Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro's

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s Narrative [PP: 42-54] Safaa A. Nasser Department of English Literature, Faculty of Arts Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT Translating a literary text poses a challenging task for the translator due to the predominance of the expressive and aesthetic functions. To achieve a successful bilingual revision of the literary text, translators employ process operators. The Arabic translations of some of Alice Munro‟s short stories are used to exemplify various operations performed by translators during the transfer process. The principal impediments facing these processes include inter-lingual or intercultural inequality, translating Canadian culture-specific concepts or culturally-determined realia and allusions with foreign connotations. Various operators are utilized to locate culture-specific collocations for Canadian/Arabic community and to render the idiolect typifying characters, Excerpts are taken from some of Munro‟s narrative, including: Something I’ve Been Meaning to Tell You, Royal Beatings, Carried Away, Chaddeleys and Flemings, Meneseteung, Dulse, Labour Day Dinner and Turkey Season. An evaluation is offered of the stylistic adequacy, aesthetic or cultural acceptability, and verisimilitude, of these Arabic translations. Keywords: Translator Process Operators, Alice Munro, Intercultural Inequality, Foreign Connotations, Translation Shift ARTICLE The paper received on Reviewed on Accepted after revisions on INFO 18/01/2019 20/02/2019 05/04/2019 Suggested citation: Nasser. S. (2019). Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s Narrative. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 7(1). 42-54.

1. Introduction and an evaluation of the translators‟ process The paper examines some of Alice operators‟ success in producing the same or Munro‟s short stories and their Arabic similar effect on the TT readers as those translation from a Translation Studies point created by the original work on its readers. of view. The aim of the paper is to highlight An assessment of these Arabic translations‟ the translator process operators utilized, stylistic adequacy, aesthetic or cultural based on corpus, which are Munro‟s English acceptability, and verisimilitude, is offered, texts and the Arabic texts. The Arabic from the perspective of the functionalist translations of some of Alice Munro‟s short approaches, especially the Skopos theory. stories are used to exemplify various The author‟s findings as well as operations performed by translators during recommendations for future research are the transfer process. The principal finally submitted. impediments facing these processes include Literary texts, unlike pragmatic texts, interlingual or intercultural inequality, aim to be aesthetically appealing, to trouble translating Canadian culture-specific both sense and sensations, and to produce concepts or culturally-determined realia and catharsis. A literary or expressive text allows allusions with foreign connotations. readers an insight into the author‟s thought Excerpts are taken from some of Munro‟s and style. Expressive texts are characterized narrative, including: Something I’ve Been by leitmotivs, rhetorical devices and Meaning to Tell You, Royal Beatings, Wild figurative language. Literary texts display Swans, Chaddeleys and Flemings, many linguistic peculiarities, as well as Meneseteung, Dulse, and Turkey Season. social and cultural aspects of our lives. The paper scrutinizes the types of translation Literary texts are hyper-informative since shift and the principal process operators they have the capability to correlate with the such as strategies, procedures and methods reader‟s senses. The literary information utilized for the transmission of the meaning conveyed can either be objective (linguistic and form of the original text into the TL. and ecumenic information), or subjective There is critical comparison and analyses of information, which refers to the impact of some Arabic translations of Munro‟s works the text on the reader conditioned by the

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s … Safaa A. Nasser

author‟s personal implication as well as by according to Nida & Taber (1982), it is on the reader‟s personal experience and this level of the kernels that languages agree imagination. A good literary translation is “a most (P. 39). re-creation, not a reproduction” (Lattimore, It can thus be concluded that literary 1959:55). translation is a creative process and a special Translating a literary text where the type of bilingual revision of a literary text, expressive and aesthetic functions which involves many kinds of processing, predominate, and which focuses on the from comparative natural language author and his style, poses a problem for the processing to knowledge processing. Such translator. Newmark (1981) distinguishes process/revision needs special techniques primarily between two main types of and strategies that faithfully serve the translation; semantic translation, which original and at the same time stand as works “attempts to render, as closely as the of art within the linguistic and cultural semantic and syntactic structures of the context of the translation culture. These second language allow, the exact contextual procedures, such as transfer between meaning”, and communicative translation, languages, cultures and contexts, fidelity, which “attempts to produce on its readers an precision, inventiveness, require specific effect as close as possible to that obtained on skills that fall into the domain of stylistic the readers of the original” (P.39). Semantic and poetic creativity. With this background, translation is more writer-oriented and this study attempted to study some of Alice source-language-oriented. Munro‟s short stories and their Arabic The hyper-informativity of literary translation from a Translation Studies point texts raises problems when either their of view with the aim to highlight the verbal carriers do not functionally coincide translator process operators utilized, based in the source and target language or on corpus, which are Munro‟s English texts judgements themselves do not meet the and the Arabic texts. appropriate reaction, e.g. domestic and 2. Literature Review foreign perception of an event or 2.1 Literary Translation Operators: phenomenon may differ fundamentally, in Equivalence and Shifts: which case the emotive/evaluative message Equivalence is the relationship of the author is distorted or lost. There are between the source text and target text. numerous problematic factors involved in According to Nida “translating consists in translating a literary text, such as form, reproducing in the receptor language the meaning, style, proverbs and idioms. closest natural equivalent of the source Translating culture-specific concepts is one language message, first in terms of meaning of the most challenging tasks to be and secondly in terms of style” (1969: 12). performed by a translator. Nida‟s (1964a) theory differentiates between One of the troublesome problems of two types of equivalence: structural/ formal literary translation is the disparity among (rigid adherence to the form of the original languages, because languages are not language) equivalence and dynamic nomenclatures. Jacobson (1959/2012) (complete disregard for the form (not the explains that “languages differ essentially in message) of the original language) what they must convey and not in what they equivalence (P. 159). Equivalence at the may convey (P. 116). Kazakova found text level, as well as of the same effect, is literary translation to be “a covertly the translator‟s goal. regulated process, which is connected with a It should be noted that the concept of number of complications, i.e. personal equivalence is relative and translation loss is nature of texts under translation inevitable because of linguistic and cultural (authorship); unspecified audience; differences. Hence, the greater the linguistic interlingual and intercultural inequality” (P. and cultural distances between source and 2846). Other difficulties are the stylistic receptor codes, the more instances of (pragmatic, communicative) adequacy, defying equivalent rendering such as „false imagery, aesthetic or cultural acceptability friends‟. Other examples of elements of the and verisimilitude. One way of overcoming source message that are difficult to such complications, is to transfer the reproduce are puns, chiasmic orders of meaning of the source language into the words, instances of assonance, or acrostic target language at the underlying level rather features of line-initial sounds. Henceforth, than the more elaborate expressive the code-units will necessarily be different structures. Nida tagged this level “the kernel since they belong to two different sign level of structure” (1969 39), since systems (languages).

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019 Page | 43

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019

Even though human cognitive revision of the literary text. These experience is universal and conveyable in overlapping and interrelated operators are any existing language, linguistic relativity or the most important tools for the transmission determinism claims that differences in of the meaning and form of the ST into the languages shape different conceptualizations TT. of the world. Hence, there is bound to be 2.2 Translation Procedures cross-linguistic differences between source Translation procedures are methods and target texts. This is especially true when applied by translators to formulate an dealing with literary texts and sophisticated equivalence to transfer elements of meaning structures of hyper-information. In such from the ST to the TT. Vinay and Darbelnet cases, the translator needs effective (1977) define translation procedures as “all strategies of bilingual information those processes that come into play when processing to overcome such obstacles, as shifting between two languages” (50). They inter-lingual or intercultural inequality, and offer one of the leading taxonomies interpersonal discrepancies. categorizing translation procedures. Two Shifts: methods, covering seven procedures, are A shift is any linguistic change named: affected by translators during the translation 1. Direct translation, which covers process. Catford (1965) defines shifts as borrowing, calque and literal translation, and “departures from formal correspondence in 2. Oblique translation, which is the process of going from the SL to the TL‟ transposition, modulation, equivalence and (P.79). Shifts can either be structural adaptation. (grammatical), class (unit), or intra-system These procedures are applied on three levels shifts (Hassan, 2014). They can be a of language: departure from syntactic norms or word i. the lexicon. ii. the grammatical structures, order. and iii. the „message‟, which is used to refer While Klaudy (2003) terms such to the situational utterance and some of the changes or shifts, transfer operation, Nida higher text elements. labels adjustment certain changes that are Other authors have reformulated and added prompted by the different semantic setup of new procedures or broken down the ones the source and the target languages. into distinct subcategories.i Both Nida According to Nida (1964b), “A translation (1964), as well Newmark (1988b) give a which aims at dynamic equivalence thorough depiction of translation procedures. inevitably involves a number of formal To sum up, here is a list of the principal adjustments, in general, this limitation procedures, along with a concise involves three principal areas: (1) special explanation: literary forms, (2) semantically exocentric 1. Adaptation: is used in cases of cultural expressions, and (3) intra-organismic gap, in which the type of situation being meanings” (P. 139). Nida is referring to referred to by the SL message is unknown in these techniques that aim to „produce correct the target culture and translators create a equivalents‟, and whose function is to (1) “situational equivalence” (Vinay and allow for adjusting the form the message Darbelnet (1977: 52-53) by „domesticating‟ takes to the structural requirements of the the cultural terms. receptor language; (2) produce semantically 2. Loan, borrowing or transference: taking a equivalent structures; (3) provide word or expression straight from another stylistically appropriate equivalents; and (4) language, without translation. The procedure allow for a communicative equivalence. is normally used when a term does not exist In this paper, these techniques of in the TC, or when the translator tries to get adjustment will be referred to as translation some stylistic or exotic effect. It can be Closely . رؼش٠ت,”process operators. This means all the “pure”, or “naturalized procedural knowledge, conscious or related to it is transliteration or transcription. unconscious, automatic or controlled, 3. Calque: preserving a foreign word or heuristic or algorithmic, that makes up the phrase intact, through a literal translation. transfer process occurring during translation. 4. Compression / reduction / condensation / „Procedures‟, „techniques‟, „strategies‟, omission/ concentration, resulting in „transfer processes‟, „methods‟, are some of concision and economy. the most common terms used to refer to this 5. Compensation, loss and gain; used to more general notion of „translator operative compensate for a semantic by adding a knowledge‟, and which are employed by suitable element. translators to achieve a successful bilingual

Cite this article as: Nasser. S. (2019). Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s Narrative. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies. 7(1). 42-54. Page | 44

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s … Safaa A. Nasser

6. Description, /explication/ paraphrase/ Translating realia or cultural terms amplification/ illustration. involves numerous problems, especially 7. Equivalence: used to produce equivalent when there is a lack of equivalence between idioms and formulaic language, by using two languages and cultures. When cultural completely different stylistic or structural differences exist between the two languages, methods. it is extremely difficult to achieve a 8. Generalization: using hypernyms or more successful transfer. The translator can have general or neutral terms. recourse to several devices for solving the 10. Literal translation, or word by word: problem of bridging the gap across cultures, transferring SL, without regard to providing that s/he is culturally aware of connotative or contextual meaning. those differences. The principal 11. Modulation: using a phrase that is procedures, techniques or strategies that can different in the SL and TL to convey the be used to deal with realia are, as proposed same idea. There is usually a change in the by such theorists as Graedler (3) and Harvey point of view, focus, perspective or category (2-6) are: transcription or borrowing, of thought in relation to the SL neologism or coining a new word- 12. Particularisation or using hyponyms in adaptation, explanation, literal translation or TT. preserving the SL realia term intact, 13. Substitution (linguistic-paralinguistic- relevance or functional equivalence, cultural). conceptual differences in a footnote or in the 14. Transposition: changing a grammatical text itself, and descriptive through generic category or replacing one part of the speech terms or self-explanatory translation. for another, without changing the meaning Strategies: of the message. A translation strategy is defined as a 15. Variation: changing several linguistic “translator's potentially conscious plans for aspects, such as tone, style, social dialect, solving concrete translation problems in the register, or geographical dialect. framework of a concrete translation task” Other Process Operators include: (Krings, 1986: 268). Strategic competence is - Neologism and circumlocutions. the translator‟s way of approaching the task - De-nominalization and recasting and ability to exercise conscious control - Translation by an unusual collocation. over linguistic, cultural, field, and - Componential analysis. instrumental knowledge, to pinpoint and - Exoticism: tantamount to literal translation, overcome challenges and problems and to and involves no cultural transposition compensate any losses of information. - Use of footnotes, endnotes, glosses, Unlike translation procedures which are translator's notes and other explicit used for sentences and smaller units of explanations. language within that text, a strategy is the - Stimulated familiarity or internal marking, translators‟ global approach or plan of action or, the addition of intra-allusive allusion on a given text, according to their intention. - Re-creation, using a fusion of techniques: Ordudari (2007) considers cultural and creative construction with hints at the historical allusions, as one of the most connotations of the allusion. troublesome domains in the translation since 2.3 Translating Culture-Specific Concepts they have connotations and implications in or Realia: the SL and the foreign culture nonexistent in Language is an expression of the the TL and the domestic culture. Appearing speakers‟ culture and individuality. Realia is abundantly in literary translations, allusions defined as the terms which "refer to “are part of the prior cultural knowledge concepts, institutions and personnel which taken for granted by the author writing for a are specific to the SL culture" (Graedler 2). predominantly Moslem Arab [SL] audience” These refer to objects, customs, habits, and (Albakry (2004). Various strategies opted other cultural and material aspects that have for by translators play a crucial role in the an impact in shaping a certain language. recognition and perception of connotations Examples of Realia: carried by them. Among these are the Ecology- material culture-social following nine strategies: culture–organizations-activities-procedures- i. Use of a standard translation, ii. Literal gestures-environment- behaviour– translation, without regard to connotative or capabilities –social values -hierarchy- contextual meaning, iii. Extra allusive identity-heritage- religious beliefs, historical guidance added in the text, iv. The use of events, characters, festivities, folklore, and footnotes, endnotes, translator's notes and conventions. other explicit explanations not supplied in

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019 Page | 45

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019 the text but explicitly given as additional The main criterion in measuring information, v. Stimulated familiarity or translation success is its ability to produce internal marking, that is, the addition of the closest natural equivalent to the ST. To intra-allusive allusion, vi. Replacement by a achieve this goal, operators should be TL item, vii. Reduction of the allusion to utilized in a manner that: (a) makes sense, sense by rephrasing, viii. Re-creation, using (b) conveys the “manner and spirit” a fusion of techniques: creative construction (Campbell, 1789: 445 ff ), or atmosphere of of a passage which hints at the connotations the ST, (c) expresses meaning naturally and of the allusion or other special effects easily and (d) generates as similar response created by it, ix. Omission of the allusion. as possible. (Leppihalme (1997: 82) Additional accessories that might add Regarding Realia, a translator can to the successful utilization of the operators either adopt a biased /helper strategy, are: transferring the ST original ideas along whereby the reader is protected from the with their structural and cultural features, interlingual and intercultural complications, producing a fluent and idiomatic TT, or an enlightener-strategy, whereby the conveying the literary subtleties of the reader is educated and supplied with original, and reconstructing the stylistic additional information. Some of the helper- structures and the cultural/historical context strategies are using more analogues or of the original text. A successful strategy for descriptions rather than transliterations (in translating an allusion is one that does not the case of realia, making the syntax more sacrifice or minimize its in favor of comfortable for the reader; withdrawing preserving graphical or lexical forms of some seemingly unintelligible or too specific source language. In other words, a units or formulations from the text). strategically competent translator should not Foreignization versus Domestication: deprive the TL reader of enjoying, or even Two basic translation strategies that recognizing, the full effect of allusions either have a strong bearing on our examined in the name of fidelity or brevity. corpus are foreignization and domestication, 2.5 Functionality (Skopos) Domestication is reader-centered and TL No evaluation of the success of culture-oriented, while foreignization is operators is complete without considering author-centered and SL culture-oriented. the Functionalist (Skopos) aspect, since the The former centers around nationalism, ultimate purpose of the translation, in terms converting outlook of SL values to that of of its impact upon its intended audience, is a TL. Foreignizing or exoticizing translation fundamental factor. This reason underlies retains the source culture setting of the story Forster‟s (1958) definition of a good to create the impression of strangeness or translation as “one which fulfills the same cultural distance. People who advocate purpose in the new language as the original foreignization believe that, as a means of did in the language in which it was written” cultural communication, translation should (P. 6). Functionalists such as Reiss (1980), introduce foreign culture and exoticness to Reiss and Vermeer (1984), Chesterman readers. On the contrary, people who prefer (2010) and Nord (1997), relate the success domestication argue that translation should of the product of a translation process to its help overcome not only language barrier, but achievement of the intended communicative also cultural conflict. Those who attack function and the target context. Their domestication argue that it would neglect the notions of text types and of the Skopos foreign reality, remove the character of a could be useful for understanding translation foreign nation, assimilate it and as a result scope, objectives and localization (Dunne & distort it. Dunne, 2011). Nord also surmises that the Whether to use foreignizing or purpose or function of a translation domesticating strategy depends on different determines the methods and strategies to be factors such as the importance and the applied (1991)ii. In her article, Calvo contextual factors of the SL text, the examines the possible connection between consideration of referential accuracy, the functionalist theories of translation and reader's acceptability and the "pragmatic actual operating procedures within the economy" (Newmark,1988 110). Hence, translation industry. Calvo (2015) also both strategies are justified if used in looks at possible relationships between the suitable situations from the perspective of main concepts underlying these functionalist the functionalist theory. theories and real-life translation processes 2.4 Translation Process Operators’ Success and standards (PP:18-19). Criteria:

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s … Safaa A. Nasser

According to the Skopos theory, the carried out; and an evaluation of the findings operators to be adopted in translation must is presented. be compatible with the purpose the initiator The goal of this exploratory study is to or translator intends to fulfill. The adequacy structure and identify the translation of translation should be the translation operators that ensure the optimal transfer criterion, and the translated version should and most natural equivalent translation of be adequate to its Skopos. literary texts. with the minimal translation 2.6 Research Questions loss or deficiency. The aim is to investigate Some of the questions investigated by the effectiveness of these operators, and to this study are: reach a conclusion of whether to defend or What are the common problems hindering to alter the currently used translation literary translation, and how interlanguage operators practices. constraints impact translating culturally- 4. Analysis and Discussion: loaded, literary texts? After discussing transfer operations Which operators work best to produce and process operators, the taxonomy of literary translations that faithfully serve the which provides the theoretical foundations, a original within the linguistic and cultural detailed analysis of some of the translation context of the translation? of Alice Munro‟s works provide examples. How to define translation process quality The analysis of our corpus is divided criteria? into three stages: 1)pinpointing of translation Do cultural familiarity and cultural schemata process operators, 2) identification of the enhance translation of literary texts? functions of these operators and 3) Were the operators selected by the evaluation of these operators. translators successful in producing a faithful, 4.1 Translation Process Operators in the effective and accurate Arabic representation Arabic translation of Munro’s Stories of Munro‟s texts? In this section, there is a comparison Is there a connection between functionalist of the ST and TT, to explore what kinds of theories of translation and actual operating translations shifts are affected in the target procedures and real-life translation text, and to reveal the type of process processes and standards? operators utilized in the target text. The Which is more important from the category and function of the process functionalist perspective: effectiveness or operator are identified, and explanation is equivalence? given of the examples in the ST and TT. The 3. Methodology & Material: role these process operators have in The researcher adopted the combined reproducing certain pragmatic aspects of the paradigm or mixed research approach. source text, will be explained. There is Primary and secondary data collection emphasis on how culture-specific realia are methods have been used for this text-based, treated in the text, how the short story descriptive and comparative study. Various specific vocabulary (if any) is translated and sources have supplied the material, such as how idiolect typifying characters. The use of collected scholarly literary manuscripts, descriptive contrastive linguistic analysis multi-lingual reference books, journals and sheds light on the operators used. The articles. Electronic sources such as online comparison of the features of both languages scholarly journal articles, websites and takes account of socio-cultural factors and interviews were also used. the extra-textual and inter-textual factors. 3.1. Approach & Procedure 1. Something I’ve Been Meaning to Tell You عش The procedure adopted is quantitative (Munro, 1996: 61) (Shaikhoon, 2014:11 ( ٠إسلand qualitative analysis. Descriptive data ٟٕ analysis consists of the selection and The Arabic translator resorted to a discussion of theoretical and descriptive total exchange of meaning, whereby the TT material. First, a corpus of materials (Alice phrasing is entirely different from the ST Munro‟s short stories, and their Arabic phrasing. Despite the fact that the translations) was compiled. Comparison of translator‟s use of modulation is the texts aids in the investigation of the inexplicable, there is, nevertheless, a logical research questions. The approach of this connection of meanings between the two theoretical study is critical, literature-based, phrasings. Both portray two different partly contrastive and partly text -linguistic. perspectives of the same reality described. The conclusions are built on the analysis of Back translation: “A secret that is keeping the data. a critical review of relevant studies me awake”.. The accurate Arabic translation .شٟء وٕذ أٞٛٔ اْ أخجشن ثٗ :is

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019 Page | 47

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019

2. Royal Beatings (Munro, 1996:119) the contrast between lavishness and austerity. The Arabic translator employed ظشة (Abdel Sadek and Al Reedi, 2014a: 9) modulation of the source text, sacrificing the ٍِىٟ In "Royal Beatings," the word "royal" effect initiated by the allusion. Modulation has the connotation of first-rate, or the best. and compensation were used due to the In the Oxford English Dictionary, royal is inadequacy of conventional Arabic defined as "splendid". When used as a terminology to affect the same comic modifier or intensifier with ironic force in suggestion of their corpulence. English, as in "royal pain," the word "royal" Back translation: “Maids was too fine a term means something more intense. The Arabic to ever describe them”, failed to convey the translator opted for a literal translation, or rich connotations and implications in the calque, in lieu of offering an equivalent original. A better choice would have been Arabic modifier, for example: forceful re-creating the passage in a way that hints at beatings. It should be noted, however, that the connotations of the original allusion. choosing the most direct literal translation of 6. Dulse, Maritimes, commune, Tin the title, eludes the symbolic use of the Woodman, Marble -Mouth (Munro, 1996) وٕبفخ اٌجحش, ِبس٠زب٠ّض وٛ١ِْٛ اٌحطبة royal beatings‟ to mean the brutal and„ اٌمصذ٠شٞ، اٌٍغبْ اٌفص١ح .merciless reality of life 3. took on trappings (Munro, 1996:119) (AlRoubi & Abdel Salam, 2014) ؼِ These examples demonstrate howجشحً ػّب (Abdel Sadek & Al Reedi, 2014: 9) .culture - specific realia are treated in the text رٛحٟ ثٗ ٘زٖ اٌىٍّخ” The translator opted for a more Cultural phenomena may necessitate some neutral and less expressive word, toning adjustments in the TT. The title of story, down the lush connotations of “trappings” Dulse is translated by using cultural which is meant to evoke caparison, substitution, or domestication, whereby an ornamental or sumptuous image. Back Atlantic and Pacific Oceans realia, is translation: “expressive of what this word clarified and made easier for the ST reader inspires”. to visualize by using the more familiar 4. “Oh, help, the woman said, my daughter Arabic realia term (Kunafa). Adaptation is (granddaughter) is sick, please somebody similarly utilized in translating Marble- instead of using ، اٌٍغبْ اٌفص١ح help me get her off.” (Munro, 1996:143) Mouth as On the other hand, the . اٌفُ اٌشخبcalque : ِٟ رص١ح اٌّشأح ُِذ ١ػِخَ translator opted for loan or borrowing in the أْ اثٕزٙب )حف١ذرٙب( ِش٠عخ، ٚغبٌجخً اٌّغبػذح فٟ ئٔضاٌٙب and (ِبس٠زب٠ُ) ”cases of “Maritimes .ِٓ اٌّشوجخ and for calque in Tin ,.وAbdel Sadek & Al Reedi, 2014b: 73) „commune‟ ْٛ١ِٛ) The reason for . اٌحطبة اٌمصذ٠شHere is an example of transposition, Woodman ٞ where the first subtype is the transposition of electing these process operators is the reporting phrases. The ST applies direct nonexistence of an equivalent term in the speech with the reporting verb in the middle target culture, and that, being culture- of the speech. In contrast, the TT features specific realia necessitates providing indirect speech, with the reporting verb explanation and background information to before the reported part of speech. In achieve accuracy and to avoid loss of addition, there is omission in the TT, of information in the transfer process. interjections “Oh and help”, due to the lack 4.2 The Translation of Munro’s Turkey of equivalence in Arabic. There is also Season Demonstrates how Operators are narrowing and contraction of meaning, Employed to Render Idiolect Typifying where “please somebody help me” is Characters and Translate Exposing Social transferred simply to “asking assistance”. Differences 5. “maiden ladies, they were called. Old 7. I was a turkey gutter” (Munro, 1996: maids was too thin a term, it would not 273) (AlRoubi & Abdel Salam, وٕذ ِغئٌٛخ ػٓ اعزخشاج أحشبء دٛ٠ن اٌحجش (cover them.” (Munro, 1996: 412) 2014 : 87 The main operator used here is وٓ (AlRoubi & Abdel Salam, 2014: 17) expansion, description or diffusion, where ٛ٠صفٓ خؼ١ًّب ثبٛؼٌأظ. فمذ وبْ ٌمت آٔغبد أسق ِٓ أ َّْ the source term or expression turkey gutter ٠صفٙٓ أثذًا The first shift in this example is the is replaced by an explanation or description inversion of syntax in the first clause. There of its function. The procedure used here is is also the unnecessary addition in the TT of „descriptive equivalent” (Newmark 1988: .(ever". The most important 83 أثذًا all" and خؼ١ًّب“ shift, however, occurs in the puns on “thin” Back Translation: “I was responsible for and “covers”, intentionally used to connotate extracting turkey guts”.

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s … Safaa A. Nasser

8. “He and his son, Morgy, did the killing.” Ontario town turkey gutting business. An (Munro, 1996 273) obvious variation, however, occurred during (AlRoubi & Abdel Salam, 2014 201, 87) the transfer process. By raising the register, the translator changed the tone, style and وكبن مسئو ًال مع ابنه مورجي عه عملية الذبح This is an interesting example of social dialect. This is an erroneous choice adaptation or domestication. The translator since it foiled Munro‟s skilfully depicted here created a “situational equivalence” local color. Colloquialisms and low register (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1977: 52-53) to idioms would have been a better choice. bridge the cultural gap and to adapt the 11. “took it lying down”, “it was the kids translation to have a similar effect on the that ruled the roost” “His word was target reader by using the „Halal‟ law,”(Munro, 1996: 280) وبْ وٍّزٗ ع١ف “ .slaughtering term األثٕبء ُ٘ اٌّغ١طشٍٝػ ْٚ ِدشٜ األِٛس,“ ,“ ,All I could see when I closed my eyes“ .9 ”٠ٚشظ١ٓ ثبٌّٙبٔخ“, the first few nights after working there, was turkeys. I saw them hanging upside down, (AlRoubi & Abdel Salam, 2014: 95) plucked and stiffened, pale and cold, with To produce equivalent texts for these the heads and necks limp, the eyes and idioms and allusions, equivalence and nostrils clotted with dark blood; the modulation are applied where different remaining bits of feathers-those dark and stylistic or structural methods are used. bloody too- seemed to form a crown”. 12. “ We Three Kings‟? said Marjorie. “ We (Munro, 1996:273-4) Three Turkey Gutters‟?” I‟m Dreaming of a White“ وً ِب وٕذ أعزط١غ سؤ٠زٗ ػٕذِب أغّط ٟٕ١ػ — (Christmas.‟” (Munro, 1996:289 خالي ا١ٌٍبٌٟ اٌم١ٍٍخ األٍّٟػ ِٓ ٌٝٚ فٟ اٌحظ١شح — ٛ٘ لبٌذ ِبسخٛسٞ:”ٔحٓ اٌٍّٛن اٌثالثخ؟ ٔحٓ دٛ٠ن اٌحجش. وٕذ أسا٘ب ؼٍِمخ ِٓ أسخٍٙب، ِٕزٛفخ اٌش٠ش ِغزخشخبد أحشبء اٌحجش اٌثالثخ»؟ ِب سأ٠ىٓ فٟ أغ١ٕخ ِز١جغخ شبحجخ ثبسدح، ثشؤٚعٙب ٚسلبثٙب اٌّشرخ١خ ٙٔٛ١ػٚب “حٍُ ث١ؼذ ١ِالد ثٍدٟ؟ ِٕٚبخش٘ب اٌزٟ ٠ٍّإ٘ب اٌذَ األعٛد اٌّزدٚ .ػٍثذا اٌزخٍص A typical area where translators ِٓ ثمب٠ب اٌش٠ش — اٌغٛداء ٚاٌٍّطخخ ثبٌذِبء أ٠ ًعب — ٚ (AlRoubi & choose not to find culturally deeplyوأٔٗ أُ٘ اٌّشاحً ٍٝػ اإلغالق؛ Abdel Salam, 2014: 88) embedded Arabic equivalents is the The translator uses literal or close translation of song titles, since it is futile to translation to transfer the ST graphic find a descriptive counterpart. Hence, the description and realistic details. There is translator here settles for literal translation modulation and particularization in of the famous Christmas songs. ؼِ Meneseteung is an excellent example of howٍمخ translating “(H)anging upside down” as where more precise or concrete realia and proper names are handled during ,ِٓ أسخٍٙب terms are used. the transfer process. Back translation: hanging by their legs”. The Realia: Meneseteung abounds in Canadian final sentence, however, can be considered realia; ecological, geographical, historical a deviation or subversion of the ST, where and cultural. Munro‟s stories “are the meaning rendered in the TT is translations into the next-door language of completely unrelated to the ST. fiction of all those documentary details, Back translation: “Getting rid of the those dazzling textures and surface, of remaining bits of feathers… seemed to be remembered experiences” (Ross 112). the most important stage”. Examples of these „documentary details‟ of 10. A key sentence for the translation rural small-town south-western Ontario process, about identifying and maintaining markers are: the register is: “Language at the Turkey 14. “Swamp oaks, soft maples, tamarack, Barn was coarse and free” (Munro, 1996: butternut ( Munro, 1996: 498) (Canadian 282). Examples of this are: flora) أشدبس اٌجٍٛغ، )Ups-a-daisy.” “Don‟t you nick me, (Tantawy, 2014: 60“ .ٚاإلعفٕذاْ ا١ٌٍٕخ، ٚاٌزّشن، ٚاٌدٛصاٌُشاٌخبصخ ثبٌُغزٕمغ you old bugger!”, “Aren‟t you the old crap factory!” “Yeah, fuckin‟ boats, I got sick of bears, wolves, eagles, deer, waterfowl” that” (Munro, 1996). (Munro 1996: 292) (Canadian Fauna) اٌذثجخ، ٚاٌزئبة، (Tantawy, 2014:60) رٍه ”,”أٌُ رىٓ ِغزٛد ػًب ٌٍغبئػ ف١ّب ِعٝ؟ .ٚاؼٌمجبْ، ٚاٌغضالْ،ٚاٌطٛ١ساٌّبئ١خ ” ال ردشحٟٕ أٙ٠ب اٌشبرُّ ! ”اٌمٛاسة ا١ؼٌٍٕخ! ٌمذ عئّزٙب Fall Fair”, “Little jars of grape jelly will“ .15 ”١٘ب“ (AlRoubi & Abdel Salam, 2014). make fine Christmas presents” (Munro, Munro employs these expressive 1996) (habits , social culture /folklore) jargons to emphasize the specific vocabulary and idiolect typifying characters of the small

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019

ؼِ" I am still partly convinced that thisشض اٌخش٠ف"- "عزىْٛ اٌذٚاسق اٌصغ٠شح Tantawy, river … will provide whatever myths you)ِٓ خٍٟ١ اٌىشَ ٘ذا٠ب خ١ٍّخ ﰲ اٌىش٠غّبط" 2014: 66) want, whatever adventures. I name the 16. “Champlain at the Mouth of the plants, I name the fish, and every name Meneseteung” .. the explorer sailed down seems to me triumphant, every leaf and the eastern shore of Lake Huron and landed quick fish remarkably valuable (P: 33). at the mouth of the major river (Munro, In the story, Munro (1996) explains 1996: 494) (historical/geographical) the mythopoetic function of the river, hence emphasizing the mutual, inextricable bond "شبِج٠ٍٓ ػٕذ ِصت ٙٔش ١ِٕغ١زٛٔح": ... أثحش فٟ between landscape and textscape: “The اردبٖ اٌشبغئ اٌششلٟ ِٓ ثح١شح ٛ٘سٚ ْٚ ثٍغ ِصت .Tantawy, 2014: 75) name of the poem is the name of the river) إٌٙش اؼٌظ١ُ. 17.“The woodshed, the fence, the gate, the No, in fact it is the river, the Meneseteung, privy, the barn -…. Backyards, ..woodpiles, that is the poem” (P:511). The metaphoric patchy sheds,” (Munro 495) (ecological and image of the (river) flux represents the local color) physical, psychological, artistic experiences of the protagonist. An equivalence is set عم١فخاٌحطت، اٌغ١بج، اٌجٛاثبد،اٌحّبَ between the river and the protagonist and the اٌخبسخٟ،اإلعطجً أف١ٕخ خٍف١خ، ٚحجب ًي ﰲ غغ١ً، ٚأوٛاَ .Tantawy, 2014: 57) river is presented as a metaphor for the self)خشت، ٚعمبئف ِشلؼخ Names: When translating proper nouns, The river flow symbolizes the writing of a three options are offered: "either the name poem, as well as “Meda‟s menstrual flow” can be taken over unchanged from the ST to (Redekop, 1992: 222). The sound of menace the TT (exoticism), it can be adopted to that reflects the threatening ambiance conform to the phonic/graphic conventions surrounding Almeda is anther bond between of the TL (transliteration); or replaced by the Meneseteung River and the poet. indigenous TL names”. The naming process Another significant name in the story in Munro‟s narrative plays a pivotal role in is the nickname Meda, appearing in the the appreciation of the irreducible textual poem “Children at Their Games”. All three and linguistic dynamics of her stories. characters “Almeda Joynt Roth”, “Almeda Names are not only used for positioning Roth”, and “Meda” are one and the same. people or locations, they are “sites of Instead of using naming to create boundaries negotiation for identity, and historical and or establish identity, Munro questions, cultural issues” (Francesconi & Higgins deconstructs, defers names and naming to 2010). Names are questioned as avoid fixing a conclusive identity aseptic performative and open textual units. Hence, for Almeda. most of the names used have various The symbolism of place in implications and symbolic references. "Meneseteung" is another important factor Initially, the name of the Meneseteung affecting the translation process. The house river is significant in this story. is a symbol of the past that the narrator is "Meneseteung" is the name of the river that trying to recover. It is important to examine Champlain is credited with exploring, and it how translation process handles this is also associated with the onset of the symbolism, and the impact of the shifts menses (menstrual flow). Since one can occurring during the transfer: neither find the name of the poetess Almeda 18. Almeda Roth was still living in the Roth in historical books, nor the house at the corner of Pearl and Dufferin Meneseteung river on Ontario maps, only a streets (Munro, 1996:495) وبٔذ ا١ٌّذا سٚس الرضاي ر١ؼش ﰲ إٌّضي philological analysis of these two names can ,Tantawy)اٌٛالغ ٍٝػ ٔبص١خ شبسٞػ ث١شي ٚدٚفش٠ٓ be adopted. One source states that Meneseteung is the Chippewa term for the 2014:58) Maitland River, and it means “laughing The house‟s location has a strong water”. Another document quotes the symbolic significance. The intersection Ojibway word “menesetung”, meaning where Father Roth (Wrath?) has built his “healing water”. Captivated by these layers house is the conjunction between the of signs, Munro negotiates the names, and respectable Dufferin Street, and the performs a naming process by recovering dissolute Pearl street of "the unrespectable the ancient, hidden name of the river, and undeserving poor" (Munro, 1996: 497). henceforth, making the Meneseteung river The use of literal translation or exoticism of and name occupy the textual as well as the street names here, where the names geographical ground. Munro (1974) transferred unchanged from the ST to the explained this naming process thus: TT, wastes much of the symbolic connotations; for example, of the Freudian

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s … Safaa A. Nasser

ٚ), of Roth = of the SL, as for examples when adoptingصٍخ-لشْ = "intersection ("Joynt Glossing or the foreignizing strategy, and retaining the .ٌإٌإ = and Pearl ) )غعت( wrath adding footnotes or endnotes with explicit Canadian linguistic and cultural flavor, explanations would have enhanced and hence signifying “ the linguistic and cultural highlighted the symbolic references. difference of the foreign text” (Venuti, 2000: 19. Almeda Roth‟s house faces on Dufferin 23). Street, which is a street of considerable In other instances, the translators were respectability. … but Pearl street, which her unsuccessful in applying the pertinent back windows overlook, and her back gate operators, hence failing to render the exact opens to, is another story (Munro , 1991: contextual meaning and distorting the 497). nuances of meaning. The examples of deviations from the source text, when the ٛ٠اخٗ ِٕضي أ١ٌّذا سٚس شبسع دٚفش٠ٓ، ٛ٘ٚ effects of allusions were sacrificed or شبسع ساق ٌىٓ شبسع ث١شي، اٌزٞ رطً ١ٍػٗ ٛٔافز٘ب minimized, are considered marks of اٌخٍف١خ ٚرفزح اٌجٛاثخ اٌخٍف١خ ٌٍّٕضي ١ٍػٗ، ,ineptitude. The use of localization ٠خزٍف رّبِا (Tantawy,2014: 60) The translator of Meneseteung hypernyms, hyponyms, transposition, adopted a foreignizing strategy to emphasize modulations and register-alteration were an and intensify the “Canadianness” (Munro, unwelcome interference of the translator into Tantawy,2014: 59) the impact of the text on the reader and) اٍطبثغاٌىٕذٞ) (494 :1996 of the story. This is evident in the deviation from the SL cultural term. They preserving of the lexical and structural word are taken as an act of subversion against the or phrase intact, as for example the literal culture and reality, and lead to a change of translation of common collocations, of realia emotive or evaluative colouring of the and names of streets. Foreignizing or information. By sacrificing faithfulness, exoticizing translation retains the source accuracy and expressiveness, the operators culture setting of the story. This strategy used, in these specific contexts, failed in succeeded in maintaining the story‟s bona producing an equivalent impact or response fide Canadian reality and character. as the reader of the original, which renders Attempting to domesticate, adapt or them inadequate and unsuccessful from the „Egyptianize‟ the story would have distorted „Skopos‟ perspective. this reality and character. 6. Conclusion and Implications Quality Assessment The study commenced by identifying Evaluating and assessing the quality of types of translation shift and a survey of the a literary text is complex since literary texts principal process operators utilized for the responds to a specific and unique Skopos. transmission of the meaning and form of the Measuring literary translation quality original text into the target language. There requires a distinctive yardstick, that has is critical comparison and analyses of some hermeneutical implications for the concepts Arabic translations of Munro‟s works and an of equivalence and quality, bearing in mind evaluation of the translators‟ process that the translation‟s Skopos and function(s) operators‟ success. The conclusion reached may differ from those of the source text, from this assessment is that the success of particularly when there is a lack of cultural the process operators in translating literary equivalence between the source and the texts is interconnected with the Skopos, the target contexts. local colour, the scope and depends on 5. Findings & Evaluation: maintaining the specific expected level of A final evaluation of the offered literality or creativity. With literary texts, examples of the Arabic translation of the purpose, which is producing the same or Munro‟s stories demonstrate a plethora of similar effect on the TT readers as those relevant inconsistencies. The translators created by the ST on its readers, precedes were successful in the instance when the equivalence as the factor determining appropriate translation process operators translation methods and strategies as well as were utilized to decode the original determines translation processes and quality. (English) semantic signs and then recoded As the study concludes, the researcher into the target receiver‟s language (Arabic), deems it still a work in progress. The when the „recoding‟ was faithful to the reflections offered pave the way for future matter, approximated the form of the research focused on subordinating factors in original; as well as possessed a life of its literary translation process and quality own. This is evident in the examples when assurance systems. Ideas addressed could the translators reflected and exploited the also help integrate theory and practice. total idiomatic capacities and special genius 6.1 Recommendations and Future Research:

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019 Page | 51

International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019

اٌجدغ .(It is difficult to gauge the appropriacy Abdel Sadek, A. & Al Reedi, S. T (2014b The] اٌّزغٌٛخWild Swans]. In] اٌجشof choosing a specific process operator in a ٞ specific context, mainly due to the lack of Beggar]. Cairo: Hindawi Foundation for contextualized, homogenised and objectified Education and Culture 73-84. standard criteria. It is infeasible to apply Albakry, M. (2004). Linguistic and cultural issues in literary translation. Retrieved national and international translation from standard reference norms and certifications http://accurapid.com/journal/29liter.html اي .(provided by standard-setting bodies, such as AlRoubi, A.M. & Abdel Salam, M. (2014 [Chaddeleys and Flemings]شبدٚ ٌٟ اي فٍّٕح EN 15038 (European Committee for :Moons of Jupiter]. Cairo] ألّبس اٌّشزشStandardization, 2006), or the ISO 17100 in ٜ (International Organization for : Hindawi Foundation for Education and Standardization, 2015) when translating Culture, 17-52. وٕبفخ .(literary texts. AlRoubi, A.M. & Abdel Salam, M. (2014 Moons of] ألّبس اٌّشزشDulse]. Inٜ] اٌجحش The writer surmises that, for the sake of effectiveness, specifications should be Jupiter] Cairo: : Hindawi Foundation for developed coherently and globally, Education and Culture, 53-76. AlRoubi, A.M. & Abdel Salam, M. (2014). encompassing linguistic, technological, ألّبس ِٛ [Turkey Season]. Inعُ اٌحجش :Moons of Jupiter]. Cairo] اٌّشزشterminological, functional considerations ٜ and taking into account the impositions and Hindawi Foundation for Education and functional constraints. Generating a standard Culture, 77-92. schema for literary translation will help Bánhegyi, M. (2015). Translation Shifts and overcome interlanguage constraints that Translation Strategies in the Hungarian hinder an effective translation of culturally Translation of Alice Munro‟s “Boys and loaded literary texts. Specifications can Girls”. In: Károly Krisztina és Fóris have a positive impact on the workflows, Ágota (eds.) A fordítás titkos ösvényein: quality of the translation and the translator‟s Doktori kutatások Klaudy Kinga productivity. It will also provide framework tiszteletére (Central European Journal of Canadian studies), 8:II, 113–131. for future endeavours. Calvo, E. (2015). Scaffolding translation skills It is recommended to design consistent through situated training approaches. The and efficient multi-layered system of global, Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 9(3). function-oriented quality regulating Retrieved from standards/ specifications. These translation http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1 industry normalization instruments will be 080/1750399X.2015.1103107 based on functionalist concepts as well as Calvo, E. (2018). From translation briefs to the cultural familiarity and cultural quality standards: Functionalist theories schemata. These specifications will take into in today‟s translation processes. The account such highly important factors such International Journal for Translation & as: style guides, language choice, Interpreting Research, 10:1, 18-32. Campbell, G. (1789). The Four Gospels (vol.1). terminology, register glossaries, translation London: Strahan and Cadell. memories. For complex ST that require Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory Of multi-layered information, the writer agrees Translation An Essay in Applied with Esselink‟s proposal of preparing what Linguistics. Oxford University Press. iii he coins: “translation kit” (Esselink, 2002) Chesterman, A. & Wagner, E. (2002). Can , that include helpful and value-added theory help translators? Manchester: St. services which address peripheral Jerome. translation-related services that require a Chesterman, A. & Wagner, E. (2010). Skopos specific understanding of the desired Theory: A retrospective assessment. W. functionality for a specific text, such as, Kallmeyer et al. (eds.), Perspektiven auf internationalization, transcreation, Kommunikation. Berlin: SAXA. 209-225. Deusle, J. (2012) [PDF file]. globalization, post-editing, subtitling and https://www.uv.es/tronch/Tra/Translation back-translation, text revision and Procedures.pdf language/culture consultancy. Dunne, K., & Dunne, E. (2011). Translation and localization project management. References London: John Benjamins. Abdel Sadek, A. & Al Reedi, S. T. (2014a). European Committee for Standardization UNE-EN-15038: Servicios de .(2006) اٌّزغٌٛخ Royal Beating]. In] ظشة ٍِىٟ [The Beggar] Cairo: : Hindawi traducción. Brussels: CEN. Foundation for Education and Culture, 9- Esselink, B. (2002). Localization engineering: 34. the dream job? Traducció i Tecnologies de la Informació i la Comunicació (1)

Translation Process Operators in the Arabic Translation of Alice Munro‟s … Safaa A. Nasser

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies (www.eltsjournal.org) ISSN:2308-5460 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 January-March, 2019

Reiß, K., & Vermeer, H. J. ([1984] 2013). Towards a general theory of translational action. Manchester: St. Jerome. Ross, C. S. (1992). Alice Munro : A Double Life. Toronto: ECW Press. A Secret] عش ٠إسلShaikhoon, M. A. (2014). ٟٕ that is Bothering me]. Cairo: Hindawi Foundation for Education and Culture, 11-32. .[Meneseteung] ِٕٕغزٛٔح .(Tantawy, M. S. (2014 :Friend of my Youth] Cairo] صذ٠ك شجبثIn ٟ Hindawi Foundation for Education and Culture, 55-76. Venuti, L. (ed. (2000). The Translation Studies Reader. London & New York: Routledge. Vinay, J. P. & and Darbelnet, J. (1977 [1958]). Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais. Méthode de traduction . París: Didier.

i For additional taxonomy and reformulations see: Vázquez Ayora (251-383), Hurtado (36-37), Harvey (2-6), Graedler (3) and Mur Duenas (74-79) . ii For the Functionalist proposed theoretical hypotheses summarising the main functionalist assumptions,see Reiss and Vermeer (1978; 1996; 2004), Nord (1991; 2012 iii Also referred to as localization kit or lockit and described by authors like Roturier (2015) or De la Cova (2016