Fishery and Population Dynamics of Caspian Kutum, Rutilus Frisii Kutum (Cyprinidae), in the Caspian Sea
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Fishery and population dynamics of Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum (Cyprinidae), in the Caspian Sea Item Type thesis Authors Afraei Bandpei, Mohammadali Publisher Universiti Sains Malaysia Download date 03/10/2021 16:54:49 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/40686 FISHERY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF CASPIAN KUTUM, Rutilus frisii kutum (CYPRINIDAE), IN THE CASPIAN SEA by MOHAMMADALI AFRAEI BANDPEI Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises to Allah Almighty whose countless blessings enabled me to complete this thesis. The Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO) and Agriculture Training Research Organization (ATRO) supported this study. The materials were obtained from a my province project entitle “Age, growth, feeding items, and reproductive of Rutilus frisii kutum in the Caspian Sea‟‟ performed with cooperation at the Caspian Sea Ecological Research Center in Sari, Inlandwaters Aquaculture Research Center in Guilan, and Inlandwaters Aquatic Stock Research Center in Golestan provinces. Thanks are due to the previous and now managers of the Agriculture Training Research Organization (ATRO) Dr. Khalghani and Dr. Pourhemat and to the head of the Iranian Fisheries Research Oraganization (IFRO) Dr. Motalebi, for financial support. I am very grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Mashhor Mansor who always gives me constructive advices, guidance, encouragement, critical reading, and moral support during the research of my thesis, thank you so much. My former co-supervisor, Dr. Khoo Kay Huat, thank you for your help especially on fish physiology and ecology. I would like to thanks my co-supervisors, associate Prof. Dr. Shahrul Anuar Mohd Sah and Dr. Mansor Mat Isa for their constrictive comments and suggestions during this the completion of thesis. I would like to express thanks to my field co-supervisor, Dr. Shahram Abdolmaleki from Inlandwater Aquaculture Research Center in Anzali for his continual supporting, guidance and reading the thesis while completed my graduate studies. ii I am grateful to the president of the Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center, Dr. Pourgholam, for assistance and support in execute my project and my study. I would like to thanks my entire department colleague, Dr. Hassan Fazli, Ens. Mehdi Moghim, Hassan Molaei, Aliasghar Janbaz, Abdollah Hashemian, Hossein Taleshian, Davod Kor, Khodadad Shabani, Reza Daryanabard, Mr. Faramarz Bagheri, Mr. Pourmand for cooperation; Ens Mohammad Taghi Rostamian and Ali Ganjian for identify plankton groups, Ens. Kambiz Khedmati and Behroz Nahrevar from Inlandwater Aquaculture Research Center of Guilan, and Ens. Gholamali Bandani and Mohammad Larijani from Inlandwater Aquatic Stock Research Center of Golestan for data collectionhe. I would like to thank Dr. Farhad Keymaram, Dr. Shahram Ghasemi, Dr. Farokh Parafkandeh Haghighi from Iranian Fisheries Research Oraganization (IFRO) for assistance, cooperation in executing this project and support on time money for purchase fish. I thank Dr. Hassan Nasrolahzade for guidance and moral support. I would like to thank Dr. Bani and Dr. Heidari from Fisheries department, faculty of natural resources, University of Guilan, Swomeh-Sara for preparing gonads histology. Last but not least, I must thank my devoted wife (FIROZEH), my lovely daughter (FAEZEH) and my darling son (AMIR REZA) for their moral supports, patiences and tolerate my problems during study. I also thank my beloved mother for her prayers. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………… iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………….. v LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………… xiv LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………… xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS…………………………… xv ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………… xvii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….. xxiv CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………… 1 1.1 History and background of the Caspian Sea……………………………… 1 1.2 Various species groups of the Caspian Sea………………………………. 6 1.3 General aspects of population dynamics…………………………………. 8 1.4 A brief history of Iranian fisheries………………………………………... 10 1.5 Family Cyprinidae………………………………………………………... 14 1.5.1 Morphology of Rutilus frisii kutum…………………………………… 15 1.5.2 Classification of Rutilus frisii kutum…………………………………. 15 1.5.3 Ecology of Rutilus frisii kutum………………………………………... 17 1.6 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………… 18 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………… 19 2.1 A brief about fishing cooperatives………………………….…………….. 19 2.2 Catch of Rutilus frisii kutum……………………………………………………. 20 2.3 Age and growth parameters of Rutilus frisii kutum………………………….. 25 iv 2.4 Distribution of Rutilus frisii kutum…………………………………………….. 29 2.5 Mortality of Rutilus frisii kutum……………………………………………….. 30 2.6 Feeding of Rutilus frisii kutum…………………………………………………. 31 2.7 Sex ratio of Rutilus frisii kutum………………………………………………… 33 2.8 Reproduction and recruitment of Rutilus frisii kutum………………………. 34 2.9 The role of aquatic fish in per capita consumption……………………….. 35 CHAPTER 3 - MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………. 36 3.1 Study sites………………………………………………………………… 36 3.2 Pare fishing method and Pare fishing cooperative………………………... 37 3.3 Fishing cooperatives capital assets……………………………………….. 41 3.4 Fishing season…………………………………………………………….. 42 3.5 Sampling method…………………………………………………………. 44 CHAPTER 4 - AGE AND GROWTH OF KUTUM, Rutilus frisii kutum (CYPRINIDAE) IN SOUTHERN PART OF THE CASPIAN SEA……………………………………………… 45 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 45 4.2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………. 46 4.2.1 Relationship between length and weight equation………………... 47 4.2.2 Condition factors formula………………………………………… 47 4.2.3 von Bertalanffy growth curve equation…………………………... 47 4.2.4 Data analysis……………………………………………………… 47 4.3 Results…………………………………………………………………….. 48 4.3.1 Relationship between length and weight…………………………. 48 4.3.2 Length frequency…………………………………………………. 58 v 4.3.3 Age structures…………………………………………………….. 60 4.3.4 Condition factors (CF)……………………………………………. 64 4.3.5 von Bertalanffy age-at-length catch curve………………………... 67 4.4 Discussion………………………………………………………………… 68 CHAPTER 5 - LENGTH AT MATURITY, FECUNDITY, AND GONADOSOMATIC INDEX OF CASPIAN KUTUM, Rutilus frisii kutum (CYPRINIDAE) IN THE SOUTHERN CASPIAN SEA……………………………… 73 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 73 5.2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………. 75 5.2.1 Maturity classification…………………………………………….. 75 5.2.2 Length at maturity equation………………………………………. 76 5.2.3 Gonadosomatic index formula……………………………………. 76 5.2.4 Data analysis…………………………………………………….... 77 5.3 Results…………………………………………………………………….. 77 5.3.1 Sex ratios………………………………………………………….. 77 5.3.2 Morphology gonadal of Kutum…………………………………… 79 5.3.2.1 Testis………………….………………………………… 79 5.3.2.2 Ovary…………………………………………………… 81 5.3.3 Age at maturity of Kutum………………………………………… 83 Relationship between fecundity and length, somatic weight, ovary 5.3.4 weight and age……………………………………………………. 85 5.3.5 Length at maturity………………………………………………… 89 5.3.6 Gonadosomatic index (GSI) …………………………………….. 90 vi 5.3.7 Temporal canonical discriminant function analysis (CDFA)……. 92 5.4 Discussion………………………………………………………………... 96 CHAPTER 6 - FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS OF THE CASPIAN KUTUM, Rutilus frisii kutum (CYPRINIDAE) IN IRANIAN WATERS OF THE CASPIAN SEA………...… 102 6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 102 6.2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………. 103 6.2.1 Feeding indices…………………………………………………… 103 6.2.2 Index of relative important (IRI) …………………………………. 105 6.2.3 Shannon-Wiener index……………………………………………. 105 6.2.4 Gastrosomatic index (GaSI) ……………………………………… 105 6.2.5 Important species index (ISI) …………………………………….. 105 6.2.6 Data analysis………………………………………………...……. 106 6.3 Results……………………………………………………………………. 106 6.3.1 Food habits……………………………………………………….. 106 6.3.2 Frequency of occurrence………………………………………….. 111 6.3.3 Monthly changes in diet composition…………………………….. 114 6.3.4 Feeding behavior related to fish seize…………………………….. 116 6.3.5 Feeding intensity………………………………………………….. 119 6.3.6 Shannon-Wiener index prey diversity…………………..………… 121 6.4 Discussion………………………………………………………………… 124 CHAPTER 7 - POPULATION DYNAMICS OF CASPIAN KUTUM, Rutilus frisii kutum (CYPRINIDAE) IN THE SOUTHERN CASPIAN SEA……………………………… 129 vii 7.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 129 7.2 Materials and methods…………………………………………………… 130 7.2.1 Growth analysis………………………………………………….... 130 7.2.2 Mortality………………………………………………………….. 131 7.2.3 Growth performance index……………………………………….. 132 7.2.4 Probability of capture……………………………………………... 132 7.2.5 Recruitment pattern……………………………………………….. 133 7.2.6 Yield per recruitment……………………………………………... 133 7.2.7 Cohort analysis…………………………………………………… 134 7.3 Results…………………………………………………………………….. 135 7.4 Discussion………………………………………………………………… 147 CHAPTER 8 - ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF BONY FISHCATCH WITH EMPHASIS ON CASPIAN KUTU, Rutilus frisii kutum (CYPRINIDAE) BY BEACH SEINE FISHING COOPERATIVE IN THE SOUTHERN CASPIAN SEA……………………………………………… 156 8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 156 8.2 Materials and methods……………………………………………………. 157 8.2.1 Data collection…………………………………………………… 158 8.2.1.1 Infrastructure expenses…………………………………. 158 8.2.1.2 Equipment expenses……………………………………. 159 8.2.1.3 Assessor expenses………………………………………. 159 8.2.1.4 Personal expenses………………………………………. 159 8.2.1.5 Current expenses………………………………………... 160 viii 8.2.2 Cost……………………………………………………………….. 160 8.2.3 Estimate of break-even-point……………………………………... 160 8.2.4 Data analysis……………………………………………………… 161 8.3 Results…………………………………………………………………….