canadian Forces Post-Combat Mission in forces canadiennes en Afghanistan Afghanistan Premier conférencier invité: Où nous en sommes et où First Keynote: Where we’re at, where we’re going nous allons

L’Honorable Peter MacKay, ministre de la Défense nationale, The Honourable Peter MacKay, Minister of National note que nous faisons encore partie d’un monde tout plein Defence, noted that we are still part of a highly uncertain d’incertitude. On en trouve un exemple dans ce qu’on a world. An example of that uncertainty lies in the so-called convenu d’appeler le « printemps arabe », dont personne ne “Arab Spring,” whose outcomes no one can predict. Another peut prédire l’aboutissement. On pourrait aussi mentionner impact on global security. sécurité mondiale. would beWithin the ongoing this context impact ourof the security financial relationship crises and their with l’impact Dans actuel ce des contexte crises notre financières relation et avec leur les impact États-Unis sur la au point de vu sécurité reste d’une importance fondamentale pour le Canada ; c’est elle qui explique une coopération dans NORAD, une coopération avec les forces américaines en Afghanistan, des rencontres entre le ministre de la Défense du Canada et le secrétaire américain à la Défense, le programme hémisphérique JSF [ l’avion de combat Joint Strike Fighter – éd.], la continuation de la Commission permanente mixte de défense, la relation en développement entre le Commandement Canada et le U.S. Northern Command, et des ajustements au mandat de NORAD pour tenir compte des menaces maritimes. L’OTAN, aussi, reste d’une importance fondamentale pour le Canada et nous continuons à faire des plans qui tiennent compte du nouveau Concept stratégique de l’OTAN adopté au Sommet de Lisbonne en décembre 2010, y compris la réforme institutionnelle de l’OTAN et la relation entre l’OTAN et la Russie. Dans la mission du Canada en Afghanistan pour

sera remplacée par une mission d’entraînement sans combat ayant« tenir son le pied-à-terrefort » à Kandahar à Kabul. tire maintenant à sa fin et elle Au pays, nous sommes à trois ans du début de la The Hon. Michael Wilson, former Canadian Ambassador stratégie de défense de 20 ans Le Canada d’abord alors que to the United States of America / L’honorable Michael nous poursuivons le processus de modernisation de la force Wilson, ancien ambassadeur du Canada aux États-Unis des FC avec des projets comme les parcs de véhicules de l’Armée, des améliorations à l’infrastructure pour des choses Photo by / Photo par Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret’d) Gord Metcalfe de nos combattants de surface majeurs de la Marine, l’acquisitioncomme le parc d’appareils d’hélicoptères de recherche maritimes, et la sauvetage recapitalisation à ailes the United States remains of fundamental importance to Canada and has involved cooperation in NORAD, cooperation combat. with American forces in Afghanistan, meetings between the fixes et Les l’acquisition F-35 vont des répondre remplacements aux besoin des du Canada avions ende Canadian Defence Minister and the U.S. Secretary of Defence, the hemispheric JSF [Joint Strike Fighter – ed.] programme, qui seront disparus d’ici 2020. Ce dont nous avons besoin, the continuation of the Permanent Joint Board on Defence, matière de souveraineté, remplaçant les CF-18 âgés de 40 ans, the developing relationship between Canada Command and U.S. Northern Command, and adjustments to the NORAD c’est d’un appareil de cinquième génération parce qu’aucun mandate to deal with maritime threats. individuelappareil de de quatrième ces avions génération sera au milieu peut de être la fourchette mis à niveau de NATO, too, remains of fundamental importance to pour fournir une capacité de cinquième génération. Le coût Canada and we continue to make plans in accordance with the l’industrie canadienne seront de l’ordre de 12 milliards de new NATO Strategic Concept adopted at the Lisbon Summit dollars.70 à 80 millions de dollars. Et les bénéfices retombant sur in December 2010 including NATO institutional reform and the NATO/Russia relationship.

18 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

In Afghanistan Canada’s mission to “Held the Fort” Deuxième conférencier invité : « SITREP sur les Forces in Kandahar is now drawing to a close and will be replaced canadiennes » with a non-combat training mission centered on Kabul. At home we are three years into the 20-year Canada Le Vice-Amiral Bruce Donaldson, vice-chef de l’état- First Defence Strategy as we continue the process of force major de la Défense, commence avec une revue du rythme modernization of the CF with such projects as the Army’s l’étranger, dans des missions comme la Force opérationnelle 150opérationnel (anti-piraterie) que le et ministère 13 autres a connu, opérations, tant avecau pays un total qu’à Navy’svehicle major fleets, surface infrastructure combatants, improvements the acquisition for ofsuch Fixed as de plus de 3 000 hommes et femmes des FC déployés à un the Maritime Helicopter fleet, the recapitalization of our moment donné ; l’Afghanistan a été la plus importante, replacements. avec un niveau d’opérations augmentant en conséquence Wing SearchThe F-35s and Rescue will meet and the Canada’s acquisition sovereignty of the fighter needs, du nombre additionnel de « bottes sur le terrain » et d’une replacing the 40-year old CF-18s which will be gone by diminution correspondante des activités des Talibans. 2020. Our requirement is for a Fifth Generation aircraft Il traite ensuite de la nouvelle mission d’entraînement, since no Fourth Generation aircraft can be upgraded to Fifth à compter de l’été 2011 et se poursuivant jusqu’au milieu de Generation capability. The individual cost of these aircraft 2014. Dotée d’une force pouvant aller jusqu’à 950 personnes, elle va porter principalement sur le développement des forces Canadian industry will be in the order of $12 billion. de sécurité afghanes, qui seraient concentrées sur Kabul. will be in the mid $70 million range. And the benefits to Il se tourne ensuite vers le processus continu Second Keynote: “SITREP on the Canadian Forces” de la transformation des FC, en notant que la mission de l’Afghanistan a changé la culture des FC en rendant celles- Vice-Admiral Bruce Donaldson, Vice-Chief of the Defence ci plus orientées sur les opérations. Le point focal des began with a review of the operational pace that the réformes de transformation inclurait une réduction des Department had experienced both at home and abroad charges indirectes, la livraison de la Stratégie de défense includingStaff, such missions as Task Force 150 (anti-Piracy) and Le Canada d’abord, la continuation de la recapitalisation 13 other operations with a total of over 3,000 CF personnel des plateformes clés, l’intégration des leçons apprises de deployed at any one time; Afghanistan was the largest of l’opération Afghanistan à la mémoire institutionnelle des these with an increasing level of operations as a consequence FC. of the additional number of “boots on the ground” and a La mission des Réserves sera revue alors que la corresponding diminution of Taliban activities. mission afghane verra moins de demande de service de He then addressed the new training mission classe B à plein temps et une nouvelle emphase sera mise sur beginning in Summer 2011 and continuing to mid-2014. At strength of up to 950, it will be focused on the development des réservistes de classe B seront réduits comme le sera le of the Afghan security forces which would be Kabul-centric. recoursles planchers à des entrepreneursdes manèges militaires civils. locaux. Les nombres He then turned to the continuing process of the transformation of the CF, noting that the Afghanistan mission Troisième conférencier invité : Le nouveau concept stra- had changed the culture of the CF making it much more tégique de l’OTAN et la transformation de l’alliance – les operations oriented. The focus of transformation reforms rôles et les responsabilités du ACT would include a reduction in overhead, the delivery of the Canada First Defence Strategy, the continuing recapitalization Le Général Mieczysław Bieniek, commandant adjoint, of key platforms, the integration of lessons learned from the Afghanistan operation into the corporate memory of the CF. commence par un aperçu du nouveau Concept stratégique The mission of the Reserves will be reviewed as the deCommandement l’OTAN, qui met suprême de l’avant allié la défense Transformation collective, de la l’OTAN,gestion end of the Afghan mission will see less demand for full-time des crises et la sécurité coopérative comme les tâches Class B service and a renewed emphasis on the local armoury fondamentales essentielles de l’alliance. Les directives politiques découlant du concept will the use of civilian contractors floors. The numbers of Class B reservists will be reduced as dont il fallait tenir compte étaient la stabilisation et la Third Keynote: NATO’s New Strategic Concept and the reconstruction,stratégique ont le déterminé CBRN [chimique, que les biologique, capacités radiologique spécifiques Transformation of the Alliance – ACT’s Roles and Respon- et nucléaire sibilities de capacité et la réforme de la défense, l’amélioration de la dimension – éd.], maritime la planification de l’alliance, nucléaire, les renseignements l’établissement General Mieczysław Bieniek, Deputy Commander, NATO Supreme Allied Command Transformation, began with menaces cybernétiques, les menaces à la sécurité énergétique, an overview of the new NATO Strategic Concept which lemédiatiques contre-terrorisme militaires et les et menaces les nouveaux hybrides. défis, comme les puts forward collective defence, crisis management, and cooperative security as the Alliance’s essential core tasks. l’OTAN repose sur une sensibilisation partagée aux risques, Il affirme que le succès de la transformation de Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 19 ON TRACK

que l’OTAN est à réviser sa structure de commandement, àaux examiner défis, à sesla solidarité Agences et auà réformer partage dula façonfardeau, dont et onil note fait to be addressedThe Political were Guidance stabilization which and flowed reconstruction, from the CBRNStrategic [chemical, Concept biological, determined radiological, that the specificand nuclear capabilities – ed.], ce processus le Commandement allié Transformation sera nuclear planning, capacity building and defence reform, l’agentles affaires moteur aux de l’OTAN quartiers pour générauxle changement de l’OTAN.: c.-à-d. qu’il Au seinde enhancement of the Alliance’s maritime dimension, military media intelligence, and new challenges such as cyber, energy des capacités de l’alliance de maintenir et d’améliorer sa security, counter-terrorism, and hybrid threats. devra identifier, faciliter et prôner l’amélioration continue He stated that successful NATO transformation rests on a shared awareness of risks, challenges, solidarity, Quatrièmepertinence militaire conférencier et son invité efficacité. : La défense collective au and burden-sharing and noted that NATO was revising its 21e siècle Command structure, reviewing its Agencies, and reforming the way business is conducted at NATO Headquarters. Le Général Keith Alexander, commandant, U.S. Cyber Within this process Allied Command Transformation will Command, et directeur, National Security Agency (USA), be NATO’s leading agent for change: identifying, facilitating commence en soulignant l’important du partenariat Canada- and advocating the continuous improvement of Alliance États-Unis et rappelle à l’auditoire que les deux pays capabilities to maintain and enhance its military relevance dépendent de ce partenariat. Il se tourne ensuite vers le changement dans les réseaux aujourd’hui, vers l’explosion du volume de données Fourthand effectiveness. Keynote: Collective Defence in the 21st Century qu’ils traitent et les vulnérabilités qui en résultent pour les réseaux militaires autant que civils et vers la matrice de General Keith Alexander, Commander, U.S. Cyber Command menaces en pleine évolution, qui comprend maintenant le and Director, National Security Agency, began by emphasizing cybercrime, qui compte pour plus d’un billion de dollars par the importance of the Canada-U.S. partnership and reminded année, l’évolution du cyber-espionnage et le développement the audience that both countries were dependent on it. des attaques distribuées de déni de services dirigées contre He then turned to the change in networks today and the explosion of volume they were handling and the resultant à l’Estonie. Il note que les États-Unis ont découvert des vulnerabilities of military as well as civilian networks and les gouvernements, comme celles qui ont été infligées the evolving threat matrix that now included cybercrime accounting for over one trillion dollars per year, the evolution unlogiciels mouvement malicieux qui surpourrait des réseaux elle, d’ici classifiés, trois ans, qui des avaient attaques été of cyber-espionage, and the development of distributed perturbatricesmis là par accès vers à des les clésattaques USB. destructrices. Il prédit que nous verrions denial of service attacks directed against governments such as that against Estonia. He noted that the U.S. had discovered comme un domaine militaire et changer la façon dont nous défendonsIl affirme nos que nous réseaux. devons Nous reconnaître devons travaillerle cyberespace avec thumb drive access. He predicted that we would see a move frommalicious disruptive software attacks on classified to destructive nets which attacks was withindelivered three by years. nos alliés et tirer profit de nos avantages technologiques. He declared that we must recognize cyberspace as a accepterMalheureusement qu’il nous la faut littératie protéger numérique les libertés traîne civiles de l’arrière,et la vie military domain and change the way we defend our networks. privéetout comme tout en les maintenant politiques une et lescybersécurité lois. Enfin, – nousnous devons We must work with our allies and leverage our technological faire les deux et bien les faire. advantages. Unfortunately digital literacy lags as do policies and laws. Finally we must accept that we must protect civil Premier panel: Le point sur les forces armées liberties and privacy while maintaining cyber-security—we have to do both and we must do them right. Le Vice-Amiral Dean McFadden, chef de l’état-major de la Force maritime, commence par décrire la rapidité et la Panel 1: Armed Forces Updates complexité du changement dans l’environnement maritime. Si la défense traditionnelle des étendues océaniques Vice-Admiral Dean McFadden began by describing the rate and complexity of change in les opérations navales pendre un rôle diplomatique à mesure the Maritime environment. While, Chief the traditionalof the Maritime defence Staff, of communes demeure un défi naval critique, nous voyons aussi the ocean commons remains a critical naval challenge we are seeing naval operations taking on a diplomatic role as que les océans continuent à s’échauffer politiquement well as the oceans continue to heat up in political terms— lesparlant enjeux – particulièrement sino-japonais. dans les sphères de l’océan Indien et de l’Asie Pacifique, ainsi que des préoccupation touchant as concerns about Sino-Japanese issues. particularlyCrime in thehas Indian now emerged, Ocean/Asia particularly Pacific spheres in the areaas well of fait égalementLe crime de a l’océanmaintenant Arctique fait surface, une étendue particulièrement océanique Somalia and piracy. Greater access is making the Arctic an dans l’aire de la Somalie et de la piraterie. Un plus grand accès

20 Independent and Informed commune et a unAutonome impact particulièrement et renseigné sur les cinq États ON TRACK

côtiers de l’Arctique et sur leurs droits et responsabilités, y

Lecompris Lieutenant-Général les questions de Peterfrontières Devlin du plateau, chef de continental. l’état-major de l’Armée de terre, décrit l’Armée comme se refaisant une

base des leçons qu’elle a apprises de ses expériences en Afghanistanimage de marque – leçons comme qui comprennent une organisation des choses flexible comme sur lale besoin d’équipes d’armes combinées, « l’entraînement en vue de gagner », l’usage de facilitateurs, les capacités conjointes avec d’autres services et le besoin d’interopérabilité avec les autres membres de la coalition. L’Armée est devenue plus asymétrique dans son organisation à mesure qu’elle a

dans les ripostes des adversaires. dû s’ajuster rapidement aux changements dans le terrain et Le Lieutenant-Général André Deschamps, chef de l’état- major de la Force aérienne, souligne le besoin de maintenir un état d’agilité et de créativité auquel est confrontée la Force aérienne, qui est en conséquence en train de réévaluer ses doctrines. L’investissement précédent dans les ressources humaines a rapporté bien que, comme conséquence de facteurs démographiques, il y ait des pénuries de personnel

Keynote speaker – General Keith Alexander, Commander, nécessaire pour couvrir toutes les flottes. Néanmoins la US Cyber Command and Director, National Security Agency Force aérienne a été capable d’intégrer sept nouvelles flottes – “Collective Defense in the 21st Century” / Conférencier auDeuxième cours des panel: dix dernières Les futurs années. défis pour les FC et le MDN invité – le Géneral Keith Alexander, Commandant, US Cyber Command and Director, National Security Agency – M. Dan Ross, sous-ministre adjoint (Matériel) à la Défense “Collective Defense in the 21st Century” Photo by é Photo par ieutenant-Colonel (Ret`d) Gord considérables en livrant la marchandise concernant les Metcalfe capacitésnationale, de affirme combat essentielles, que le ministère et que les fait achats des actuels progrès ne sont qu’un pas vers l’avenir.

Arctic coastal states and their rights and responsibilities politique canadienne de construction navale vers l’acquisition includingocean commons continental as well shelf and boundary impact particularlyissues. on the five de nouvellesLa recapitalisation plateformes majeures. navale Les ira nouvelles en parallèle acquisitions avec la

Lieutenant-General Peter Devlin pour des opérations conjointes comme les CC-17, les CH-47 et de la flotte de l’armée de l’air ont fourni des catalyseurs clés organization based upon the lessons, Chief it has of learned the Land from Staff, its experiencesdescribed the in Army Afghanistan—lessons as re-branding itself that asinclude a highly such flexible items dansles nouveaux sept ans. hélicoptères L’Armée a maritimes.été lourdement Nous rebâtie sommes bien très qu’il tôt as the need for combined arms teams, “training to win,” the restedans leencore programme une partie des deF-35, ses qui parcs ne serade véhicules finalisé encoreprincipaux que use of enablers, joint capabilities with other services, and the à traiter. need for interoperability with other coalition members. The Army has become more asymmetric in its organization as M. Philippe Lagassé, de l’Université d’Ottawa, pose la it has had to adjust rapidly to changes in terrain and in the question à savoir si les FC évoluent vers le statut de fournisseur responses of opponents. d’une niche de défense au sein d’une structure fédéralisée du Canada et de ses alliés. Il y a des restrictions budgétaires à Lieutenant-General André Deschamps, Chief of the Air les impôts ou à comprimer d’autres programmes, et nous of agility and creativity and is accordingly re-evaluating its l’horizon en même temps qu’il y a une hésitation à augmenter Staff, stressed the need for the Air Force to maintain a state de la dette soit un ralentissement de la croissance du budget though there are shortages of people needed to cover all depouvons la défense. nous attendre à ce qu’un des effets de la question doctrines. The previous investment in people has paid off thefleets last as ten a consequence years. of demographic factors. Nonetheless Le budget prévu actuel peut ne pas être adéquat, the Air Force has been able to integrate seven new fleets over dealors l’OTAN que adopte les coûts un de nouveau personnel point composent de vue du maintenant partage du plus de 60 % du budget de la défense. Le nouveau Concept Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 21 ON TRACK

Panel 2: Future Challenges for the CF and DND la part de certains membres de réellement « partager » les Mr. Dan Ross, Assistant Deputy Minister (Materiel) National fardeauxfardeau, mais nient les la problèmescrédibilité dede l’approche« caveat » et fédéralisée. une réticence de progress in delivering on the core combat capabilities, and Le Lieutenant-Général Andrew Leslie, chef – thatDefence, the current affirmed buys that are the onlyDepartment a bridge is to making the future. considerable Naval recapitalization will move in concert with l’austérité d’abord articulé dans la conférence thématique Canadian shipbuilding policy to the acquisition of new major initialeTransformation, de M. Hamre Forces en notant canadiennes, que, si les revient FC ont au eu thème la bonne de fortune d’augmentations budgétaires reçues dans le passé key enablers for joint operations such as the CC-17s, the CH- récent, qui représentaient collectivement une augmentation 47s,platforms. and the The new air force Maritime new fleet Helicopters. acquisitions We arehave very provided early économique mondiale ont eu un grave impact sur la direction away. The Army has been heavily rebuilt though some of its de l’examen 51 % du stratégique budget de en la cours. défense, les réalités de la crise in the F-35 programme with finalization some seven years Parmi les principales questions se trouve l’équilibre entre l’administration et le produit ou, autrement dit, entre Dr.core Philippefleets remain Lagassé to be, dealt University with of Ottawa, posed the le nombre de personnes aux quartiers généraux et celui des question as to whether the CF is evolving to the status of a unités déployées et déployables. La Marine, par exemple, defence niche provider within a federalized structure of a fondu depuis 2004 tandis que son personnel remplit les Canada and our allies. There are budget constraints on the quartiers généraux. Pour le dire carrément, la Marine doit horizon at the same time that there is a reluctance to raise taxes or cut other programmes and we can expect that one quartiers généraux une résistance importante au changement retourner en mer et être capable de le faire. Il y a dans les defence budget. changement et comprennent que le statu quo est impossible effect ofThe current the debt planned issue budget to be may bea slowing inadequate, of with growth inthe ànécessaire, soutenir. © même si les plus jeunes voient la nécessité du budget. The new NATO Concept takes a new view of burden sharing,personnel but costs problems now composing of “caveats,” over and 60% reluctance of the defence on the part of some members to actually “share” burdens negates the credibility of the federalized approach.

Lieutenant-General Andrew Leslie, Chief of Transformation, articulated during the initial Keynote address by Dr. Hamre notingCanadian that Forces, while the returned CF has to been the fortunate austerity in theme the budget first increases it has received in the recent past which collectively of the global economic crisis have had serious impact on the directionrepresented of the a 51% Strategic increase Review in the underway.defence budget the realities Among the key questions is the balance between overhead and output, or to put another way between the numbers of persons in Headquarters and those in deployed and deployable units. The Navy, for example, has shrunk since 2004 while its personnel are populating HQs. Put bluntly, the Navy has to get back to sea and to be able to get back to sea.

HQs, though younger personnel see the need for change and understandThere is significant that the status resistance quo is to simply necessary unsustainable. change in © the

22 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

THE CDA INSTITUTE

WISHES TO THANK

FOR THEIR SPONSORSHIP OF

THE 2011 OTTAWA CONFERENCE ON DEFENCE AND SECURITY

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 23 ON TRACK

L’INSTITUT DE LA CAD

DÉSIRE REMERCIER

POUR LEUR APPUI LORS DE

LA CONFÉRENCE D’OTTAWA (2011) SUR LA DÉFENSE ET LA SÉCURITÉ

24 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

What Next for the CDA Institute?

by Dr. John Scott Cowan

The CDA Institute is the outreach and public education partner of the Conference of Defence Associations. Hence it strategic concept (we suspect it did) was undertaken as a acts like, and in fact is, a think tank operating in the realm publication, intended to have influence upon NATO’s new of defence and security. Amongst such entities in Canada, Institute (CDFAI) of Calgary. Of its 26 authors, 19 were CDA Institutecollaboration board with members the Canadian (including Defence the leadand |Foreignauthor), Affairsand of recognized events, publications, and other products. The the expert group from CDFAI, one was a former CDA Institute Vimyit stands Award, as one the of Vimy the mostDinner, active the annualand effective, conference with (now well- board member. There is cross-over in the other direction as called the Ottawa Conference on Defence and Security), the well, as one author who is on our Board of Directors is also national graduate student symposium, the round tables a vice-president with the CDFAI. These volunteers worked and other events with special guests, the Vimy Papers, On together seamlessly. Track, the recent volume “Security in an Uncertain World”, The third pool of willing experts is larger, and is the weekly media summaries, plus many articles (op eds and called into play somewhat less frequently. It consists of the others) and many media appearances all inform and improve many hundreds of folk with special expertise amongst the the Canadian and allied discourse on defence and security. membership of the individual member associations of CDA, economic model. Most think tanks have the logical inherent But as think tanks go, it is a peculiarly efficient partand whoto help are, out in wheneffect, called part upon.of the Often,personal they networks are the people of our usually don’t. That’s because the CDA Institute has unique whoboard are and ideally staff. placed There to has comment never been in a timelya reluctance fashion on to their the accessinefficiency to an enormous that comes pool from of talent paying for people free. to think. We There are three principal groups of impressive But they are also often drawn into core studies and events. individuals who, without economic incentive, participate press or Tomedia tap in into venues these far vast removed free intellectualfrom our head resources office. in studies and events, write articles and engage in public requires coordination of many kinds. Event planning and commentary on our behalf. coordination, publication oversight, responding to requests for commentary, seeking opportunities to be engaged in a large body of about 40 persons. It is composed of public discourse, and the mass of attendant administration distinguishedThe first retired resource members group of is theour professionboard of directors, of arms, renowned academics, prominent former diplomats or that we share with the CDA are not all full time, so it works outand tofundraising about three all full-time falls on equivalentsa very small (FTE’s), staff. ofThe which five thefolk they ever completely retire?) and prominent concerned and CDA Institute probably utilizes two. senior public servants, semi-retired political figures (do So all this output in so many domains is the result of considerable crossover amongst these categories. only two FTE’s of paid employment. And, clearly, much more well-informedThe second private quite sector similar figures. resource Interestingly, is the there pool of is superb volunteer output would be available, if only we had former board members, as well as members of institutes the capacity to harness it. with which we collaborate from time to time. It was this essential observation that got two key Look, for example, at “Security in an Uncertain board members musing about the future some months ago. World” (http://www.natoconcept.ca/). This impressive Paul Chapin and Doug Bland then set about to interview various key players in order to sample the various views of what might be possible. Dr. John Scott Cowan is the President of the CDA Institute and This led in turn to a gap analysis about what might Chairman of the Institute’s Board of Directors. Dr. Cowan was be needed to make Canadian discourse on defence and Vice-Principal at Queen’s University before becoming Principal security even more rational. And, despite some notable of the Royal Military College of Canada in 1999, where he served successes on the part of the Institute and its partners, more until 2008. He has been President of the Canadian Federation is most certainly needed. Indeed, some days it feels like we’re of Biological Societies, the Canadian Physiological Society, and running up the down escalator, as we struggle to counter and the Canadian Association of University Business Officers. He correct factual error, bad logic and sometimes outright anti- is the Chair of the Defence Science Advisory Board of Canada defence bias in public discourse. and Principal Emeritus of RMC. Dr. Cowan is the Honorary There are ironies, of course. Our great success as a Lieutenant-Colonel of the Princess of Wales Own Regiment. society has been to make most Canadians feel quite secure, Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 25 ON TRACK and to bring about conditions where most folk are seldom Like all good Canadians, we hedge our bets. If the confronted with the realities of national interest or the threat fundraising results are less good, a smaller portion will be environment, and so do not have to think deeply or often endowed, but the plan can still proceed. If the results are about defence and security issues. In such an environment, better than the initial target, then more can be endowed, and future risk is diminished. In fact, we go into this growth the illusory, and, like on the internet, gold and dross can stand sidethe public by side discourse as near equals, may have with difficulty very little sifting by way the ofreal quality from of the higher activity anyhow, so an adjustment period while pickingexercise up with steam reserves is not sufficient a problem. to support about two years real expertise in public discourse and commentary has never beenfilters greater. to tell themSo we apart. concluded The needthat Canadafor critical needs analysis more CDAand that: Institute, needs more of what informs the debate, as opposed (a) our In capacity growing to the respond effort, quickly we also to events, need to to get make the sure to just debating. discourse launched on the right foot, is improved, and But how much more, and how fast? As much as we (b) we need to be able to mount some events, including might have wished to leap in one bound to the scale and round tables, in venues other than Ottawa (though already one major annual event, the national graduate student the developed world, it seemed too risky. This is Canada, and, symposium, is not in Ottawa). aseffectiveness we know, bigness of operation is often of viewed some think as unseemly, tanks elsewhere pushy and in unwelcome. Furthermore, we are a frugal people, so it can I suspect that the board of directors will wish to full potential. In this light, two ad hoc board committees, of concerns, and I would not be surprised to see a Public thebe a Vision near impossible Committee struggle and the to Finance find the andfunding Fundraising to reach modify its committee structure to reflect some of these kinds Committee concluded that the Canadian way was the safest, being fairly soon. and that meant a gradual approach to increasing activity. Affairs AsCommittee to the fundraising and a New itself,Projects we areCommittee in the beginning come into Thus at its meeting on 24 Feb 2011, the board of the phase. The ripples-in-the-pond approach seems the most cost a two-stage transition to a much higher level of activity. Our to which the board members themselves can help. The early decision,CDA Institute one authorizedthat again is the quintessentially first phase in what Canadian, may become was to indicationsand energy hereeffective. are very First good. we Thenwill be we ascertaining will try to tap the into extent the take some modest steps to roughly double our capacity, and networks that all of us on the board have, and only then, with then we would, some 3-5 years onward, look at whether the hopefully a strong preliminary result, will we approach key second and more dramatic increase might be feasible. But potential donors in the broader community. The questions of campaign name, and of key campaign responsibility, will urgently needed. need to be resolved before summer 2011, but even as I write the first For stage the was moment, certainly what judged we foresee feasible, is the desirable addition and of this, four days after our annual board meeting, we are already a few percent towards our target, even though no one has this may well be spread amongst more than two persons). been approached formally. Of course, we welcome donations Thisabout would two full roughly time doublepersons support equivalent capacity of paid and, effort with modest(though towards this goal from readers of On Track at any time, and other expenditure on space, activities and publication, will provide charitable donation receipts. would likely see output increases in parallel. To support this And increased visibility and activity of the CDA increase in expenditure, estimated at an additional $150,000 Institute will indirectly help the CDA itself. Since CDA shares target, over some 30 months, is $1.5 million, with a view to being somewhat improved and better located. While CDA endowinga year, a modest part (perhaps fundraising one millioneffort hasdollars, been which authorized. invested Its quarters with the Institute, it will benefit from those quarters lean years, and to expending the other $500K over the next Instituteitself will can still succeed utilize only in better about educating one FTE ofvarious staff publics time, it 3-5would years yield as aincome way of increasingof about $50K capacity, per year) output to and offset visibility, future onwill thehave realities access to of new defence forms and of staff security, expertise. then, whenAnd, if thethe prior to revisiting whether phase two is possible. CDA undertakes its advocacy tasks, there will be a greater likelihood that it will be addressing well-informed folk. And that could be a big win for the nation as a whole. ©

26 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

THE VIMY AWARD LA DISTINCTION HONORIFIQUE VIMY

Nominations are invited for the 2011 Vimy Nous invitons les nominations pour la Award. Distinction honorifique Vimy 2011.

The Vimy Award was initiated in 1991 by the La Distinction honorifique Vimy a été in- CDA Institute to recognize, annually, one stituée en 1991 par l’Institut de la CAD Canadian who has made a significant and dans le but dereconnaître, chaque an- outstanding contribution to the defence and née, un Canadien ou Canadienne qui security of our nation and the preservation s’est distingué(e) par sa contribution à la of our democratic values. défense et à la sécurité de notre pays et à la préservation de nos valeurs démocra- tiques.

Previous recipients of this prestigious Les récipiendaires précédents de la award include: Vice-Admiral , Distinction honorifique Vimy sont, entre Lieutenant-General Charles H.Belzile, the autres, le vice-amiral Larry Murray, le Hon. Barnett Danson, Air lieutenant-général Charles H. Belzile, Leonard Birchall, Colonel the Hon. John l’Hon. Barnett Danson, Colonel l’Hon. Fraser, General Paul Manson, Dr. David John Fraser, le Général Paul Manson, Bercuson, Brigadier-General David Fraser, M. David Bercuson, le Brigadier-général General Raymond R. Henault, General David Fraser, le Général Raymond R. , Warrant Officer WIliam Henault, le Général Rick Hillier, l’Adjudant MacDonald, and the Rt. Hon. William MacDonald, et la Très Adrienne Clarkson. hon. Adrienne Clarkson.

Any Canadian may nominate one Tout Canadien ou Canadienne individual citizen for the award. peut nommer un citoyen ou Nominations must be in writing, citoyenne pour la Distinction be accompanied by a summary of honorifique Vimy. Les nominations the reasons for the nomination and doivent nous parvenir par écrit include a brief biographical sketch et doivent être accompagnées of the nominee. Nominations must d’un sommaire citant les raisons be received by 1 August 2011, and motivant votre nomination et should be addressed to: une biographie du candidat. Les nominations doivent nous parvenir au plus tard le 1 août 2011, et doivent être adressées au:

VIMY AWARD SELECTION COMMITTEE COMITÉ DE SÉLECTION DE LA DISTINCTION CDA INSTITUTE HONORIFIQUE VIMY 222 SOMERSET STREET WEST, SUITE 400B L’INSTITUT DE LA CAD OTTAWA ON K2P 2G3 222 RUE SOMERSET OUEST, SUITE 400B OTTAWA ON K2P 2G3

The Vimy Award will be presented on Friday, 18 La Distinction honorifique Vimy sera présentée vendredi, November 2011, at a gala dinner that will be held at the le 18 novembre 2011, à un diner qui aura lieu au Musée Canadian War Museum. canadien de la guerre.

For more information, including ticket orders for the Award Pour de plus amples informations, incluant la demande dinner, contact the Conference of Defence Associations de billets pour le diner, veuillez contacter l’Institut de la Institute at the above address, or fax (613) 236 8191; Conférence des associations de la Défense à l’adresse e-mail [email protected]; or telephone (613) 236 9903. ci-haut mentionnée ou télécopier: (613) 236 8191; courriel: [email protected]; ou téléphone (613) 236 9903.

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 27 ON TRACK

Building a Legacy: Canada’s OMLT & the Mentoring of the ANSF by Captain Jamie Donovan

KANDAHAR – The task of mentoring a security force base- of the ANA is something that the people are latching on to,” lined in the top-down “Soviet” style military structure of says Major Guy Noury, head of the OMLT’s Brigade Mentor command and control vice something more “enabling” and Team and G3 Mentor for 1st Brigade of the 205th Corps of the ANA in Kandahar Province. Maj. Noury, having deployed on might view the task as damned near impossible. Gains are earlier rotations in Afghanistan as a mentor, is in the enviable measuredbottom-up day-by-day; is nothing shortthe business of difficult. of mentoring On the outset, long, hard one position of seeing a change in attitude and admiration

the rate of growth and expansion relative to even just a short and tiring with often little immediate effect. literacy (or lack thereof) make the task harder. Patience, if towards the ANA among the population. He sees firsthand Cultural differences, language barriers, even not previously acquired, is learned here. The challenges to getting the job done are omnipresent as are the dangers of the operating environment itself. The task, however, is being accomplished with the results and successes nothing short of admirable. “Canada’s Operational Mentor and Liaison Team (OMLT) in Kandahar is getting further ahead by the day in helping to successfully position elements of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to take the security lead in Afghanistan; a lead in security provided by Afghans for of the OMLT. Afghans,”The says OMLTColonel programmeHercule Gosselin, itself Commanding is a key Officer NATO contribution toward the development of the ANSF, improving the ability of Afghan Forces to conduct independent security Under the tutelage of CF Master Corporal Sylvain Dion, ANA operations on their own in Afghanistan. Programme success soldiers get a run-through of the immediate action and handling drills of the C7A2 Assault Rifle at an ANA training working shoulder to shoulder, as both mentors and partners, camp in Southern-Afghanistan. tois contingentadvance the upon capacity a unified of the team Afghan effort National with coalition Army (ANA) forces Photo credit: Corporal Tina Gillies, Task Force Kandahar, and the Afghan National Police (ANP). Afghanistan, Image Technician “The main component of team success is teamwork. © 2011 DND-MDN CANADA All of the elements of Task Force Kandahar working together as partners and enablers to the ANA and ANP do so with a time ago and is impressed by the speed in which the ANSF is focus on increasing trust among the population and trust advancing. between the ANSF and coalition forces,” says Col. Gosselin. “Many see the ANA as a shining star; a symbol of Throughout Kandahar Province, the members of the something better, rooted in the promise of security and OMLT work professionally and diligently supporting coalition development for the people and of a better way of life.” partners at all levels as mentors to their ANA and ANP “brothers in arms”. It’s in part due to their professionalism respect among the population, now looking upon its army that the yardsticks are moving forward for the ANSF, albeit Tactically, the ANA are proficient. This has aided one at a time. manyas an of effective the soldiers fighting within theforce. ANA are OMLT advancing Regimental their ownSergeant “A Shining Star” for the People of Afghanistan reputationMajor, Chief and Warrant credibility. Officer (CWO) Alain Grenier touts that “Some are leading change within the organization The branding of the ANA is new, as is the ANSF itself. itself, working to motivate others to a stronger, better way It represents hope and is a symbol of legitimacy and new governance post-Taliban oppression. (NCOs) especially are sharing knowledge among themselves onahead,” how says to betterCWO Grenier. manage, “The train Non-commissioned and care for their Officers own “The Afghans see the ANA as a solid institution, one soldiers.” well respected by the population and the professionalization Captain Jamie Donovan is a Public Affairs Officer - Operational Mentor Liaison Team (OMLT), Kandahar 28 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK ANSF Expansion and Development

It’s acknowledged that if the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) is to assume complete responsibility for national and provincial security it must have a well-trained, well-led and well-equipped ANSF. With the substantial growth of both the ANA and ANP, members of the OMLT are working through a myriad of challenges as they push onward with the task at hand. “With the ANA, we’re seeing a growth of 70,000 to such as doctrine, logistics and training are going to present 170,000 soldiers within five years. All of the systemic issues issues create friction inside this kind of expansion and it’s understoodchallenges ahead that these of proficiency,” issues, some says more Maj. prevalent Noury. “These than others, will take time to sort. Not entirely unreasonable when you consider the growth and newness of the force itself.” It’s largely because of the work of mentors that this friction is slowly dissipating. “Most of our soldiers are mentoring (ANSF) one or two rank levels above their own to help solve problems at professionalism of our soldiers and what they’re working todifferent accomplish levels. here,” It’s saysmore CWO than Grenier, an indication chomping of the at levelthe bit of for any opportunity to discuss at length the work that many of his OMLT NCOs are doing to mentor as well as bridge the gap between the ANA and their Canadian “partners” within 1 Royal 22e Régiment Battle Group. Every step of the way, OMLT soldiers are in the “sandbox” He’s proud, and it shows. alongside their ANSF counterparts. “Through mentoring, “Our soldiers are in a unique position as the ‘go Canadians are working to ensure that the security of between’ among the ANA and the Coalition soldiers at the Afghanistan and its people one day rests solely in the front-end to make it work. Their expertise and intimate hands of Afghans”, says Colonel Hercule Gosselin, OMLT knowledge of the ANA make them communication enablers Commanding Officer. for the advancement of the mission,” says CWO Grenier, Photo credit: Corporal Tina Gillies, Task Force Kandahar, speaking of OMLT’s role in working closely with both the Afghanistan, Image Technician ANA and battle space commanders so that both sides of the © 2011 DND-MDN CANADA partnership understand what is needed to achieve success. Every step of the way, OMLT soldiers are in the “sandbox” alongside their ANSF counterparts. And while to happen to be successful, is new. Culturally it’s a challenge, but the progress is palpable.” This new planning mindset and its related advances conductthey will operationsbe the last independentto experience of the coalition “fighting forces season,” will the be are equally prevalent in the ANP in planning for and setting lasting,influence as they’re will an having appreciation on Afghans for theto provide contribution security of and the conditions right to support a force growth unprecedented Canadian Forces (CF) here among the Afghan population. to now. Even a year ago you would not have seen new As the ANSF advances and the yardsticks move equipment in the pipeline for the ANP. They now have a forward, the ANA and ANP are taking ownership of their national logistic supply chain working to ensure police have own issues and processes. This is a vital, leading facet the right resources and enablers to succeed. Training and mentoring has increased exponentially as well. Canadian ANP mentors at 404 Maiwand Regional Command are part inof on mentoring. getting the Combat ANA and finesse, the ANP synchronization, where they need andto be anto conductunderstanding operations of battlefield on their enablers own. This and means effects that each mentors weighs than four Afghan provinces. Just as impressive is the work must work toward instilling a planning culture within the of aRegional police effort Training responsible Centre (Kandahar) for providing in conductingsecurity to nobasic less ANSF if there is to be the promise of success. patrolmen courses and providing oversight of the ANP NCO “In Afghan culture, there is no real connection Academy in order to ensure that the right mix and number of between planning and a view to a desired end-state,” says ANP are trained and ready. All is indicative of the work being Maj. Noury. “For the ANA, understanding what needs to take done to change how the ANP think of and plan for security place ahead of operation, planning and setting out a timeline throughout Kandahar and its environs. in reverse from the start of an operation considering what has

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 29 ON TRACK a willingness to share and to learn and to build a capacity together. In consideration of the ANSF, these relationships and processes are not unlike bricks and mortar in a towering

CF legacy – the build itself a lasting example of teamwork and aeffort cornerstone to build of not success only ain successful Afghanistan. fighting force but also a “These soldiers strewn about the area of operations as mentors, some as partners, all brothers in arms with their ANSF counterparts, are working to ensure that the security of Afghanistan and its people one day rests solely in the hands of Afghans”, says Col. Gosselin. “Our objective remains the same: to leave Afghanistan

the work of the OMLT from now until the close of the current missionto Afghans. in A positioning very significant the ANA part andof that ANP objective for success rests in Captain Ross Franklin, a Canadian mentor with Kandak 4 of 1st Brigade of the 205th Corps is one of some 200 OMLT the show is far from over, and our work continues.” © soldiers working together to build the capacity of the Kandahar. With the start of the fighting season on the horizon, ANA. Photo credit: Corporal Jean-Francois Carpentier, Task Force Kandahar, Afghanistan, Image Technician © 2011 DND-MDN CANADA

The influence of the Canadian OMLT, as well as intendedthe 53 others to markedly like it increase staffed ANSF by various capacity nations and resources. operating in Afghanistan, is extensive. The cumulative effort of each Building a Legacy

Since 2006, members of the OMLT have been working in close proximity to their ANA and ANP counterparts. This is not, in the Canadian sense, a learning environment wherein teachers, well surpassed in number by those students and shape understanding. Mentoringbefore them, soldiers work to and influence police in Afghanistan is proximate. Mentors work mostly one- on-one, assembling and establishing vision and comprehension while identifying the hurdles one needs to overcome in order to succeed. It’s one thing to train en masse. It’s quite another to Mentoring of various combat arms and combat support trades and personnel - including have a mentor with you day and Artillery - is vital to advancing the capacity of the ANA. Mentoring and supporting night where respect is shared Afghanistan’s army is a key military task of NATO and an integral enabler to future ANSF assumption of national security in the country. each other paves the road to success.and trust This and is the confidence foundation in Photo credit: Corporal Jean-Francois Carpentier, Task Force Kandahar, Afghanistan, Image of the mentor relationship. Technician It’s one based on trust and © 2011 DND-MDN CANADA

30 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

Review Essay - Afghanistan Redux edited by Dr. Howard G. Coombs

The contributors to this review essay were asked of Captain (Navy) Darren Hawco, Colonels Rob Kearney to provide their thoughts on books pertaining to Afghanistan and Paul Prévost, Lieutenant-Colonel Michel-Henri St-Louis that they found of utility during their preparations and and myself. Despite that limitation, this compilation does deployment as members of the International Security provide a palette of references from which interested readers Assistance Force (ISAF). The grouping of readings that can create their own perspective concerning Canada’s involvement in South-West Asia, or act as a point of departure for further reading on Afghanistan. resulted is not exhaustive, but reflects the individual needs Captain (Navy) Darren Hawco - Special Advisor, Commander ISAF Initiatives Group, ISAF Headquarters (Kabul)

History from Alexander the Great to the Fall of the Taliban weeks for a one year land-locked posting to Afghanistan I (2002). Tanner depicts a country that has been at war for realizedWhen I foundthat I needed out that to I, quickly a naval build officer, a knowledgewas leaving base in sixof nearly its entire existence, providing an excellent counterpoint the region. As a result, I carefully chose four books to read explaining Afghanistan’s military history, Tanner provides an First, I knew that I would need to have a historical informedto Barfield’s view political of the Talibanand cultural movement. perspective. In addition to andprior contemporary to joining the understanding personal staff ofof AfghanistanGeneral David and Patraeus. there is Third, I considered it important to improve my Afghanistan: understanding of Pakistan as a key interest for Afghanistan A Cultural and Political History (2010). This book took me and as a strategic interest to the United States. Consequently, perhaps no better study than Thomas Barfield, I chose Tariq Ali, The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of with the Persians and Mongols, and focused deeply on the American Power (2008), although a few years old it seemed laston a two journey centuries. that startedBy the withlast chapter, Alexander I had the a Great,grasp flirtedof the current and dynamic. This is in part because Ali provides ‘Great Game’ and an understanding of how Afghanistan came an ‘insider’ feel to his perspective on Pakastani politics, to be peopled by a heterogeneous blend of tribes and peoples explaining both Pakistan/Taliban interrelationships and whose common denominator is honour. Pakistan’s focus on India. Finally, I decided to read Bob Woodward, Obama’s Wars (2010). While I fully appreciated the populist nature Afghanistan:As an 10 added Pathways benefit, to I Stability”also recommend (Middle Barfield East Policy and, of the book, I found it very interesting as it focused on many WinterNeamatollah 2010). Nojum, “Bringing More Effective Governance to actors that are still in place today, characterized relationships Second, to contrast the broader view employed by amongst them and provided subtext to the public diplomacy Afghanistan: A Military of our times.

Barfield, I picked Stephen Tanner, Colonel Robert (Rob) Kearney, Chief of Staff, Combined Joint Interagency “Shafafiyat”1(Transparency), ISAF Headquarters (Kabul)

There are three references that I have found of particular and Afghanistan: Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats: relevance in my current duties - Paul Rexton Kan, Drugs Gaming The System: How Afghan Opium Underpins Local and Contemporary Warfare (2009), Justin Mankin, “Pakistan Power” (Journal of International Affairs, Fall/Winter 2009), and After The Conflict: Reconstruction And Development In The Aftermath Of War (2010), edited by Sultan Barakat. Kan is currently a special advisor to the Combined Dr. Howard G. Coombs is an Assistant Professor of the Royal Military College of Canada and a serving army reserve officer, theatre assistance to understand the relationship between affiliated with the Princess of Wales’ Own Regiment. He is Joint Interagency Task Force Shafafiyat. He has done in- deployed, currently, with Joint Task Force Afghanistan 5-10 extensive corruption problem existing in Afghanistan. In from September 2010 to June 2011 as a civilian advisor to the Drugsnarco-trafficking, and Contemporary criminal Warfare patronage he links networks the drug and trade the Task Force Commander. Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 31 ON TRACK

no matter the degree of support provided by coalition forces to global violent conflicts and their effects on key political andMankin donor brings countries forward the a key political factor powers in the Afghan in Kabul conflict cannot – theleaders, current military clash officers,in Afghanistan community and the and seeming ethnic inability leaders compete with the power brokers in the south who exert ofand those academics. involved Heto end examines that war. prolonged Consequently, conflicts this suchbook asis

strong influenceFinally, in andAfter controlThe Conflict on theBarakat population has put together through valuable Thefor thosenext author, working Mankin, towards has conflict written resolution extensively and/ on anprofits impressive generated and from experienced the billion-dollar group of chapter poppy crop.authors who or studying global conflicts linked to narco-trafficking. analyze the situation existing in Afghanistan and Iraq. This Afghanistan to assist Combined Joint Interagency Task Force narco-trafficking in failed or failing states. He is deployed in plan that reinforce counter-corruption. In “Gaming The toedited reconstruction, volume uses a development “you break it, you and help economic fix it” approach growth, System”Shafafiyat Mankin with refining discusses the the aspects powerful of the non-democratically counter-narcotics to post-conflict activities and explores subjects related appointed ‘Warlords and King Pins’ existing in Helmand and with a chapter entitled the “Seven Pillars for Post-War Kandahar and how they undermine the credibility of the Reconstruction,”offering sound advice.which byAs itselfan example, is a must this read book for allculminates dealing

Afghan government as well as a strong centralized influence. with international conflict. Colonel Paul Prévost - Commander Joint Task Force - Afghanistan Air Wing (Kandahar Airfield) read Sean Naylor, Not a Good Day to Die (2005), concerning perspective on the lack of United States Foreign Policy OperationA few years ago Anaconda, Major-General an early Duff American-ledSullivan suggested military that I regardingWhat Afghanistan. I did not However, expect wasby the Jone’s time clearly I had read defined the operation in southern Afghanistan.2 When I received that book, the Obama administration had provided a clearer proposal I was a student at the Canadian Forces College and strategic vision regarding Afghanistan. had been writing about failures of joint organizations. As an I also enjoyed Janice Gross Stein and Eugene Lang, example of this, the opening of my monograph included the The Unexpected War: Canada in Kandahar (2007), which I incident of fratricide that occurred in 2006 during Operation had obtained at Toronto Airport shortly after it came out. I Medusa, when an A-10 Warthog strafed a Canadian infantry ended up reading it a few months before I knew that I would company. Sullivan had participated in the inquiry into this deploy to Afghanistan. When I had purchased this book I was incident and he recommended that I read Naylor’s book as intrigued to attempt to discover how the Canadian Forces there were similarities in both operations regarding the lack could have committed to ‘pacifying’ Kandahar. of integration of air assets during planning. In the end I was not very surprised by the contents, While not academically rigorous I found this book as I had just previously read While Canada Slept: How We Lost to be of utility. It highlighted that in land-centric operations Our Place in the World (2003) by Andrew Cohen. The latter aviators could not sit on the sidelines and wait for direction book details Canada’s lack of vision regarding its foreign or inclusion in the planning process. As the Wing Commander, policy. In a similar vein, Stein and Lang laid out the process and events which detailed how Canada committed troops to ‘air awareness’ within our land formation headquarters. this Taliban sanctuary. The Unexpected War provided food for ByI would understanding have to ensurethe lessons that of my Not staff a Good and Day I to emphasizedDie we thought in considering Canada’s interests in South-West Asia could facilitate the integration of air assets early in our joint and after pondering the material I came to the conclusion planning. that regardless of the motivation (or process involved) our Seth Jones, In the Graveyard of Empires: America’s intervention in Afghanistan is a just cause and allows Canada War in Afghanistan (2009), was suggested to me by Major Jay to do what it does the best - be a good global citizen. As well, Ian Hope, Dancing with the Dushman: to Afghanistan on three occasions. I enjoyed the book Command Imperatives for the counter-Insurgency Fight in greatly.Adair, a Initially,friend and I decided skilled toinfantry read this officer, volume who to has gain deployed greater Afghanistan (2008), provided a Battle Group commander’s understanding of the strategic importance of Afghanistan analysis of the area of operations. While I had read Christie over time. Additionally, although I already knew the reasons Blatchford, Fifteen Days: Stories of Bravery, Friendship, Life behind the relatively recent Soviet intervention, I was hoping and Death from Inside the New Canadian Army (2007), which for a more detailed account of their activities to gather provides various individual perspectives of our deployment lessons that might be applicable to tactical aviation. This was Dancing because aviation had played a large part in the invasion and with the Dushman gave that position. This is an enjoyable was, conversely, a reason for their withdrawal. andin 2006, readable I sought monograph a field commander’s that, while viewpoint.somewhat concise,

deployment. informed me as I reflected upon my mission analysis prior to

32 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

Lieutenant-Colonel Michel-Henri St-Louis - Commanding Officer 1er R22eR Battle Group, Task Force 3-10, Joint Task Force - Afghanistan (Panjw’i District, Kandahar) When asked if I was interested in contributing to a review Grossman’s expertise in the form of a live lecture to all of the article of Afghanistan–related readings it got me thinking on leadership of the Battle Group. His ability to illustrate the challenges linked to commanding troops in combat and the decisions, or the manner we are currently conducting our stress this puts on one’s psyche is informative and sobering. Battlewhich Groupbooks haveoperations truly influenced in the District some of of Panjwa’i. my day-to-day Trying There are an ever increasing number of books on COIN. Of these, James S. Corum, Fighting the War on Terror: A recommend to others preparing to deploy to Afghanistan Counterinsurgency Strategy wasto narrow not a simplethe field task. down I have to a nonetheless few titles that narrowed I could readilymy list Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (originally down to eight titles. The following works are useful studies published 1966) by David Galula. (2007), These and twothe moreauthors definitive lay out in leadership, the nature of combat, strategy, counter- insurgency (COIN) and the history of Afghanistan. While somewhat dated, Stephen Tanner, Afghanistan: As a cornerstone of any military studies, The Art Amost Military of the Historybasic principles from Alexander of any successful the Great COIN to the fight. Fall of of War by Sun Tzu3 is without equal and an essential tool the Taliban (2002), is a remarkable read and has been in shaping any military action. The principles and maxims quite valuable in my current interaction with the people of Panjwa’i. current operations. B.H. Liddell Hart, Strategy (originally Finally, I would be remiss not to mention a book proposed in this timeless book have directly influenced our examples to underline the need for commanders to use an Tamas, Warriors and Nation Builder: Development and the indirectpublished approach 1968) iswhen also tackling very effective opponents. in using historical thatMilitary stands in Afghanistan as a rarity in (2009) any bibliography is a solid narrative on this field. regarding Andy When training the unit for deployment to Kandahar the challenges of nation building and capacity development in Province, I re-read the works of Lieutenant-Colonel Dave any failed or falling state where the military operates. Tamas Grossman On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to is a development expert who has much practical experience Kill in War and Society (1996), as well as Grossman and Loren and is in the position to be able to suggest some ways by W. Christensen, On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of which current and future missions might succeed through a Deadly Conflict in War and in Peace (2007). We also sought whole-of-government approach to failed and failing states.

Dr. Howard G. Coombs - Advisor, Commander Joint Task Force – Afghanistan (Kandahar Airfield)

One of my favourite books to date concerning Afghanistan is My Life With the Taliban (2010) by Abdul understand Pashtu culture through Pashtun Tales from Salam Zaeef. It discusses the author’s experiences as a Talib, the Pakistan-AfghanFor a different Frontier point (2003) of by Aishaview Ahmad one can and better Roger Boase. This collection of stories provides insight into traditional ways of life, as well as highlights concepts of intoa fighter the Taliban and high insurgency ranking member that are unparalleled.of the Taliban Incidentally, movement, honour and other values. thereand prisoner is a great at Guantanamo. deal of detailed This discussion book offers about perspectives Panjwa’i, A recent Canadian perspective on our military where part of the Canadian Task Force is currently located. activities in Afghanistan is Colonel Bernd Horn’s, No Lack Along with this is Peter Marsden, The Taliban: War of Courage: Operation Medusa, Afghanistan (2010). Horn’s and Religion in Afghanistan (2002), which examines the book is a stirring account of Canada’s military in action radical ideology of the Taliban. against a resourceful and determined foe. Along with No Another recent book, which adds a great deal Lack of Courage is Lester W. Grau’s and Michael A. Grass’s, The Soviet-Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History (2010). Along (2002), which is both useful and sobering to review. of context to current Afghan issues is Thomas Barfiel’s If one has the time to pursue this genre I recommend and is available through second-hand bookstores. It is the Ali Ahmad Jalali’s and Lester W. Grau’s, Afghan Guerrilla Americanwith Barfield’s University’s work is Area an older Handbook book thatfor Afghanistan I use for reference, Fourth Warfare: In the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters (2001). Edition (1973). This text was part of a series of country Afghan Guerrilla Warfare studies originally intended for government use and is a States Marine Corps Combat Development Command complete (over 450 page) snapshot of a functioning nation publication, The Other Side wasof the first Mountain published (1995). as a United One area that requires more study is whole-of- the coup led by then Lieutenant-General (and former Prime Minister)state, with Mohammed its history and Daud. current It concentrates affairs, taken on justdelineating prior to regard there is an important work, by Ashraf Ghani and the social, political, military, and economic institutions of Claregovernment Lockhart, operations Fixing Failed in post-conflict States: A regions. Framework In that For Afghanistan in the early 1970s. Rebuilding A Fractured World (2008), which gives an inkling

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 33 ON TRACK of the challenges facing those who become embroiled in the in Joint Task Force Afghanistan this book highlights some of dilemmas of stabilizing fractured states. For those who serve the challenges that are encountered daily by those serving in the area of operations. ©

(Endnotes) 1 “Shafafiyat” is the newly-established Anti-corruption Task Force, commanded by Brigadier-General H.R. McMaster, US Army. It reports directly to the Commander ISAF and leads ISAF’s counter-corruption fight. 2 Operation Anaconda took place in 2002 and included 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, who at that time were deployed as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. 3 Editor’s note: There are many editions of this classic work, but my favourite is the version edited by James Clavell first published in 1983.

Canada and the Arctic: 2013 and Beyond by Dr. Andrea Charron

When one writes about the Canadian Arctic, invariably and economic development, environmental protection, the one reviews the Cold War history to reinforce the point human dimension and Arctic science and research are likely to feature prominently especially as they are in-line with the their nuclear arsenals. Unfortunately, this alarm echoes into mandate of the Council and are not likely to be counter to US that the Arctic was a buffer between two superpowers and present-day needlessly. This article leaves this history behind priorities. well as a brief look at a select few questions to ponder. and looks ahead to specific deadlines Canada faces in 2013 as Submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLSCS) Part I: Deadlines The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Canada’s Chairmanship of the Arctic Council is arguably one of the most nuanced and important international laws of the world given that it governs more In 2013, Canada shall assume the two-year than seventy percent of the world’s total surface area. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council - a high-level forum for Within UNCLOS, Article 76 provides for states parties to the cooperation, coordination and interaction between Arctic Convention (not just Arctic states) to submit information to states1, indigenous communities and other Arctic residents2 obtain international recognition for the outer limits of their on issues such as sustainable development and environmental continental shelf beyond 200 NM to a maximum of 350 NM or protection. The US shall follow Canada and assume the Chair 2500 m isobar mark plus 100 NM6 where it is demonstrated in 2015 until 2017. The expectation is that the agendas set to be a natural prolongation of the land territory of the coastal by the North American Chairs be complementary. state in question. The Scandinavian Chairmanships agreed to set The coastal state enjoys sovereign rights (i.e. exclusive control) to exploit mineral and non-living 2006-2009, then Denmark 2009-2011, then Sweden 2011- resources of the seabed and subsoil of its continental shelf common priorities for their Chairmanships (first Norway (for example, oil and natural gas). Coastal states also have issues: 1) climate change; 2) integrated management of sovereign rights over sedentary species (living resources resources;2013). This 3) cooperation indigenous allowedpeoples andfor sustained local living focus conditions; on five “attached” to the continental shelf), but not to creatures 4) management of the Council and 5) the International Polar living in the water column beyond the exclusive economic Year (2007-20083). The coordinated agenda allowed for more zone (EEZ).7 sustained attention and follow-up on initiatives and projects not subject to the sovereign rights of the coastal state, but executed by the six Arctic Council working committees.4 are subject to Therefore,a number of fish international caught beyond conventions. the EEZ The are Canada is in the initial stages of setting its agenda. deadline for making a submission to the CLCS is based The particular focus has yet to be outlined, but given the on the date a state became party to UNCLOS. As Canada priorities listed in Canada’s Northern Strategy document5 it is likely to parallel them. Therefore, promoting social theratified Commission UNCLOS no on later 7 November than 6 December 2003, its 2013 submission (a ten-year to Dr. Andrea Charron is a Research Associate, Canadian Defence deadline).delineate the8 Canada shelf hasoff beenits Arctic collecting and Atlantic the necessary coasts isdata due for to and Security Studies, Carleton University 34 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK several years, including jointly with Denmark and the U.S. on Canada’s watch. The EU (representing 27 states – many given their geographic proximity. The Commission will not shipping states) and China (now the second largest economy resolve disputes and possibly may not review submissions measured by GDP in the world) have applied for observer involving areas disputed by another state.9 In such cases, status. Should Canada adopt the “more-the-merry” approach resolution lies with the coastal states by a manner of their choosing (either by seeking a judgement by the International that the Council create a measurable criterion for observer Court of Justice, agreeing to a bilateral agreement or by some statusor the “fewer-more-efficient”that balances these two stance? models? Or Andwill Canadawhat is proposethe role other means). Norway and Russia, for example, have agreed of an observer? Is it simply to sit and observe? Or should to settle a forty-year dispute over the Barents Sea by splitting there be a process by which observers may participate in the disputed area nearly in half. the Council’s decision-making process? Are there important As the Commission can only process a limited voices/organizations missing from the “table”? number of submissions simultaneously (three, sometimes four maximum), it is likely to be years, even decades before The Mandatory Status of Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone (NORDREG) to work at its current pace. Canada is likely to continue to engagefinal decisions in dialogue are reached with Denmark if the Commission (because of continues potential Canada’s Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act overlaps in the Arctic and Atlantic oceans) and with the U.S. (AWPPA) has been extended from 100NM to 200NM (to (for potential overlap in the Arctic) in the hopes of reaching match Canada’s Exclusive Economic Zone). The AWPPA and its regulations establish a ‘zero discharge’ act, which states, US is not a party to UNCLOS (and not likely to accede given no person or ship shall deposit or permit the deposit of thea mutually Republican beneficial majority arrangement. in the House Note, of however, Representatives), that the waste of any type in the Arctic waters. Connected by virtue which complicates matters. Given, however, that the U.S. of the geographic area covered and purpose of the regulation views UNCLOS as customary law and given our propensity to (protection of marine environment), Canada’s voluntary create bilateral solutions to disagreements of principle with our neighbour, it is likely such an agreement will follow in the certain tonnage or if carrying dangerous goods entering (near) future. theArctic Arctic. traffic13 Masters system operatingis now mandatory vessels north for vessels of 60o N over must a provide the Coast Guard with information concerning the Part II: Issues to Ponder for 2013 and Beyond identity of the ship, destination and geographic positions. The NORDREG Zone, however, covers more than “arctic waters” The Health of the North all of Ungava Bay, Hudson Bay and James Bay, below 60oN. How will Canada tackle the living conditions of as definedThe in voluntarythe AWPPA. system, For example, in place NORDREG since 1977, extends worked to Northern residents? From leaking sewage, to crowded well – most ships complied. From the Canadian perspective, housing conditions, to the lack of employment and tertiary care services... When will the focus turn from strictly 234 of UNCLOS concerning ice-covered waters, which was security concerns originating “from away” (which are developedNORDREG isfollowing in line with the international adoption in Canada law (specifically of the AWPPA). Article neither imminent nor present) to health and security at But from the perspective of other States, there remain two took place on 16 February 2011, in Nuuk, Greenland, is an to the International Maritime Organization for adoption? and importanthome? The start. first everThe meeting Arctic Health had three Ministers’ themes: Meeting, Circumpolar which 2)specific is NORDREG questions: consistent 1) is Canada with required Article 234 to submit or does NORDREG it violate partnerships, promoting healthy lifestyles and health care the notion of “due regard to navigation”?14 delivery. For Canada the challenge is always maintaining The Northwest Passage (NWP) priorities. Can Canada make health of the North a sustained priority?sustained attention given a myriad of competing financial well as other states like members of the EU) to accept The status of “observers” at the Arctic Council Canada’sDo characterization we continue to of thepress NWP the as US “internal specifically waters” (as by virtue of historic title? Should we support and advance The Arctic Council is made up of permanent the perimeter security concept (which would favor Canada’s participants (including the aforementioned eight states and current characterization of the NWP)? Or do we continue six indigenous organizations) and observers (including non- and costs of an alternate characterization? Have we the arctic states10, global and regional inter-governmental and 11 topatrol agree capability to disagree? for Should both passage Canada scenarios?consider the Will benefits we inter-parliamentary organizations and non-governmental ensure RCMP, Fisheries, Coast Guard, Territorial, Customs 12 organizations ). In order to ensure that the Arctic Council and Transportation personnel are on the (new) patrol ships (putting whole-of-government theory into practice and of indigenous people are heard, the issue of the criteria for assessingcontinues applications to function effectively for observer and status to is ensure likely theto fall voices similar to the Shiprider programme?15) or shall we promote should this scenario include US, Russian and Danish officials Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 35 ON TRACK more DND presence (whose members do not have the power implications of this expansion for the Arctic and its approaches of enforcement of NORDREG or AWPPA and so would need (and if a land component is added in the future – what then?) to partner with other government agencies)? Do we see the This integration with the US at the command level has had NWP as simply a security bulwark or as a potentially lucrative shipping transit-way (similar to the St. Lawrence Seaway)? Have we consulted with Northern residents regarding the benefits (eg. combined command structure, cost-sharing and impacts of all scenarios? And will ships even choose to squareincreased with fire-power) this integrated that an and alliance practical (like approach NATO) cannot to the transit the NWP (with its extreme ice variability and drifting defencenecessarily of afford North America?Canada. Can Should the current cooperation alarmist continue rhetoric multi-year ice, lack of ports and services, high insurance with the US in the Arctic (especially with regards to support costs, communication problems, emergency rescue options, the short shipping season, etc. all of which were raised in for civil disasters) or will the alarmist rhetoric continue to the Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Survey) or will they insist it stop at the tree-line? (eventually) sail over the North Pole directly to their ports Based on just these few selected questions and of call? considering the deadlines facing Canada in 2013, it has more than a full Arctic agenda in the coming years. Canada has North American Aerospace Defence (NORAD) many obligations to its citizens, especially in the North, to quadrennial review in 2014 and expansion of mandate intergovernmental organizations and to allies. Alarmist language is singularly unhelpful; rather practical dialogue With the inclusion of a maritime warning function and informed debate needs to continue. for NORAD, what are the practical logistical and operational

(Endnotes) 1 The eight Arctic states include: Canada, Russia, US, Denmark (Greenland and Faroe Islands), and Norway (the so-called Arctic 5 or littoral states) and Finland, Sweden and Iceland. 2 Six permanent participants include: Aleut International Association (AIA); Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC); Gwich’in Council International (GCI); Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC); Saami Council and Russian Arctic Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON). 3 Canada shall host the final event of the IPY – a conference in Montreal in 2012 entitled: “From Knowledge to Action”. 4 The working committees include: i) Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP); ii) Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP); iii) Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF); iv) Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR); v) Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME); and vi) Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG). 5 Government of Canada (Indian and Northern Affairs), “Northern Strategy: Record of Achievement 2009-2010”, (Ottawa, 2010). http://www.northernstrategy.ca/cns/rcns-eng.asp 6 Article 76(5) states: The fixed points comprising the line of the outer limits of the continental shelf on the seabed, drawn in accordance with paragraph 4 (a) (i) and (ii), either shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured or shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 metre isobath, which is a line connecting the depth of 2,500 metres. Note: nm is the internationally recognized abbreviation for nanometre. There is no internationally recognized abbreviation for nautical mile. NM or M is common and the latter is the one to be used in a submission to CLCS. 7 The EEZ is defined as the water extending beyond the territorial seas to a distance of 200 nautical miles (NM). Within this area the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. 8 The Convention provides for this ten year deadline. However, the meeting of States Parties to the Law of the Sea subsequently decided that the requirements of the Convention could be met in this respect by the provision of preliminary information signalling an intention to make a full submission at a later date. 9 There are two levels to the Commission’s dealing with disputed areas: the Commission has no power to resolve a dispute and does not even have authority to determine whether a dispute exists. They are made aware of the existence of a dispute by a state party. In making the Commission aware of such a dispute a state party may either invoke provisions to prevent consideration of the submission or choose not to do so, sometimes reinforcing this by advising the Commission that review of the submission is not objected to but is without prejudice to future delimitation. 10 Currently there are six non-Arctic observer states: France, Germany, UK, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain. 11 There are nine including the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and many UN organizations (but not the International Maritime Organization). 12 There are eleven including the University of the Arctic. 13 Vessels of 300 gross tonnage or more; vessels that are engaged in towing or pushing another vessel, if the combined gross tonnage of the vessel and the vessel being towed or pushed is 500 gross tonnage or more; and vessels that are carrying as cargo a pol- lutant or dangerous goods, or that are engaged in towing or pushing a vessel that is carrying as cargo a pollutant or dangerous goods. 14 Article 234 of UNCLOS states: Coastal States have the right to adopt and enforce non-discriminatory laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution from vessels in ice-covered areas within the limits of the exclusive economic zone, where particularly severe climatic conditions and the presence of ice covering such areas for most of the year create obstructions

36 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK or exceptional hazards to navigation, and pollution of the marine environment could cause major harm to or irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. Such laws and regulations shall have due regard to navigation and the protection and preservation of the marine environment based on the best available scientific evidence.” For an excellent review, see Ted McDorman, “National Measures for the Safety of Navigation in Arctic Waters: NORDREG, Article 234 and Canada”, 2011. The paper was presented at the Conference on Globalization and the Law of the Sea, held in Washington, D.C. 1-3 December 2010, sponsored by the Korea Maritime Institute, the University of Virginia Center for Oceans Law and Policy and the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea. It will appear in the proceedings from the Conference to be published by Martinus Nijhoff. 15 Canada-U.S. Shiprider (Integrated Cross-border Maritime Law Enforcement Operations (ICMLEO)) involves vessels jointly crewed by specially trained and designated Canadian and U.S. law enforcement officers who are authorized to enforce the law on both sides of the international boundary line mainly in the Great Lakes. ©

The SDF: Canada’s Security and Defence Future?

by Meghan Spilka O’Keefe

Last month, as a recipient of the Security and Defence million in grants per year to universities across Canada and fund 12 regionally-based Centres of Expertise and a Chair of on topical Canadian security and defence issues hosted by Defence Management Studies located in universities across theForum’s Department (SDF) internship, of National IDefence’s attended (DND) a full-day Policy of Group briefing at the country.1 The program also invests in a Special Projects Cartier Square Drill Hall. Fund that supports conferences, workshops and other There were ten award winners present. Two events and by awarding internships as well as graduate-level individuals were awarded internships; the remainder scholarships and post-doctoral fellowships. received funding for graduate studies at the MA, PhD, or post- The Chair of Defence Management Studies receives doctoral level. Interestingly, four of the ten recipients—myself $165,000 annually to help fund a “research chair,” a broad program of teaching, research workshops, and publications. career options in the future. But certainly, as a result of the The Chair has been located at Queen’s University since late opportunitiesincluded—are provided Reservists. by the We SDF, may all each of us pursue have all different become 1996. The annual grants to SDF centres, averaging some stakeholders in Canada’s security and defence future. $100,000 each, are used to fund public outreach, conferences As stated in its annual report, the SDF is a grant and events, and publications. program at DND designed to “develop a domestic competence and national interest in defence issues of current and future critics of the SDF contend that it does not create incentives for the establishmentWhile there are ofmany tenure-track who benefit academic from the positionsprogram, Department’s “strategic review” aimed at trimming the DND budgetrelevance may to place Canadian the SDF security.” program Officials in jeopardy. suggest Fortunately that the on in-house publications and other outreach programs. For at the 11th hour the Deputy Minister of DND extended the otherin the thanfield theof Canadian Chair of Defencedefence studies. Management, SDF centres they do focus not funding to the SDF centres for one year until 31 March 2012. give money to create faculty positions for scholars who study Yet, the funding for awards remains ambiguous and the Canadian security and defence issues. This criticism begs long-term prospects for the SDF program remain in serious the question, ‘why fund universities to host centres that are doubt. primarily concerned with publications and events?’ The purpose of the SDF is to promote public dialogue If the mandate of the SDF is to increase academic and to encourage Canadian academic “competence” on “competence” on issues related to the CF, then the argument issues related to Canadian defence and the Canadian Forces suggests that a central goal should be to ensure that more (CF). To meet this objective, the SDF provides some $2.5 academics are hired to research issues related to Canadian defence. Since the SDF seeks to increase publications and outreach events, these ends can be better achieved by non- Meghan Spilka O’Keefe is a DND Security and Defence Forum- academic organizations and private think tanks. This critique sponsored intern employed as the Project Officer at the CDA is fair and compelling and needs to be answered. The SDF Institute. She received her Master’s from the University of needs a thorough review of the aims and objectives of the Ottawa’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. program that was created in 1967. Such a review may result Her focus was on defence policy and security studies. in some re-structuring. Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 37 ON TRACK

Calling for some detailed review and perhaps a wide funded MA scholarship, I was able to present my research re-structuring of the program is one thing – cancelling the on private military and security contractors and the CF at a program is altogether another matter. People of experience number of academic conferences in Canada and the U.S. This inside and outside the SDF, including many in DND and in the year, as the SDF Intern at the CDA Institute, I am personally CF, believe that cancelling the program would be detrimental engaged in public discussion about Canadian defence policy to the Department, the CF, and, ultimately to Canada’s security through the media and at conferences and other events. and defence future. These SDF awards give me and others like me SDF centres do produce individuals who better opportunities to expand our knowledge on Canadian defence understand defence and security issues and the CF in Canada. policy and security studies. When I speak with friends, family, Applicants to various federal government post-secondary former students, and colleagues about issues that matter recruitment programs often emerge from these centres and to the CF, I feel as though I am personally promoting the go into the bureaucracy with a better understanding of the Canadian dialogue on these issues. I owe that to the SDF. place of defence and security in Canadian society. Going back to the ten award recipients at Cartier A good example of the academic competence Square Drill Hall—you might see us as part of Canada’s fostered by the SDF can be found in the CDA Institute’s security and defence future. Some of the students in the Annual Graduate Student Symposium that focuses on room will go on to do post-doctoral research and apply for Canadian defence and security issues. Many of the students who present their research at this event are associated with Others may look for work in the defence industry, perhaps these centres; some go on to work in government, the defence tenure-track academic jobs in defence and security fields. industry or non-governmental organizations, which only those who may formally leave defence and security behind adds to the public discussion on Canadian defence concerns. willat DND still via carry the Policya knowledge-base Officer Recruitment on Canadian Program. defence And even and Some CF-literate journalists, such as Mercedes security issues. Stephenson, have also undertaken studies at SDF centres. Clearly, there are merits to the continued funding Undoubtedly, this has helped these individuals develop an of the SDF program. For over forty years the SDF program, ability to understand defence requirements, the role of the including during the so-called ‘decade of darkness,’ it military, and the opportunity costs associated with funding has helped to produce CF-literate analysts, scholars and or not funding the CF. It also makes them better equipped journalists. Without the SDF in the future, this legacy might to provide thoughtful critical assessment of defence-related well be lost. If looming cuts to the DND budget force the issues. of the public who understand them, let alone support their mandate by exposing scores of students each year to the civilian-directedcancelation of program, mandates the CF and may resultingfind it has requirements.few members SDF awards also contribute to fulfilling the program’s complexities of national defence policy and it training them to Hopefully Canada’s political leaders and decision-makers work in several areas of defence studies and administration at National Defence will recognize the importance of the after graduation. For example, last year, as a recipient of a SDF program in Canada’s security and defence future. ©

(Endnotes) 1 The Centres of Expertise are currently located at Dalhousie University, University of New Brunswick, Université Laval, Université de Montréal / McGill University, Université du Québec à Montréal/Concordia University, Queen’s University, Carleton University, York University, Wilfrid Laurier University, University of Manitoba, University of Calgary, and the University of British

38 Indépendent et Informé Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

The Need for Direct Communication

by Thomas S. Caldwell

Virtually every organization is in the communications I am not suggesting our Forces circumvent or understanding and an intelligent basis for support. undercutshould be theinformed political of its processes benefits ofin action. procurement, although business.Simply This simple put, it fact is not reflects enough the for need an organizationfor accountability, to be that might not be a bad idea, but rather the CF can help good at what it does if people do not know about it. Our Canadian Forces (CF) excel at the tasks they have the right to receive a “follow up report” on big ticket or are given and in the theatres where they operate are seen as gameillustrate changing the benefits acquisitions. after the fact of purchase. Canadians the “go to people”. Anyone who has been to Afghanistan has In a recent meeting with Canadian Expeditionary witnessed the outstanding calibre of our troops, even relative Force Command (CEFCOM) ( I, as a non-military observer, to those of other nations in the area. This holds for other areas where Canadians serve such as Haiti, the Democratic worldwide. The list includes, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Jerusalem, Golan,was amazed Egypt, to Darfur, see the Sudan, reach Monuc, of Canadian Sierra Forces’ Leone, efforts Haiti, makingRepublic the of worldCongo, a the slightly Sinai better Peninsula, place or for the Canadians. Horn of Afirca. They The military communicates well within its own also haveCanadians the right haveto be a informed.right to be proudFrankly, the this CFs is efforts not the of communityBahrain, Cyprus and, andindeed the withinGulf of theAden business off the community,Horn of Africa. but case as often or as clearly as it should be. The Chief of Defence and others do a superlative help others and that story is not being adequately told to our job communicating on a speaker basis to exclusive groups, countryCanadians at large.as a whole should also be aware of our efforts to butStaff, the General message requires wider distribution. That points to If the media cannot set aside their journalistic better use of media. biases, then communication should be more direct. Both Frequently, media bias skews the message, the public media interviews and print ads are the means, with particular and continual emphasis on print. along the Highway of Heroes, but that message alone denies Typically, CF ads relate to recruitment and, as a consequences and the results. Yes, Canadians see the sacrifice consequence, directed towards new additions. It would be It is generally left to government to communicate the a relatively easy task to slightly change the focus of these servicethe reasons our forForces our Forces’are providing efforts Canadians and sacrifices. and the world. ads to what our Forces are doing and occasionally how new some cases – but not all. which enable education, disaster relief, infrastructure That tooIt acts is as common somewhat sense of a that filter, the as impactindeed it of should what in is rebuildingequipment andis enhanced disease controlour capabilities. should be Our part Forces’ of any efforts, media being accomplished should be communicated, as directly campaign – Yes, other government agencies are also involved as possible, by those doing the heavy lifting. Intervening and that may present an opportunity for some cost sharing organizations both dilute and diminish. There are also and additional exposure. Young Canadians are coming forth in droves to serve agendas. their country and their world. They are ready and willing many claimantsFurther, for there jobs is well the doneelement and of even accountability. slightly different Just to serve. I am of the opinion a greater focus should be on as the CF is accountable to our political leaders, both are information advertising versus one dimensional recruitment accountable to the Canadian public. A good It is a matter of focus and market. Canadians see, feel efforts. Weexample were ofall this treated would to be the for political Canadians debate. to know Now the Canadians benefits anguish for the wounded and maimed and we admire their of the C17 fleet for our Forces and their humanitarian efforts. courageand appreciate and that the of theirsacrifice families. of our What young we people. need to address,We also and address with pride, is the “Why?”. Thomas S. Caldwell has been actively involved in the in- Canada has again become a player on the world vestment industry since 1965. Mr. Caldwell is Chairman of Caldwell Financial Ltd, President and a Director of Urbana be told. Corporation, a Member of the Board of Directors of the CDA stage, as a result of our Forces efforts and that story should Institute, and is on the Board of Associates of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at MIT. Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 39 ON TRACK

Again, it is not enough to be good at what we do partners, referring to our large war grave there, “What we if people don’t know about it, understand the issues and love about Canadians is that they came and fought and died appreciate the accomplishments. for us and when it was over, they just went home and asked Our young people are continuing the story of places for nothing”. like Ortona (a name not known by most young Canadians) Our Forces’ broader story needs to be directly told where an Italian merchant recently said to one of my business to all Canadians. ©

Ross Munro Media Award

by Colonel (Ret’d) Charles Keple

In 2002 the Conference of Defence Associations (CDA) and Today, such mandates continue, and defence initiated the Ross Munro Media Award (RMMA). The Award recognizesthe Canadian annually Defence aand Canadian Foreign journalistAffairs Institute who made(CDFAI) a theassociations formulation may of offermulti-disciplinary advice directly advice. to Subjecting the Minister the or positionother officials. of one associationThe evolution to the of scrutinyCDA in the of other 1930s associations facilitated issues relating to Canada’s defence and security. made the consensus CDA position even more valuable (and significant contribution to the public’s understanding of possibly compelling). The description of CDA as the “voice of The Evolution of Security Awareness defence” has never implied being the spokesperson for the MND, but rather the collective public voice of the broader During the Second World War, Canadians relearned national security and defence community. the lesson the hard way, that vital interests such as security The Government of Canada remains responsible and defence cannot be taken for granted, and for over a for the defence and security of our nation, but governments generation thereafter, governments enjoyed a relatively knowledgeable electorate with respect to defence issues. A issues involved. By the turn of the century, the public had little few decades later, an increasingly shallow understanding interestreflect the or understandingwill of the people of such and theirissues. understanding One explanation of thefor of national security issues set in and a pre-occupation with that apathy was the dearth of media coverage. other priorities contributed to “decades of darkness” for the CDA, in collaboration with the CDFAI, initiated the Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces. RMMA to encourage journalists to cover the forgotten subjects In every western nation, governments seek informed specialist advice. In Canada, a century ago, the Minister of commends those excellent journalists (and their publishers) National Defence chartered defence associations to serve whoseof defence reportage and security. actually Aspromotes such the Canadian RMMA understanding identifies and as specialist advisors. While the Minister relied primarily of national security and defence. An increasing proportion of public knowledge is fostered on blogs and other social media. In fact, in recent on his departmental staff, and in the case of the militia, on years two blogs have been nominated for the RMMA, and serving officers, they were precluded from public debate of were deemed competitive by the Selection Committee. knowledgeissues. Once or policy professional was set, experience departmental suggested staff andotherwise. serving Post-retirementofficers were expected such loyaltyto fall intono longer line, even applied if their and personal former The Conference of Defence Associations advisors often gravitated to the appropriate defence association. CDA is a conference of independent defence associations. Those associations do “attract” and welcome members from a broad spectrum of Canadian society. The Colonel (Ret’d) Charles Keple was Director General Military shared interest in national security and defence tends to Engineering Operations at National Defence Headquarters concern those who have dedicated most of their adult life to during operations in Pakistan, Croatia, Kuwait, Somalia, service of their country but also others who understand the Cambodia, and Bosnia. In 1996 he was transferred to the importance of those issues that underlay Canadian values Supplementary Reserve, and retired in 2007. Colonel (Ret’d) and interests. Keple is a Vice-Chairman of the Executive Committee of the CDA wants journalism that promotes Canadians’ Conference of Defence Associations. understanding of the issues. When applicable, journalism 40 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

as and when appropriate, and to nominate the journalists priorities, or mismanagement can ultimately be far more for national recognition. Neither CDA nor CDFAI nominates valuablethat correctly to Canada’s identifies vital deficiencies, interests than or neglect,shallow oraccolades. skewed journalists. Anonymous nominations are not accepted, but Journalism which researches the truth, which promotes nominators who request anonymity are respected. CDA and understanding of the pertinent issues, and which advocates CDFAI do enfranchise a Selection Committee, administer the for defensible policies and actions will be commended by the process, and orchestrate the formal award presentation. RMMA spirit whether or not they correlate to existing DND RMMA Selection Committee members have been or CF or even CDA/CDFAI views. impressed by the number and calibre of nominees, and have The Media Award is an unsolicited but deserved attested to the fact that whether the journalism was favourable distinction without obligation by the recipient. The RMMA or not has never been considered relevant. Recipients of monetary award is a tangible representation of that the Award have included Stephen Thorne, Garth Pritchard, distinction, also without obligation. In the event that such Sharon Hobson, Bruce Campion-Smith, Christie Blatchford, an honorarium is unwelcome, the recipient may simply re- Matthew Fisher, Alec Castonguay, Brian Stewart, and Murray direct the gratuity to a charity of their choice. Brewster. We should all strive to understand the basis and the Responsibility Accepted interrelated components of our national security and defence, and when we observe journalistic excellence in those areas, The RMMA encourages journalists to research and we should express our appreciation to the author, or through to understand national security and defence issues, and to letters to the editor. And of course we should consider report accordingly. It encourages publishers and broadcasters nominating the journalist for national recognition of the to recognize the relevance of such reportage, to commend it Ross Munro Media Award. ©

Address

The Ross Munro Media Award

by Murray Brewster

Ross Munro is considered the next best thing to a saint at CDA and the CFAI. Just don’t mention his name around some The Canadian Press [CP]. Among his contemporaries and veterans in the Royal Regiment of Canada. those of us who’ve followed, the veteran war correspondent A few years ago, I had the privilege of accompanying epitomized everything it means to be a wire service reporter. survivors of the Dieppe raid on the 65th anniversary tour of He had guts. He was accurate, tenacious, curious, a swift writer and - I’m told - unfailingly kind to the young journalists Joe Ryan, one of the vets who spent over two years in a whom he later mentored. His body of coverage, landing with the battlefields. When it was learned that I was CP reporter, troops in Dieppe, Sicily and Normandy, was unmatched by His biggest beef with the man whom we idolized was that most of his peers, many of whom never achieved what one MunroGerman didn’t POW getcamp, out nearly of the tore landing my ears craft off with over them Ross at Munro.Puys. He didn’t share their burden to the fullest extent possible of war reporting. He was admired enough to have his name – something the survivors resented. Soldiers expect that etchedlong-retired on the CP annualstaffer journalismdescribed to award me as presented the Triple byCrown the of journalists who accompany them into battle. The notion that we should remain impartial in the face of slaughter; that

Murray Brewster is the 2010 recipient of the Ross Munro Media witness is something never easily appreciated, especially in Award. He is the Parliamentary defence reporter and senior war.our first duty was to the truth and our objective was to bear war correspondent for The Canadian Press news agency. Mr. “He never came around us much after the war and Brewster covered the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in for good reason,” Ryan said of Munro. New York as well as the crash of Swissair Flight 111, for which The soldiers who survived the horrors of internment he was awarded a national Radio-Television News Director were even angrier when years later they read Munro’s Association (RTNDA) award. Over the period of his career account of the battle in old newspapers, Ryan said. he received 11 RTNDA awards and two Atlantic Journalism Awards. Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 41 ON TRACK

They believed he soft-peddled what happened to from both departments were standing right in front of us at them. the provincial reconstruction base. It was absurd. A little later during that the anniversary tour, we Interview requests of Canada’s civilian agencies in sometimes languish for weeks on the ground. During 2008, I minister at the time gave a speech in the rain. Greg Thompson was told I wasn’t able to speak with the federal government’s trottedwere at out Green the well-worn Beach in narrative: Pourville andFor every the veterans one of the affairs lives representative in Kandahar because she was to appear via learned. There was one old vet who seemed to be dozing in media. The following week, it was the ambassador’s turn and hissacrificed wheelchair, at Dieppe, but woke 10 were up whensaved heat heardD-Day theby thestatement. lessons “weconference wouldn’t call want at the to trounce weekly onDFIAT his message” briefing forwith the any Ottawa story His face went red and he banged his cane on the ground. I might produce. The following week; the RoCK was away on “Bull.” vacation and no one could answer questions. He hollered loud enough that some of Thompson’s In case you think these are isolated, historical experiences: A colleague of mine returned from Kabul in early never missed a beat. November 2010 spitting bullets when a series of interviews staff cringed,The reality but of thatthe vet’s minister experience kept didright not matchon speaking the and were cancelled at the last minute with a terse email. Another politically acceptable narrative of his time, which has been journalist spent his whole eight-week tour asking to speak to handed down to us through the years. The same might also be said for the soldiers who fought in the former Yugoslavia Not many Canadians understand that the insurgency while everyone back home celebrated it as peacekeeping. inthe Afghanistan RoCK and was is aoffered multi-headed an interview beast thewith day various he left. actors and interests that have a long history in the country. I perspectives. SoHistory it will hasbe with a wayAfghanistan. of sorting out of differing the Haqqani Network and the Hizb-e-Isalmi on the Taliban As someone who has done six tours ­– traveling movement.undertook toThe write Americans a piece had in 2009reams about of information the influence in the of Kandahar both embedded and un-embedded – I will be the public domain about both groups, but was interested in the imperfect. first to tellIf thereyou that has coverage been a failure of the ofwar the has media been it messy has been and itCanadian was returned perspective. with a searchA request fee forbill aof briefing over $53,000. on the Iground ended in the fact that there have never been enough of us on the upwas writing ignored about and when the Haqqanis I filed an access and Hizb-e-Islami, to information but request from ground. The war deserved more coverage, more analysis and Washington’s perspective. more context. Sometimes, I wonder and ask myself: Do they really Yet having witnessed the inner workings, both in want us to tell the story? Kandahar and Ottawa, I can tell you the system was never set If there has been another failing of the media in this up to support such close scrutiny. war, I would suggest it has been that not enough of us have The fact is, ladies and gentleman, I speak from stood up to answer our critics; the ones who would deep well of experience when I say this war has been question the integrity of those of us who’ve laid their lives communicated top-down by committee, often turning what on the line; or the ones who would say we have not done our would be compelling – maybe even inspiring - stories into a level best to tell this story. blubbering, inarticulate mess. Just because we’ve stood a few paces behind soldiers The Canadian media embedding program has been among the best – if not the best – among the NATO countries, cheerleaders. but it is structured to tell the individual stories of soldiers in in IED-lacedJust because fields that we does are not skeptical make and us apologists, ask awkward nor questions, that does not make us rubes, nor the enemy. it willingly helped reconstruct events where journalists may Yet, by times, we have been painted as such. notthe field.have Itbeen doesn’t able do to context bear witness. or big picture Where very it has well, happened, nor has There are those in the journalism community who’ve it’s only been through the enterprise or the begging, pleading suggested that coverage of the war has been cast “through and harassment of individual reporters. the narrow prism of the Canadian military.” It has always amazed me that I have had to read Others at the opposite end of the spectrum compelling details of heroic actions in Panjwaii and Zharey and my colleagues were on the ground and asking questions accomplishedhave stated that remains journalists untold. have confined themselves to asin pressthe events releases took from place. the governor’s general’s office when I KandaharI hear Airfield echoes and ofthe the real past story in some of what of thosethe military remarks. has There are those who say Canadians don’t understand The fact is that the vast majority of what has been the Afghan war, especially some of the more complex aspects written, published or broadcast about this war has been of governance and development. Yet, journalists in Kandahar produced by embedded journalists who’ve chosen to leave during 2006 were directed to call either the Department of and travel unarmed into Kandahar city, as well as its outlying districts.the confines They of haven’t the military, blow throughtake their on livesshort intours; their they’ve hands Foreign Affairs or the Canadian International Development gone in day after day with all of the associated risks. Agency’s media lines in Ottawa for comment when officials 42 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

There are too many names to mention, but I would At least three other Canadian journalists have point you to individuals such as Louie Palu, the photographer been wounded in Afghanistan; many others have returned who has incidentally spent more time with Canadian and irrevocably changed by their experiences. American troops than any other journalist. There have been so many gifted, honest people Calgary Herald journalist Michelle Lang gave up her who’ve gone through Kandahar and given journalism a better life covering Canadian soldiers last year. name. With all due respect to the distinguished judges who They didn’t sit behind the wire. awarded me the Ross Munro prize, I would suggest she was Few of us do. more deserving of the tribute. Her compendium of defence writing my not have been large, but the spirit which brought her here; the desire to bear independent witness while our something I’m Edward confident R. Murrow history oncewill find said: a way of reconciling fellow citizens shed blood was every bit was much deserving the different“To be viewpoints, persuasive we but must in bethe believable; meantime toI be cling to of recognition as the gallons of ink spilled in my copy. believable we must be credible; credible we must be truthful.” Those are words for all of us to live by in war and in peace. ©

Canada’s Army Reserve - Post the Combat Mission in Afghanistan

by Brigadier-General Gary O’Brien

Canada’s success in Afghanistan remain many challenges. Thoughtful and rigorous analyses has shaped a new vision and will be help ensure that this institution is not broken through the process. contributionconfidence in at home its Army and in Reserve. theatre. At The home, mission most Reservists could not in both the Domestic and Expeditionary realms. In addition These new capabilities are focused to deliver effect werehave beenemployed accomplished to ensure withoutthat all operational the significant requirements Reservist to these operational requirements, a new focus on connecting with communities and Canadians will ensure that the Army to shape the transformation plans within the Army and a Reserve is achieving the critical success the people of Canada substantialto sustain efforts new realization were delivered. about the The depth war ofhas contribution done much expect. of the Army Reserve is leading to a more Operational style Reserve, capability based, and actively engaged in the Army Domestic missions of the future. Army Reserve Transformation—now linked and The Army Reserve has always been available for driven by the requirements of the Army through Army military response in a domestic crisis. In recent history Transformation—is forging the roles of the Army Reserve in a almost all of the domestic operations have had substantial focused manner. Clearly supporting the capabilities required Reserve participation. In some cases, the Reserve has by the Canada First Defence Plan, Reserve roles, missions, supplied all of the support. Soon the Army is standing up the and tasks are being developed to deliver real capability remaining Territorial Battalion Groups (TBG) to bring this and relevance within the Armys missions. It is important capability to ten battalions in total, one from each Reserve to understand that these new requirements of the Army Canadian Brigade Group (CBG). These TBGs formalize the Reserve are fundamentally changing the culture and essence capability the Army Reserve will deliver for basic Domestic of this proud institution and are shaping a new Reserve Operations. The TBG may be a Force Employment model, but it shapes how each CBG will organize and train its soldiers to conduct these operations. Every unit will contribute confidence that will be important in securing success. There and it is designed to act as the follow on force after the In March of 2006 Brigadier-General O’Brien deployed to Immediate Response Units have deployed or to deploy as Afghanistan where he served as the Deputy Commanding General, Political Military Integration, in the Coalition structured to deliver capability across the military spectrum Headquarters of Combined Security Transition Command – andthe Army’s its integral first responseCommand to and a domestic Control emergency. will provide It forwill the be Afghanistan for nine months. Upon his return to Canada he basic functionality required of an organization to conduct was appointed Director General Land Reserve and is now Chief domestic operations. TBGs will be self-sustaining and of Staff Land Reserve. Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 43 ON TRACK

THE ROSS MUNRO MEDIA AWARD PRIX MÉDIA ROSS MUNRO

Nominations are invited for the 2011 Ross Nous invitons les nominations pour le prix média Munro Media Award. Ross Munro, 2011.

The Ross Munro Media Award was Le prix Média Ross Munro a été initiated in 2002 by the Conference of Defence Associations (CDA) in collaboration with the Conférence des associations de la défense (CAD), endécerné collaboration pour la avec première l’Institut fois Canadien en 2002 par de la (CDFAI). Its purpose is to recognize, annually, oneCanadian Canadian Defence journalist & Foreign who Affairs has madeInstitute a prix a pour but de reconnaître annuellement un Défense et des Affaires Etrangères (ICDAE). Ce the general public’s understanding of issues importante et remarquable à la sensibilisation du thatsignificant relate to and Canada’s outstanding defence contribution and security. to grandjournaliste public canadien aux questions qui a contribuéliées à la défensede manière et à la sécurité canadiennes.

The recipient of the Award will receive a Le lauréat ou la lauréate du Prix recevra replica of the Ross Munro statue, along with a une reproduction de la statuette Ross Munro et un cash award of $2,500. prix en argent de 2500 $.

The past recipients of this prestigious Au nombre des lauréats des années award are Stephen Thorne, Garth Pritchard, Sharon Hobson, Bruce Campion-Smith, Christie Pritchard, Sharon Hobson, Bruce Campion- Blatchford, Matthew Fisher, Alec Castonguay, Smith,précédentes, Christie figurent Blatchford, Stephen Matthew Thorne, Fisher, Garth Alec Brian Stewart, and Murray Brewster. Castonguay, Brian Stewart, et Murray Brewster.

Anyone may nominate a journalist Toute personne peut nommer un for the award. Nominations must be in (une) journaliste pour le prix Ross Munro. Les writing, accompanied by two letters of nominations doivent nous parvenir par deux support, and include a summary of reasons for the nomination, a brief biographical d’un sommaire citant les raisons qui sketch of the nominee, and samples of motiventlettres du soutien, votre nomination, être accompagnées d’une the journalist’s work. Further details biographie du candidat et des examples are available at www.cda-cdai.ca, click: des travaux du journaliste. Pour les Ross Munro Award. Nominations must détails voir www.cda-cdai.ca, click: be received by 1 September 2011, and Ross Munro Award. Les nominations should be addressed to: doivent nous parvenir au plus tard

adressées au: le 1 septembre 2011, et doivent être ROSS MUNRO MEDIA AWARD COMITÉ DE SÉLECTION DU PRIX SELECTION COMMITTEE MÉDIA ROSS MUNRO CONFERENCE OF DEFENCE LA CONFÉRENCE DES ASSOCIATIONS ASSOCIATIONS DE LA DÉFENSE 222 SOMERSET STREET WEST, SUITE 400B 222, RUE SOMERSET OUEST, SUITE 400B OTTAWA, ON K2P 2G3 OTTAWA, ON K2P 2G3

The Ross Munro Media Award will be presented Le prix média Ross Munro sera présenté vendredi, on Friday, 18 November 2011, at the Vimy Award dinner le 18 novembre 2011, à un dîner qui aura lieu au Musée that will be held at the the Canadian War Museum. canadien de la guerre.

For more information, including ticket orders Pour plus d’informations, incluant la demande de for the Award dinner, contact the Conference of Defence billets pour le dîner, veuillez contacter la Conférence des Associations at: fax (613) 236-8191, e-mail pao@cda-cdai. associations de la Défense: télécopieur (613) 236 8191; ca, or telephone (613) 236-9903. courriel [email protected], ou téléphone (613) 236 9903.

44 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK capable of operating in austere environments where civilian infrastructure has become severally degraded or overloaded. before the mission training begins. 20% ReserveThe Army soldiers Reserve that arewas prepared very successful and integrated in supporting long ensuring that the Army Reserve delivers real capability in the Afghan mission and shared the terrible cost as well. This realFundamentally, time when required. the TBG is a significant step forward in In addition to the Territorial Battalion Groups the choice for the way forward and the ABG approach. In addition Army Reserve makes further contribution in providing HQ tosuccess the tacticalcontributes forces, to the the confidence Army Reserve the Army will continuehas with its to capability and detailed liaison between the multi agency contribute select Reservists for roles in the higher HQs and potential capacity building organizations around the world. military plans develop domestic readiness, the TBG concept willresponse evolve organizations to ensure the during Army Reserveany event. has Significantly, an important as role the Institutional Capabilities in defending Canada. The impact of these new tasks and a more operational Arctic focus for the Army Reserve is also putting pressure on the basic processes and policies for Reserve management in the The growing importance of the Arctic will have a Army. A maturing of the systems within the Army is allowing for more detailed examination of the Reserve dynamic and for potential operations in the Arctic, the Army has stood up highlighting key policy changes required in supporting this significant effect on the Reserves. To provide capabilities new environment. The implementation of a Reserve Annual (ARCGs). These groups are based on four Reserve units, each Military Occupational Review (RAMOR) will lead to a deeper four specifically identified Arctic Reserve Company Groups understanding and more deliberate method of manning Grey and Simcoe Foresters, Les Voltigeurs de Québec, and critical occupations across the Army Reserve. This process thein the 1st fourBn, The Land Royal Force New Areas: Brunswick The Royal Regiment Winnipeg (Carleton Rifles, Theand also allows for improved planning of individual training and York). The purpose of these company groups is to provide training capacity. It will have a profound impact on Army additional soldiers specially trained in Arctic operations, Reserve Culture by enabling a deeper understanding of the and resources for these operations. Critical to this important make up of the force. and potentially dangerous task is that each of these Units are Key to sustaining this operational focus will be the being resourced with appropriate equipment sets and special establishment of a separate training capability that will training to be able to provide follow on forces for Domestic leverage the success of many of the ad hoc training structures operations. The Army has already seen successful training exercises with these new ARCGs and they will participate management organization at the Brigade-level capable of broadly across all tasks in the Arctic. coordinatingacross the Reserve. the complex The requirements establishment of of our an individual effective training system is critical to sustaining the Reserve force Expeditionary today. Lastly, within the institutional pillar, the Army is in The Army has recognised that future expeditionary the last stages of a fundamental review of its Army Reserve Establishment Model. This has been a bottom up review reservists, especially with the Civil Military Cooperation with the intent of revising the establishment model and (CIMIC)missions and will Psychological not succeed Operations without significant (PSYOPS) inclusioncapabilities of subsequently, the actual establishment to correct and align coming from the Reserve Force. To meet the evolving threats the Army Reserve to the emerging new requirements. This and to shape the Armys contribution to CF missions abroad review has been undertaken with participation from all components of the Army and will set the baseline foundation concept. This concept delivers an integrated Regular and for a more disciplined management approach across the Reservethe Army battle has developed group, scalable the Affiliated by mission. Battle Reserve Group (ABG) Units Army Land Force Areas. both individually and in sub-sub-units to assist in building Summary thewill ABG. receive The specific ABGs areForce shaped Generation around tasks the nine to augment existing The Army Reserve has matured in the last few years. in support of individual ABGs will greatly assist in identifying We have learned and relearned many important lessons. Our theInfantry readiness battalions requirements and the specific and morelinking predictable of Reserve tasksunits Soldiers are proud and committed. It is also no secret that for Reserve Augmentation. Every arm in the ABG will the operations in Afghanistan required the Army Reserve to have a Reserve contribution whether that is a troop, gun do more than ever before. At the height of these operations in 2010, almost one in three Reservists was working full-time in the Army. A substantial number of these full-time Reservists companiesdetachments, will or receive a rifle section.additional The Reserve fourth soldiersrifle company to bring of themevery upABG to will operational be a Reserve strength. company Overall and theeach ABG of the will rifle be the systems supporting and force generating for operations. were critically employed to back-fill the Army and reinforce

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 45 ON TRACK

Canadian Forces capability. It demonstrates a greater this large scale activation has been to reduce the leadership commitment from the Army Reserve to our communities, the Reducing this dynamic is not an easy task as the effect of nation, and the people of Canada. Many challenges remain, the operations and commitments we need to address these positionsavailable onand the reconstitute Armoury floor.the part With time the Army coming Reserve. changes in of our acceptance of these challenges and tasks. We are re- Each of the new capabilities discussed here loadingbut the confidenceand ready for now the exuded future. by © the Army Reserve is proof strengthen the Army Reserves’ place in the Army and greater

WAR POSTERS?

by Gertrude Kearns

“Editorial in nature, propaganda like in energy and attitude, with a bias towards chivalry and a hint of the devious, this series is about the nature of command perspectives in modern operations. From Lieutenant-Commander to Colonel to General and Defence Analyst this group of four Canadians creates a cross section of platforms spanning post cold war Balkans, Canadian security, and the current Afghan counterinsurgency.“

This article is in part an artist’s statement, the term used These posters are the antithesis of traditional war in current art practise whereby the visual arts practitioner explains the intentions, ideas and contexts of his work, in devicesposters, via which propaganda, targeted not specific reliant audiences on symbolism, for immediate humour relation to a particular body of work. orresults metaphor. in the ( ‘warThe two effort’. earlier They posters were in highlythis series emotional can be seensales general This as regards series his of posterspractice, (2004-2010) or as here specifically is a war art in in ON TRACK Vol 15 No 3 and Vol 15 No 4, at http://cda-cdai. documentation of sorts using Canadian Forces individuals as ca/cdai/on-track-library - ed.). subjects. These expanded portraits function on three levels: My intentions are contrary in every sense. These military portraiture, editorially tinged commentary, quasi ‘posters’ are not made to be reproduced in quantity, historical records, inasmuch as each subject’s Canadian understood easily, or sell anything. They need to be interpreted, and gradated through an inherent understanding verbally abstracted mission type. The one exception is the Col of the concern in question. In other words ‘they are meant Briandefence MacDonald career is representedpiece which inis aboutthe context the nature of a specific of defence yet for a sophisticated audience’; these words came in response analysis. to a recent informal presentation I made of this group in a It is equally imperative that these works function Toronto think tank environment. They cannot even hint in the contemporary art forum, establishing another viable at ‘real’ propaganda as they are not selling defence, not credibility. This age of irony with a penchant for nihilistic even questioning it. Rather they aim to express the hinge predisposition seeks integrated message and can be as in operations via apparent oxymoron. However they are crucial as any visually technical prowess. These posters intended to ‘look’ like propaganda, to suggest some campaign seem to appeal to civilians even if the message remains is being waged as they are responding to the urgency of the somewhat unclear. Even when they function as ‘just guys in times. Because these portraits are heroic in nature, they are uniforms’, and by association the military in general, there is meant to command attention and impart military ethos and an existential ring of sorts which bridges civilian and defence the psychological and strategic rationale of modern defence interpretations. sensibilities. Suggested paradox and the general aesthete of each work are points of departure from historical military art into modern expressions of ‘social commentary’ it has been said, Gertrude Kearns of Toronto has worked both officially and unofficially as a Canadian war artist for nearly two decades. make ‘defence commentary’. If they do not function in this She had a 2006 contract with TFA Roto 0 embedded in theatre respect,but more they significantly are not successful. from my perspective, an attempt to in Kandahar and Kabul under Colonel S P Noonan. Work is in Each poster idea evolved slowly, in the midst of private, public and corporate collections in Canada; currently other related work. My intention was to say as much as in the 2009-2012, eight venues across Canada “Brush with possible with the fewest words. A 1942 war poster study War: military art from Korea to Afghanistan”, under DND and by the Toronto agency Young and Rubicon showed emotional the Canadian War Museum. She is the ‘unofficial’ war artist in residence at the RCMI and a SSC member, on the SITREP Boulter Award jury for 4 years. appeal to be the most effective, whereas humour and 46 Independent and Informed symbolism were ineffectiveAutonome saleset renseigné tools/methods. Relying on ON TRACK dry humour and contained emotion, these would have fared will be lots of people wondering what this means, but that is poorly in 1942! good as that starts a discussion…..” © The four subjects all agreed to sit for me and each has completely supported my decisions after the fact. None were commissioned drawings and I have retained all originals.

IMAGE #3 Waves Tides--Wong PAO 2009

I met Lieutenant-Commander Albert Wong (Navy)

Advisory Team in 2005-6 with Task Force Afghanistan Roto in0. Kabul I sketched when him he was in theatre;Public Affairs the second Officer sketch for the of Strategic him in Toronto the following year is utilized here. Lieutenant-Commander Wong professionally, and still as a civilian continues to contribute to the Afghan cause, hence Making Waves. Waves can be big or small. I am not trying to qualify the extent of any successes. This poster also suggests not solely him but The Canadian Forces in general. Looking at history in progress however one needs to ask the question: Turning Tides? Is it just a reasonable question? Or does it suggest more subversively the very real positioning against the mission in general as regards winning at all in the face of huge obstacles. However the geo-politics of the region could alter any tides in progress, I suggest also with the tide text, and become new tides in due course. There are other extenuating meanings. It intentionally begs some questions, following in my oxymoron bent though more ambiguously here. Should it already be an oxymoron? “A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, usually with transference of energy…” Wikipedia. How real is the possibility of substantially transferring skills and outlook in Afghanistan? Cdr Wong told me recently after I had emailed him the final, that he had periodically….I’m asked sure himself there whether he was making any difference in the long run and that the text did define his outlook at times.. “

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 47 ON TRACK

Book review

Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power

by Robert Kaplan

Reviewed by Arnav Manchanda

Kaplan, Robert. Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power. Random House, October 2010. 384 pages. ISBN 978-1-4000-6746-6

The main premise of Robert Kaplan’s Monsoon: The Indian post-civil war Sri Lanka; and, inter-communal violence and Ocean and the Future of American Power is the importance economic growth in the Indian state of Gujarat. of the Indian Ocean and its surrounding regions to regional Some chapters are weaker than others by focusing and international trade and inter-state competition over too much on a mess of facts and opinions rather than on strong analysis. For instance in his chapter on the Indian city that it is high time for policymakers in the West to pay of Kolkata, Kaplan cites the successes (greater investment) attentioninfluence, to resources this region, and having power focused projection. on rivalries Kaplan argues in the and challenges (massive poverty) faced by the city, but then North Atlantic for much of the twentieth century. digresses, at length, about British colonialist Robert Clive’s Very few written works explore this part of the world conquests in India in the eighteenth century, including from a truly strategic perspective. Kaplan’s Monsoon takes discussion on Clive’s personality and on atrocities committed on this challenge, but with limited success. While Kaplan provides a fascinating tour of the region, the unique approach titled his chapter, “Kolkata: The Next Global City.” In addition, of each of his chapters leaves the reader wanting something theby either initial side; chapters these on digressions Oman read make more it difficult like a history to see why lesson he a little more rigorous. Nonetheless, as a tour guide Kaplan than an overview of the strategic importance of the country. provides fascinating glimpses of developments on the ground In another section on Islam in Indonesia, Kaplan describes in several exotic locations that are not usually featured in Dutch colonialism and seafaring practices; while interesting the average (Canadian) newspaper’s International section, vignettes in their own right, the level of detail is often too allowing readers to experience vicariously his travels and much and irrelevant. observations. Nevertheless, Kaplan does come up with some hard Kaplan’s analytical microscope yields a heady and lessons for Western policymakers. Examining the end of the dense narrative as he mixes history, sociology, military civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Tamil science and political analysis. He cites a melange of sources, Tigers, Kaplan writes: including ancient texts, contemporary historical narratives, colonial surveys, interviews with unique and interesting “it was the Chinese who had partly allowed this people, ground observations, juxtaposes old and new victory to happen, since for the West, to its credit, not architecture, and makes sweeping claims about the future of even the most desirable of ends could justify certain the region and geopolitical trends. means ... While we in the West scan the developing Kaplan’s writing is notable for its ability to get at world for moral purity, decrying corruption in both facts and esoteric details and impressions. He explores backward societies, the Chinese are content with several countries and themes, including: Islam in Indonesia; stability, no matter how illegitimately conceived. Our race, culture and globalisation in Zanzibar; economic foreign aid emphasis is on democracy, human rights, and civil society; theirs is on massive infrastructure government in Burma; Chinese, Indian and American rivalries projects and authority, civil or not.” development in Baluchistan; insurgents fighting against the These words ring true as we watch the growth of Indian and over the Indian Ocean domain; flooding in Bangladesh; Chinese interests and competition in Asia, Africa and the Arnav Manchanda is a defence policy analyst at the CDA Middle East, focused on competition over access to shipping Institute, and a business capture and analytics specialist with The SecDev Group. Arnav is a former Security and Defence Forum Intern with the CDA Institute. routes, natural resources and influence, as these two

48 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK countries contend with the rise of their resource-hungry has to patiently explore Kaplan’s jungle in depth in order middle classes. In conclusion, it often seems as if the editors of historical and sociological overgrowth. At its heart, Monsoon Monsoon tacked on analysis related to “national security” isto afind regional, the strategic quasi-geopolitical discussions travelogue and insights - a hiddensophisticated in the to Monsoon’s chapters (as well as the book’s subtitle) to Guide Michelin or Fodor, with context - that should be read as make it more appealing to the policy community. The reader a set of discrete yet fascinating vignettes of developments in some of the less visible regions of the world. ©

Book Review

Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (2nd ed)

by J.L. Granatstein

Reviewed by Meghan Spilka O’Keefe

J.L. Granatstein. Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (2nd ed). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011. 467 pages. $39.95, ISBN 9781442611788

Jack Granatstein’s Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping From the First World War onwards, there has the Peace (2nd ed) is a three hundred year popular history been a rush to equip or train the troops. The result is that of the Canadian Army. Just shy of 500 pages, Granatstein comprehensively covers the Canadian army from its origins reader almost laughs out-loud at Granatstein’s dry-humour in New France to the present, including vivid accounts of Canada’s soldiers were issued ineffective equipment. The Canada’s regular (permanent) and reserve (militia) forces during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the South implementdescription for of thedigging.” ineffective First World War-era MacAdam Africa (Boer) War, the First and Second World Wars, the shovel thatThrough could and neither through, stop bullets Granatstein nor “be shows an effective us that Canada never learnt to maintain institutional knowledge present-day war in Afghanistan. on capabilities or personnel readiness. It is demonstrated Korean War,Not onepeacekeeping to shy away efforts from in revealing the 1990s, opinion, and the in Canada’s Army that, at times, Canada’s demand for made- in-Canada or Canadianized equipment has left soldiers with Canada’s tradition of civil-military relations. Using subtle language,Granatstein Granatstein colourfully repeatedly identifies a characterises few central themes Canada’s in result was felt as the Canadian Forces (CF) again scrambled civilian leaders as using tactics to deliberately slow decisions ineffective means of doing their job. The contemporary about war or military investments. For Granatstein, Canada and kit to Afghanistan. There is a lesson to be learnt from and its army are frequently at odds. This characterization Granatsteinto recruit, train, as, in equip, his conclusion, and transport he contends sufficient that personnel “a well- is juxtaposed with frequent descriptions of the harried trained, well-equipped army remains the nation’s insurance scramble to mobilize or equip the army. Early on it becomes apparent that Granatstein describes a recurring theme in claim, he does so in Who Killed the Canadian Army?. And this his story of Canada’s Army: Canadian civilian leaders are policy.”is certainly This relevant is not the again first today time as Granatstein Canada considers has made the CF’sthis role post-Afghanistan, especially as Granatstein repeatedly Granatstein makes it known that Canada’s civilian reminds the reader how little Canada values its armed forces leadersprimarily customarily reactionary, scramble and the army to recruit, suffers train, as a result. equip, and during times of peace. transport troops during times of expeditionary war. First in Granatstein also highlights another theme in the 1899, it was a scramble to train troops and then to transport history of Canada’s army—that of military leaders shirking them, packed like sardines into the converted cattle boat the their duty to abide by civilian direction. With examples of the Sardinian en route to Cape Town.

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné 49 ON TRACK ranks to achieve ends, dodging recommendations, or foot- Granatstein discussing some of the most important battles dragging,military pressuring Granatstein’s civilian precisely leaders connotated into decisions, lexicon inflatingdisplays of the North-WestAlso, I wasRebellion, personally Boer War, disappointed and First and to Second find praise for military shirking. This is something to consider World Wars without one mention of the Governor General’s when reading Canada’s Army, as the army remains the armed Foot Guards (GGFGs)—the Ottawa Infantry Reserve unit that servant of Canada’s civilian leaders. has over 30 battle honours since 1885. He makes a point to mention many Highland Regiments, and even the Grenadier Guards; however, by their contemporary name, the GGFGs of the confusionVery effectively, and horrors Granatstein of war make does theshred reader light feel on anthe are left out of his history of Canada’s Army. exceptionalnature of war. connection Particularly to sobering those who and foughtun-inflated and accounts continue Along with the caveats I have included in this review, reading Canada’s Army will shed light on the remarkable capabilities of an underfunded Canadian army. Canada’s Normandy,to fight on and behalf Panjwai of Canada. compel And, the Granatstein’s reader to believe accounts in Army is well worth the read. It is an enjoyable and accessible theof defining amazing moments abilities of like Canada’s the Battles army—past, of Paardeburg, present, Vimy, and book that forces the reader to question the relationship future. between Canada and its armed forces. The reader is left An exciting and accessible read, Granatstein’s aware of how often Canada fails in equipping or enabling Canada’s Army is certainly a popular and opinionated history its army to do its job. And, it leaves the reader believing that of the Canadian military. It is his history, as Granatstein’s country, the military certainly requires more from Canada. It transparent and shapes the way the story is told. Regrettably, issince remarkable Canadian what soldiers Canadian make soldiers significant can do,sacrifices and Granatstein for their however,distain for Granatstein particular does Canadian not examine figures the role is of exceedingly females or displays their capabilities with honour and admiration. Aboriginals in Canada’s Army. He discusses these topics very Meghan Spilka O’Keefe is the Project Officer at the CDA Institute. omission on Granatstein’s part, as both groups have played a She has a MA in Public Policy and International Affairs with a briefly without much critical analysis. This is a disappointing focus in defence policy. She is a Reservist with the Governor present. General’s Foot Guards. © significant role in Canada’s army—shaping it in the past and

Notice Avis

The CDA Institute L’Institut de la CAD and et the Conference of Defence Associaitons La Conférance des associations de la défense are moving. déménagent.

Please note our new address as of Veuillez noter que notre nouvelle adresse, à compter du 1 June 2011 - 1er juin, sera -

151 Slater Street, Suite 412A 151, rue Slater, Suite 412A Ottawa ON K1P 5H3 Ottawa (ON) K1P 5H3

E-mail addresses and telephone numbers will remain L’adresse courriel et les numéros de téléphone rester- unchnaged. ont les mêmes.

50 Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

The 2011 Ottawa Conference on Defence and Security / La Conférence d`Ottawa [2011] sur la défense et la sécurité

The Hon. Peter G. MacKay, PC, MP, Minister of National Defence, during his address at the 2011 Ottawa Conference on Defence and Security, noted that “we are still part of a highly uncertain world.” / L`hon. Peter G. MacKay, CP, Député, ministre de la Défense nationale, pendant son discours à la Conférence d`Ottawa [2011] sur la défense et la sécurité, note que «nous faisons encore partie d`un monde tout plein d`incertitude.»

Photo by / Photo par Lieutenant-Colonel (Ret’d) Gord Metcalfe

Independent and Informed Autonome et renseigné ON TRACK

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