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DOJ Report – Outaouais Report A Historical Profile of Mixed European-Indian Communities in the Outaouais Region R FURTHER DISSEMINATION DRAFT DISCUSSION – NOT FO DISCUSSION DRAFT Draft Report Draft Report – Outaouais Region (4500049335) February 1, 2005 The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Justice Canada. R FURTHER DISSEMINATION DRAFT DISCUSSION – NOT FO 2 DRAFT DISCUSSION – NOT FOR FURTHER DISSEMINATION Draft Report – Outaouais Region (4500049335) TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 14 A. Glossary of ethnic nomenclature used in the study............................................................................. 14 B. Sources and methodologies ................................................................................................................. 16 B.1 Questions on effective Euro-Canadian control over the region...................................................16 B.2 Questions on ethnogenesis and distinct culture ...........................................................................18 B.2.1 Demographic sources........................................................................................................ 19 B.2.2 Narrative sources .............................................................................................................. 19 C. Overview of sources and the research approach with respect to ethnogenesis and distinct culture .... 25 SSEMINATION D. The historical summary....................................................................................................................... 26 1. INDICATORS OF EFFECTIVE EURO-CANADIAN CONTROL OVER THE REGION.27 1.1 First contacts to late 18th century ...................................................................................................... 27 1.1.1 Indian groups in the region at the time of the first contacts ......................................................27 1.1.2 The early fur trade and the first Europeans in the Outaouais ....................................................30 R FURTHER DI 1.1.3 Reorganization of the fur trade..................................................................................................33 1.1.4 Missions ....................................................................................................................................34 1.1.5 Indian groups present at the turn of the 19th century ................................................................36 1.2 The Gatineau valley in the 19th and 20th centuries ........................................................................... 38 1.2.1 Exploitation of resources, colonization and establishment of infrastructures ...........................38 1.2.1.1 Opening up the land........................................................................................................ 38 1.2.1.1.1 Philemon Wright.................................................................................................39 1.2.1.1.2 Timber ................................................................................................................40 1.2.1.1.3 Mining ................................................................................................................55 1.2.1.1.4 Fur......................................................................................................................56 1.2.1.2 Division and occupation of the land ............................................................................... 57 1.2.1.2.1 Establishment of Euro-Canadian villages in the Gatineau valley......................57 DRAFT DISCUSSION – NOT FO – NOT DRAFT DISCUSSION 1.2.1.2.2 Administrative boundaries..................................................................................61 1.2.1.2.3 Electoral boundaries ..........................................................................................65 1.2.1.2.4 Religious boundaries..........................................................................................66 1.2.1.3 Church and State in the Gatineau valley......................................................................... 67 4 Draft Report – Outaouais Region (4500049335) 1.2.1.3.1 Protestants..........................................................................................................67 1.2.1.3.2 Catholics.............................................................................................................71 1.2.1.3.3 Public education.................................................................................................82 1.2.1.3.4 Law and order and dispute resolution................................................................84 1.2.1.3.5 Transportation and communication infrastructure ............................................86 2. POPULATION, BIOLOGICAL MIXING AND CULTURAL MIXING.......................... 96 2.1 Indian or mixed-ancestry population according to demographic sources .......................................... 99 2.1.1 Statistical and nominal censuses ...............................................................................................99 2.1.1.1 General portrait in 1901................................................................................................100 2.1.1.2 Portrait by township...................................................................................................... 107 2.1.2 Acts of civil status...................................................................................................................111 2.2 Mixed-ancestry people according to narrative sources .................................................................... 113 SSEMINATION 2.2.1 References to mixed-ancestry families or individuals.............................................................117 2.2.2 Passages referring to mixed-ancestry groups ..........................................................................122 2.3 Findings on possible ethnogenesis of a mixed-ancestry group in the Gatineau valley .................... 125 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 127 A. Questions on Euro-Canadian control over the region..................................................................127 R FURTHER DI B. Questions on ethnogenesis and distinct culture ...........................................................................129 C. Discussion of avenues for future research ...................................................................................132 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................. 134 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... 134 LIST OF MAPS .................................................................................................... 134 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 135 DRAFT DISCUSSION – NOT FO – NOT DRAFT DISCUSSION 5 Draft Report – Outaouais Region (4500049335) Executive summary This report presents research done for a study of the historical profile of mixed- ancestry groups in the Outaouais region. It includes the study’s findings, a description of the sources and methodology used, as well as discussion of the findings and strategies for refining them. It also contains a bibliography of primary sources and secondary references used for the study in addition to a series of annexes containing copies of archival documents on which some of the findings were based. The report is divided into three main sections: an introduction, a presentation of the study findings in the form of a chronological and thematic history, and a section synthesizing the findings and discussing possible avenues for future research. The introduction is divided into three main parts. The first part is a glossary of SSEMINATION ethnic nomenclature, or ethnonyms, used in the study. This glossary gives the precise meaning of the terms used to designate the individuals and communities discussed in this study. It is essential to read the report with a precise understanding of the specific meaning of all the nomenclature given in the glossary. This is why the glossary has been placed at the beginning of the introduction. The second part presents the sources and methods used to analyse the research questions investigated in this study. This part of the introduction is further divided into two subsections, each looking at a different aspect of the R FURTHER DI political, administrative, religious, genealogical and cultural issues. One of these subsections discusses the sources and methods used to research Euro-Canadian control over the region, including the development of infrastructures for Euro- Canadian control over the region (surveying, establishment of missions, law and order, and so on). The study refers to these infrastructures as “indicators of effective Euro-Canadian control over the region.” The other subsection covers the sources and methods used to examine issues relating to ethnogenesis and distinct culture (identifying mixed-ancestry people in the region, determining their position within or outside of Euro-Canadian and Indian communities, and so on). Each of the sources and methods
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