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'The Kingdom of Angola Is Not Very Far from Here': the Río ‘THE KINGDOM OF ANGOLA IS NOT VERY FAR FROM HERE’: THE RÍO DE LA PLATA, BRAZIL, AND ANGOLA, 1580-1680 By Kara Danielle Schultz Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History December 2016 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Jane G. Landers, Ph.D. Mariana P. Candido, Ph.D. Celso T. Castilho, Ph.D. Joseph C. Miller, Ph.D. Catherine A. Molineux, Ph.D. Copyright © 2016 by Kara Danielle Schultz All Rights Reserved For my parents iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatest intellectual debts are to my dissertation committee. Celso Castilho introduced me to the work of Luiz Felipe de Alencastro and encouraged my interests in the early South Atlantic. Mariana Candido has supported my research from its very early stages, beginning with my first research trip to Lisbon in 2012, and has sharpened my knowledge of West Central Africa. Catherine Molineux engaged my interest in comparative histories of the Atlantic world. Joe Miller joined my dissertation committee in the final months, but he has in many ways been a part of this project from its inception. I am appreciative of his editorial suggestions and feel very fortunate that a stint in Charlottesville in the spring of 2013 allowed me to audit his graduate seminar in Modern African History. My advisor, Jane Landers, introduced me to the history of the Atlantic World and taught me sixteenth and seventeenth-century Spanish paleography during my first semester in graduate school. Her scholarship, dedication, and collegiality have shaped my graduate experience in many ways (beginning with my decision to study the 17th-century Atlantic world) and opened up a number of opportunities I never thought possible. My colleagues at Vanderbilt have enriched my time in Nashville. Marshall Eakin provided valuable mentorship and professional advice. Frank Robinson and Eddie Wright-Rios shared their expertise in Latin American history. Courtney Campbell was the first to welcome me as a Latin Americanist when I decided to make the switch from 20th-century U.S. history; she remains a trusted source of advice and a close friend. David Wheat introduced me to Escribanía records during my first trip to the AGI in 2013; he has read and commented on various drafts of my work; shared bibliography and source materials; and answered many questions about the early Iberian Atlantic via e-mail and over coffee in Seville. Paula Covington kept my interests in the Río de la Plata in mind as she traveled the globe on book-buying trips; her research methodology seminar iv remains one of the more useful courses I have ever taken. As DGS(es), Michael Bess, Katherine Crawford, and Sarah Igo allowed several semesters of service-free funding so that I could research and write my dissertation, for which I am tremendously grateful. Heidi Welch, Christen Harper, and Susan Hilderbrand have helped me navigate the bureaucracy of graduate school and answered my many questions. Fellow graduate students (some of whom are now Ph.D.s) have provided support and encouragement throughout my time here. Fernanda Bretones Lane, Jonathan Dusenberry, Daniel Genkins, Lance Ingwersen, Nicolette Kostiw, Zoe LeBlanc, Abraham Liddell, Sonja Loomis, Tiago Maranhão, Alexandre Pelegrino, Max Pendergraph, Mario Rewers, Angela Sutton, and J’Nese Williams deserve special mention for cheering me on during the final stages of dissertation writing. Kelsey Hatton was my first friend in Nashville; she has been a fantastic roommate and source of encouragement since 2009. Several generous funding sources facilitated multi-country research. A Summer Research Award in 2012 funded my first trip to Lisbon archives, while a Dissertation Enhancement Grant from the Graduate School funded travel to Luanda and Benguela in 2012. A University Fellowship allowed me to spend nearly a year in Seville in 2013-2014, while a second Summer Research Award in 2014 financed my first trip to Buenos Aires. A Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad award in 2015 enabled me to return to Argentina, Brazil, Portugal, and Spain to conduct an additional full year of research. To each of these institutions, I offer my sincerest thanks. A number of scholars, both in the U.S. and in each of the countries I visited, facilitated archival introductions; shared documents and bibliographic suggestions; offered feedback on parts of this dissertation at conferences and workshops; and shared tapas: Luís Frederico Dias Antunes, Alex Borucki, Arne Bialuschewski, Lolita Gútierrez Brockington, Sherwin Bryant, Marcos v Carrizo, José Curto, Daniel Domingues, Marc Eagle, Jeff Erbig, Roquinaldo Ferreira, David Freeman, Lea Geler, Pablo Gómez, Toby Green, Mary Hicks, Sandra Olivera Guidobono, Kris Lane, Paul Lovejoy, António de Almeida Mendes, Amélia Polónia, Fabrício Prado, Miguel Ángel Rosal, Tatiana Seijas, Filipa Ribeiro da Silva, Pablo Sierra Silva, Mariza de Carvalho Soares, Susan Socolow, and Renée Souloudre-La France. My parents, Frank and Sandy, have supported me in more ways than I can name. They have modeled persistence and hard work; my mother, in particular, has encouraged my love of history and the study of languages. My sister, Kristen, offered her couch and enthusiasm on too many occasions to name. My partner, Francismar Alex Lopes de Carvalho, has seen me through the ups and downs of dissertating, even from Rio de Janeiro, and has been my companion on adventures around the globe. I look forward to dias de diversão to come. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………….x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………........xi INTRODUCTION...................................................... ....................................................................1 Chapter I. RIVER OF SILVER, RIVER OF PORTUGUESE: IBERIAN NETWORKS OF FAMILY, FRIENDSHIP, AND FINANCE..............................................................................14 An Atlantic Port in “Spanish” South America ..........................................................................16 Slaving and Settling...................................................................................................................23 Necessary to the Republic .........................................................................................................32 Iberian Networks in the South Atlantic .....................................................................................35 The End of the “Iberian Union”? .............................................................................................40 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................48 II. THE MUDDLE IN THE MIDDLE PASSAGE: THE SOUTH ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE, C. 1580-1680 ....................................................50 Situating the South Atlantic within Slave Trade Studies ..........................................................53 Sources for the Study of the South Atlantic Trade ....................................................................58 The Voyage Data .......................................................................................................................62 Sources of Slaves.......................................................................................................................66 Further Muddle: Transatlantic and Intra-American Slave Voyages in the Early Modern Atlantic World ..........................................................................................73 Children in the Early Atlantic Slave Trade ...............................................................................85 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................91 vii III. FROM PORT TO POTOSÍ: SLAVE ROUTES OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN INTERIOR ..........................................................................................93 Marketing Captives in Buenos Aires ......................................................................................97 Outfitting Caravans ...............................................................................................................108 Slave Sales in the Gateway to Peru .......................................................................................120 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................126 IV. AFRICAN SPACES IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC ............................................................128 “Rural” Spaces ......................................................................................................................130 Sacred Spaces .......................................................................................................................140 Maritime Spaces ...................................................................................................................142 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................146
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