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Freie Universität Berlin / Free University of Berlin Univerzita Karlova V Praze / Charles University in Prague

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Freie Universität Berlin / Free University of Berlin Univerzita Karlova V Praze / Charles University in Prague Freie Universität Berlin / Free University of Berlin Univerzita Karlova v Praze / Charles University in Prague Fachbereich Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften / Faculty of History and Cultural Studies (Berlin) Filozofická Fakulta / Faculty of Arts (Prague) Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut / Friedrich Meinecke Institute of History (Berlin) Ústav Anglofonních Literatur a Kultur / Department of Anglophone Literatures and Cultures (Prague) Text and Event in Early Modern Europe An Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Ph.D. Dissertation On the Frontiers of Sacred Spaces: the Relations Between Jews and Orthodox Christians in the Early Modern Ruthenian Lands on the Example of Religious Proselytism and Apostasy Mikhail Beider Supervisors: First referee: Prof. Dr. Claudia Ulbrich (Freie Universität Berlin) Second referee: Prof. PhDr. Jan Županič, Ph.D. (Univerzita Karlova v Praze) Date of Dissertation Defense: May 10, 2016 2016 ABSTRACT This dissertation, “On the Frontiers of Sacred Spaces: the Relations Between Jews and Orthodox Christians in the Early Modern Ruthenian Lands on the Example of Religious Proselytism and Apostasy”, addresses religious contention between Orthodox Christians and Jews through the examination of some of the most momentous instances of a radical alteration and reconfiguration of a person’s confessional identity that transpired amid the representatives of the two faiths during the 15th-17th centuries in the Eastern Ruthenian territories of Europe. The work draws on a variety of Jewish and Christian sources including polemical works, chronicles, private and official correspondence, legal texts, criminal cases, exempla and folklore. The questions of the motives of an individual or a religious faction to preach their dogma to the followers of a contending faith, the convictions and influences causing a person to abandon his religious domain in favor of another, and the approaches of the ecclesiastical and political hierarchies towards the proliferation of their faith amongst heathens, as well as in regards to the rejection thereof by their flock, are placed at the center of the analysis. Also considered is the problem of integration of neophytes in the new community, the mechanisms employed for the redefinition of their identity, and the peculiarities of their interaction with governmental bodies. In that respect, the scrutiny of a polysemantic social process such as the change of faith in a complex from a methodological point of view territory – the Polish-Russian borderlands, presents a unique approach to the study of this multicultural region. Going beyond the boundaries of traditional historiography, which predominantly consigned Jews as victims of zealous proselytism and forced conversions imposed by the dominant Christian realm, within the framework of the presented dissertational research, the adherents of Judaism appear as ideologically motivated parties that were concurrently involved in the dissemination of their faith amongst the Orthodox faithful. On that account, an argument is put forward on the intolerance of Jews in Russian controlled territories during the Early Modern period being based not on racial chauvinism, but rather impelled by religious contention and the anxieties of ‘Judaizing’. This predisposition is demonstrated by the keenness of both the Russian State and the Church on welcoming the Jews who baptized into Orthodoxy within their geographical and spiritual domains as equals, and even granting generous privileges for their embracement of the Christian faith. Given the definitional and oppositional relationship between Christianity and Judaism, and by extension, between Christians and Jews, in light of the threat of Judaic proselytism, the apprehension of which is found across ecclesial polemics and legislative proclamations of the time, the act of Jewish conversion to Christianity came to symbolize the ideological triumph of the Church over the Synagogue. These issues, being at the forefront of the contemporary historiographical research on Early Modern Eastern European Jewry, suggest stimulating avenues of further research. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Thema der Dissertation “On the Frontiers of Sacred Spaces: the Relations Between Jews and Orthodox Christians in the Early Modern Ruthenian Lands on the 2 Example of Religious Proselytism and Apostasy” sind jene Auseinandersetzungen zwischen orthodoxem Christentum und Judentum zwischen dem 15. und 17. Jahrhundert, in denen die konfessionelle Identität zwischen beiden Gruppen radikal verändert und neu definiert wurde. Dies geschieht auf der Grundlage einer Vielzahl von Quellen: Polemiken, Chroniken, private und offizielle Briefe, Rechtstexte, Gerichtsakten, Exempla und volkskundliche Quellen wurden ausgewertet. Im Zentrum der Analyse stehen Fragen wie die nach den Motiven eines Einzelnen oder einer religiösen Gruppe, ihre Dogmen den Angehörigen einer anderen Glaubensrichtung zu predigen. Welche Motive hatte ein einzelner oder eine religiöse Gruppe, andere missionieren zu wollen? Welche Faktoren führten dazu, dass jemand seine religiösen Überzeugungen zu Gunsten eines anderen Glaubens aufgibt? Welche kirchlichen und politischen Machtverhältnisse waren dabei im Spiel? Ein weiteres Thema betrifft die Frage, wie die Konvertiten in ihre neue Gemeinschaft aufgenommen wurden, wie ihre Identität neu definiert wurde und wie die Aushandlungsprozesse mit den Behörden gestaltet waren. Indem der Glaubenswechsel als ein polysemantischer sozialer Prozess in einem – in methodischer Hinsicht komplexen Territorium - dem polnisch-russischen Grenzland – verstanden wird, wird es möglich, einen neuen Zugang zur Erforschung dieser multikulturelle Region zu finden. Die Dissertation überwindet auf diese Weise die Sichtweisen der älteren Geschichtsschreibung, die Juden zumeist als Opfer von Proselytismus und Zwangskonversion in einer christlich dominierten Umwelt gefasst hat. Stattdessen erscheinen die Anhänger des Judentums ihrerseits als ideologisch motivierte Gruppen, die gleichermaßen bestrebt waren, ihren Glauben unter den orthodoxen Christen zu verbreiten. Auf dieser Grundlage wird argumentiert, dass die Intoleranz gegenüber den Juden in russisch kontrollierten Gebieten in der frühen Neuzeit nicht auf rassistischen Patriotismus, sondern auf den religiösen Konflikt und die Angst vor der „Judaisierung“ zurückzuführen ist. Beleg dafür ist die Bereitschaft des russischen Staates und der Kirche, konvertierte Juden in ihrem weltlichen und geistlichen Einflussbereich zu tolerieren und ihnen die Ausübung ihrer Religion zu gestatten. Angesichts der Beziehung zwischen Christentum und Judentum, die per se als oppositionell galt, und damit implizit auch zwischen Christen und Juden, und vor dem Hintergrund der Gefahr des jüdischen Proselytismus, die in kirchlichen Polemiken und juristischen Traktaten jener Zeit formuliert wurde, symbolisierte der Akt der Konversion vom Judentum zum Christentum den ideologischen Triumph der Kirche über die Synagoge. Solche Beobachtungen, die von zentralem Interesse für die aktuelle geschichtswissenschaftliche Forschung zum frühneuzeitlichen Judentum in Osteuropa sind, eröffnen vielversprechende Perspektiven für zukünftige Arbeiten. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tato disertační práce “ On the Frontiers of Sacred Spaces: the Relations Between Jews and Orthodox Christians in the Early Modern Ruthenian Lands on the Example of Religious Proselytism and Apostasy” (Na hranicích posvátna – vztahy mezi judaismem a pravoslavím na území obývaném Rusíny v raném novověku na příkladu náboženské konverze a apostáze) se zabývá náboženskými konflikty mezi pravoslavím a judaismem. Na základě různorodých židovských a křesťanských pramenů – polemických spisů, kronik, soukromé a úřední korespondence, právnických textů, soudních případů, 3 exempel a folklórních zdrojů – práce zkoumá některé z nejzávažnějších případů radikálních změn a rekonfigurací konfesní identity, k nimž došlo mezi věřícími obou náboženství v 15. až 17. století. Středem zájmu je motivace jednotlivců nebo náboženských frakcí šířit svou víru mezi stoupenci nepřátelské církve, dále přesvědčení a vlivy způsobující změnu vyznání a rovněž přístup představitelů politických a náboženských hierarchií k šíření jejich víry i k odpadlictví. Kromě toho se práce zabývá otázkami integrace konvertitů do nového společenství, způsoby vymezování jejich nové identity a zvláštnostmi jejich interakce s vládními orgány. V tomto ohledu jde o metodologicky jedinečný přístup ke zkoumání komplexního společenského procesu, kterým je změna víry v mnohokulturním regionu na polsko-ruské hranici. Na rozdíl od pohledu tradiční historiografie líčící židy většinou jako oběti fanatického proselytismu a konverzí vynucených dominantní křesťanskou mocí, ukazuje předložená disertace, že přívrženci judaismu představují spíše ideologicky motivované skupiny vyznačující se společnými snahami šířit svou víru mezi stoupenci pravoslaví. Z tohoto hlediska vychází argument, že základem nesnášenlivosti vůči Židům v raném novověku na územích pod ruskou nadvládou nebyl rasově motivovaný šovinismus, ale spíše náboženský konflikt a obavy z judaizace. Na tuto tendenci poukazuje zájem ruského státu i pravoslavné církve přistupovat na svém území a v oblastech pod jejím duchovním vlivem k pokřtěným židům jako k rovnoprávným s křesťany a dokonce jim za jejich konverzi udílet různé výsady. Vzhledem
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