Book of Abstracts

http://mrp2018.wordpress.com Table of Contents Barend Noordam (F. U. Berlin; H. U. Jerusalem) – Debating the Gun: ...... 3 The Reception of the Musket in Ming Military Manuals Tristan Mostert (U. Leiden) – Knowledge brokers and middlemen: how the Portuguese and other trading communities brought military ...... 4 technology and know-how to Makassar in the 17th century Peter Lorge (Vanderbilt U.) – The Rise and Fall of the Fiscal State and ...... 5 Guns in China Hélder Carvalhal (CIDEHUS, U. Évora) – Military recruitment, royal ...... 6 redistribution, and statecraft in sixteenth-century Irene Vicente Martín (EUI, Florence) – The defense of the city of Bahia: war and the origins of Early Modern State in colonial (c.1598- ...... 7 1608) Ana Lopes (Lab2PT, U. Minho; CHAM, U. N. ) – About the Military Architecture of Azemmour, Morocco: early sixteenth-century ...... 8 Portuguese defences Ana Teresa de Sousa (CIDEHUS, U. Évora) – The evolution of the fortification system in Portugal and overseas: Theory and Practice ...... 9 (16th-17th centuries) Lorraine White (Independent scholar) – Military engineers, the Military ...... 10 Revolution, and the defence of Portugal, 1640-1668 Miguel Dantas da Cruz (ICS, U. Lisbon) – The formation of the Portuguese martial imaginary: Between the European orthodoxy and ...... 11 the overseas experience (17th and 18th centuries) Stefano Loi (ISCTE, I. U. Lisbon) – Lippe´s reform, the feeble triumph of the Military Revolution in Portugal, and the need for a ‘brain of the ...... 12 army’ Edna Caroline (Kompas, Indonesia) – Aceh Darussalam´s Strategy ...... 13 Confronting Portuguese in Malacca Roger Lee de Jesus (CHAM, U. N. Lisbon; CHSC, U. Coimbra) – Portuguese military superiority in Asia (16th century) – a myth? The ...... 14 case of land warfare André Murteira (CHAM, U. N. Lisbon) – The Dutch-Portuguese naval ...... 15 war in Asia and the Military Revolution João Nisa (CHSC, U. Coimbra; CH, U. Lisbon) and Carlos Casillas (U. Extremadura) – The use of handguns by mounted men at the Battle of ...... 16 Guadapero (1476) Tiago Machado de Castro (CHAM, U. N. Lisbon) – On the development of 15th century artillery structures in Europe. The Portuguese case and ...... 17 its main influences Teddy Sim (NTU, Singapore) – Development of the Portuguese colonial ...... 18 military in Goa, 1780-1830´s

2 Debating the Gun: The Reception of the Musket in Ming Military Manuals

Barend Noordam (F. U. Berlin; H. U. Jerusalem)

Although gunpowder weaponry and the true gun had already been in use in China for some time, the arrival of Portuguese breech loading swivel guns, locally named Folangji (“Frankish gun”), and muskets started having a major impact on the Chinese battlefields once they arrived in the sixteenth century. Whether the process of technology transfer was directly via the Portuguese, or via the mediation of Japanese pirates in the sixteenth-century is not entirely clear. Nevertheless, especially the musket was accorded an important role in warfare by Chinese military professionals, as can be witnessed in the military writings of the famous anti-pirate generals Qi Jiguang (1528-1588) and Yu Dayou (1503-1579). However, other Chinese military manuals dating to the mid-to-late sixteenth century have been largely ignored in western scholarship, obscuring the wider reception history of the musket. This is a poignant lack in our understanding of the appropriation process of these weapons, especially in the light of our knowledge of simultaneous debates surrounding the uses and usefulness of these weapons as preserved in contemporary European military manuals. According to Geoffrey Parker, the assessments in European manuals ranged from gunpowder weapons being a passing fad to them invalidating all (classical) precedents against the backdrop of the rediscovery of Greek and Roman military applications. In this paper I will investigate three Chinese manuals, namely He Liangchen’s (fl. 1565) Chen ji, Tang Shunzhi’s (1507-1560) Wu bian, and the anonymous Caolu jinglüe. I will analyse whether a similar debate can be discerned in these manuals regarding the uses and usefulness of the new weapons and to what extent the transfer of the Portuguese musket had an impact on Chinese military theory and doctrine.

Barend Noordam is holder of a Freie Universität Berlin/Hebrew University of Jerusalem joint post-doctoral fellowship. He is currently researching the socio-cultural and intellectual aspects of the simultaneous upsurge of military knowledge production in both Europe and China in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. A special focus will be on the role of antiquity as an exemplar and the nature of the cooperation between scholars and professional military men. Previously, Barend Noordam was part of Heidelberg University’s cluster “Asia and Europe in a Global Context” and Leiden University’s “Eurasian Empires” program. As member of the latter he wrote his dissertation on the Chinese military commander Qi Jiguang (1528-1588) and the role his engagement with Neo-Confucianism played in his social network of civil officials and scholars, and how this engagement impacted his access to military knowledge and the contents of his own military manuals. Research interests include global (military) history, cultural transfer, knowledge circulation, intellectual history, cross-cultural perceptions, the cultural history of science and technology, and early modern interactions between China, Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

3 Knowledge brokers and middlemen: how the Portuguese and other trading communities brought military technology and know-how to Makassar in the 17th century

Tristan Mostert (U. Leiden)

The early 17th century saw the attempts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to become the sole European power with access to the Moluccas, and the clove and nutmeg coming from there. Makassar, a trade entrepôt on South Sulawesi, and the capital of the sultanate of Gowa, increasingly became the center of resistance against the Dutch monopolistic policies. Its interests and involvement in the Moluccas predated those of the VOC, and in the course of the 17th century it became a harbour where European and Asian traders alike would come to buy their spices and trade other high-value goods. While Makassar was on the one hand a proud bandar, or free harbour, it also participated in the political and military scramble in the Moluccas, expanding its political influence there and thus preserving its continued access to these spices. This made Makassar both a harbor of choice and a valuable ally to other powers in the region, both Asian and European. Makassar was able to use its position as an international port with extensive diplomatic contacts to procure weapons, military technology and knowhow. This paper will explore this, with particular emphasis on the Portuguese community which substantially grew in the course of the 17th century, particularly as many Portuguese found their way there in the wake of the fall of Malakka in 1641. Even as this Portuguese community became increasingly independent from the Estado da India, it remained an important channel of weapons and military know-how to Makassar – with Iberian military manuals being translated into Makasar, the fort which housed the royal palace betraying Portuguese influence in its design, Portuguese renegades serving as advisors to the Gowan Court, and the Portuguese being allowed their own weapons in the city and defending the city from the VOC in when it attacked in 1660.

Tristan Mostert studied global and colonial history at Leiden University. He completed his research master in 2007 (cum laude) with a thesis on the military system that the Dutch East India Company (VOC) built up over the first decades of its existence, and the way in which this system was put to practice in the years 1655-1663. He subsequently held various positions as a teacher, curator, researcher and educator at various museums and cultural institutions, including the Bataviawerf, the Rijksmuseum and the Openluchtmuseum Arnhem. Tristan Mostert (1981) investigates the conflict between the Southeast Asian state of Makassar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the mid-17th century. His main interest is in the relevance of this conflict for current debates global military history, but his study takes a broad approach and includes the position that the cosmopolitan trading port of Makassar had within cultural, economic and political networks throughout the Asian maritime world.

4 The Rise and Fall of the Fiscal State and Guns in China

Peter Lorge (Vanderbilt U.)

From the 11th to the 12th century, Song dynasty (960-1279) China became a tax state and then a fiscal state. Guns were developed and used on the battlefield as a result of this political and economic shift. The Song fiscal state persisted even after it lost control of north China and its highly reticulated water-transport network to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115-1234) in 1127. The Mongols destroyed the Jin in 1234, and then the Song in 1279, ending the Chinese fiscal state. After the fall of Southern Song China, gun technology stagnated under Mongol rule. The formation of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) in 1368 froze gun technology as the first emperor demonetized the economy, removed the remnants of even a tax state, and failed to rebuild the transport system. Despite the widespread use of guns in the army, gun technology had scarcely advanced by the time Europeans arrived in the 16th century. China eagerly adopted more advanced Portuguese weapons (which were the first European guns to reach China), but the economy, which had not returned even to the level of the 11th century, and the state, which only remonetized the market in the 15th century, was not able fully to absorb the new weapons. Portuguese artillery, artillerymen, and Portuguese-trained artillerymen were heavily involved in the Ming war against the Manchus, and in the Manchu conquest of China. In China, the tax state and then the fiscal state led to the creation of guns, and the collapse of that system froze gun technology for almost three centuries. Even after European weapons reached China, the late Ming and Qing dynasties lacked the economic and fiscal apparatuses to adopt them fully.

Peter Lorge is a historian of 10th and 11th century China, with particular interest in Chinese military, political and social history. He is author of The Reunification of China: Peace Through War under the Song Dynasty (Cambridge, 2015), Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge University Press, 2012), The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb (Cambridge University Press, 2008), and War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China (Routledge, 2005). Lorge is co-editor with Kaushik Roy of Chinese and Indian Warfare: From the Classical Age to 1870 (Routledge, 2014), and editor of Debating War in Chinese History (Brill, 2013), Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (The Chinese University Press, 2011), and Warfare in China to 1600 (Ashgate, 2005). His book series with Routledge, Asian States and Empires, has published thirteen books. Peter Lorge is one of the founders, and executive board members, of the Chinese Military History Society. He won the Harriet S. Gilliam Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2004, and has appeared on CNN to discuss Chinese military affairs. In 2007, he attended The Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies workshop on teaching National Security at Basin Harbor.

5 Military recruitment, royal redistribution, and statecraft in sixteenth-century Portugal

Hélder Carvalhal (CIDEHUS, U. Évora)

This paper will examine the relation between the royal redistribution, statecraft, and military recruitment during sixteenth century Portugal. One of the indicators associated to the Military Revolution lies on the increase of the size of armies throughout the early modern period, often connected with the rise of the fiscal state and statecraft itself. Literature surrounding the Portuguese case stressed the fact that an absence of mainland episodes of war between the middle of the fifteenth century and 1640 (with the exception of the Spanish invasion of 1580) might help to explain not only the permanence of archaic military practices, but also the poor degree of "stateness" verified at that time. Nevertheless, military recruitment needs due to overseas expansion endeavours during the beginning of the early modern period forced the Portuguese Crown to put up some effort in order to provide colonial outputs with a minimum of effectives. Efforts which, in most cases, resulted in failed attempts as the claims for more men and money were recurrent. While the assessment of estimates on an "" (being the expression an anachronism), understood as recruitment capacity, is still a relevant objective for this paper, an additional exercise is proposed. It will be argued that, apart from poor demography and low resources, one of the main issues why military recruitment never met the needs lied in the relations among Crown and its clientele. Rather than investing in statecraft, decision-making centres privileged redistribution of resources to the kingdom elites and other subjects, which, from this point of view, jeopardized the establishment of a "modern" recruitment procedure and, consequently, the increase of army size. To demonstrate such argument, a heterogeneous set of quantitative evidence will be approached and systematized. The cross between financial, demographic, and other quantitative evidence will allow to re-assert the dynamics of recruitment in the mainland and contribute to explain why, from the point of view of military recruitment, Portugal did not fitted into the true Military Revolution pattern.

Hélder Carvalhal is currently finishing his PhD in History (PIUDHist), entitled "Power, political patronage, and external relations: the case study of infante D. Luís (1506-1555)". He is member and research fellow of CIDEHUS - University of Évora since 2011. His interests focuses on court studies, diplomatic relations and noble households, from the late medieval to the early modern period (15th-17th centuries). He has published mostly about power, gender, and political patronage of Portuguese royalty during the reigns of Manuel I (1495-1521) and João III (1521-1557). In recent years, he has also developed interest in research in other fields of study, such as war or labour history.

6 The defense of the city of Bahia: war and the origins of Early Modern State in colonial Brazil (c. 1598-1608)

Irene María Vicente Martín (EUI, Florence)

How can the emergence of Early Modern States be explained? Many classic studies have generally emphasized the confluence of several facts in this process for the Iberian cases (Castile and Portugal). According to them, what we call today Early Modern State was shaped thanks to the enlargement of the institutions, the appearance of a corporate identity, the military revolution and the subsequent taxation system. The same has been asserted for explaining this process in the Spanish American colonies, where cities, local institutions, and their capacity to struggle -specially over its defense systems and means of taxation- acquired a very key role in this processes. However, is this also accurate to explain what happened in the , and more specifically, in Brazil? At the beginning of the Seventeenth century, the Dutch attempted several times to take the capital of the colony, Bahia, with no success. In spite of these failures, showed the Hispanic Monarchy the necessity of fortifying and defending the city against its enemies. Right after the attack, the Crown levied a new tax on the wine to afford the construction of fortresses together with a new set of defense projects in the surroundings of Bahia. Complaints against the imposition arose quickly, as well as the grievances towards the appropriation of the public space by the royal authority. By taking this case as a lens, this paper will revisit some issues regarding Early Modern State building and its connections with the military revolution. First, it will present the political specificities of Brazil at this moment. Second, it will analyze the spatial control from the strategic point of view, identifying the different fortresses built in this period as tools of empowerment. Finally, it will try to identify the effects that the military revolution had on the state formation in Brazil, mainly connected with warfare and its relation with the rise of taxation and fiscal systems.

Irene María Vicente Martín Ph.D in History and Civilization, 2016 to present European University Institute (Florence, Italy) Master of Research, History and Civilization European University Institute (Florence, Italy), 2016-2017 Master of Research, Advanced Studies and Research in History (Societies, Powers, Identities). University of Salamanca (Salamanca, ), 2014-2015 Bachelor of Arts, History. University of Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain), 2010-2014

7 About the Military Architecture of Azemmour, Morocco: early sixteenth-century Portuguese defences

Ana Lopes (Lab2PT, U. Minho; CHAM, U. N. Lisbon)

Azemmour was a strategic stage for the expansion on the Portuguese Kingdom between the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries. The Portuguese presence here, which lasted from 1513 to 1541, would irreversibly mark the town’s image, dimension and limits. It would also witness one of the most important phases of military architecture experiment as its defences would play a key role in the early sixteenth-century renovation that all the Portuguese Northern Africa possessions were to suffer. In fact, Azemmour was the last big Portuguese conquest in the Maghreb. The time of Portuguese occupation in the village crosses concerned stages and large revolutions in European history, of taste changes and architectural needs by the development of new royal policies, warlike technologies and renaissance philosophies. Being framed in a time of transition the military architectures of Azemmour demanded to be studied according to the melted complexity of several disciplines (military architecture, urbanization, etc.) in entire transformation and rediscovery. Through planimetries and tridimentinal models by original production after an architectonic survey, this paper intends to expose experimental valuactions and drawings of what may have been the project purposed from its’ masters: Diogo and Francisco de Arruda. To the construction of a manueline fortification, one aggregates rhetorical geometries and numerical combinations, distance calculation between structures and the epoch power/attainment from fire. Several studies were developed on the field of military architecture, following the improvement of fire weapons. The theorization and treatise that circulated from Europe grew, although on the rehearsal form, in copies and notes. One can enhance the italian’s Francesco di Giorgio Martini studies as one that might have more influenced the siblings' Arruda, manueline architecture masters. Partly ruined, partly renewed, partly disguised by more than four and half centuries of urban transformations, the Azemmouri military architecture complex figures among the most important for the comprehension of the transitional style between the low middle-Ages and Modernity, at a time when an overseas empire put Portugal at the centre of science experimentation and diffusion.

Ana Lopes is a Ph.D student, developing a thesis titled “Military architecture of Portuguese origin in the Arabian Peninsula: the fortifications in Muscat (16th and 17th centuries)” at School of Architecture / University of Minho (EAUM), under supervision of professors Jorge Correia and André Teixeira. Got her Graduation and a Master degree in Architecture (2009) by the same institution. Since then, she has been a Guest Lecturer at that institution, as well as a researcher at the CHAM in Lisbon, studying Portuguese military architecture in Morocco, and more recently, at Lab2PT, integrating the SpaceR research group. Her interests include studies in history of architecture, civil and military architecture and its urban settlements, with special interest in the architecture produced by the Portuguese Maritime Expansion between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. In this context, she has worked on several research projects, participating in scientific meetings and publishing articles and book chapters in this field.

8 The evolution of the fortification system in Portugal and overseas: Theory and Practice (16th-17th centuries)

Ana Teresa de Sousa (CIDEHUS, U. Évora)

This proposal aims to present the context that emerged in Portugal and in the overseas, the interest in treatises and in the influence of the Italian masters, at a time when defence projects and fortifications were particularly relevant to the political and economic interests to the Portuguese monarchs. The interaction between learners and teachers has become indispensable for the defence of overseas territories, highlighting the case of fortification of Mazagan. In the period of the Portuguese Restoration War (1640-1668), has grown the importance of the military constructions and the scientific knowledge for the defence and identity of the territories. In this way, military defence issues became more important with the restructuring of the fortification models, through the experience of French and Dutch military engineers. Through concrete local examples, namely in what concerns to the Province of the , the cartographic representations are interconnected with the information of the manuscripts of the time. In this context, stands out especially the projects of Nicholas de Langres, in his work Desenhos e plantas de todas as praças do Reyno de Portugal Pello Tenente General Nicolao de Langres Francez que serviu na guerra da Acclamação (probably from 1661). To these projects are added the written information about the evolution of the works in the Alentejo’s fortifications, as well as the training and support of the military engineers. The analysis of these manuscripts is done through the transcription of the same ones. All the documentation treated here is from Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo (ANTT) and Bibliotheca da Ajuda (BA), in Lisbon, as well as from the Bibliotheca Pública de Évora (BPE) and the Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE).

Ana Teresa de Sousa is a PhD student at the History Program of the University of Évora and Scholarship holder of the HERITAS PhD Program – Heritage Studies Program, since 2016. She is developing a PhD thesis on the subject The Portuguese Restoration War (1640-1668) and the defensive models of the Luso-Castilian border. Since 2010, she dedicates to questions related with the evolution of the military fortifications, the training of military engineers and the Portuguese Restoration War context, focusing on political, social and defensive terms. The constant consultation in Portuguese and Spanish Archives has allowed her to acquire new information related to the mentioned subjects, reason why the proposed subject to the communication “The evolution of the fortification system in Portugal and overseas: Theory and Practice (XVI-XVII centuries)”, is defined by the analysis and transcription of documentation of the time.

9 Military engineers, the Military Revolution, and the defence of Portugal, 1640-1668

Lorraine White (Independent scholar)

From the beginning of the war with Spain to assert its independence, Portugal’s newly formed Conselho de Guerra recognized the importance of fortifications in its defence. Given the developments in warfare and weapons and the military architecture needed to withstand them – the so-called Military Revolution of the early modern period – the existing and largely neglected medieval military architecture of Portugal was unlikely to withstand attack from its opponent, one of Europe’s leading military powers. The Conselho de Guerra soon recognized the need for experts to survey, design, adapt and build the new-style fortifications. This paper will look at the role of military engineers in the defence of Portugal during the War of Portuguese Independence, 1640-1668. It will explore their provenance, recruitment, training, experience and deployment, as well as the growing debate over the use - and dangers - of foreign versus home-bred engineers. It will also draw comparisons with the military engineers of the opposing armies of Spain and those elsewhere in early modern Europe.

Lorraine White PhD University of East Anglia (1985), “War and government in a Castilian province: Extremadura 1640-1668” Publications 2006, “War and state development in 17th century Portugal”, in E. García Hernán and D. Maffi (eds.), Congreso de historia military – Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica: política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500-1700), (Madrid, Fundación Mapfre/Laberinto/CSIC). 2000, “Faction, administrative control, and the failure of the Portuguese India Company, 1627- 1633”, in A. Disney and E. Booth (eds.), Vasco da Gama and the Linking od Europe and Asia (Delhi, Oxford University Press): 471-483.

10 The formation of the Portuguese martial imaginary: Between the European orthodoxy and the overseas experience (17th and 18th centuries)

Miguel Dantas da Cruz (ICS, U. Lisbon)

Portugal kept its back turned to Europe, and its diplomatic traps, for large periods of time. For more than 150 years, between the Battle of Toro, in 1476, and the initial campaigns of the Restauration War, in 1641, the Portuguese Crown only had military commitments overseas, with a few exceptions (notably the participation in the 1588 Armada). The majority of its soldiers shared a military culture structured by imperial experiences mainly with the Muslims, the formidable Medieval foe, and not by the major religious conflicts of 16th and 17th centuries Europe, between Catholics and Protestants. This meant that the Portuguese Crown did not took part, to a large extent, in the early stages of what has been called the Military Revolution. This gradually began to change during 17th century, mainly as an offshoot of the Portuguese integration in the Habsburg Monarchy. A growing taste for military literature and the militari perigrinatio of those who started to serve their new Habsburg rulers in the Old World battlefields introduced new military doctrines in Portugal. We may also add, it also changed the way battlefields, as political and religious arenas, were perceived. The Holy War paradigm was not completely outshined, certainly, but it had to share its previous exclusive space with other military references in a much more nuanced and rich military culture. This transition between an imperial based martial imaginary and the new Eurocentric based experience was not easy, though. In fact, we might argue, it was never fully completed. There was always a glaring ambiguity in a country that was greatly influenced by European culture, military subjects included, but that was primarily committed to the imperial front, where the challenges were of a different sort. This communication revisits the development of the Portuguese military culture around these models of warfare: the European one, prestigious and carefully codified, and the imperial one, often derided but admittedly successful. The paper is particularly interested in the ways the Portuguese martial imaginary shaped military options in America, sometimes conflicting options; but it is also interested in its impacts in racial perceptions and even in the evolution of the political and symbolic status of the territories within the monarchy.

Miguel Dantas da Cruz Ph.D., History, Interuniversity Program (Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa- ISCTE, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Universidade de Évora). 2009- 2013. M.A., History, Defense and International Relations, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa-ISCTE and Military Academy. 2006-2008. B.A., History, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa-ISCTE. 2004-2006.

Institutional Affiliations Centro de Estudos de História Contemporânea (CEHC-IUL). 2007-2014. Universidade de Lisboa – Instituto de Ciências Sociais. 2014-present. John Carter Brown Library – Brown University. 2016.

11 ‘Lippe’s reform, the feeble triumph of the Military Revolution in Portugal, and the need for a brain of the army’

Stefano Loi (ISCTE, I. U. Lisbon)

At the eve of the Fantastic War, the army of the was far from being a useful tool neither to keep the peace within the country, nor to counter the Franco- Spanish menace coming from abroad. In the reforming process triggered by this military confrontation, the role played by the Portuguese historical ally, Great Britain, and the person chosen to reform the Portuguese army, the Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, were pivotal not only for the sake of the moment, but also to let the Military Revolution triumph in Portugal like in the rest of Europe. In this paper, Lippe’s action to reform the Portuguese army short before the clash against the Spanish forces approaching Portugal in 1762 will be seen in the light of the Military Revolution’s main principles. On the other hand, the Portuguese triumph over the Franco-Spanish alliance will be investigated as the triumph of the Military Revolution principles in the special context of Portugal, and, in particular, as the triumph of Lippe. Nonetheless, Lippe’s reforms in the Portuguese army demonstrated not to be deeply- rooted, as the departure of the German reformer determined the beginning of another slow, but constant erosion of the Portuguese army military capability, culminated at the eve of the Napoleonic invasion. Furthermore, within the broader framework of Lippe’s reforms and the principles of the Military revolution, this paper will investigate Lippe’s creation of a general staff of the Portuguese army as an outcome of the imposition of a reform based on the principles of the Military Revolution. The hypothesis advanced will focus on the organizational consequences on an army due to the Military Revolution principles as the main cause for the need for a ‘brain of the army’ as a general staff, not only in wartime, but also in peacetime.

Stefano Loi Bachelor in History, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2007, final grade: 110/110 cum laude Master in History, Università degli Studi di Torino, 2011, final grade: 110/110 cum laude PhD in Early Modern and Modern History, ISCTE-IUL, 2017, final grade: approved cum laude by consensus

Previous activities and actual professional situation Guest lecturer in ISCTE-IUL, since September 2017 Assistant researcher in Centre of International Studies, ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon, since October 2017

12 Aceh Darussalam’s Strategy Confronting Portuguese in Malacca

Edna Caroline (Kompas, Indonesia)

This paper addresses the issue of how a small state in Southeast Asia built its navy in the sixteenth century as a response to the occupation of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511. In particular, the discussion will consider how Aceh Darussalam, a small kingdom at the crossroads of the Malacca Strait and the Indian Ocean, coped with the spread of polarized world conflict. The number of studies examining how Southeast Asian countries along the Eastern spice trade route reacted militarily to changes in the balance of power is limited. An examination of this subject promises to enrich historiography. This study examines reports, letters, artifacts, and previous studies to construct how Aceh Darussalam, which started as an inland empire, transformed its military to create a capacity for naval coastal warfare. The kingdom went on to expand the ability of its navy to conduct expeditionary warfare. Even though it eventually failed in its effort to oust the Portuguese from Malacca and later lost control of the seas to the Dutch, it is important to study Aceh Darussalam’s pursuit of sea power. I argue that Aceh Darussalam aimed to build sea power through two strategies. First, the country submitted itself to the Ottoman caliph in order to gain military support against the Portuguese. Second, it forged close trade relationships with several Christian countries such as the Netherlands, , and England, resulting in sufficient prosperity to build sea power. The analysis concludes that hedging is the most pragmatic choice for a small state in archipelagic Southeast Asia.

Edna Caroline 2015 – 2016 Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Master of Science ( Strategic Studies)

1993 – 1999 Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) Bandung,Indonesia , Bachelor of Science (Engineering Physics)

Professional Experience Kompas Daily Indonesia - Defense and Security Journalist: Research, analyze data and preparing articles describing Indonesia and regional defense and security issues.

13 Portuguese military superiority in Asia (16th century) – a myth? The case of land warfare

Roger Lee de Jesus (CHAM, U. N. Lisbon; CHSC, U. Coimbra)

The arrival Vasco da Gama’s armada to India in 1498 opened the Asian markets to Europe in a new way and accelerated the development of artillery in this region of the world. Equipped with superior technology, the Portuguese imposed their presence combining trade and war. Most studies on the Military Revolution analyse the Portuguese case in Asia through a superiority based on naval warfare, with an efficient use of broadside gunnery ignoring or devaluing war on land. The aim of this paper is to examine the existence (or not) of a Portuguese superiority regarding land warfare, in their presence in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century. This European force had to resist several military land operations since the first years of their establishment showing then that the use of gunpowder was not exclusively Portuguese and that guns were used similarly in both fields. Through the analyses of some battles and sieges, with both Portuguese and Asian sources, this paper will evaluate the impact of Portuguese warfare in Asia and the evolution of the use of gunpowder weapons during these operations. Other topics related with the Military Revolution concept and with Portuguese land warfare will also be debated, as the increase of the garrisons (through the annual reinforcement of the India Run) and the adaptation of new fortifications (from Mozambique to Macao). Ultimately, this paper tries to understand if Portuguese land warfare in Asia fits into the broad idea of a European Military Revolution abroad as developed by Geoffrey Parker.

Roger Lee de Jesus is a PhD student in the University of Coimbra His current research examines the governance of the "Estado da Índia" by D. João de Castro, the governor and viceroy between 1545 and 1548. He aims to understand the Portuguese “Estado da Índia” not only as one part of the Portuguese Empire, but also as an important connective space. He is interested in the history of Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean, from political to military history, especially in the implementation of European institutions and warfare in the Portuguese “Estado da Índia” (16th century).

14 The Dutch-Portuguese naval war in Asia and the Military Revolution

André Murteira (CHAM, U. N. Lisbon)

This paper will approach the 17th Century Portuguese-Dutch naval war in Asia in the light of the discussion on the military revolution subject. More specifically, it will focus on the much debated issue of whether a military revolution in Europe produced a Western military exceptionalism that made Westerners militarily superior to non- Europeans in the Early Modern period, as it has been argued by Geoffrey Parker. To do so, it shall put forward both arguments for and against two alternative possible explanations of Portuguese defeats in Asia against the Dutch: one explanation will be based on the idea that military adaptation to the Asian military context in the 16th Century left the Portuguese unprepared to face the Dutch later, as has traditionally been argued by Portuguese historiography; the other will rest on a revaluation of neglected Asian factors, namely the contribution of Asian allies of the Dutch to some Portuguese setbacks. The first explanation implies that European military superiority was a crucial factor: having to face exclusively Asians during the 16th Century, the Portuguese in the East allegedly “lost the train” of military innovation, a phenomenon viewed as centered on Europe; because of that they were beaten later by the Dutch, whose crucial previous experience of war against Spain in Europe had left them on the forefront of military innovation. The second explanation minimizes the importance of European superiority, stressing on the contrary the relevance of a proper military adjustment to the Asian environment and the ability of Asian military actors. I believe that the interest of approaching the subject in this way is that it will turn it into a potentially useful case study to assess a much debated question in the global military historiography of the early modern period: namely whether there was a Western military exceptionalism based on a military revolution which conferred Europeans a decisive military superiority over the rest of the world.

André Murteira is a member of Centro de História de Além-Mar (CHAM), from the New University of Lisbon, Portugal. He has a MA in History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion by the New University of Lisbon on the subject of Dutch privateering against Portuguese navigation between Europe and Asia from 1595 to 1625. His MA dissertation was the basis for his published book, A Carreira da Índia e o Corso Neerlandês, 1595-1625 (2012). He has recently finished his PhD in History by the New University of Lisbon on the subject of Dutch privateering against Portuguese navigation in Asia in the first quarter of the 17th Century (2016). He benefited from a grant from Fundação Oriente (Portugal) to do his MA and from another from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – Ministério da Educação e Ciência (Portugal) for his PhD. He is interested in the maritime history of the Portuguese in Asia in the 17th Century and in the history of Dutch-Portuguese conflicts in Asia in the same period.

15 The use of handguns by mounted men at the Battle of Guadapero (1476)

João Nisa (CHSC, U. Coimbra; CH, U. Lisbon) Carlos Casillas (U. Extremadura)

In 1476 the whole Iberian Peninsula was in turmoil: Portugal, Castile and Aragon where fighting for the succession of Henrique IV of Castile. One of the most distinguished warriors of the time was Alonso de Monroy (1436-1511), a noble from a family of Extremadura who was also trying to seize the control of the military order of Alcantara and aiding the cause of Isabel of Castile. By doing this he became an important warlord in the regions of Alentejo (Portugal) and Extremadura (Castile), raiding the Portuguese territory and conquering the stronghold of Alegrete. In the aftermath the forces of Alonso de Monroy encountered a Portuguese army near an elevation called Guadapero. According to the Chronicle of Alonso de Monroy, written in the late 15th century by Alonso de Maldonado, the Castilian noble used mounted handgun men against the Portuguese force, causing havoc and fear in the enemy. However, we know that the Portuguese were familiar with artillery since the late 14th century and were using handguns since the 1450s, as depicted in the seize of Asilah (1471). If we believe in the description made by Alonso de Maldonado, Alonso de Monroy’s tactics may be considered as an innovation, anticipating the wider use of mounted handgun men in the 16th and 17th centuries; on the other hand, this might suggest that the Portuguese – particularly the garrison and militia forces stationed in the comarca of Entre Tejo e Odiana – were not familiarized with firearms, a question that we will discuss in this paper.

João Nisa holds a degree in History and Archaeology from the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Coimbra and a Master’s degree in Military History, from the same institution, under the guidance of João Gouveia Monteiro (also his PhD advisor). He currently is a PhD student in Medieval History (Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Coimbra). His PhD project aims to analyse the military organization of the province of Entre Tejo e Guadiana between the 14th and the early 15th centuries. He is also a researcher of the Centre for History (CH) of the University of Lisbon and collaborator of the Centre for the History of Society and Culture (CHSC) of the University of Coimbra and a founding Member of the Iberian Association of Military History, 4th -16th centuries (AIHM). Born in Cáceres in 1982, Carlos Casillas studied History at the University of Extremadura. After graduating, he secured a postdoctoral fellowship that allowed him to further his links with this institution and progress academically under the guidance of Professor Francisco García Fitz. In 2007, he received an important distinction for his research work. He has published two books and numerous articles in national and international academic journals, and in recent years has led several congresses and given various seminars on war in the Middle Ages. He is currently finishing his thesis and writing his third book, which belongs to a collection coordinated by Carlos de Ayala, about pitched battles in the Middle Ages.

16 On the development of 15th century artillery structures in Europe. The Portuguese case and its main influences

Tiago Machado de Castro (CHAM, U. N. Lisbon)

Following the trend occurring in Europe in the transition from the 14th to the 15th centuries, and facing the first challenges of its presence in Morocco, the Portuguese crown took interest on artillery technology. In the 15th century´s first half the investment was already clear, leading to the creation in 1440 of the office of surveyor of artilleries and storehouses (vedor das artilharias), to coordinate the manpower and materials needed for the operation, production, storage and distribution of this new weapon. The knowledge of artillery production and its application to warfare isn’t a Portuguese creation, but yes a technological and human resource initially imported from northern European regions, where its development first occurred in a larger scale. Since the 15th century Portugal main route of acquisition was through Flanders, from where large amounts of artillery guns and raw materials arrived to supply its production industry, together with specialized users and craftsmen. These artillery acquisitions combined with naval development, were essential to the transmission of a technological knowledge, that in given moments was the mainstay to the acquisition and defense of the Portuguese overseas positions. Here we we´ll not seek the first gun appearance in a battleground, nor the first shot ever to be fired. We´ll seek 15th century European states artillery main officials, and obtain a comparative view of their competences and network of service. With this we aim, assuming the existence of a 15th century artillery revolution that touched profoundly the applications of naval and land warfare, to assert the role of the European states on the creation of their first artillery structures and the main objectives to them proposed.

Tiago Machado de Castro Born in Lisbon, 22nd June 1971. Graduate in History and MA in Maritime History by the Faculty of Letters, University Of Lisbon, and currently Phd candidate at NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, NOVA University of Lisbon. From 2012 to 2016 participated in project P.S. Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writing - Early Modern Portugal and Spain (7FP/ERC Advanced Grant - GA 295562), hosted at Center of Linguistics, University of Lisbon as investigation grantee. Assistant investigator at CHAM – Centre of Humanities, NOVA University of Lisbon, since 2013. From September 2016 onwards, Phd grantee (SFRH/BD/109690/2015) at Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), with research project Retrato de um ofício de guerra. Artilheiros da Coroa Portuguesa no Império Português. Séculos XV, XVI e XVII. Main areas of investigation are Maritime and Military History in the Modern Age, focusing in the Portuguese presence in Asia, naval construction, technological development of gunpowder artillery and the correlation between civil and military craftsmen.

17 Development of the Portuguese colonial military in Goa, 1780-1830s

Teddy Sim (NTU, Singapore)

The paper will trace the development of the military structure and certain military units in Goa in an environment that was increasingly connected to the outside world and seeing gradual British interference. Far from the picture of the archaic East, the military structure in Goa was witnessing progressive developments in certain services and the officer corp. The deployment of indigenous soldiers, although limited in scale, also revealed the military's role in interacting with the local social structure as well as possibly a subtle evolving perception of race.

Teddy Y.H. Sim (FRHistS) is currently lecturing at the Institute of Education in Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. He has published on specific involvements of the Portuguese in the East / Far East. He is the author of Portuguese Enterprise in the East: Survival in the Years 1707-57 and editors of Piracy and surreptitious activities in the Malay Archipelago and adjacent seas 1600-1840 and Maritime defence of China: Ming general Qi Jiguang and beyond. Teddy is currently working on articles and book project on the subject of “the Portuguese colonial military in India 1707-1857”.

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