DOCSLIB.ORG

Acre Or Cyprus? : a New Approach to the Crusader Painting Around 1300 Pdf, Epub, Ebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acre Or Cyprus? : a New Approach to the Crusader Painting Around 1300 Pdf, Epub, Ebook ACRE OR CYPRUS? : A NEW APPROACH TO THE CRUSADER PAINTING AROUND 1300 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jens Wollesen | 278 pages | 01 Jan 2014 | De Gruyter | 9783050062839 | English | Berlin/Boston, United Kingdom Acre or Cyprus? : A New Approach to the Crusader Painting Around 1300 PDF Book During the siege 6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, barons, and , soldiers are reported killed. These comfortable Easterners could not have imagined how much of Islam Christians would soon be borrowing. Saladin had captured Conrad's father, William, at Hattin and offers a trade, but Conrad prefers to shoot at his own father rather than surrender. This program of measures was part of the Church's attempt to limit warfare within Europe in the day by insisting there be no fighting on holidays or weekends. With the sanction of the Venetians who saw nothing but advantage in causing turmoil within Byzantium, their trading rival in the Mediterranean, the crusaders were again diverted from the Holy Lands. They became defenders of the Crusader states in the Holy Land and were known as brave, highly skilled warriors. Three of Amalric's sons are married to three daughters of Isabella, two of which were also Henry's daughters. Paul, Nicholas, and Suzanne Yeager, eds. So, they paraded in triumph, bearing the plunder of the East: gold, relics and all sorts of memorabilia, though very few books of learning. Many Christian leaders, on the other hand, smuggle gold and treasure out of Jerusalem rather than use to free others from slavery. The knights followed a modified form of the monastic life, but…. A perceived success in hindsight, the siege of Constantinople reinvigorated Western Europeans' interest in religious warfare with the East. They were not allowed to gamble, swear, or become drunk and were required to live in community, sleeping in a common dormitory and eating meals together. Constantinople is now Istanbul, part of the Islamic world. Richard received urgent messages from home requesting his return. The Knights Templar were revered throughout medieval Europe as the fiercest, wealthiest and most powerful military order of the era. Original work has survived at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, whose carved lintels are now in the Rockefeller Museum in the city, and was removed from the destroyed Church of Santa Maria Latina nearby. Not only had Tyre's defenses been improved, but it was now filled with refugees and soldiers had been allowed to go free from other cities Saladin captured in the region. What that lesson that is, however, has not been determined so far. In this lesson you will be able to identify which countries are considered to have been part of the crusader states and why. Moreover, the commercial progress, the extension of trade which might have followed in their wake, didn't, as if that would excuse the extermination of so many souls. In the following months Crusaders slaughter hundreds of Jews throughout England. Between and , he spent most of his time beating on other Muslims, netting his family a vast dynasty that stretched all the way from Aleppo to Mosul, via Damascus. In our current, troubled, times, the desire to look back on the Crusades as an epic clash between Muslims and Christians is strong on both sides. In sum, by all reasonable standards none of the Crusades profited Europe much, certainly not in proportion to their cost. Remembering the Crusades: Myth, Image, and Identity. And for those living in the Near East during this period it's fair to say the results of these invasions—"Viking raids" is how many in the Islamic world saw, and still do see, the Crusades—were entirely negative. Detail of a 15th-century tapestry depicting the heraldic banners of Crusaders embarking for the Holy Land. Load Next Page. Acre or Cyprus? : A New Approach to the Crusader Painting Around 1300 Writer Among other things, the treaty ensured a three year truce between the two sides, giving Christian pilgrims free access to holy sites, and the coast down to Jaffa was allowed to remain in the hands of the crusaders. The sergeants, or serving-brothers, who were usually from lower social classes, made up the majority of members. They devoted themselves to all kinds of debauchery and allowed their womenfolk to spend whole nights at wild parties; they mixed with trashy people and drank the most delicious wines. Liked it? Richard died on the 6th of April , while laying siege to the castle of Chalus-Chabrol. They also decide to impose a special tithe, known as the "Saladin Tithe," to help fund the Third Crusade. No other city on Earth was so central to the spreading of Christianity about the world. Cite this Article Format. Needless to say, with all his resources being poured into the crusade, Richard cared little about the financial future of his kingdom. Encaustic tiles bearing the images of Richard I left and Saladin in mounted combat during the Third Crusade. As the vicomte refused to comply, Richard attacked him. By , Jerusalem had been captured, Christian states had been established at Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa, and the Levant was no longer purely under Muslim control. The Siege of Jerusalem as depicted in a medieval manuscript. The military crusaders themselves were mostly not noticeably interested in artistic matters, or sophisticated in their taste, and much of their art was destroyed in the loss of their kingdoms so that only a few pieces survive today. In , he captured the major Crusader city of Edessa, inspiring Saladin to get involved in the wars, which led to Christians being driven out of many areas. For, if these crusaders had read their Herodotus, they would have known about the flooding of the Nile, but since virtually no one in Europe could read Greek, how could they have anticipated the perils they faced? The remaining Crusades were failures of one sort or another and, instead, contributed to the heightened tensions still visible in the Middle East today. Richard I. These groups have representatives around the world and aim to uphold the values and traditions of the original medieval order. Pilgrims were to have free access to the holy places. And there were political forces at work as well, since the Crusades were also tied to the Investiture Controversy , the struggle for power between the rising authority of the Pope and the ruling political system in the day. Historians tend to discount the importance of the Crusader States in this regard, despite the very well developed Italian trading networks there. This greatly displeased Richard, as Joan was his favorite sister. In , Sultan Baibars captured Montfort Castle The island would remain under direct Latin rule for the next four centuries and would be a vital source of supplies throughout the Third Crusade and beyond. Acre or Cyprus? : A New Approach to the Crusader Painting Around 1300 Reviews Because Conrad was dead and his rival Guy of Lusignan had already been deposed, the throne of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was now vacant. The resulting Sack of Constantinople in CE lasted three days, though its tremors are still felt today. At the suggestion of King William II, Richard and Philip met at Messina, in Sicily, where they signed an agreement outlining their mutual obligations and rights on the Crusade. But Guy refused to abandon his claim to the throne. The following decades were turbulent but artistically productive, until the catastrophe of saw the Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin. However the kingdom still controlled Cyprus , taken from the Byzantine Empire , and the House of Lusignan continued to rule there, and later the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , until respectively and the late 14th century, representing the third period of Crusader art, not counted as such by all sources; in Cyprus the Gothic style is often found. The group developed a reputation as fierce fighters during the Crusades, driven by religious fervor and forbidden from retreating unless significantly outnumbered. However, Frankish society was not a cultural melting pot. Other groups within the crusader states. Forgetting the fact that praising crusaders is like praising Hitler after the holocaust. The new military order, the Templar s—including those of Calatrava from c. In particular, the Fourth Crusade which ended in the sack of Constantinople stands as a bitter monument to the carnage and vandalism perpetrated by modern westerners on the East. At the time of its destruction, the order was an important institution in both Europe and the Holy Land and already an object of myth and legend. So, when the crusaders began to arrive in Venice and were greeted with outstretched hands but no one had any money to offer, the deal nearly fell through. Warm regards from Faraway Land of Asia. This was the second husband of Isabella's to die. This was until the loss of Jerusalem in the institution with the main Crusader scriptorium , from which six manuscripts survive, made in a mixture of royal and church commissions. One can easily figure out that he wants to portray Muslims as bad and evil and crusaders as good Samaritans. Despised by the natives for their imperious and condescending manner, many turned out to be cruel and abusive despots. Unsurprisingly, it was these super- massacres Arab historians tended to remember, rather than the less-violent Crusades. Conrad himself was nearly captured as well, but he was rescued by his enemy Guy. Not only did the Second Crusade follow a generation or so after the First—indeed, a number of its soldiers were the actual descendants of those who had gone on the First Crusade—but the later crusade was also precipitated by the earlier one.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
    The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia.
    [Show full text]
  • King John's Tax Innovation -- Extortion, Resistance, and the Establishment of the Principle of Taxation by Consent Jane Frecknall Hughes
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eGrove (Univ. of Mississippi) Accounting Historians Journal Volume 34 Article 4 Issue 2 December 2007 2007 King John's tax innovation -- Extortion, resistance, and the establishment of the principle of taxation by consent Jane Frecknall Hughes Lynne Oats Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aah_journal Part of the Accounting Commons, and the Taxation Commons Recommended Citation Hughes, Jane Frecknall and Oats, Lynne (2007) "King John's tax innovation -- Extortion, resistance, and the establishment of the principle of taxation by consent," Accounting Historians Journal: Vol. 34 : Iss. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aah_journal/vol34/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Archival Digital Accounting Collection at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Accounting Historians Journal by an authorized editor of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hughes and Oats: King John's tax innovation -- Extortion, resistance, and the establishment of the principle of taxation by consent Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 34 No. 2 December 2007 pp. 75-107 Jane Frecknall Hughes SHEFFIELD UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT SCHOOL and Lynne Oats UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK KING JOHN’S TAX INNOVATIONS – EXTORTION, RESISTANCE, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TAXATION BY CONSENT Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a re-evaluation of the reign of England’s King John (1199–1216) from a fiscal perspective. The paper seeks to explain John’s innovations in terms of widening the scope and severity of tax assessment and revenue collection.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxation and Voting Rights in Medieval England and France
    TAXATION AND VOTING RIGHTS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND AND FRANCE Yoram Barzel and Edgar Kiser ABSTRACT We explore the relationship between voting rights and taxation in medieval England and France. We hypothesize that voting was a wealth-enhancing institution formed by the ruler in order to facili- tate pro®table joint projects with subjects. We predict when voting rightsand tax paymentswill be linked to each other, as well asto the projectsinducing them, and when they will become separated. We classify taxes into three types: customary, consensual and arbitrary. Customary taxes that did not require voting were dominant in both countriesin the early medieval period. Thesepay- ments, ®xed for speci®c purposes, were not well suited for funding new, large-scale projects. Consensual taxation, in which voting rightsand tax paymentswere tightly linked, wasusedto ®nance new, large-scale collective projects in both England and France. Strong rule-of-law institutions are necessary to produce such taxes. In England, where security of rule remained high, the rela- tionship between tax payments and voting rights was maintained. In France, an increase in the insecurity of rule, and the accompany- ing weakening of voting institutions, produced a shift to arbitrary taxation and a disjunction between tax payments and voting rights. These observations, as well as many of the details we con- sider, are substantially in conformity with the predictions of our model. KEY WORDS . medieval history . taxation . voting Introduction The relationship between taxation and voting rights has been a central issue in political philosophy and the cause of signi®cant poli- tical disputes, as `no taxation without representation' exempli®es.
    [Show full text]
  • Manuel II Palaiologos' Point of View
    The Hidden Secrets: Late Byzantium in the Western and Polish Context Małgorzata Dąbrowska The Hidden Secrets: Late Byzantium in the Western and Polish Context Małgorzata Dąbrowska − University of Łódź, Faculty of Philosophy and History Department of Medieval History, 90-219 Łódź, 27a Kamińskiego St. REVIEWERS Maciej Salamon, Jerzy Strzelczyk INITIATING EDITOR Iwona Gos PUBLISHING EDITOR-PROOFREADER Tomasz Fisiak NATIVE SPEAKERS Kevin Magee, François Nachin TECHNICAL EDITOR Leonora Wojciechowska TYPESETTING AND COVER DESIGN Katarzyna Turkowska Cover Image: Last_Judgment_by_F.Kavertzas_(1640-41) commons.wikimedia.org Printed directly from camera-ready materials provided to the Łódź University Press This publication is not for sale © Copyright by Małgorzata Dąbrowska, Łódź 2017 © Copyright for this edition by Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź 2017 Published by Łódź University Press First edition. W.07385.16.0.M ISBN 978-83-8088-091-7 e-ISBN 978-83-8088-092-4 Printing sheets 20.0 Łódź University Press 90-131 Łódź, 8 Lindleya St. www.wydawnictwo.uni.lodz.pl e-mail: [email protected] tel. (42) 665 58 63 CONTENTS Preface 7 Acknowledgements 9 CHAPTER ONE The Palaiologoi Themselves and Their Western Connections L’attitude probyzantine de Saint Louis et les opinions des sources françaises concernant cette question 15 Is There any Room on the Bosporus for a Latin Lady? 37 Byzantine Empresses’ Mediations in the Feud between the Palaiologoi (13th–15th Centuries) 53 Family Ethos at the Imperial Court of the Palaiologos in the Light of the Testimony by Theodore of Montferrat 69 Ought One to Marry? Manuel II Palaiologos’ Point of View 81 Sophia of Montferrat or the History of One Face 99 “Vasilissa, ergo gaude...” Cleopa Malatesta’s Byzantine CV 123 Hellenism at the Court of the Despots of Mistra in the First Half of the 15th Century 135 4 • 5 The Power of Virtue.
    [Show full text]
  • The Saladin Tithe
    1916 THE ABBEY OF ST. RIQUIER 447 quidam nobilis, natione Britto ',M puts his identity with the earl of Norfolk out of doubt, whilst reviving the problem of his birth. It is probable, however, that he is imputing Breton birth to Ralph the Staller on the strength of the lands in Brittany (Gael and Montfort) which his Breton wife brought him, and we need not reject the statement of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/XXXI/CXXIII/447/363122 by guest on 30 September 2021 he wae an Englishman born in Norfolk.38 The charter also goes to show that Ralph the Staller was alive in February 1068, and hence to help in fixing the date of his death, which, according to Mr. Round,37 must have occurred before April 1Q70. On "the other hand, the charter raises the question why an Englishman holding lands in Brittany should confer gifts on an abbey of Ponthieu. Stapleton M provides the connecting link by supposing that Ralph the Staller, like Frederick the lord of Palgrave, was a Fleming by birth, but he gives no evidence in support of his conjecture beyond that which has been already considered, and there Beems no reason to accept the suggestion. HELEN M. CAM. The Saladin Tithe ALTHOUGH Sir James Ramsay has made a special study of the financial side of our twelfth-century history, from the Pipe Rolls and all available sources, he has to write : It would have been interesting to know what the proceeds of the Saladin tithe came to ; but no accounts of the yield seem to be forthcoming.1 The other modern historians of the period seem to be equally at a loss, though Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • MEDIAEVISTIK Internationale Zeitschrift Für Interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung
    Band 2 4 2011 MEDIAEVISTIK internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung Begründet von Peter Dinzelbacher Herausgegeben von Albrecht Classen PETER LANG Frankfurt am Main • Berlin • Bern • Bruxelles • New York • Oxford • Wien MEDIAEVISTIK Internationale Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Mittelalterforschung begründet von Prof. Dr. Peter Dinzelbacher herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Albrecht Classen Beratergremium: Prof. Dr. Jean Baumgarten, Paris - Prof. Dr. Robert Bjork, Arizona State University - Prof. Dr. Alexander Fidora, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona - Prof. Dr. Francis G. Gentry, Spring Mills - Prof. Dr. Dr. Bernhard Haage, Bad Mergentheim - Dr. Werner Heinz, Sindelfingen - Prof. Dr. John Marenbon, Trinity College - Prof. Dr. Nadia Margolis, Leverett - Prof. Dr. Constant J. Mews, Monash University - Prof. Dr. Ulrich Müller, Universität Salzburg - Prof. Dr. Cary Nederman, Texas A&M University - Prof. Dr. Connie Scarborough, Texas Tech University - Dr. Romedio Schmitz-Esser, Universität München - Prof. Dr. Nancy VanDeusen, Mission Viejo Beiträge werden druckfertig in deutscher, englischer, französischer oder italienischer Sprache elektronisch an den Herausgeber erbeten. Für unverlangt eingesandte Manuskripte wird keine Haftung übernommen. Die Verfasser tragen für ihre Beiträge die Verantwortung. Eine Verpflich­ tung zur Aufnahme von Entgegnungen besteht nicht. MEDIAEVISTIK publiziert keine anderwei­ tig erscheinenden Aufsätze. Rezensionsexemplare werden mit der deutlichen Beschriftung "kostenloses Rezensionsexemplar"
    [Show full text]
  • The Image of States, Nations and Religions in Medieval and Early Modern East Central Europe
    The Image of States, Nations and Religions in Medieval and Early Modern East Central Europe THE IMAGE OF STATES, NATIONS AND RELIGIONS IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE Edited by Attila Bárány and Réka Bozzay, in co-operation with Balázs Antal Bacsa Debrecen 2018 MEMORIA HUNGARIAE 2 SeriesMEMORIA Editor: HUNGARIAEAttila Bárány 5 Series Editor: Attila Bárány Published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences - University of Debrecen “Lendület” PublishedHungary by the Hungarian in Medieval Academy Europe ofResearch Sciences Group - University (LP-2014-13/2014) of Debrecen “Lendület” Hungary in Medieval Europe Research Group (LP-2014-13/2014) Editor-in-Chief: Attila Bárány Editor-in-Chief: Attila Bárány Sponsord by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Office for Research Groups Sponsored by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Office for Research Groups Copy-editor: Copy-editor: Balázs Balázs Antal Antal Bacsa Bacsa Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Anett Lapis-Lovas – Járom Kulturális Egyesület Anett Lapis-Lovas – Járom Kulturális Egyesület ISBN 978-963-508-881-2 ISBNISSN 978-963-508-833-1 2498-7794 ISSN 2498-7794 © “Lendület” Hungary in Medieval Europe Research Group, 2018 © “Lendület” Hungary ©in TheMedieval Authors, Europe 2018 Research Group, 2016 © The Authors, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of thisAll publication rights reserved. may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalNo part system,of this publication or transmitted may in be any reproduced, form or by any means, storedelectronic, in a retrieval mechanical, system, or photocopying, transmitted in recording, any form oror otherwise,by any means, electronic,without mechanical, the prior writtenphotocopying, permission recording, of the orPublisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora and Allegations Of
    2018 HAWAII UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ARTS, HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES & EDUCATION JANUARY 3 - 6, 2018 PRINCE WAIKIKI HOTEL, HONOLULU, HAWAII MATTHEW PARIS’S CHRONICA MAJORA AND ALLEGATIONS OF JEWISH RITUAL MURDER MEIER, DAVID DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DICKINSON STATE UNIVERSITY DICKINSON, NORTH DAKOTA Dr. David Meier Department of Social Sciences Dickinson State University Dickinson, North Dakota Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora and Allegations of Jewish Ritual Murder Synopsis: Robert Nisbet recognized Matthew Paris as “admittedly one of the greatest historians, if not the greatest in his day.” Matthew provided “the most detailed record of events unparalleled in English medieval history” from 1236-1259. Within the chronicle, allegations of Jewish ritual murder rested alongside classical sources in various languages, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew. Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora and Allegations of Jewish Ritual Murder David A. Meier, Dickinson State University Allegations of Jewish ritual murder in medieval European chronicles rested alongside classical sources in various languages, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew. Hartmann Schedel’s Weltchronik 1493 (2001) depicted Simon of Trent’s alleged murder by the local Jewish community in 1475 in a manner that mirrored alleged Jewish ritual murders in England in 1144 and 1255.1 Between 1144 and 1493, allegations of Jewish ritual murder spread and flourished. Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora emerged at historical crossroads where allegations of Jewish ritual murder spread beyond England and into continental Europe. Before the century finished in 1290, England had expelled its Jewish population inspiring many regions on the continent to follow suit in the coming years.2 In offering a written record, chroniclers bridged narrative history from ancient times (largely Biblical) with contemporary culture, history, society, politics and nascent legal systems, employed, in turn, by both church and state in the High Middle Ages.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism Illuminati
    t er r o r ism AN D T H E Illu m in at i a t h r ee t h o u sa n d yea r h ist o r y by d av id Liv in g sto n e TERRORISM AND THE ILLUMINATI TERRORISM AND THE ILLUMINATI A Three Thousand Year HISTORy DAVID LIVINGSTONE BOOKSURGE LLC TERRORISM AND THE ILLUMINATI A Three Thousand Year History All Rights Reserved © 2007 by David Livingstone No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. BookSurge LLC For information address: BookSurge LLC An Amazon.com company 7290 B Investment Drive Charleston, SC 29418 www.booksurge.com ISBN: 1-4196-6125-6 Printed in the United States of America And among mankind there is he whose talk “ about the life of this world will impress you, and he calls “ on God as a witness to what is in his heart. Yet, he is the most stringent of opponents. The Holy Koran, chapter 2: 204 If the American people knew what we have done, “ “ they would string us up from the lamp posts. George H.W. Bush Table of Contents Introduction: The Clash of Civilizations 1 Chapter 1: The Lost Tribes The Luciferian Bloodline 7 The Fallen Angels 8 The Medes 11 The Scythians 13 Chapter 2: The Kabbalah Zionism 15 The Chaldean Magi 16 Ancient Greece 17 Plato 19 Alexander 22 Chapter 3: Mithraism Cappadocia 25 The Mithraic Bloodline 28 The Jewish Revolt 32 The Mysteries of Mithras 33 Chapter 4: Gnosticism Herod the Great 37 Paul the Gnostic
    [Show full text]
  • The Massacre at Acre—Mark of a Blood-Thirsty King?
    Oshkosh Scholar Page 29 The Massacre at Acre—Mark of a Blood-thirsty King? Jared Stroik, author Dr. Kimberly Rivers, History, faculty adviser Senior Jared Stroik is a history major at UW Oshkosh. His research was conducted for a course on the history of the Crusades in fall 2009. During spring 2010 he was a research assistant for Dr. Kimberly Rivers for her work on the Devotio moderna. Jared is a member of the University Honors Program, and he will graduate in spring 2011. Dr. Kimberly Rivers is an associate professor and chair of the Department of History at UW Oshkosh. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, and her research interests include late-medieval intellectual history, memory and mnemonics in late-medieval preaching, and religious devotion. Abstract The Crusades began in 1095 as an effort to resist the spread of Muslim forces into Asia Minor, present-day Turkey, and to prevent Muslims from moving into Christian Europe. The Third Crusade, during the end of the twelfth century, was also known as the Kings’ Crusade because the Christian forces were led by some of the most important and powerful kings of the time. One of these was Richard I, King of England. In 1191, Christian forces successfully took the city of Acre, in present- day northern Israel, after a long siege. Following the siege, however, many unarmed Muslim prisoners were killed. Some modern scholars contend that the massacre of these prisoners was ordered by Richard I as a blood-thirsty and ruthless act. This study draws on primary sources and the analysis of modern scholars to determine the validity of these claims against Richard I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenians the Peoples of Europe
    The Armenians The Peoples of Europe General Editors James Campbell and Barry Cunliffe This series is about the European tribes and peoples from their origins in prehistory to the present day. Drawing upon a wide range of archaeolo­ gical and historical evidence, each volume presents a fresh and absorbing account of a group’s culture, society and usually turbulent history. Already published The Etruscans The Franks Graeme Barker and Thomas Edward James Rasmussen The Russians The Lombards Robin Milner-Gulland Neil Christie The Mongols The Basques David Morgan Roger Collins The Armenians The English A.E. Redgate Geoffrey Elton The Huns The Gypsies E. A. Thompson Angus Fraser The Early Germans The Bretons Malcolm Todd Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones The Illyrians The Goths John Wilkes Peter Heather In preparation The Sicilians The Spanish David Abulafia Roger Collins The Irish The Romans Francis John Byrne and Michael Timothy Cornell Herity The Celts The Byzantines David Dumville Averil Cameron The Scots The First English Colin Kidd Sonia Chadwick Hawkes The Ancient Greeks The Normans Brian Sparkes Marjorie Chibnall The Piets The Serbs Charles Thomas Sima Cirkovic The Armenians A. E. Redgate Copyright © Anne Elizabeth Redgate 1998,2000 The right of Anne Elizabeth Redgate to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 First published in paperback 2000 2468 10975 3 1 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]