CHAPTER-V

MEDICAL COLLEGES IN CHAPTER-V

MEDICAL COLLEGES IN YEMEN

Introduction

The Yemeni public university sector is supported by government. As of now, it is playing a vital role in higher education of the country as compared to the private university sector. This chapter describes relevant aspects of the Yemeni public universities including background of Yemen, , natural resources, climate and geography. It also explains in detail about Yemeni Universities, Public Universities and private Universities and Medical Colleges within Yemeni Public Universities,

5.1 Background of Yemen

The formal name of Yemen is Republic of Yemen. It is also known as Yemen and the citizen are Yemeni, major cities are Aden, Taiz, Almukalla and Alhudaydah. The capital of Yemen is Sana'a.

The Republic of Yemen was established on May 22-1990(South Yemen &) and the Republic of Yemen unified in 1990.

Public Holidays:

Public holidays (26 September 1962) and (October 14 1963) National Day, National Unification Day (May 22); Corrective Movement Anniversary, Eid al Fitr, end of Ramadan,; Eid al Adha, Feast of the Sacrifice (Decembers);

Geography of Yemen:

Location: Yemen is located in the Middle East at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula between Oman and Saudi Arabia. It is situated at the entrance of the Babb el Mandeb strait, which links the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean (via the Gulf of Aden). And is one of the most active and strategic shipping lanes in the world.(l)

134 Size: Yemen has an area of 550 thousand square kilometres, including the islands of Perim at the southern end of the Red Sea and at the entrance to the Gulf of Aden. (2)

The map shows the Republic of Yemen after unification:

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Information Climate:

A temperature is generally very high in Yemen, particularly in the coastal regions Rainfall is limited, with variations based on elevation. The highlands enjoy a temperate, rainy summer with an average high temperature of 21°C and a cool, moderately dry winter with temperatures occasionally dipping below 4°C.(max.,44,3 «&min. 0) .(3)

Population:

Yemen's latest census, conducted in December 2006, reported a population of 20.900,532 million people, Yemen's population was 21.538,995 million people as on July 2007 and according to the year book, the population will be increased in 2012 to 25,065 millions.( 4)

135 Culture of Yemen:

Yemen is referred to as 'the land of fortunate' since Yemeni people always live in a happy country and always smile to greet each other, and especially visitors, in order to show their friendliness, kindness and a warm welcome to those people. Yemeni people also believe that happy country and smiling makes them happy and feel good. Nearly everything is acceptable to the Yemeni people. Objections and conflict are avoided at all costs. Moreover, Yemeni people are known for their hospitality towards visitors. Yemeni attitude makes the people easy-going and adjustable. Frequently, one can find people of varied religious beliefs socializing happily together. Since Yemen is blessed with a wealth of culture and traditions, it stands out in the Southeast Asian region as a country of grace and pride. Therefore, in terms of human resource development, the nation has realized well, the challenges of globalization, and thus highly values international collaborative relationships.(5)

Most of the populations of Yemen consist of Muslims; less than 500 Jews (a fraction of the former population) also live in the northern part of the country, there are also small groups of Hindus and Christians. Islam is the religion of the state. Share's is the source of legislation. Yemen is very rich in its culture and civilization in many of historical stages. (6)

Language

Yemenis are speaking Arabic language but the different dialects of Arabic typical to the six culture zones are used in daily life. In south Yemen mehri, soqotre and dialect of tahami in west of Yemen are used. Though English is taught in private public schools and from six level public schools, only Arabic is predominantly used language for communication. Now some schools teach French, Germany and Italian. The number of people who can speak English in Yemen is small compared to other Arab countries.

Natural Resources

Yemen's principal natural resources are oil and natural gas as well as agriculturally productive land in the west.(7) Other natural resources include fish and seafood, rock salt, marble, and minor deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper. (8)

136 Political System in Yemen

Yemen has been at times at the forefront of Arab countries' efforts to launch meaningful democratic system. It is the first state on the Arabian Peninsula to give right to women and boasts multi-party electoral system. The women have become political leaders. Yemen has almost more than ten major political parties, parliamentary system.

5.2 Yemeni Universities

Yemeni higher education institutions were previously under the supervision of theMinistry of Education. In the year 2000, they were transferred to be under supervision of Ministry Higher Education and scientific research, (9) Yemen's higher education institutions can be classified into two types with specific patterns of coordination and institutional governance:

• Public universities

• Private universities

5.2.1 Public Universities

Figure 5.1 Public Universities

• SANA'A 1 •ADEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY

TAIZ TH.'VM/\R LINIVERSITY LMVERSITY

There are eight universities with a total number of 99 colleges, of which nine are centers and institutes, the number of the humanities colleges are 58, some of these colleges are repeated version, for instance, the number of colleges of education are 31, the colleges of commerce, economics and administration are nine, the colleges of Arts are eight, the colleges of Islamic and sharia'a and law are four, the total number of colleges of Languages are three, the colleges of Mass communication, the college

137 of fine Arts and the faculty of physical training, these are single in number, one independent of each. (10)

As for the applied science colleges, the total number of these are 41 colleges, where some of these are also in repeated version, such as the colleges of medicine and health science five colleges, the faculty of dentistry five colleges, the colleges of science have five colleges, the faculty of marine science has two colleges, engineering colleges six colleges, colleges of agriculture four colleges , the colleges of computer science and computer centers five colleges, centers of continuous learning' three' centres, the colleges of applied science 'two 'colleges, single colleges are college of pharmacology "one", and college of oil and minerals "one". There are 102 , scientific departments in Govemorates universities in both the humanities and the applied science, these are repeated into 446 departments, the number of the scientific department in the humanities colleges has reached to 446, repeated to 250 version of identical versions. The number of applied scientific departments are around 52, repeated into 196 , identical departments.( 11) .there are also number of universities under planned. From the table 5.1 below one can observe that the oldest universities in Yemen are Sana'a University and Aden university, which the were the first universities considered for development of Yemen in different aspects.

Teacher's staff in numbers

Faculty members increased by each year in public Yemeni universities. The following table 5.1.illustrates their yearly growth.

Table 5.1 Growth of teacher's staff

Year Faculty Members

1970-1978 130 in two universities (Sana'a & Aden)

1979-1990 1073

1991-2006 5034

2007-2008 6666

2009-2010 7500

Source: MPIC

138 The table 5.1. Indicates that the number of teacher's staff in various designations and academic positions has increased from 130 members in 1970 to 1978, in the eight years. The number has also grown to 1073 in 1979 to 1990. It is observed that the growth of faculty members after the has reached to 70% (5034) in 1991 to 2006. in the fifteenth years. While in 2007 to 2008 has reached to 6666 members. Those faculty members have increased to become 7500 members in 2009 to 2010. The conclusion is that the academics staff has developed to play an important role in Yemeni development within few years in Yemeni public universities sector.( 12)

Figure 5.2: Growth of faculty members in Yemen Universities

19"0-lM-8 l')"9-1990 I')'>l-20«6 20ir-2(M)8 2009-2(110

Only Two UiUvn siUes

Enrolment

In order to present the picture of Yemeni universities, it is useful to know the number of enrolments in all Yemeni universities for bachelor degree and higher studies till the year 2008/2009 . The detail of states universities are follows as: Sana'a university has 86572 students, Aden university- 34857 students, Taiz university 34867, Al-Hodeida university 20518, 13175, 19272, Hadramout university 13146, Amran university 31148. The enrollment of students for higher studies in government universities, are 2533 students in total (Master and PhD). Enrolments in all non-government universities are 68,699 students and higher studies are 1974 students (Master and PhD). The total enrollments in public universities and private universities are 322,254, for bachelor degree and for higher studies there are 4507 students.( 13)

139 Output of higher education:

It is observed from table 5.2 and figure 5.3 that there is increase in the number of graduates every year in the number of graduates from the public Universities of Yemen.

The total number of graduates for the year 2007-2008 (22794) students were from Applied colleges and Humanities colleges. The table below 5.2, Shows the graduates in higher education according to disciplines for the period 2000-2008. (14).

Table 5.2: Output of higher education

Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

Number of student graduating 1375 1747 1792 3209 6252 8066 7884 8099 from Applied colleges

Number of student graduating 14842 15733 16385 16799 17077 17021 15473 14695 from Humanities colleges

Total 22794 Source: NIC

Figure 5.3: Output of higher education ISOOO 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 JJJJJJJJ 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-0'^ 200^-06 2006-0" 200"-08 I Number of student gi iiduiUins fi oin colleges of .\i)|>Iied f Number of student graduiiting from colleges of Humnnities

140 5.2.2 Private Universities

There are 13 private universities which include total number of 51 colleges out of which 33 are humanities colleges and the remaining 16 colleges are of applied sciences. The numbers of departments in these colleges are 167 in both the applied and the humanities colleges of which 31 departments are in the humanities specializations, and in repeated versions of 112 departments, the applied sciences departments are 20 repeated into 55 identical, of which eight departments are in the level of intermediate diploma. The private universities are established according to the investment act under which the higher education ministry has permitted to the universities without legal legislations to regulate their practices. But this situation has been resolved after the establishment of higher education ministry and the issue of the ministry resolution in November 13, 2005 related to private colleges and Universities and its executive regulation, which represents essential step in organizing and directing the work and performance of private universities for achieving their objectives and make them qualified tributary for higher education.(15)

Table 5.3: Numbers of Faculty members In private universities

University male female total

Science and Technology university 377 59 436

Al-Yemeni University 138 11 149

Al-watanyah University 127 15 137

Queen University 127 23 150

Siiipa University 74 12 86

Al-ahqaf University64 64 10 74

Al Iman University 138 17 155

Al-andulas University 54 12 66

Almostakbal University 39 2 41

Modem scie-Univ 18 0 18

Intemational-iebn-Uni 20 9 29

Applied-scia-scie-Uni 54 1 55

Shar'eia science-College 77 0 77

Total 1302 171 1473

Source: statistical yearbook 2008.

141 The above table (5.3) illustrates the numbers of academic staff in private universities. It was observed that the largest numbers of faculty members are in the Science and Technology University, and the lowest number is in the Modem Science University. All these universities play an important role in participating in the educational and professional development.

5.3 Coordination of Higher Education

The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (HESR) supervises and coordinates public universities, and private tmiversities and colleges. The Ministry of HESR is also responsible for formulating educational policy within the framework of the national education development plan. Other responsibilities include standardization of curricula and recommending areas for budget allocations.

5.3.1 Financial equipment for practical and laboratory facilities

Universities spend huge amount of their budget on the construction of buildings instead of spending on the necessary facilities such as equipments, practical's and laboratory work. The budget allocated for all these purposes is very little. Most of the equipments that are available are either old or those which do not satisfy the need of scientific research. One of the main reasons for the decrease in the number of students in engineering and science is lack of material facilities, low capacity, the absence of the middle qualified cadres, persons who can operate the equipments, have added to the absence of rapid network communication that hinders the development of the educational and research process in the higher education sector. The field study conducted by the experts of higher education strategy, states in the report that most of the equipments used in Yemeni universities are old and has not been modernized for years. Old equipments are not suitable to prepare the students in the required scientific manner, and that these equipments are not in line with the requirements of the present age.(16)

A study conducted by the World Bank revealed that the average number of books provided by the Yemeni universities is equivalent to two books for each student, whereas, this average in developing countries reaches to ten books per students and in the European common market countries it is more than 100 for each student.(17) The internal environment analysis of the higher educafion institutions

142 revealed the weakness of the utilities and the infrastructure, and that most of the new universities and the private universities lack the library facilities and the necessary teaching aids, in addition to absence of laboratories, equipments and communication network. This negligence has led to the low enrollment rate in the engineering and scientific fields. (18)

5.3.2 Admission policy in Government universities

As per the condition since the year 2001, the Higher Universities Council for student's admission in university education is obtaining the minimum of 70% in the higher secondary level examination and after the students' graduation from the secondary stage. In addition to the entrance examinations for those seeking enrollment in specializations such as medicine and health sciences which determines the required percentage in general secondary from 85% and above, in computer sciences, languages, engineering and some other specializations. (19) The Council takes the responsibility of deciding the admission annually in the Yemeni universities according to the capacity of these universities, this comes in the form of data prepared and endorsed by the council, such a process is not based on the actual and the fiiture requirement of the labour market of the outputs of these programs and with no considerations given to the scientific proficiency, vocational readiness, personal suitability. (20)

The problem of admission in universities would enhance in fiature, because of the increasing number of secondary schools graduates, this shall put increasing pressure on university education which would require the placement of a policy based on increasing the capacity in a scientific and proficiency inputs for the university education, what is required is the preparation of programs that are directed towards paying attention to students shortcomings before they join their university education.

5.3.3 University Administration

The university administration includes two main dimensions; one of these dimensions completes the other. The first is the academic dimension that leads to the academic organization, and the second dimension is carried by both the academic and the administrators together. The success of the university education in both of its dimensions depends on the style of the administrative directions that both academic

143 and administrative leaderships believe in and want to implement according to their awareness of the university needs and the requirements of its future prosperity. (21)

In the absence of follow-up of the changes and developments and the absence of vocational and training centers for the academic and administrative leaderships, it would be difficult to say that the Yemeni universities would achieve, administrative sufficiency that would enable them to administer the academic and administrative activities or that it would be possible for them to own the leadership skills that would enable them to lead the public strategic directives.

5.3.4 Curricula

The curricula in university education are suffering from much negligence. The most important negligence is that they do not match with the students skilful needs that are set by the nature of the contemporary development and the paucity of the practical application of information technology due to the absence of equipment. These factors, together, form negative mechanisms, which limit, undoubtedly, the ability of constructing the information and communication technology sector, which will enhance both teachers and students to dealing well with IT in many aspects of their education.(22)

5.4 Library and Information Science Education

In 1995 Sana'a University was the first university to initiate library and information science degree in Yemen. It offered library management with the cooperation of the universities management and MHESR. In the year 1995, the university opened the Department of Library Science and offered bachelors degree course. The objectives of the school are to promote librarianship, provide well educated librarians to work in various types of libraries and to support educational programs which depend on extensive library materials. (23)

In the yearl995, the first course in the library usage to university students began. In 1995, the university college of arts started a full time undergraduate program for juniors and seniors students. In 2005, the master program in library science was introduced. (24)

144 Professional education for librarians is rapidly changing to meet new demands. Today, less emphasis is placed on skills for managing books on shelves, files papers, and references indexes, rather; students are expected to master the wide range of new technologies and resources. Library science colleges are being renamed as colleges of information management or simply colleges of information. Library and information science education programs in Yemeni universities as in other countries have various names, library science, library and information science, information systems management, or information technology. In 2001, Aden University opened department of library and information science education and offered bachelor degree course for all the students. (25)

5.4.1 Undergraduate programs

The programs have offered flilltime, and most of undergraduate library and information science degree in are four year's education programs. The bachelor's degree in library and information science is offered at two universities that are Sana'a university college of Arts and Aden university college of Arts. The total number of required capacity of student's ranges from 100 to 200 students, according to standards set by MHESR and HC of universities and the universities themselves as well as colleges of Arts. The undergraduate curriculum consists of general education courses. (26)

5.4.2 Master programs

In the year 2005, the graduate program in library and information science of Aden and Sana'a universities was the first offered master degree course. This course is offered in colleges of arts in LIS in both the universities and the programs of PhD a degree is not offered in both the two imiversities.

Faculties and students

Many faculty members in library and information science have strong academic backgrounds at least up to master degree level. There is increasing number of faculties with doctorates. There is a shortage of qualified academic staff in this department, because it is opened recently. Student's admission to library and information science programs is based on their marks in the secondary level from (75- 80 %). (27)

145 Computer Centers

Most of Yemeni universities-medical colleges and colleges of Arts have computer centers for the students to learn about the use of computers as tools for working with quantities of informatics in high technology environments and practice for their teaching and learning and to support the faculty members in their academic work.

5.5 Public Medical Colleges

Within the public Yemeni universities, there are only five medical colleges, as mentioned earlier. The Gov-medical colleges are in five states such as; Sana'a, Aden, Hadramout, Taiz, and Thamar.

5.5.1 Medical education System

The educational role provided by medical colleges in Yemeni universities enhance the society with specialized cadres who mitigate or relaxes the level of illness of the society in one hand, and support national development as well. These colleges are considered important and get special treatment from the MHE and other responsible bodies. The educational system in the medical colleges requires six years of study; it consists of various scientific stages as follows:

1. The basic medical science stage: They consist of three years and in this period the student has to study the following subjects: Chemistry, physics, biology, English language, Arabic language. Islamic culture, anatomy and histology, biochemistry, physiology, and community of medicine. In the end of third year, the student has to appear for the comprehensive test on all the above subjects, except (chemistry, biology, physics, English, Arabic and Islamic culture subjects) and the student is not allowed to enter the second stage unless he/she has passed the exams in all the subjects. 2. The applied medical science stage: In this stage, the student has to study the following subjects; microbiology, parasitological, pathology, psychology medicine, pharmacology, community medicine, medical jurisprudence and toxicologist medicine. This stage (application stage) consists of both practical and clinical as well as the field work. The student in this stage cannot go to the clinical stage unless he/she achieves successes in all of the applied subjects.

146 3. Clinic medical science stage: In this stage the student has to complete the practical exercised in two years. These practical should be conducted in the teaching hospitals related to the medical colleges as follows:- General Internal medicine, general surgery, ENT (otolaryngology), pediatrics, ophthalmology, Women and birth of medicine (these subjects consist of many medical branches) . (28) For the period of 5-6 years, the student has to work in the medical sections as well as under the supervision of the faculty members. In the end of sixth year the student has to give comprehensive exams. The student will not be able to graduate till he/she passes in all the applied subjects. After the student has passed all the above mentioned subjects, the college sends them in the teaching hospitals to undergo the comprehensive practical for one year in all the medical specializations, and get practical training throughout the year. The students require multiple practical skills and they can become acquainted with various symptoms and the manner of treating them and providing the appropriate solutions. After completing this year in accordance with the applied programs, students can be graduates and be able to get the necessary documents which approve completion of his/her graduation.

Number of students in the medical colleges

The importance of this field and its role in economic and social life attracts the students and makes them compete for joining the various medical courses, either in the general competition or self finance level the number of students in the 2009, are as follows: Table 5.4: Students in numbers Medical college Students Sana'a medical college From 2897 to 3000 Aden medical college From 2213 to 2350 Taiz medical college From 440 to 500 Hadramout medical college From 572 to 650 Damar medical college From 1162 to 1300

147 Graduates

The number of graduates from all Yemeni Gov-medical colleges in the year 2007 -2008 is as follows: (29)

Table 5.5: Graduates students

College Male Female Total

Sana'a medical college 188 137 325

Aden medical college 210 156 366

Taiz medical college 6 25 31

Dammar medical college 32 14 46

Hadramout medical college 39 14 53

Total 821

Higher studies programs

It is observed that, two medical colleges only (Sana'a and Aden) provide the post-graduation programs where these programs are exclusive to some of the medical specializations illustrated as follows, Sana'a medical college is providing higher studies in some subjects such as microbiology and pharmacology and biochemistry (157 master degree and 3 PhD degree), and women medicine, community medicine, surgery provide master degree courses only. While Aden medical college is providing 63 master degree courses only in some subjects such as, pathology, women medicine, community medicine, internal medicine, surgery clinic laboratory. Other medical colleges do not offer the higher studies programs as of now. (30) Diagram 5.4. Illustrate the higher studies courses.

148 Figure 5.4: Illustrate the higher studies courses

Source: HCEP

Publications

The medical college in Sana'a publish medical magazine which is accepted internationally and locally with concern to scientific research.

5.6 The History of Medical Colleges library Development

It was government's initiative to establish the medical college in Aden city in the late 1975. This college started with the simple library to satisfy the students' needs, who did not exceed ten or twelve, this college has been developed gradually at the different levels and developed in both practical and administrative aspects to cover the multiple of scientific and knowledge aspects, regarding the medical science. The medical college, in Aden, and its library have played a vital role in providing the society with the good knowledge and healthcare. (31) The library was consisting of two sections, the supply section for providing the information sources for the library, and the lending section. The classification section was established gradually. With these developments the library has become the important section of college, which has started the scientific sources in the different medical areas, such as dental medical , nursing, pharmacy, human medical. The Sana'a medical college library has established in the year 1983-84, to satisfy the scientific requirement in Sana'a medical college. The Sana'a medical college and its library are considered as modern in terms

149 of planning and designing and its inception was strong to provide the different specializations of the medical science with the various scientific services.

According to the information obtained this library has a section which is called scientific medical slides preparation section, which provide the researchers, students , faculties, with the different educational tools. In the early of the second millennium, many of new medical colleges are opened in different Govemorates such as Taiz, Hadramout, Damar, to participate in the educational development. In spite of the simple inception of the Sana'a and Aden medical colleges library, but they have participated in enhancing and supporting the health development and medical services.

Role of medical library

Libraries now days are well recognized as one of the important sources of Knowledge used for different purposes in daily life. In the education field, Libraries have great influences on the adjusted level of knowledge and it is considered as one of the basic sources of information in the teaching - learning process. In medical field, library is a very important unit in any health institution and in particular in the colleges of medicine and health sciences as it provides various types of information in the clinical or Para-clinical field as well as in the health management services for the enormous knowledge that has been added to this field every day. Consequently, an updating of the information in each medical library has became an urge to cope with the last information delivered in this field all over the globe and this will surely lead to the number of new medical graduates.. (33)

Medical colleges' libraries provide staff members with information-seeking and management skills essential for self-directed research and life-long learning. Library programs aim to cultivate these skills, so that members of the community will be confident in their ability to identify, evaluate, acquire and manage information in support of their research, teaching and patent care responsibilities. (34)

Medical libraries are helping faculty members, researchers and students to achieve their fiill potential as members of the medical colleges Yemeni universities in the pursuit of their education or research objectives, which often means cormecting people with new knowledge. Libraries have always played a valuable role in this

150 regard through providing the information resources. Al-Almani (2007) referred that the academic libraries consist of different scientific resources which support the scientific research and educational aspects, such as: (35)

• Documentary information resources: Including, books, periodicals, magazines, medical articles, reports, studies, scientific research, scientific workshops, conferences data and forums., etc. • Films tools resources: Consist of medical slides, which display through microfiche device and headover device and so on. • Audio, Video resources; Include, films, recoding • Multiple resources: Including CD-Rom,Flash, DVD and multiple media+ • Electronic information or online database which is considered to be dynamic phenomena.

Number of Faculty Members

The number of faculty members has increased every year in all public medical colleges Yemeni Universities, wherein and has reached to 663 members in the 2008- 2009, see chapter six.

5.7 Establishing networks of universities and databases

Higher education network

In Yemen, the National Universities Network (HESRNET) links all higher education institutions in an advanced national network that represents the backbone of the national universities high-capacity network, which in turn links the HESR and Universities Telecom with the internet and the European Research Network, via Arabia Internet Agency. The Administrative Communication System at Universities aims at supporting media systems among universities, particularly through the creation of networks of university libraries, the generalization of remote registration, and guarantee of the flow of scientific media among universities. In Yemen, the higher education network links higher education institutions in various parts of the country and establishes a virtual library system, which contains a unified index, sites of local and international academic periodicals, and free international databases in all academic inquiries, in addition to connections to Arab and international libraries,

151 connections to library associations, and information networks. Higher Education Network (SHERN) links university networks, institutes and research centers with each other and with the Internet. It provides media and communications systems to educational institutions and their linkage to networks of international institutions of education and research. (36)

5.8 Conclusion

This chapter illustrates background of Yemen and Yemeni universities (public and private) and educational system, library science education and medical colleges. The development of Yemeni higher education is heavily depend on Yemeni public universities sector, because the Yemeni public universities sector has supported by government and have followed government policies regarding their operations. Ministry of higher education and scientific research is adopted ICT network to connecting all Yemeni universities, colleges, and libraries in order to improve educational services and scientific research as well as encourage that communication between higher education institutions for academic purposes and to facilitate teaching and learning processes and teaching instruments to disseminate information and knowledge. The next chapter will present analysis of data.

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