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Home , Alexander Berkman, Benjamin Tucker, Emma Goldman, Gerrard Winstanley, Josiah Warren, Stephen Pearl Andrews

19TH-CENTURY ANARCHISTS:

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

One of the staunchest of Thoreau attackers, Vincent Buranelli, in “The Case Against Thoreau” (Ethics 67), would allege in 1957 that Henry from time to time altered his principles and his tactics with little or no legitimation. Buranelli charged him with having practiced a radical and dangerous politics. In his article we learn that Thoreau’s political theory “points forward to Lenin, the ‘genius theoretician’ whose right it is to force a suitable on those who do not have it, and to the horrors that resulted from Hitler’s ‘intuition’ of what was best for .” In his article we learn that Thoreau’s defense of John Brown gave “allegiance to inspiration rather than to ratiocination and factual evidence.” According to this source “Thoreau’s commitment to personal revelation made him an anarchist.” 1 An anarchist? According to the ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, the term “” derives from a Greek root signifying “without a rule” and indicates “a cluster of doctrines whose principal uniting feature is the belief that is both harmful and unnecessary.” So who the hell are these people, the “Anarchists”? —Well, although an early theorist of the no-

1. The initials of the person who prepared this material for the EB were “G.W.” — the PROPÆDIA volume lists these initials as belonging to George Woodcock, apparently a recidivist encyclopedist as he is listed as also having prepared a number of other ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA articles. HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS government was the who had founded

the Digger movement in England as of 1649, and although the first widely distributed anarchist writings had been those of as of 1793, and although the first person willing to term

himself an anarchist had been Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as of HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS 1840, — it turns out that our Henry Thoreau has the honor of

being first on the EB’s shortlist of American suspects! In the , a native and mainly nonviolent tradition developed during the 19th century in the writings of Henry Thoreau, , , and (editor of The Anarchist, a highly individualist journal published in ). Activist Anarchism in the U.S. was mainly sustained by immigrants from Europe, including (editor of Die Frieheit), , and , whose gives a picture of radical activity in the United States at the turn of the century. David S. Reynolds has offered us an interestingly different 2 shortlist in his BENEATH THE AMERICAN RENAISSANCE. This is to be found on page 98: In reestablishing Thoreau’s links with his age, we should remind ourselves initially of what is already known but sometimes forgotten: he can be directly connected with other reformers and of his time. Other Thoreau-like figures included the notable nineteenth-century individualistic anarchists —Josiah Warren, , William Batchelder Greene, Stephen Pearl Andrews, and Benjamin Tucker– who were from Thoreau’s home state of Massachusetts and were his contemporaries. What I immediately flashed on when I saw the above allegation was, “Hey, here are 5 guys, all Thoreau’s contemporaries, and all from his home state — and not one of these guys has as yet been captured to be represented in the Stack of the Artist of Kouroo contexture in spite of the fact that we have been working on this database for all of seven years [at that point] and are pushing toward having recorded 500 thumbnail biographies of such contemporaries! –So, why not, have I been overlooking something? Did these 5 guys have something in common with Thoreau over and above proximity in location and in duration?” The results of my initial Boolean searches are below: Josiah Warren — nothing in common, no connection at all. 2. Reynolds, David S. BENEATH THE AMERICAN RENAISSANCE: THE SUBVERSIVE IMAGINATION IN THE AGE OF EMERSON AND MELVILLE. Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1989. HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS Ezra Heywood — nothing in common, no connection at all.

William Batchelder Greene — There happened to have been a Thomas A. Greene in New Bedford who had rare plants of to Thoreau. There happened to have been a Calvin Greene who asked for and paid for a photograph of Thoreau. There happened to have been an Anne Greene Phillips who went to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in the summer of 1840. Relatives maybe? No, there was no William B. Greene to be found. Stephen Pearl Andrews — nothing in common, no connection at all. Benjamin Ricketson Tucker — nothing in common, no connection at all.

I’m not sure what conclusion could be derived from such a study as this, other than perhaps that individualistic anarchists aren’t all that interested in networking with one another, or that proximity in location and duration, such as co-presence in a State or co-presence in a Century, tends to amount to hardly anything at all in the great scheme of things.

One thing I am sure of, however, is that using the standard tactic employed by our FBI, of guilt by association, if the Federal Bureau of Investigation had ever investigated Thoreau on suspicion of his being an anarchist, they would have concluded that he was “not a keeper.” My reasoning is as follows. The type case of the anarchist would be Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the -is-theft internationalist who lived and wrote at the same time as Thoreau, and was in and out of prison in France. He would be at the exact center of every anarchist’s hotlist. If Thoreau had been intrigued at all by the various ideas of the various anarchists, for sure he –who read French very HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS adequately– would have been consulting the writings of Proudhon, whose life exactly overlapped his, as they appeared, QUEST CE-QUE LA PROPRIÉTÉ (WHAT IS PROPERTY?) in 1840 followed by WARNING TO PROPRIETORS in 1842 followed by PHILOSOPHIE DE LA MISÈRE (SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS; OR, THE PHILOSOPHY OF POVERTY) in 1846 followed by LE REPRESENTANT DU PEUPLE in 1848 followed by CONFESSIONS D’UN REVOLUTIONAIRRE in 1849 followed by THE GENERAL IDEA OF THE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY in 1851 followed by DE LA DANS LA REVOLUTION ET DANS L’EGLISE in 1858. However, we have records on Thoreau’s reading which are at least as good as the stacks of reports which our FBI obsessively collects of the readings and contacts of “suspect” (marginal) persons, and the interesting fact is, Thoreau never ever displayed the slightest interest either in Proudhon or in any other of this mottled collection of scribblers and agitators.

So, here’s the report I would make, if I were an operative investigating Henry Thoreau as a security risk. Taking a clue from the manner in which, in the early 1960s, the national security investigators actually behaved in regard to me personally, I would deliver the following report to my superior officer: “We weren’t able to come up with much, but maybe if we lean on him, we can turn something up. Let’s interrogate, wink wink nudge nudge, him about the fact that Waldo Emerson’s first wife Ellen Louisa Tucker was a Tucker, and in a considerably later timeframe the known anarchist Benjamin Ricketson Tucker was also a Tucker. Had Henry perhaps met Emerson’s first wife? Let’s interrogate him about the fact that Emerson’s second wife, Lidian Jackson Emerson, did receive, in 1843 in Concord, evidently by post, a gift of a volume of tales translated by the man who in 1854 would become the father of the know anarchist William Batchelder Greene. Did Thoreau perhaps borrow this book from Lidian and read these tales? What did he make of them? Was there any suspicious disloyal content? We both know that the real purpose of such “investigations” is persecution, and that they are designed to put the fear of the Lord in people and make sure they understand who is boss. Let’s do like we did with Austin Meredith and tell him that we interviewed his mother — and that his mother had told us all about how when he was a teenager, she found out that he masturbated. Who knows what guilty connections will show up?” HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1812

March 22, Sunday: Stephen Pearl Andrews was born at Templeton, Massachusetts, a son of the Baptist Reverend Elisha Andrews and Wealthy Ann Lathrop Andrews, youngest of 8 children. He would grow up nearby, in Hinsdale, New Hampshire. His intimates would all his life refer to him as “Pearl.”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 22 of 3 Mo// Last night I spent in Watching with Christo[pher] Grant Mason & in the Morng went to bed - In the Afternoon attended Meeting which was as bright as I could expect after setting up all night - D Rodman walked with me to Saml Thurstons where we took tea & set most of the evening —- ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1828

Stephen Pearl Andrews matriculated in the Classical Department of Amherst Academy. He would be obliged to discontinue his studies because he was wearing out his eyes. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1830

Stephen Pearl Andrews accompanied an older brother and sister to Clinton, and was hired as an instructor at the Jackson Female Seminary in Jackson, Louisiana, a school for the white daughters of wealthy planters established by the Reverend Elisha Andrews, Jr. and his wife. –Then for a few months he would be a tutor at Louisiana College in Jackson. –Then he would study law in the offices of one of his brothers in Clinton, while pioneering a new universal language which he would come to designate as “Alwato.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1833

March 27, Wednesday: The Concord playwright John Augustus Stone having recently won another of Edwin Forrest’s play competitions for vehicles suitable for his manly stage talents, receiving a cash prize for THE ANCIENT BRITON — on this night this new prize composition of his was performed at the Arch Theater in . Concord must have been proud of him! (But since he would be a suicide, he has been entirely erased from the town memory.)

At the age of 21 Stephen Pearl Andrews, who had been studying law, was admitted to the Louisiana bar. He would establish a law practice in New Orleans, and would there become acquainted with Lewis Tappan (at a point at which a reward was being offered for the head of Arthur Tappan of New-York).

THE AGE OF REASON WAS A PIPE DREAM, OR AT BEST A PROJECT. ACTUALLY, HUMANS HAVE ALMOST NO CLUE WHAT THEY ARE DOING, WHILE CREDITING THEIR OWN LIES ABOUT WHY THEY ARE DOING IT.

Stephen Pearl Andrews “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1835

Stephen Pearl Andrews got married in Louisiana with Mary Ann Gordon of Norwich, Connecticut. This couple would produce 4 sons. He relocated his law office to New Orleans. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1839

Fall: The panic of 1837, and epidemics of yellow fever, induced Stephen Pearl Andrews to relocate his family from Louisiana to Texas. Settling in Houston, the tall and impressive lawyer had some interesting cases and got involved in real estate. During this time he devised a plan to abolish slavery in the republic through the purchase of slaves, thus obtaining international recognition and standing for the region (though he gained some support for his efforts, he also unsettled a significant number of white slavemasters and negro haters who through their proclivity for violence and their extreme overreaction would take control of the situation).

Sam Houston was elected a member of the Texas Congress from Nacogdoches.

In his Master of Arts oration at Harvard College, “The Hope of Literature,” Robert Bartlett took as his theme the phrase “No good possible but shall one day be real” coined by Thomas Carlyle in his essay “Characteristics” in the Edinburgh Review of 1831. The Reverend Thomas Wentworth Higginson would comment that “These words were like a trumpet call to myself and others, half a dozen years later; and nothing of Emerson’s ever touched us more deeply.” The reason refuses all help from the memory. Reason brings her monitions fresh each hour to the , each age to the race. Her truth is severe, shapeless and uncontained. We convert truth into fact, high principles and duties we enfold in myths, laws of the soul and ministries of nature we harden into enactments and personal agencies of gods. The reason affirms that the present and actual life of man is unnatural, is disease. All is jarring without and unrest within. It says man’s natural state, wherein is health and , is the death of desire for happiness, the death of self, and a life all unto justice and love and worship. Our earthly faculties see this and instantly enshrine it in a history of the remote time. We have learned and shall tell in our turn of paradise, of the golden age, and the preëxistence of the soul in heaven; of those times when man knew not racking tortures, nor war, nor hate.... So we envelop our truth in tradition and impersonate in the earliest of men the energies of our own prospective being. In the light of this truth I would consider some of the hopes and laws of literature. The hopes of literature discard experience, they ride over history. The heralds of truth and beauty and freedom to a savage and servile race draw from the chronicles of the past an assurance of victory. They look to the infinite soul within the human soul. They know that the truth, however buried, blackened and blurred over, yet lies somewhere in the heart of every man to whom they speak, of every iron-crowned and shaggy soldier and boor. These very fagot-bearers, these serried hosts that come out against truth, every man of them carries within his mailed vest the weapon which shall slay him. And therefore they must pass, unsubstantial as the faces and terrors of a dream. As the hopes of all philanthropy, so the hopes of all literature rest on the nature of man.... His essence is aspiration and tendency. He is “partaker of the Divine Nature.” Therefore everything evil is vapor and appearance. All that is good shall be attained. Whatever ought to be is to be. The true philanthropist and scholar has hope in the unprivileged and unlearned mass of men, and this the more as his perception of spiritual laws is deeper. New beauty and truth, higher HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS philosophy, better ethics, always appeal to the multitude. Shallow reasonings, superficial principles, calculations of interest and utilities have power over the leisurely, the educated, the purse-proud and aristocratic, the noble, the traffickers, the priest. In every age abstract and universal truth makes her protest against establishments and systems and unions and utilities, to the toiling masses of humanity, and in their great brave heart she finds a home. It is said when there is tumult and revolution, when the people are most impulsive, then of all times the most abstract doctrines have affinity for their feelings. It is with nations as with . In tranquil moods and peaceable times we are quite practical. Facts only and cool common sense are then in fashion. But let the winds of passion swell, and straightway men begin to generalize, to connect by remotest analogies, to express the most universal positions of reason in the most glowing figures of fancy. At the commencement of the French revolution, in the remotest villages every tongue was employed in echoing and enforcing the almost geometrical abstractions of the physiocratic politicians and economists.... Left to themselves, may see something higher than the institutions and forms reared by the understanding; unphilosophic souls lie near to the spontaneous and universal reason. The many seek truth. The nobilities, the , the schools, the church, seek exposition and defense of the established error. The scholar therefore will have a right reverence for this hard-handed many. The hopes of literature, then, rest on the nature of man. — and they are infinite. Her first law is that a man seek wisdom as ultimate, as the end of life.... Now a shallow philosophy goes about to look after the uses of religion and poetry. The woods wave and the waters roll for our traffic and carpentry. What Shakspeare or Milton may say of the meaning of hills and skies and stars to his soul is a conceit, delightful, useful if you will, but after all a conceit. Nay, and a slender and starveling theology too now tells that the use of holiness is unending pleasure.... The eye of the scholar opens on another heaven and another earth. The wide waters sparkle and roll that they overmaster his soul with awe and grandeur. He listens to the winds moving through the trees, and his own being upheaves and plays in unison with the breathings of the forest. And for this the woods and waters are made from age to age.... Thus to the true student of wisdom does nature become instinct with spirit, suffused with light.... There can never be a literature where genius and eloquence and piety give their energies to the petty utilities of the day and neighborhood. Learning among us must be honored, must dispose of litigation, must adjudicate or administer human . Eloquence frets its hour upon the superficial and brawls that make up the politics of the masses; enthusiasm spills itself out in noisy frivolities.... Of necessity the pulpit is somewhat aloof from this whirl and frenzy; yet who is not complaining that the pulpit too is overborne, that to a measureless degree the pulpit expresses only the local, the accidental? Therefore we have no literature, because we desire none; because men of all professions will make wisdom an ornament, an appendage, a servant, a means. In Athens the doctrine of use was unknown. Here greatness, HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS genius, grace were their own law and end. Song and art kindled into religion. Tragedies were performed in the temples and to the worship of the gods, Here truly was an Έλλάς Έλλάδος, a Greece of Greece; here was a people fired with ideas. And so the rugged majesty, the richness and stress of their poetry, their oratory, their art and their deeds stand in a pyramidal loneness; and Miltiades, Æschylus, Sophocles, Socrates, their names are generalized into an immortal dialect of freedom and power and lofty wisdom. In mighty Rome, on the contrary, a sacerdotal caste severed religion from poetry and harmony. Her intense nationality, her pride of power, made greatness and genius subserve. Rome cherished no studies that would not serve policy, move factions and promote the peace. Her sons sought wisdom and philosophy as the ablest servants of patriotism. Her unelivened populace crowded and shouted, “that the Tiber trembled underneath its ” around the gross splendors of the military triumph, and their drama was the fight of man with beast or the slaughter of gladiators. And so the grieved muses never would rest on that proud city; and she had not a native poetry or philosophy or art. Rome is but a unit in a mass of testimony to a truth, which reason sees before and above testimony, that philosophy will never live where it must expound the established.... The wildest storms graze only over the bosom of the ocean; go down a few rods, and throughout the depths is eternal sabbath. Let us have hope in those “turbulent and pestilent agitators,” who, in unbolted language and bold deeds, unfold Truth, Justice, Love, who fight against the mercenary rage, the , the calculation that is scorching up the wisdom, no less than the righteousness of the land. Such men, oftentimes indeed unconsciously, are yet working into the heart of the people a living philosophy and faith, and so are the heralds of a new and enduring literature.... It is held a test of sobriety and modest reverence, that one be content to write books about books and to think about other men’s thoughts. Hence our writings are efflorescent. We have no literature, but only a thousand and a thousand glossaries and indexes and rehearsals of literature.... When Horace was affecting to make himself a Greek poet, the genius of his country, the shade of immortal Romulus, stood over him and forbade the perversion. Who shall persuade us to import no more philosophy from abroad, from countries where belief is not in the soul, but in the traditional, the authoritative, the extraneous? Is everything so sterile and pigmy here in New England that we must all, writers and readers, be forever replenishing ourselves with the mighty wonders of the old world? Is not the history of this people transcendent in the chronicles of the world for pure homogeneous sublimity and beauty and richness? Go down some ages of ages from this day, compress the years from the landing of the Pilgrims to the death of Washington into the same span as the first two centuries of Athens now fill in our memories. Will men then come hither from all regions of the globe, will the tomb of Washington, the rock of the Puritans, then become classic in the world? Will the living spirits of that remote time think with earnest interest and wonder of us, who have lived, as it will then seem, in the twilight of the same day with Puritanism and the leaders of Independence and the founders of an empire whose basis is a universal truth?... With their great names upon our lips, and their doctrines for our HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS axioms, we bereave ourselves of a heritage in their spirit every day. Careless except to sound their names and continue their sins, we move amid, we handle, the and institutions which are the solemn monuments of their high thought, as sore-eyed Arabs now creep among the catacombs and obelisks and eternal pyramids of Egypt.... We do not express the men and the miracles of our history in our social action,... and by consequence we do not outwrite them in poetry and art. We are looking abroad and back after a literature. Let us come and live, and know in living a high philosophy and faith; so shall we find now, here, the elements and in our own good souls the fire. Of every storied bay and cliff and plain we will make something infinitely nobler than Salamis or Marathon.... Unlike the world before us, our own age and land shall be classic to ourselves.

BETWEEN ANY TWO MOMENTS ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF MOMENTS, AND BETWEEN THESE OTHER MOMENTS LIKEWISE AN INFINITE NUMBER, THERE BEING NO ATOMIC MOMENT JUST AS THERE IS NO ATOMIC POINT ALONG A LINE. MOMENTS ARE THEREFORE FIGMENTS. THE PRESENT MOMENT IS A MOMENT AND AS SUCH IS A FIGMENT, A FLIGHT OF THE IMAGINATION TO WHICH NOTHING REAL CORRESPONDS. SINCE PAST MOMENTS HAVE PASSED OUT OF EXISTENCE AND FUTURE MOMENTS HAVE YET TO ARRIVE, WE NOTE THAT THE PRESENT MOMENT IS ALL THAT EVER EXISTS — AND YET THE PRESENT MOMENT BEING A MOMENT IS A FIGMENT TO WHICH NOTHING IN REALITY CORRESPONDS.

Stephen Pearl Andrews “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1840

Early in the year John Adolphus Etzler had returned from the West Indies to New-York. Undoubtedly to meet and suitably impress other reformers, he would there attend the Fourier Society of New York’s annual celebration of the French philosopher-utopist ’s birthday. There he would make the acquaintance of a Fourierist socialist and humanitarian, C.F. Stollmeyer, also a recent German immigrant, who was at that time readying Albert Brisbane’s THE SOCIAL DESTINY OF MAN for publication. Stollmeyer was to become not only the publisher of The New World, but also a primary disciple of Etzler. This SOCIAL DESTINY OF MAN, seconded by the writings and lectures of such men as the Reverend Dana McLean Greeley of Concord, the Reverend William Henry Channing, Horace Greeley, and Parke Godwin would stimulate the rise of several Phalansterian Associations, in the middle and western states, chiefest of which would be the “North American Phalanx” on the north shore of New Jersey. ASSOCIATION OF INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION MODERN TIMES UNITARY HOME FRUITLANDS HOPEDALE

The Reverend Adin Ballou’s “Practical Christians” began to publish a gazette, the Practical Christian, for the “promulgation of Primitive Christianity.” He would write in HISTORY OF THE HOPEDALE COMMUNITY, FROM ITS INCEPTION TO ITS VIRTUAL SUBMERGENCE IN THE HOPEDALE PARISH that this year would initiate “a decade of American history pre-eminently distinguished for the general humanitarian spirit which seemed to pervade it, as manifested in numerous and widely extended efforts to put away existing evils and better the condition of the masses of mankind; and especially for the wave of communal thought which swept over the country, awakening a very profound interest in different directions in the question of the re-organization of society; — an interest which assumed various forms as it contemplated or projected practical results.” There would be, he pointed out, a considerable number of what were known as Transcendentalists in and about Boston, who, under the leadership of the Reverend George Ripley, a Unitarian clergyman of eminence, would plan and put in operation the Roxbury Community, generally known as the “Brook Farm” Association. A company of radical reformers who had come out from the church on account of its alleged complicity with Slavery and other abominations, and hence called Come-Outers, would institute a sort of family Community near Providence, Rhode Island. Other progressives, with George W. Benson at their head, would found the Northampton Community at the present village of Florence, a suburb of Northampton. One of the debates of the 18th Century was what human nature might be, under its crust of , under the varnish of culture and manners. Jean-Jacques Rousseau had an answer. had an answer. One of the most intriguing answers was that of Charles Fourier, who was born in Besançon two years before the Shakers arrived in New York. He grew up to write twelve sturdy volumes designing a New Harmony for mankind, an experiment in radical sociology that began to run parallel to that of the Shakers. (Horace Greeley founded the New- York Tribune to promote Fourier’s ideas) was Shakerism for intellectuals. Brook Farm was Fourierist, and such place-names as Phalanx, New Jersey, and New Harmony, Indiana, attest to the movement’s history. Except for one detail, Fourier and Mother Ann Lee were of the same mind; they both saw that humankind must return to the tribe or extended family and that it was to exist on a farm. Everyone lived in one enormous dormitory. Everyone shared all work; everyone agreed, although with constant HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS revisions and refinements, to a disciplined way of life that would be most harmonious for them, and lead to the greatest happiness. But when, of an evening, the Shakers danced or had “a union” (a conversational party), Fourier’s Harmonians had an orgy of eating, dancing, and sexual high jinks, all planned by a Philosopher of the Passions. There is a strange sense in which the Shakers’ total abstinence from the flesh and Fourier’s total indulgence serve the same purpose. Each creates a psychological medium in which frictionless cooperation reaches a maximum possibility. It is also wonderfully telling that the modern world has no place for either. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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According to the dissertation of Maurice A. Crane, “A Textual and Critical Edition of ’s The Blithedale Romance” at the University of Illinois in 1953, various scholars have fingered Zenobia as: • Mrs. Almira Barlow • Margaret Fuller • Fanny Kemble • Mrs. Sophia Willard Dana Ripley • Caroline Sturgis Tappan

while various other scholars have been fingering Mr. Hollingsworth as: • Bronson Alcott • Albert Brisbane • Elihu Burritt • Charles A. Dana • Waldo Emerson • Horace Mann, Sr. • Hawthorne’s friend and correspondent William B. Pike of the Boston Custom-house • the Reverend Orestes Augustus Brownson, or maybe • the Reverend William Henry Channing, or maybe • the Reverend Theodore Parker

Hawthorne should really have told us more than Zenobia’s nickname, and should really have awarded Hollingsworth a first name more definitive than “Mr.”? Go figure! Lest we presume that an association of this William Henry Channing with Hollingsworth is utterly void of content, let us listen, as Marianne Dwight did, to the reverend stand and deliver on the topic of “devotedness to the cause; the necessity of entire self-surrender”:1 He compared our work with … that of the crusaders.... He compared us too with the , who see God only in the inner light,... with the Methodists, who seek to be in a state of rapture in their sacred meetings, whereas we should maintain in daily life, in every deed, on all occasions, a feeling of religious fervor; with the perfectionists, who are, he says, the only sane religious people, as they believe in perfection, and their aim is one with ours. Why should we, how dare we tolerate ourselves or one another in sin?

1. Reed, Amy L., ed. LETTERS FROM BROOK FARM, 1844-1847, BY MARIANNE DWIGHT Poughkeepsie NY, 1928. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1841

July 8, Thursday: William Swain Andrews was born in Houston, Texas. He would be during one period of his life a comedian, appearing with Joe Jefferson in 1858, with Laura Keene and Edwin Forrest, and in 1865 and 1866 would be the 1st comedian of Edwin Booth’s company. After the Civil War he would become a lawyer in New- York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1843

Summer: At about this period David Ruggles began treating himself for his various quite serious ailments by hydropathy, under letter guidance from Dr. Robert Wesselhoeft of Boston. THE WATER CURE

Because of Stephen Pearl Andrews’s abolitionist efforts, he had been ever-so-politely mobbed in Houston and he and his family forced to leave Texas. He accompanied Lewis Tappan to England, where he would endeavor to raise money for the purchase of all slaves in Texas, in the form of a loan from Great Britain to Texas. He influenced many British leaders but the project was dropped when his project to make Texas either a free state of the United States of America, or an independent nation in alliance with , was repudiated by the Texas chargé d’affaires, Ashbel Smith. While in England he became interested in the shorthand system of Sir and when he would return to the United States, he would in Boston initiate a school of “phonography.” He added spelling reform to his list of projects. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1845

In collaboration with Augustus F. Boyle, Stephen Pearl Andrews compiled and published THE COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHIC CLASS-BOOK, CONTAINING A STRICTLY INDUCTIVE EXPOSITION OF PITMAN'S PHONOGRAPHY, ADAPTED AS A SYSTEM OF PHONETIC SHORT HAND TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; ESPECIALLY INTENDED AS A SCHOOL BOOK, AND TO AFFORD THE FULLEST INSTRUCTION TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT THE ASSISTANCE OF THE LIVING TEACHER and THE PHONOGRAPHIC READER. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1847

Stephen Pearl Andrews moved to New-York and edited a couple of magazines printed in phonetic type — the Anglo-Saxon and the Propagandist. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1851

March 21, Friday: Modern Times, an individualistic, anarchistic , was initiated on this day by Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews on 750 acres of Long Island, New York. The governing ideas were to be those of “individual sovereignty” and “individual responsibility.” All settlers were to be left alone to pursue their self- interest as they saw fit, with no resort to coercion. Everything produced by human labor was to be treated as the of the persons providing the labor. Exchange would be by an elaborate system of . All land transactions among the settlers were to be at cost, with no person ever to hold more than three acres. There would be no need for a police force, or judicial system, or jail, because complete individuality and self- mastery would of course make resort to such expedients forever unnecessary. This community would dissolve in 1857 and the area is now known as Brentwood; almost all the buildings that existed in the early years are long gone. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1853

April: In the National Magazine, a Methodist reverend described crossing a swamp in Mississippi which he characterized as “the most dreary and desolate place in the world.” He fell into a deep depression, became feverish, got lost, decided he was going to die, and committed himself to the glory of God — and of course, that saved him, what did you expect?

During this month some white were unashamedly digging up native American graves, hoping to find, in with the bones, something of value. Of course they had a picture drawn of what they were doing and had it published — what did you expect, shame?

Stephen Pearl Andrews’s 103-page LOVE, , AND DIVORCE, AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL. A DISCUSSION BY HENRY JAMES, HORACE GREELEY, AND STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS: INCLUDING THE FINAL REPLIES OF MR. ANDREWS, REJECTED BY THE TRIBUNE” was reprinted from the pages of the New-York Tribune by Stringer & Townsend, Publishers. Andrews exhorts Henry James, Sr. and Horace Greeley to “Give up, I beseech you, the search after the remedy for the evils of government in more government. The road lies just the other way, toward Individuality and Freedom from all government.” (Does this more remind you of , or does it more remind you of Ronald Reagan?) HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1855

December 25, Tuesday: Rather than spend Christmas at home with his pregnant wife Ellen and his 4 little children – who had recently been so graciously restored to him– feckless daddy Ellery Channing elected to visit with Friend Daniel Ricketson in New Bedford.

Mary Ann Gordon Andrews, wife of Stephen Pearl Andrews died (having no idea of their names or their birth dates, we have no idea what had happened to the 4 boys to whom she had given birth in the course of her 20- year marriage to an anarchist).

Henry Thoreau wrote to Friend Daniel mentioning having read about a horse in France that had died at the advanced age of 50 (horses normally live 20 to 25 years, with 44 years being about the maximum to be expected; perhaps the oldest horse, Old Billy who had succumbed in 1822, had survived for something like 62 years). He also wrote about their friend Thomas Cholmondeley adventuring off to be a British officer in the Crimean War. Concord Dec 25’55 Friend Ricketson, Though you have not shown your face here, I trust that you did not interpret my last note to my disadvantage. I remember that, among other things, I wished to break it to you, that, owing to engagements, I should not be able to show you so much attention as I could wish, or as you had shown to me.— How we did scour over the country! I hope your horse will live as long as one which I hear just died in the south of France at the age of 40.— Yet I had no doubt you would get quite enough of me. Do not give it up so easily— The old house is still empty–& Hosmer is easy to treat with. Channing was here about ten days ago. I told him of my visit to you, and that he too must go and see you & your country. This may have suggested his writing to you. That island lodge, especially for some weeks in a summer, and new explorations in your vicinity are certainly very alluring; but such are my engagements to myself that I dare not promise to wend your way – but will for the present only heartily thank you for your kind & generous offer. When my vacation comes, then look out. My legs have grown considerably stronger, and that is all that ails me. But I wish now above all to inform you – though I suppose you will not be particularly interested – that Cholmondeley has gone to the Crimea “a complete soldier”, with a design when he returns, if he ever returns, to buy a cottage in the South of England, and tempt me over; – but that, before going, he busied himself in buying, & has caused to be forwarded to me by Chapman, a royal gift, in the shape of 21 distinct works (one in 9 vols – 44 vols in all) almost exclusively relating to ancient Hindoo literature, and scarcely one of them to be bought in America. I am familiar with many of them & know how to prize them. I send you information of this as I might of the birth of a child. HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS Please remember me to all your family– Yrs truly Henry D. Thoreau. HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1856

Stephen Pearl Andrews got married a 2d time, with Esther Hussey Bartlett Jones. There would not be additional children. HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1857

The Modern Times individualistic, anarchistic utopia that had in 1851 been initiated by Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews on 750 acres of Long Island, New York was dissolved (the area has since 1864 been known as Brentwood, with almost all the buildings that existed in the early years long gone). During this year Andrews moved on, establishing a “Unitary Household” or “Brownstone Utopia” on 14th Street in New-York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1871

Dissolution of the Paris .

Since 1830, Stephen Pearl Andrews had been laboring over a new universal language, “Alwato,” the natural language of God. In this year funds were made available to publish THE PRIMARY SYNOPSIS OF UNIVERSOLOGY AND ALWATO: THE NEW SCIENTIFIC UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE via the press of Dion Thomas at 141 Fulton Street in New-York. John 1:1, In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the word was God. Humanity takes a new departure from the time when there is a Clearly Recognized Harmony in all our Intellectual Conceptions. Looking at Universology from the same point of view in which this celebrated Naturalist (Agassiz) regards Classification, we may announce it as the complete discovery and perfect interpretation of “the Deity in creation,” and the entire unfolding of “the creative plan of God,” not only as expressed in “organic forms,” but as involved in every Sphere of Thought and Being in the Universe of Matter and of Mind.

May 6, Saturday: In New-York, Esther Hussey Bartlett Jones Andrews died. –Or, because her husband Stephen Pearl Andrews was such a committed Spiritualist, having completed her this-worldly task of preparation she passed into her next new spiritual phase of existence. She came to exhibit in her character “integralism, which is the reconciliation of all contrariety.” In his encomium at the funeral he asserted that she had entered the heavens to reign morally and socially there: “She excels Mary, ‘the Mother of God,’ as much as the age we live in excels the first Christian century.”

December 9, Saturday: William Swain Andrews offered a “Sketch of the Life of Stephen Pearl Andrews” in Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly, Vol. IV, No. 4.

December 30, Saturday, 1871: Stephen Pearl Andrews provided to an American audience his own translation into English of ’s and ’s 1848 MANIFEST DER KOMMUNISTISCHEN PARTEI, as GERMAN — MANIFESTO OF THE GERMAN . HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS The area near Walden Pond from which Henry Thoreau had cleared stumps and brush in order to experiment with a beanfield, and had later reforested as a picnic grove for its owner Waldo Emerson with some 400 white pines, plus oaks, birches, and larches, was in this year partly burned over. Most of the remaining isolated mature trees standing in the sandy soil would be upset by the winds of a great hurricane in 1938.

WALDEN: I planted about two acres and a half of upland; and as it was only about fifteen years since the land was cleared, and I myself had got out two or three cords of stumps, I did not give it any manure; but in the course of the summer it appeared by the arrowheads which I turned up in hoeing, that an extinct nation had anciently dwelt here and planted corn and beans ere white men came to clear the land, and so, to some extent, had exhausted the soil for this very crop.

THE BEANFIELD

Stephen Pearl Andrews promoted an Andrusian philosophy which he denominated “Integralism” –a deductive science of the universe– in THE BASIC OUTLINE OF UNIVERSOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEWLY DISCOVERED SCIENCE OF THE UNIVERSE; ITS ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES; AND THE FIRST STAGES OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE SPECIAL SCIENCES. TOGETHER WITH PRELIMINARY NOTICES OF ALWATO (AHL-WAH- TO), THE NEWLY DISCOVERED SCIENTIFIC UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE, RESULTING FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSOLOGY (in this treatise he made himself one of the 1st to sponsor the term “Scientology”). His “universology” he described as “All that has ever been believed in, in the Past; revised, clarified, systematized, by the Light of Knowledge” — this he had compounded from his extensive and intensive lifelong snippeting in and among, he offered: • the Pythagorean doctrine of numbers: when asked who was the oldest of the Gods, he replied “Number,” and when asked who was the wisest of the Gods, replied “the Author of Language, or the Namer of Things.” • Emmanuel Swedenborg’s doctrine of correspondences and world of spirits • Charles Fourier’s universal analogy • ’s classification of the sciences • Hegelianism, in which “All negation is position, affirmation,” therefore “The negation of the One, e.g., is the conception of the Many.” • Bakunin (mentioned but not cited) • Major-General Ethan Allen Hitchcock of the US Army, the father of American alchemy. • McCosh (mentioned but not cited) • Auguste Comte’s hierarchy of the sciences, and distinction between the static and the dynamic • Henry Thoreau (mentioned but not cited) • Karl Marx (Andrews had been the 1st to publish an English translation of Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engels 1848 MANIFEST DER KOMMUNISTISCHEN PARTEI in the United States, as GERMAN COMMUNISM — MANIFESTO OF THE GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY).

In this new scientific understanding he did a lot of handwaving which he was referring to as “deduction,” paying particular attention to fundamental numbers, and expounding the principles of a tendency to unite (Unism), a tendency to separate (Duism), and an inevitable reconciliation of Unism with Duism (Trinism). (One wonders, had he been perusing the notes of Charles Sanders Peirce?) HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1886

May 21, Friday: Stephen Pearl Andrews died at the age of 80 in the residence of his son William Swain Andrews in New-York. “More mental force went out with him than is left in any one person on the planet.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS

1907

March 8, Friday: Emma Goldman gave an interview to the Ohio State Journal in which she alleged grandiosely that “The doctrine of taught in this country was founded by Americans. It originated with men of the Concord School. “David Thoreau,” Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews were anarchists. They were associates of William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips and Emerson. Those men were anarchists too.” In fact, as the interviewer ought to have explained to this Lithuanian immigrant, the actual identifiable American anarchists of that 19th-Century period had been Stephen Pearl Andrews, Colonel William Batchelder Greene, Ezra Hervey Heywood, Benjamin Ricketson Tucker, and Josiah Warren, that none of these men had been

associated in any way either with the town of Concord or with the Concord School (except that Lidian Emerson did receive, in 1843 in Concord, evidently by post, a gift of a volume of tales translated by Greene’s father), that these identified individuals had had no detectable contact with or influence over Thoreau, and that in any event, Emerson, Garrison, Phillips, and Thoreau had not been, in any sense of the term, “anarchists.” Here in the case of Emma Goldman we have an example, pure and simple, of someone pretending to do influence study — and firing for effect.

Three Idylls for string quintet by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Bechstein Hall, London (a theme in the 2d idyll would be used by Benjamin Britten in his “Variations on a Theme by Frank Bridge”). HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2017. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: July 27, 2017 HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button.

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in HDT WHAT? INDEX

STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS STEPHEN PEARL ANDREWS the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.