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Discaria Pubescens (Spiky Anchorplant)

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Discaria Pubescens (Spiky Anchorplant) DiscariaListing Statement for pubescens Discaria pubescens (spiky anchorplant) spiky anchorplant T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T Image by Greg Jordan Scientific name: Discaria pubescens (Brongn.) Druce, Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 620 (1917) Common Name: spiky anchorplant (Wapstra et al. 2005) Group: vascular plant, dicotyledon, family Rhamnaceae Status: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 : endangered Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 : Not listed Distribution: Endemic status: Not endemic to Tasmania Tasmanian NRM Region: North, South Figure 1. The distribution of Discaria pubescens in Plate 1. Growth habit of Discaria pubescens showing the Tasmania, showing NRM regions disc-like receptacles (image by Greg Jordan) 1 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Discaria pubescens (spiky anchorplant) SUMMARY: Discaria pubescens (spiky Walsh 1999). Plants can flower prolifically, anchorplant) is a shrub which, in Tasmania, has although Coates (1991) noted that less than become restricted to the central highlands (its 40% of plants produced flowers. Flowers are stronghold), the southern Midlands and the thought to be highly fragrant and very attractive Launceston/Perth area. Much of its grassland to native bees, the likely pollinators. Fruit and woodland habitat has long been converted develops in late spring and is mature by mid for agriculture, with plants now mostly February, with maximum seed release in mid restricted to riparian areas protected by March. Seed is often produced in abundance inaccessibility and rockiness. Only 1,000 to (Coates 1991). When the capsules dry, seed is 2,000 plants remain, sometimes scattered in low released by explosively expelling seed 1 to 2 m numbers over large areas. Despite the ferocious away (see Coates 1991). spines of the species when mature, seedlings are highly palatable to native and introduced The longevity of rootstocks has been estimated animals, stock and insects, resulting in small to be at least 30 years though the individual over mature subpopulations. Because of this, shoots may be no more than 6 years old the species is subject to ongoing decline and is (Hall & Parsons 1987). Many Tasmanian also at risk from agricultural, irrigation and subpopulations of Discaria pubescens appear to power generation developments, roadside comprise only mature individuals with little or maintenance, chance events due to low no evidence of recruitment, suggesting that numbers and fragmentation, and impacts of conditions conducive to the establishment of climate change. Small occurrences would seedlings are infrequent, perhaps being due to benefit from periodic browsing protection to the palatability of seedlings prior to the provide opportunities for the recruitment of development of its protective spines. While the seedlings. species can resprout after damage, the species is usually found in places where the frequency IDENTIFICATION AND ECOLOGY and severity of fires has been reduced, suggesting that Discaria pubescens may be Discaria pubescens often occurs as scattered relatively intolerant of fire. individuals but can also occur in dense colonies under ideal conditions. Recruitment appears to be solely from seed. As the seed exhibits some Survey techniques dormancy mechanisms, with germination Surveys can be conducted at any time of the maximised in trials by cold stratification (Hall & year for this highly distinctive shrub. Parsons 1987, Coates 1991), this species is likely to form a soil-stored seed bank, the longevity of which is unknown. The thickened Description rootstock produces and replaces new shoots Discaria pubescens is a rigid, much-branched regularly and plants often produce horizontal spreading shrub that is typically 30 to 90 cm tall underground stems that can emerge up to and wide and occasionally up to 2.5 m tall. 40 cm away. However, these stems always Some occurrences on mainland Australia are remain attached to and dependant on the comprised of prostrate shrubs. The mature parent plant (Hall & Parsons 1987). The stems are hairless, dark green and smooth, the suggestion that the species can regenerate surface being almost waxy. They have the vegetatively by suckering (Coates 1991) may be appearance and flexibility of stiff plastic. The erroneous as excavations revealed that most tiny leaves are soon deciduous, giving the plant plants thought to be suckers were in fact a leafless appearance, although they may persist seedlings (Hall & Parsons 1987). on new growth. They are more or less oblong to 10 mm long and 3 mm wide, with minutely The development of flower buds begins in June toothed margins and an obtuse or mucronate until bud burst is initiated from October to mid apex within an apical notch. The surfaces are November, with the main flowering period glabrous or occasionally with a few hairs near from October to December (Coates 1991, the tip. The stipules are dark reddish-brown, 2 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Discaria pubescens (spiky anchorplant) about 1 mm long, often shallowly joined obscurely 5-angled. The fruit is a capsule that is around the node, and pubescent on the inner prominently 3-lobed and 4 to 5 mm in face. The plant is dominated by stout spreading diameter, with the valves separating spines. They are usually between 1.5 and 4 cm incompletely at maturity and splitting dorsally long, sometimes to 7 cm long, and are and medially. Each pod contains 1 to 3 ovoid, positioned on opposite sides of the stems at leathery, black-brown seed. regular intervals. The white to cream flowers [description from Curtis & Morris 1975, Walsh are solitary or occur in few-flowered clusters in 1999] the axils of small leaves at the base and on the underside of the spiny branches. The pedicels are 2 to 3 mm long. The sepals are somewhat Confusing species spreading, and 1 to 1.5 mm long, and the petals There are no confusing species, although, from are about 1 mm long. The stamens are sub a distance, shrubs of Discaria pubescens can look equal to and weakly hooded by the petals. The superficially similar to Melicytus dentatus (spiky style is minute. The disc-like receptacle violetbush) and Bursaria spinosa (prickly box), supporting the flower parts is prominent, and two species that co-occur at a few sites. Table 1. Population summary for Discaria pubescens NRM 1:25000 Year last Area Number of Subpopulation Tenure Region Mapsheet (first) seen occupied individuals 1 Fingal district unknown North Fingal 1931 presumed extinct Avoca 2 unknown North Hanleth 1891 presumed extinct (South Esk River) Cataract Gorge Launceston City 3 North Launceston early 1900s presumed extinct (First Basin) Council South Esk River 2003 4 (opposite private property North Prospect unknown 1 (pre 1858?) Hadspen) South Esk River 2001 5 private property North Longford unknown 2 (S of Perth) (pre 1900?) River Ouse 6 (W side just N of private property South Waddamana 1979 unknown unknown Waddamana) Waddamana 2009 7 private property South Waddamana 0.1 ha 6 powerline (2006) Bashan Ledge 8 private property South Waddamana 2007 1 ha 12 (near Waddamana) Bashan Ledge scattered 9 private property South Waddamana 2008 36 (south) over 60 ha Bashan Ledge 2009 scattered 10 private property South Waddamana 46 (Mushroom Hill) (2005) over 50 ha Bashan Plains 11 private property South Waddamana 2009 unknown 46 Rivulet 2005 12 River Ouse private property South Waddamana unknown 8+ (1981) roadside*/private Echo/ 2009 120+ 13 Bashan Road South along 6 km property Waddamana (1989) 100-1000 Waddamana roadside*/private 2003 14 Road (W of South Hermitage unknown 15-20 property (1989) Synnots Sugarloaf) 3 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Discaria pubescens (spiky anchorplant) NRM 1:25000 Year last Area Number of Subpopulation Tenure Region Mapsheet (first) seen occupied individuals River Ouse (W of 15 private property South Hermitage 1996? unknown unknown Carrot Hill) Lake Highway 16 roadside* South Hermitage 2008 unknown 1? (W of The Bitters) Shannon River 1998 17 (downstream of private property South Hermitage 0.001 ha 7 (1971) Hermitage) River Ouse 18 (junction with private property South Cluny 1991 unknown unknown No Tea Creek) 19 Fordell Creek private property South Dennistoun 2012 0.0015 ha 12 2007 20 Falls of Clyde private property South Cawood unknown unknown (1990) Grass Hut 21 private property South Cawood 1991 unknown unknown Rivulet West of Wrigleys 22 private property South Strickland 1991 0.0001ha 1 Flat 23 Langdons Creek private property South Montacute 2006 along 1 km 130 Langdons Creek 24 private property South Montacute 2006 0.5 km 11 (upper) Abyssinia Creek 25 private property South Kempton 2008 0.01 ha 14 (Sag Hill) Dew Rivulet 26 private property South Montacute 2006 unknown unknown (Boomer Tier) 27 Hamilton unknown South Hamilton pre-1930 unknown unknown Brighton to 28 private property South Broadmarsh pre-1900 presumed extinct Bagdad 29 Derwent River unknown South unknown pre 1810 presumed extinct 30 Browns River unknown South unknown pre 1858 presumed extinct Swanport or 31 unknown South unknown late 1800s presumed extinct Swansea area? NRM region = Natural Resource Management region * managed by Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources, Tasmania DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT southern Midlands. While Coates (1991) noted Discaria pubescens occurs in Tasmania, Victoria, that a dubious first record is from South Bruny New South Wales, A.C.T. and southern Island in 1802, may have been confused with Queensland. In Tasmania (Table 1, Figure 1), Bursaria spinosa , Hooker (1858) and Rodway the species is extant along a limited number of (1903) both cite locations such as Bagdad, major river systems (South Esk, Clyde, Ouse, Brighton, Swanport, Browns River and Perth, Derwent) in both lowland sites in the southern only some of which are supported by Midlands and the Launceston/Perth area, and herbarium specimens.
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