Glossary 15 July 2020

Contents Words and phrases  20ti – twenty.

 Abortment – abortion, miscarriage. Introduction ...... 1  Ac – Latin, and.  Acalia – Althaea officinalis, marsh-mallows Words and phrases ...... 1 (see that entry). The Legal calendar ...... 34  Acetotus – Latin, acetose, Resembling or containing vinegar; sour or acidic like vinegar People named in the text ...... 36 (OED).  Ad consistentia – Latin, to the consistency.  Adder's tongue - any of various plants used to treat snakebites, or thought to resemble a Introduction snake's tongue (OED). This section includes words mentioned in the text, with  addita - Latin, additions.  Adops – not known. (hopefully) all the variant spellings. Search it by  Affodil - daffodil (the name was originally cutting and pasting the word from the text into the asphodelus or asphodel (OED). search-bar. Latin terms are in italics; words in bold are  After burden – afterbirth (OED). the modern spellings, where they exist. Sources, where  Agnus castus - The plant Vitex agnus-castus or needed, are given in brackets at the end of each entry. its flowers, leaves or seeds, originally to reduce sexual potency or desire, and later OED is the Oxford English Dictionary; this is mainly to treat menstrual and menopausal available online at www.oed.com, but for access, you symptoms (OED). Also called vitex, chaste need to be a subscriber, or belong to a library or tree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, lilac another institution that subscribes. The majority of chastetree, or monk's pepper (Wikipedia) public libraries in the UK do subscribe; if yours does  Agremony, agrimony, egrimoye, egrimonye, egrymonye, eyrimonye– Agrimonia eupatoria, not, urge them to do so. a herb with small, serrated pinnate leaves and spikes of yellow flowers commonly used in Where other sources are available online, a link has medicine (OED). been provided. Where they are available only in print,  Agricke, agarick, agaric, agarici - Latin, the surname of the author is given, with a page number agaricus, used for various bracket fungi, where available, and the relevant book or publication especially Fomitopsis officinalis; or a is listed in the separate Books and Sources document preparation of this (OED); Agaritive – not on this website. known but may relate to Agaric  Ague, agewe – fever; ague cake – either The meanings of many words have not been traced; we enlarged spleen, or an amulet or poultice would be very grateful if anyone who tracks one down placed on the affected part of a person’s body. would contact us (events@newcastle-  Albide – white (OED). antiquaries.org.uk) so that we can amend this  Albyan – not known.  Alder – the alder tree, Alnus glutinosa. The document. leaves and bark of this were used for many medicinal purposes (Wikipedia)  aleblaster – alabaster, ornamental stone consisting of a fine-grained, compact, translucent form of gypsum or calcite (OED).

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 Alecost, allecoste - Costmary, Tanacetum succulent shrubs or trees with bitter juice balsamita, an aromatic herb widely cultivated (OED); aloes epatyke, epatic, epaticum, or for medicinal use and for flavouring ale hepatica - a preparation from this, given both (OED). to horses and men; aloes cicatrina, socotrine,  Alembic, alembick, limbecke, limbeke, succotrine, or succatrina - a preparation from lymbecke, limbeck, limberke, a vessel for the the juice of the Aloe socotrina (or perryi), and distillation or extraction of essence; (OED). originally obtained from the island of Socotra See Wikipedia for an explanation of the (Goldstein. p. 63). See also entry for Lignum process. aloe.  Alepacatrina, aleone palicon – not known,  Alsa foetida, Asafoetida - a resinous gum with perhaps a patent medicine of the time. strong odour procured in central Asia from  Alexanders, saunders - A tall biennial plant, narthex asafoetida (OED). Smyrnium olusatrum, cultivated for use as a  Alsine meade – alternative name for herb or salad vegetable. Also called black chickweed, see that entry (Potter’s lovage, horse parsley, stanmarche, stanmarch Cyclopaedia). (See separate entry for another meaning of  Alum, alome, allome, allam, allan - An saunders). astringent mineral salt, typically occurring as  Aleyest, ale yeast - yeast produced in the colourless or whitish crystals. Sir Thomas brewing of ale (OED). Chaloner had begun to exploit the alum  Alhandal – a term used in Arabian pharmacy deposits at Guisborough in North Yorkshire for the purgative extract of colocynth. See that during Elizabeth’s reign; Allom Plomosum – entry (Wikipedia). alum crystals with a feathery appearance;  alias ibid – (Latin), another the same. alomed – having had alum applied; roch allam,  Alkanet, arkenet, alkennett, aconet, possibly roche allam, roche allome, roach allum - also organent - the plant Alkanna tinctoria, recrystallized alum (OED). whose roots yield a red dye (OED). Also  Ambergris, Ambergrease – A wax-like called Spanish bugloss and enchusa. substance of marbled ashy colour, found  Alkekenge – the red winter cherry or red floating in tropical seas, and as a secretion in nightshade (OED). the intestines of the sperm-whale (OED).  Alkermes - The dried bodies of scale insects  Ambrose, An English herb, possibly Wood found in the Mediterranean region on the Sage but also used for other plants. Also kermes oak; confection of alkermes - a sometimes called Ambrosia, the food of the medicinal preparation of these insects with Gods in Greek fables (OED). rose water, sugar, oil of cinnamon, and  Ana, often abbreviated to an – (Latin) of each, sometimes other ingredients; Alkermes root - an equal amount. the root of the kermes oak (OED).  Ancecoccum – unknown  Alle - ale  Anemoniarum – (Latin, genitive case)  Alleluia – the herb wood sorrel (OED). Anemones  Allicompain, allocompane, elacampane,  Angelica, angell, angellyca - an aromatic elecampaine, elecampayne, elecompane, umbelliferous plant native to northern and elecampane, elicompaine, ellicompaine, eastern Europe, Angelica archangelica (family elycompaine, elana campana, enula campana – Apiaceae), cultivated for its seeds and stems A perennial composite plant, also called (OED). Horse-heal or eldfdock (Inula Helenium), with  Angillparte, angleparte – possibly anglepod, very large yellow radiate flowers and bitter any of several plants (genus Gonolobus) that aromatic leaves and root (OED). have angled pods (as G. gonocarpos)  Alligant – alicant, a type of wine produced in (Merriam Webster) Alicante in eastern Spain (OED).  angiltothe, angletouche – not known, possibly  Allmayne, Almayne, Almaygne – Germany, earthworm German (OED).  Annisated - Annisated balsam of sulphur was  alloe – aloe, an aromatic of several South-East made by adding oil of aniseed to brimstone, Asian trees of genus Aquilaria, or any of boiled in oil, to be used for coughs. (Blaine) various plants in the tropical genus Aloe,  Annisseed, annys, annis seeds – aniseed 2 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Annyll – not known.  Asarabacca, asarabaucha - the herb asurum  Anphire – not known. europaeum, also known as wild spikenard,  a-nyghtes – at night (OED). (Wikipedia).  Apeganle, apegalle – sore (Norri)  Ashen keyes, ash-keys – the seeds of the ash-  apostolicon – a type of plaster (Norri) tree.  Appoponacye, appoponac, appoponake,  Aske, ask – need or require. opoponax, oppoponax, opobalsam - one of a  Asmay – asthma. number of gum resins traditionally considered  assaye, assay – test. to have medicinal properties. OR the plant  At twice - on two occasions (OED). Opopanax chironium, common name  Athanasya - (Greek) Deathlessness, Hercules-all-heal, also known as sweet myrrh immortality or bisabol myrrh (Wikipedia).  Aumber –may mean either ambergris (see  Approvedlye – probably ‘proven’. above), or amber, the fossilised resin from  aqua – (Latin) water; the word can also be prehistoric trees found on the shores of the used where we would use ‘juice’; aqua Baltic . There was confusion between the two benedicta – blessed water; aqua composita, at the time; Spiritt of Amber - a dibasic acid aquacomposita – compound water, a spirit obtained by the dry distillation of amber; distilled from wine to which herbs and spices amber orient – not known, but probably a resin have been added. (Norri); Aqua mirabilis, et or gum the colour of amber (OED). praetiosa – the miracle water, and precious  Avens, avans, avance (probably also Sweet  Aquavita, aquavite, aquavitie – aqua vitae, Evens) – Popular name of two species of the (Latin, water of life), a generic term for genus Geum (family Rosaceæ), the Wood distilled liquors but most usually in the 17th Avens or Herb Bennet (see that entry) (G. century refers specifically to brandy; by the urbanum), used medicinally and to give a 18th century may refer to a grain based spirit clove-like flavour to ale, and Water Avens ( G. (Wikipedia) rivale) (OED).  archangel, archangell – any of the herbs dead-  Ayre – air nettle (also called blind nettle or bline nettle),  Balme, balm, baume, bawme - An aromatic black stinking horehound, or angelica (OED) substance, consisting of resin mixed with  Aristolochia, aristrologia rotunda, probably volatile oils, exuding naturally from various also Aristolothia, a herb of the genus trees of the genus Balsamodendron, and much Aristolochia, (also called birthwort) (OED). prized for its fragrance and medicinal  Armhole – armpit (OED). properties. Also used more generally for any  Armoniacke, Armoniac, ammoniac, aromatic ointment for soothing pain or healing ammoniacum, hamoniacum, - gum armoniac, wounds; alternatively, the name of several a gum-resin with a peculiar smell and bitterish fragrant garden herbs; the chief are Balm taste, derived from the plant, Dorema Gentle or Balm Mint (Melissa officinalis) and ammoniacum. See also Bole Armoniac, and Bastard Balm (Melittis melissophyllum). Also Sel Amoniac. (OED). Field Balm (Calamintha Nepeta) (OED).  Aromatic rosati, Aromaticum rosatum – a  Balmemary, Balneo-maria, ballmio maria medicinal powder known in the seventeenth (Latin) - a water-bath (now called a bain- century, made of red roses and various other marie). One of the common ways of distilling ingredients (Wikipedia). a liquid was to put it in an alembic (see that  Arsemart, Arsesmarte - the herb arssmart, also entry) and sit it in a water-bath above a called water-pepper, coolorage, culerage, furnace; if the alembic was made of glass, it culrage - a herb, scientific name Polygonom was important that the water should not boil, (Persicaria) hydropiper. It caues blistering of because the glass would shatter. the skin (Springer).  Balsom, balsamum, possibly also bassam –  Artemisia, artemysta –– a tall perennial plant, balsam, balsamita major, an aromatic Artemisia vulgaris. Also known as Mugwort, resinous vegetable juice, ‘True balsam’ was a mugworte (OED). gold-coloured oleo-resin exuded from the tree Balsamodendron Gileadense, or perhaps B. Opobalsamum, much esteemed as an

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antiseptic and wound-healer (OED); Balsam of  Bennet –a type of fried pastry, probably Peru is derived from a tree known as derived from the French beignet. (For a Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, which different meaning, see Herb bennet). grows in Central and South America. It can  benumme – benumbed. cause allergic reactions and inflammation.  Beser, bezoar – a hard mass trapped in the (Wikipedia) intestinal system of a human or animal. They  Barberry – berries of the barberry tree, were believed to be of mineral origin, and to Berberis Vulgaris, (OED). act as antidotes to all poison (Wikipedia).  Bardols – not known  Bet – beat; bett – beaten.  Barme – barm, the froth that forms on the top  Betanye, Betyne, Bettanye, bittony (probably of fermenting liquid such as beer, wine, or also byttane) – Betony (Stachys officinalis) or feedstock for spirits. Used to leaven bread, or common hedgenettle, a perennial grassland to set up fermentation in a new batch of liquor. herb (Wikipedia); St. Paul's betony, Pauls (Wikipedia) See also entry for aleyest. Betony - a small species of Speedwell  Barrow, Barrowe, Barrowe Hogge– castrated (Veronica serpyllifolia); Water-betony - a boar (OED); Barrowes grease (also spelt figwort ( Scrophularia aquatica) having Barrow’s grease) – hog’s lard (Webster1828) crenate leaves (OED).  Basella – probably the herb basil  Betimes – in good time, early (Collins)  basilicon – an ointment used to treat wounds,  Bilders – a name given to various water plants or a medicinal water made with leaves and (OED). stalks of sweet basil (Norri).  Bile, byle – either the fluid secreted by the  bastard, barstarde - a sweet Spanish wine, liver, one of the four ‘humours’(see that resembling muscadel in flavour, sometimes entry), or boil. used for any sweetened wine (OED); or one of  Bishops’ Bible – an English translation of the several herbs, including bastard pellitory, and Bible, produced under authority of the two different herbs both known as bastard established Church of England in rhubarb (Culpepper). 1568 (Wikipedia).  bathfat – a bathtub, (Yaxley).  Black carrewe – probably the small black  baules – balls. seeds of the caraway plant (Culpepper).  Bay berry, bayberry – the fruit of the bay tree  Black sope – black soap, a soft soap made (OED); bayse, bayes – bay leaves from alkali and animal blubber or fish oil  Bay salt - Salt, obtained in large crystals by (OED). slow evaporation from sea-water by the sun's  Blamager, blamanger – blancmange heat (OED).  Blasteing - withering, shrivelling (OED).  Bayle, also spelt byle – a hoop or ring  Blayne, blain – inflammatory swelling or sore (Yaxley). (OED).  Bdellium, bdelium, possibly also boelium - a  Bloud – blood; bloudewarme – near blood- semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted heat (OED). from Commiphora wightii and from  Bloudworte, blood-wort – any of various Commiphora africana trees growing in plants with red roots or foliage used to staunch Ethiopia, Eritrea and sub-saharan Africa. bleeding (OED). (Wikipedia).  bolarm - possibly an abbreviation of bole  Beane flower water – the distilled water of armoniac (see that entry) bean flowers (OED).  bole, boole - the name of several kinds of fine,  Beare – beer; small beer, smale beer - a very compact, earthy, or unctuous clay, usually of a low alcohol beer drunk in preference to water. yellow, red, or brown colour due to the  Bedward – at bedtime (OED). presence of iron oxide (OED); Bole  begone – begun. Armoniac, Bole Armoniacke, Bole-  bengamine, benjamin – benzoin, see Storax Armoniack, balearmacke, bolearmoniacke,  benison – normally means a blessing, but in bolarmany, possibly also bolarm (as context may mean a herb, not identified, or abbreviation) - ‘Armenian Bole’ - a soft friable possibly venison. fatty earth, usually of a pale red colour, native to Armenia. It is red due to the presence 4 Glossary 15 July 2020

of iron oxide. The clay also contains hydrous  Bryer – briar; Bryery – probably blackberry. silicates of aluminium and possibly  Brynes – eyebrows (OED), in context perhaps magnesium (Wikipedia). feathers (folio 115b).  Boll – bowl (OED).  Bucke, buck – a male deer, or (folio 12b)  Bollyng – swelling (OED). curve.  Bolus - A medicine of round shape adapted for  buckthorn - The shrub Rhamnus catharticus; swallowing, larger than an ordinary pill the berries of which were used as a powerful (OED). purgative (OED).  Bone shave –Painful disease affecting (or  Bugle: Bugleherb - a herbaceous flowering thought to affect) a bone or joint; esp. sciatica plant native to Europe, Ajuga reptans, also (OED). known as blue bugle, bugleweed, carpetweed,  Bontes – not known, perhaps bones carpet bugleweed, and St. Lawrence plant  Borage, borrage, burage, burrage, burreg, (OED). burridge – herb (Borago officinalis) widely  Buglosse – bugloss, any of several blue naturalized as a weed and has leaves used as flowered coarse hairy plants (genera Anchusa, remedies in herbal medicine. Merriam- Lycopsis, and Echium) of the borage family Webster. including viper’s bugloss, Echium vulgare.  Botch, boche – A swelling, esp. a goitre or From the Greek meaning ox tongue from the bubo; a boil, ulcer, or sore (OED). roughness of its leaves. Also known in the  Boulte – bolt, push through a fine sieve or a French as langue de boeuf (OED). cloth  Bullen, bollen waxe – not known, but possibly  bourne – not known Beef Tallow  Boyle – boil; boiling (noun) - a hanging pot or  Burdock, possibly also burre-leaf, – a coarse cauldron (Yaxley) weedy plant (Arctium Lappa, and kindred  Brasen – made of brass (OED). species) common on waste ground also called  Brassell - brazil-nut (OED). clod-burr; burre roote – possibly burdock root  Brawne, brawn – in cookery terms, meat of the (OED). pig or boar, boiled and potted with its jelly.  Burnerpue, burnet, burnett – various plants (Often made with the meat from a pig’s head belonging to the genera Sanguisorba and and trotters) Poterium (family Rosaceæ), of which the  Bray, broy – crush, usually in a mortar (OED). Great or Common Burnet ( Sanguisorba  Breakstone - A name given by herbalists to officinalis) is common in meadows, and the Saxifrage (see that entry), and vaguely to Lesser or Salad Burnet ( Poterium plants supposed to be related to them (OED). Sanguisorba) on Chalk. Early herbalists confounded with these the Burnet Saxifrage  brent – burnt. Pimpinella Saxifraga, an umbelliferous plant  brinston brymestone – brimstone, the usual resembling the Burnets in foliage (OED). name for sulphur at the time (see that entry;  bursa pastoris - Latin name for the plant OED); live brimstone is presumably sulphur shepherd’s purse (OED). that is chemically active.  Bushell, bishel – a measure of capacity used  Brocklime, brokelime, brookelime, probably for corn, fruit, etc. containing four pecks or also brokelymppe - Brooklime or water eight gallons (OED). pimpernel (Culpeper).  but – rump (of meat)  Broken – ‘one that is broken’ is someone who has a hernia  Butson – not known, but possibly a variation  Broome - broom, any of various leguminous on tutsan (St John’s Wort, see that entry) shrubs (especially genera Cytisus and Genista)  Butter dock – several dock plants, genus with long slender branches, small leaves, and Rumex, having large leaves formerly used to usually showy yellow flowers. Ashes of broom wrap butter (OED). were used to treat dropsy. (Wikipedia)  Butterbur, butterby – perrenial plant of the  Bruise – crush (OED). genus Petasites, with spikes of pale purple or white flowers, thick rhizomes, and large soft  Bruning – burning. leaves. Contains toxic substances (OED).  bryanye – bryony, plant of genus Bryonia  bysket – biscuit. (OED). 5 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Cadlocke, charlock, chadlock - a type of  Cannel, canell, caniell, canyll – cinnamon mustard (Brassica kaber, synonym Sinapis (see that entry), perhaps including the similar arvensis). Merriam-Webster. but much inferior Cassia bark (OED).  Calama aromatica, calamo arematico, calamus,  Cannon – tube (OED). callomus aromaticus, possibly also calimus  Capers, caphers - The flower-buds of the calimaticus – A rush-like plant, calamus shrub (Capparis spinosa), which were aromaticus, known scientifically as acorus gathered for pickling. English capers could calamus, or commonly as Sweet Flag or Sweet also be nasturtium seeds. (OED) Rush (OED).  Cappon, capon – a male chicken that has  calamine stone, calamint stone, lapis been castrated to improve the quality of its calemonaris, caluminaris, calaminaris – flesh for food (Wikipedia); Caponet - a little or (Latin) the name for an ore of zinc found young capon (OED) abundantly in England and France (OED).  Carab – probably carob, the fruit of an  Calamint, calaminte, calamynte, calaminse - a evergreen leguminous tree (Ceratonia siliqua), genus of aromatic herbs, Calamintha the carob-tree, a long flat horn-like pod ascendans (See Calamine for Calamint Stone, containing numerous hard seeds embedded in or any reference which implies a mineral pulp. Also called locust-beans (OED and rather than a herb) (OED). Wikipedia)  calcocaum – not known.  carbucle – carbuncle  Calcyne, calcynated, calynated, calcined - To  Cardemoneum – Cardamom? reduce, oxidise, or dessicate by roasting or  Cardug, sarduus, cardus, cardius, cardo, exposing to strong heat (OED). carduce – thistle; carduus benedictus –blessed  Cammamyll, cammamill – the herb camomile, thistle; cardo sancto – (Latin) holy thistle  Cammocke - The plant Ononis spinosa (family (OED). Leguminosæ) also called Restharrow (see that  carlina – possibly the carline thistle, carlina entry), and according to Cockayne, Cammock vulgaris (OED). Whin. Some earlier writers, including the  Carpe – in most entries, the fish carp; in folio herbalist Turner, identified it with 62a, the context does not allow for this, and a Peucedanum, and ‘Petty Whin’; but it is not possible meaning is ‘tear’. clear what plant or plants they meant (OED).  Carrett - carrot  Campher, camphere, camphire – camphor, A  Caryocostinum – a purging electuary (a whitish translucent crystalline volatile medicinal conserve or paste), condemned by substance, belonging chemically to the Nicholas Culpeper, in 1653 as too strong for vegetable oils, and having a bitter aromatic most people to use safely (Pharmacopoeia) taste and a strong characteristic smell,  Cassia fistula, also probably Cacyofystelo – prepared by distillation and sublimation leaves of the Pudding Pipe tree, know as senna from Camphora officinarum, a tree indigenous leaves and used as a laxative. (Yaxley) to South East Asia OED  Castell sope, castlesoap – castile soap, a fine  Campitheos, ground pine, grounde pinne - the hard soap made from olive oil and soda. herbaceous plant Ajuga Chamæpitys; said to (OED) be named from its resinous smell. (OED)  Castorum, castoreum, A reddish-brown  Canary - A sweet fortified white wine unctuous substance, having a strong smell and produced in the Canary Islands nauseous bitter taste, obtained from two sacs  Cancer - the astrological sign Cancer (the in the inguinal region of the beaver; used in crab) medicine and in perfumery (OED)  Candid - candied  Cataplasme – poultice (Norri)  Candite - A variety of the semi-precious  catchop – ketchup, a type of piquant sauce mineral Spinel, dark green or brown to black, produced in southeast Asia, probably made found in Ceylon, also called Ceylonite or Iron- from fermented soybeans or fish, the culinary Magnesia Spinel (OED). ancestor of today’s ketchup (OED).  Canker – chronic, non-healing sore or ulcer,  cats hayre – cat's hair – a kind of tumour or specifically cancer or gangrene; cankred, sore (OED). cankered - infected (OED).  Cattalodge – catalogue 6 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Caudle, cawdle – a warm drink consisting of  Chincough, chin cough chine cough, chyne thin gruel, mixed with wine or ale, sweetened cough – epidemic distemper, whooping cough and spiced, given chiefly to sick people (OED). (OED).  Chineworte – a treatment for chin cough  Cautarides, Cautharides, Cantharides, possibly made from chin cough moss. Cantharidin - a substance secreted by beetles  chingles – shingles (the disease). including Spanish Fly, used since ancient  Chirurgian, Chirurgion, Syrurgin – surgeon. times as an aphrodisiac. It can be poisonous if  Chives, probably also chyvers - the herb or a taken internally, and externally is a potent general name for ‘threads’ or filamentous blistering agent (Wikipedia) organs in flowers, i.e. stamens and pistils  Cellendine, cellondine, celydonye, sallandine, (OED). selendine, sellendine, sellondine– the herb  Choler, choller - in ancient and medieval celandine (OED). physiology: one of the four cardinal humours  Centory, centaury, sentorye, centorye - identified as bile, and described as hot and dry Centauria minor – any of several low- in nature, and supposed when predominant to growing herbs of the gentian family. Merriam- cause irritability or irascibility of temper (see Webster. Wikipedia, Humorism) Cholerick, cholerike –  Cera – (Latin) beeswax; cera alba – white choleric, full of choler (OED). beeswax; cere nove – new wax  Choys, choyse, choice – selective, choosy  Cerote, cerott – ointment prepared by mixing  ciche peason – chickpeas (OED). beeswax with medicinal ingredients (Norri)  Cinnamon, Cinnomon, cynamon, sinamon  Ceruine, cervine – relating to a deer. sinnomon – The inner bark of an East Indian  Ceruse, ceruss - carbonate of lead, white lead tree, dried in the sun, in rolls or ‘quills’, and used in the sixteenth century as a skin used as a spice. It is of a characteristic whitener (OED). yellowish brown colour, brittle, fragrant, and  Chafe – To rub with the hand; especially to aromatic. It has to be crushed in a mortar to rub a person's limbs in order to restore warmth turn it into powder (OED). or sensation (OED).  Cinquefoil – sinkefoyle, sinkefielde, and  Chafer, Chafeing Dish, – chafing dish, a kind called fiveleaved grass) – the plant Potentilla of portable grate raised on a tripod, originally reptans (OED). heated with charcoal in a brazier, and used for  Citern, cittern, pomecitrone, pomecitron – foods that require gentle cooking, away from citron, a citrus fruit of warm climates direct flames (Wikipedia) resembling a large lemon but having less acid  challe, jole, jowle - jaw flesh and a thick fragrant peel. One of the Four  Charger - a large platter, suitable for carrying Great Cold Seeds of humoral theory (see liquids (OED). separate note)  charre coal - charcoal  Civet - musky-odoured substance found in a  Charvell – chervil, a garden pot-herb, sac near the anus of the civet, a small animal Anthriscus Cerefolium (OED). ranking in size and appearance between the  Chawe - to corrode, fret, wear down (OED). fox and the weasel (OED).  Chekins – chickens  Clary, Clarye – Clary Sage, an aromatic herb,  Cherristones – cherry stones type of Salvia (OED).  Chickeweed, chickeweede - chickweed,  Claver, clouer, clour - clover, the common Stellaria Media. a small annual flowering plant name of different species of Trefoil grown in in the carnation family (Caryophllaceae) used meadows as fodder. Red clover is Trifolium as a herbal remedy and grown as a vegetable pratense, with leafy stems and heads of pink- crop and ground cover. (Wikipedia) purple flowers (OED).  China root, China, Chine, Chinie rootes,  cleave – alternative spelling of clove or chynewort – the thick fleshy root-stock of a division of a cloven hoof, depending on shrubby climbing plant (Smilax China) closely context (OED). akin to Sarsaparilla (OED).  cleaveing – sticking  Clenge – cleanse (OED).

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 cliver, cleavers – goose-grass, a climbing plant  Colverage – not known Galium aparine (OED).  Colwort, cooleworte, colewort – a generic  clod – lump (OED). name for any sort of cabbage (OED).  Cloote - burdock (Arctium lappa); also the  Comes quibibis, cubeb, quibibe, possibly also prickly burs which it bears (OED). Cabaibo - Long pepper, a flowering vine in  Close stool - A piece of furniture enclosing a the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, chamber pot, typically a type of chair or small which is usually dried and used as a spice and chest having a lid concealing a seat with a hole seasoning. It has a taste similar to, but hotter used in the same way as a toilet (OED). than, that of its close relative Piper nigrum,  clout - patch, rag (OED). from which black, green and white pepper are  clowns all heal – a herb also known as marsh obtained (Wikipedia). woundwort, Stachys palustris Gerard  Comfects, comfictes, comficts, comfits –  Clumenon – not known small seeds of spices such as caraway or  Cluphire – not known coriander, small cubes of root ginger, or  Cobweblane, Cobweb lawn - a type of fine blanched almonds, given a dense smooth linen (Free Dictionary) coating of sugar. Used as sweetmeats, or as  Cochineal (probably also Sconehoeal, garnishing for dishes of a contrasting colour Schoneal, Scathoneal, Scuthoneal) - used for (Brears, p. 562). dyes, these are insects which are crushed for  Comfrey, comfery - The English name of the their bright red colouring, also used in herb Symphytum officinale (family medicine as an antispasmodic (OED). Boraginaceæ), a tall plant, common on  Cods – testicles (OED). margins of streams and ditches, with rough leaves, and drooping clusters of yellowish-  Coffin – a hard pastry that acts as the dish for white or reddish-purple bell-shaped flowers, a pie (like modern hot-water crust pastry for considered useful in healing wounds (OED). pork pies)  Commin, commyn, commen – cumin, the  Coleman – not known, but from the context seeds of an umbelliferous plant ( Cummin (folio 68a) a plaster of considerable Cyminum) resembling fennel: cultivated in the complexity. Levant (OED).  Coletur – (Latin) it is nourished, taken care of  Compass in – encircle  Colic, collicke, possibly also coliche– severe  conceates – conceits; fancy items of food, pains in the belly (OED). dainties, confections (Merriam-Webster).  Collar’d – In cookery, collaring is ‘To roll up  Concerve, conserve – a jam or preserve, made (a piece of meat, a fish, etc.) and bind it hard of fruit or vegetables with sugar and close with a string’ (Dr Johnson’s dictionary, quoted in OED).  concoction – digestion (OED).  Collered – coloured  Conduit water – spring water or piped water (as opposed to water from a well or river)  Collop – a slice of meat (OED); Scotch (OED). Collops are a traditional Scottish recipe for fried veal slices with a sauce; follow this link  Confound, Consounde, consound – a group of for an example herbs called Consolida, to which healing  colloppe hony, colofonye : colophony, see virtues were attributed; mediæval herbalists distinguished three species, C. major, media, Rosin, and minor, which they identified as comfrey,  Colloquintida – Colocynth, Citrullus bugle and daisy. The field Larkspur was also colocynthis, also called Bitter Apple or Bitter called Consolida regia or regalis, King's Cucumber (Wikipedia). The watermelon-like Consound (OED). fruit was a bitter and powerful purgative. It  Consolidative - tending to heal fractures and causes severe gripping and was not generally wounds (OED). used alone. (Goldstein, p. 115)  Consumcion, Consumption – disease that  Coltsfoot, Cooltsfoot, foolefoote, Horsehoofe causes wasting of the body, specifically – the common weed Tussilage Farfara (OED). tuberculosis (OED).  Columbinde, cullumbine – columbine, any of  Coole, cole - a brassica, especially cabbage, a genus (Aquilegia) of plants of the buttercup kale or rape (OED). family (Merriam-Webster) 8 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Coollender – colander.  Croci – plural of crocus, also used as a term  Copporis, Coprise, copras, copporisse, for saffron (see that entry) coperise, copperise, copperious – copperas,  Cromes, crummes – crumbs ferrous sulphate, Fe SO4). Also called green  Croppe, crop – sprig vitriol. White copperas is zinc sulphate (OED).  crowse – crush  Corn, corne – a small particle or (with salt) a  Croyser, croiser – the curled top of a young crystal. fern (OED).  Corporate – incorporate.  crusado – A Portuguese gold coin bearing the  Cortex – Latin, bark; cortex gracum, cortex figure of a cross (OED). gnacu, cortex guaiacum - guaiacum bark, a  Cudwort, cudweed - plant of genus medicinal wood. See entry for guaiacum. Gnaphalium, used to be administered to cows  Coryander, curriner – coriander, an annual that had lost their cud (OED). plant with aromatic seeds, which help prevent  Culver – a dove or pigeon (OED). flatulence (OED).  cum – (Latin) with.  Costive – constipated; Costiveness –  Cupile – not known. Constipation (OED).  Currence, currince – currants; blue currants –  Costquinatum - not known, possibly Akebia the soft fruit called currants (like blackcurrants Quinata (Natural Medicinal Herbs). today) (Britannica.com).  Costvalerian – a herb of the Valerian family,  Curtesye, curtsy – a moderate quantity (OED). used to help sleep (Wikipedia).  cuttle bone, cuttlebanus – the internal shell of  Cowage - A tropical plant, Mucuna pruriens, the cuttle-fish, a light, cellular, calcareous family Leguminosæ, or its pods or stinging body of an elongated oval form enclosed in the hairs; used to expel intestinal worms (OED). substance of the mantle; formerly used in  Cowcumber – cucumber medicine as an antacid and absorbent (OED).  Cowpis – cow’s urine  Cydon – quince, Latin name Cydonia (OED).  Cowsoope, Cowsoloops: Possibly Primula  Cypers – cypress wood, or ‘English galingale’, veris the cowslip, a herbaceous perennial the sedge Cyperus longus; its aromatic flowering plant in the primrose family rhizome used in cookery and in medicinal Primulaceae. preparations (OED), or Cyprus, the  Crabbs claws – the claws of crabs, a common Mediterranean island which was a major medicinal ingredient at the time. exporter of cane sugar in medieval and early  Cracknolls, cracknels – A light, crisp kind of modern Europe biscuit, of a curved or hollowed shape  cyromontayne – not known (OED).  Cytryne – a lemon, or red or brownish yellow  Cream of tartar, cremore tartarise, salt of (OED). tarter - Potassium bitartrate, also known as  Daffy’s Elixir – a proprietary medicine potassium hydrogen tartrate, a by-product of invented in the 1700s, and popular for many winemaking. It is processed from the years after that. potassium acid salt of tartaric acid.  Damask water – rose water (made from (Wikipedia). damask roses)  Creed whiles – the length of time it takes to  Damask, Damaske, Prunes, proins – say the Creed. damsons (OED).  Cresses– cress, the common name of various  Dandy lyon – dandelion. cruciferous plants having mostly edible leaves  Danewort, dayneworte, danwort – Dwarf of a pungent flavour. Until the 19th century, Elder, Sambucus Ebulus, also known as almost always in the plural. With defining ebulum (OED). prefixed words such as yarde cresses,  Danke seede – not known, might be hencresses, town cress, well cress, water cress misreading of dauke, wild carrot, which was a it applied to very many different cruciferous diuretic, and used as part of a treatment for plants and occasionally to plants of other kidney stones, and others for coughs and families resembling cress in flavour or cancer (Woolgar, p. xx). appearance (OED).  Dayseye, dases – daisy, daisies.

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 Dealthea, dialthea – an ointment containing  Dissicative – dessicative (drying-out) animal fats mixed with juices extracted from  Distemper - a disordered bodily state, illness marsh mallow and 10 other plants (Norri).  Dittany, detanye, dittan, dictamo – A labiate  deaseas – disease. plant, Origanum Dictamnus, called also  Dechesarm – Alternative name for Haresfoot. Dictamnus Creticus or dittany of Crete;  Decoction – the reduced substance obtained by formerly famous for its alleged medicinal the process of evaporation in boiling (OED). virtues (OED).  dei parris - possibly deiparous, bearing or  divers - Various, sundry, several; more than bringing forth a God as in Mary the Mother of one, some number of (OED). God (OED).  Divinum, diuinum – Latin, divine (OED).  Delitious - delicious  Docke (red) - dock  Delvise – a herb, not known  dogges berries – the fruit of wild roses (OED).  Departe – divide  Dominical letters – a method used to  Desolutive plaster – a plaster for dissolving determine the day of the week for particular morbid matter (Norri) dates. When using this method, each year is  desstriesse – distress, also in the sense of assigned a letter (or pair of letters for leap pressure (OED). years) depending on which day of the week  Devills Bitt, (Latin Morfus Diaboli) – any of the year starts on. They are used primarily as various plants with a ‘premorse’ root, that is part of the method of calculating the date of one that terminates abruptly as if bitten off, Easter. (Wikipedia). and especially the common purple or white  Dounge – dung. flowered scabious (Scabiosa succisa or  Dovefoote : Doves-foot, an annual herbaceous Succisa pratensis) (Merriam-Webster) plant belonging to the geraniaceae family.  Dewtey – not known. (Potterton, p.66).  Deyre – deer.  Dowe – dough.  Dia flosmus, diaflosimus – not known  Dowzin – dozen.  Dia palma, diapalmy, die palmie - a  Dr Steven’s Water, a remedy first published desiccating or detersive plaster composed in the 1570s, but with a long life thereafter. By originally of palm oil, litharge, and sulphate of the eighteenth century, it may well have been zinc, now of white wax, emplastrum simplex, sold as a proprietary medicine (OED). and sulphate of zinc (OED).  Drachm, dram, drame, dramme, – a weight  Diachylum, diaculum – Originally, the name used by an apothecary. 8 drams equals 1 ounce of a kind of ointment composed of vegetable  Dragon – dragonwort, Dracunculus vulgaris juices; later a common name for lead-plaster, (OED). or the herb Bistort, a species of emplastrum plumbi, an adhesive plaster made Polygonum ( P. bistorta), named from the by boiling together litharge (lead oxide), olive twisted form of its large root (OED); dragon oil, and water; prepared on sheets of linen as a water – a preparation from one of these herbs. sticking-plaster which adheres when heated  Drake’s Ointment – unknown, but some form (OED). of proprietary ointment.  Diagredium, Diagridium - an early name for  Draw - To pass through a strainer; to bring to remedies using Scammony (see that entry) proper consistency (OED).  Diapasrery – not known (probably some sort  Dregge – sweet medicinal preparation, of herb) containing sugar, liquorice, or spices (Norri).  Diarrhodon abbatis – a cordial powder, well  Dropsie, dropsye - dropsy, accumulation of known in the seventeenth century (Wikipedia) watery fluid in cavities or the connective tissue  Diascordium, Dia scordium - medicine made of the body (OED). of the dried leaves of scordium (Teucrium  Drugges – dregs, the more solid particles Scordium), and poppies, used against plague which settle at the bottom of a solution (OED). or as an antidote to poison (OED and Stobart,  duckat – ducat, a gold coin of a type minted p. 191). by the Republic of Venice, used widely  Dimidius – Latin, half; usually shortened to di throughout Europe (OED).  disgestion - digestion (OED).  Dulcifie, dulcify – sweeten, make more  Dispinnati – not known, possibly ‘completely’ pleasant (OED). 10 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Dwall – dwale, deadly nightshade (OED). Britain in Potter’s time). Mainly used in  Dye – dice determining the date of Easter. (Wikipedia)  Dyet – diet, a prescribed course of food for  Epithium, Epithymum – a parasitic plant of medical or penal reasons the Convolvulaceae family. Also known as a  Dyet pot - pot by which to measure a diet- Dodder (Wikipedia). drink (OED).  Eppessitorces, exporissione – probably  Dyll – dill, the herb expositions (explanations).  Earby – not known, may be surname  Eresipilas – Erysipelas, an inflammation of  Earthe – earthenware the skin (OED).  Easyll, Easell – vinegar made from wine  Eruque - not known, but appears to have been  Edelium – possibly Wedelia, a plant used a urological instrument of the time. traditionally in wound-healing (Science  Eryngo, eringo – the candied root of sea holly Direct) (Eryngium maritimum), used as a sweetmeat,  Edgelyn – edgeways (OED). and regarded as an aphrodisiac (OED).  effrage – not known  Eschalot – shallot, derived from the French  egernes – eagerness Echalote.  eie bright, eybrighte, eyebright - a European  ese – earthworm. medicinal plant used to treat eye disorders;  Ettercoppe – probably spider, more usually also called euphrasy (OED). spelt Attercop (OED).  Eist, yest, yeste – yeast (OED).  euphorbium, euforbium; A gum resin obtained  Elder, elderne - A low tree or shrub, Sambucus from certain succulent species of the plant nigra (family Caprifoliaceæ), called, for Euphorbia. Extremely acrid, used as an emetic distinction, the Common or Black-berried and purgative. The powder causes violent Elder (OED). sneezing (OED).  Eleborus, elibre, eliber – hellebore, a family  Evennitory – inventory. of plants valued medicinally for strong  Ewe ardent – burning water (Norri). purgative properties (OED).  ex coitu – Latin, after sex.  Electuary, lectuarye – a medicinal conserve or  Eyren – possibly Eirenis, a genus of snakes, paste, mixed with honey, preserve, or syrup although they are not native to this country. (OED); Electuary pure – not known, but (OED). Also a possible spelling of ‘iron’. probably a patent medicine sold by  Eyrimenye – probably the herb erysismum: a apothecaries. small genus of cruciferous herbs having small  Elf cake – a disorder of the liver (Norri). yellow flowers and slender pods (Culpepper).  ell – a unit of length, around 45 inches (114  falling evil, falling sicknes, falling sickness – cm). epilepsy, or another sickness causing the  Elswick – parish to the west of Newcastle person to fall down (Norri). upon Tyne, now fully part of the city but a  fandies – not known separate village in the eighteenth century.  Fasting spittle - the saliva that is in the mouth  Emmenagogue, ymagogum - a medicine before one's fast is broken (OED) inducing menstruation (OED).  Fation, fations – not known  Emrodes, emralds, emraldes, emeroydes  fatte, fate, fat – a vat or tub – haemorrhoids  Featherfew, fetherfewe, fetherfewell,  Encens, incense - an aromatic gum or other feverfew, fotherfewe –, a herb (Tanacetum or vegetable product, or a mixture of fragrant Chrysanthemum parthenium) that has been gums and spices, used for producing a sweet used in herbal medicine to treat a variety of smell when burned (OED). conditions (such as fever, migraine headaches,  Endiffe, Endith, endivio – endive and menstrual cramps) (Merriam-Webster)  Endy water – not known  Fecys, fecis – sediment (OED)  Ensample – example  Fellon, felon – whitlow (see that entry),  entreate – A medicinal plaster or poultice. infection, abcess (Norri )  Epacte – The age of the moon on 22 March  felm – film (under the Julian calendar, still in use in  Fenecreke, fenicreke, venicreke, venicreeke– the herb fenugreek 11 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Fenkell, Fennel, fennill - a herb, (Foeniculum  Fleare – pig’s fat vulgare) is a flowering plant species in the  Fleete – float, skim; Fleete off - to take off carrot family It is a hardy, perennial herb with what floats upon the surface of a liquid; to yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is a skim (OED); fletten milk, flotten milk, - highly aromatic and flavourful herb, tasting of skimmed milk, from the verb to fleet meaning aniseed (Wikipedia); Hog’s Fennel – to remove what floats on the surface of a Peucedanum officinale, closely allied to dill, liquid (OED). native to Great Britain, also known as Sow  Florentine oil – olive oil made in Florence Fennel. Sulphurwort (Botanical website). (Wiktionary).  Fenn – dirt, mud, turd.  Flory – not known, in the context (folio 33b)  Fere – fair. possibly ‘mouldy’.  Ferse, force, possible also ferge – stuff (an  Flos unguentorum – Latin, the flower of animal before cooking); Forser, farce - ointments (Norri). forcemeat (stuffing); forst - stuffed.  Flower – flour (where it does not mean flower  Fervent – burning (OED). in its modern spelling)  Festure, festred – possibly fester; the verb had  flower-de-luce – fleur-de-lis, Iris flower its modern meaning of to putrify (as in a (OED). ‘festering wound’); as a noun, it could also  Flux, fluxe, – diarrhoea or mean an ulcer (OED). dysentery (Merriam-Webster). flux in ventris  Figge – fig (the fruit) or an illness, not (Latin, in the belly); ‘Bloody (blody, bloudy) identified; figs of Jerusalem, Jerusalem tree - flux’ may also refer to a woman’s period Ficus carica, the common variety of fig-tree bleeding. dialthea that produces edible purple black  For the opening of the pipes - probably, help tinted figs. with passing water.  Filbearde, filbert – hazelnut.  Fore chain – fore chine, in a pig, a squarish  Fisick, physicke, physic – medicine. area across the backbone between the shoulder  Fistulowe, fistilow, fistulaes – fistula, ‘an blades that holds tender meat. abnormal passage that leads from an abscess  forespoken – from verb forespeak, to predict, or hollow organ or part to the body surface or prophecy. To be forespoken – to have a from one hollow organ or part to another’ prophecy made about your future, probably (Merriam-Webster). involving bad events.  Fitt, fitte, fit – Sudden seizure of any malady  Four colde great seeds – these relate to the attended with loss of consciousness and power humoral theory of medicine (see Wikipedia, of motion, or with convulsions, fainting, Humorism); ‘cold’ foods would be hysteria, apoplexy, paralysis, or epilepsy recommended for someone whose humours (OED). were out of balance so that they were too hot.  flawe – flake (OED).  Fowre – four.  Flea – flay, take the skin off an animal;  foyne, foin – a thrust or push with a pointed flayne, flayed - skinned weapon (OED).  Flea wort - A name given to various plants,  Frackencence, Frankencense, frankensence, from their supposed virtues in destroying fleas. francinsence, frankincense - An aromatic The sixteenth-century herbalist Turner and gum resin, yielded by trees of the genus others applied the name to Plantago Psyllium Boswellia, also called olibanum, libanum, (part of the plantain family), the Latin and olybanum, or by its Latin name thuris. (OED Greek names of which referred to the and Wikipedia) resemblance of the seeds to fleas (OED).  frekels - freckles  Fleagme, fleame, flegme, flengme, flewme –  French pox – syphilis (OED). phlegm, ‘In ancient and medieval physiology  Frensines, frenziness - mental derangement, and medicine: one of the four cardinal delirium (OED). humours, described as cold and moist, and  Fucus – paint or cosmetic (Skeat and Mayhew) supposed when predominant to cause  Fumatory, Fumitory, femitorye, femytorye, constitutional indolence or apathy’ (see fumetory – Fumaria officinalis, a herbaceous Wikipedia, Humorism).

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annual flowering plant in the poppy family chamaedrys, an evergreen shrub with bright Papaveraceae. (Wikipedia) pink flowers (OED).  Fundament, fundamente – anus, buttocks,  Gessimon – not known, possibly cinnamon backside (OED). (see that entry).  Fuske – not known, possibly darkness or shade  Get a stomach – to procure an appetite (OED).  Fustis - probably fustic, a yellow dye extracted  Gether – not known. from two different kinds of wood either the  Giaflosmus – not known. wood of the Venetian sumac or the wood of  Gill – liquid measure equal to 5 imperial fluid the Cladrastis (Chlorophora, Maclura) ounces (Wikipedia). tinctoria of America and the West Indies  girkin – gherkin (OED).  Gladen, Gladwin, Stinking Gladwyn,  Galbone, galbaun, galbanum, galbaunum - an Gladwine - Iris foetidissima (Culpepper) aromatic gum resin and a product of certain  gladme seed – not known umbelliferous Persian plant species in the  Gleere – glair, white of egg OED genus Ferula, chiefly Ferula gummosa …and  Glister, glyster – an enema or suppository Ferula rubricaulis (Wikipedia).  Glove Gilliflower, gillow flowers - any of  Gall, gall, galles, gaule – bile, especially several plants of the genus Dianthus which obtained from cattle (Wikipedia); or oak gall have flowers with a spicy, sweet scent similar (see that entry). to that of cloves and are frequently cultivated  Gallingall, galingale, galangal (probably also as ornamentals, esp. the clove pink (OED). ganningall) – sedges with aromatic rhizomes,  Gode’s Markes – not known, but may relate to similar to ginger (OED). Revelations Ch 7 verse 3 “But he shouted to  Gallipot, gallipott, gally pot – small earthen them: ‘Do not destroy the land or the sea or glazed pot (OED). the trees yet. Wait until we put a mark on our  Gambel, gambale – gammon, the leg or God’s servants. We must put a mark on the haunch of a pig (Yaxley). front of their heads’, so a skin disease such as  Ganders – not known, but in context (folio scaldhead (see that entry). 141a), not the male goose.  Goeinge abroade – possibly ‘opening out’ in  Gang – set of four (animal feet, usually) relation to buds and leaves.  Garbage – entrails (OED).  Golde, gowld – gold. Used as gold-dust or  gario fielis, garyophyll, garyoph, possibly also gold leaf in tiny quantities in some recipes (an gellofyre; not known but could be related to ounce of gold would cost £4, a substantial ‘gariofle’, French for clove; olei amount at the time). gariophilorum - mentioned in several 16th and  Golden rod – a garden plant still used today 17th century texts as part of a cure for syphilis as “irrigation therapy” – taken with lots of (Early English Books online). water to improve urine flow (WebMD).  Gascon, Gascoigne – Gascony (part of France  Gowrde, gorde - gourd from which wine was imported); Gaskon  Gowte - gout or arthritis (also sciatica); hot – powder, gascoin powder - A cure-all also due to the ‘dropping’ of the ‘hot’ humours known as Gascoigne’s powder and the (blood or choler) on a joint. The affected joint Countess of Kent’s Powder. said to be reddish and more painful than in  Gase – not known, probably grease. cold gout; cold - due to the ‘dropping’ of  Gawde white – not known. ‘cold’ humours (especially phlegm) on a joint.  Geane, Jeane – Genoa, port city in Italy. The affected joint is said to be paler and less  Gellies, gellye, gelly – jelly. painful than in ‘hot’ gout. (See entry for  Geneva, Genevye – city in Switzerland, centre humours). Festred (festered) gout is gout that of the Calvinist Protestant reform movement has become ulcerous (Norri) in the 16th and 17th centuries.  Gowte scyatyca. scyatique gowte - sciatica  Geniste, geneste – Latin, of broom (the shrub,  Gratia Dei, grace dye – Latin, by God’s grace; see that entry). a plaster made by boiling herbs and wine, and  Gentium tryfoyle - Gentian trefoil. mixing the strained liquid with beeswax, gums  Germander, Iermander, Jarmander –the herb and other items, used for the treatment of common or wall germander, Teucrium wounds and ulcers (Norri); OR any of various 13 Glossary 15 July 2020

medicinal plants; esp. hedge hyssop, Gratiola  Grounswell, grunwell, Groucell, Grounsel, officinalis, and several cranesbills (Geranium Grounsell, groundsel - Senecio vulgaris, a species), OED. (Potter folio 66a refers to native annual, ephemeral or overwintering Gratia Dei ‘the more’, ‘the mideliste’ and ‘the weed present on almost all soils and, lesse’, but it is not clear which plant is which) especially prolific on good land (OED).  Gravell – urinary crystals (OED).  Grownde – ground, base (OED).  Grayne, grain – the smallest English unit of  Growte – grout, either rough-milled grain, or weight; in apothecaries’ measures, there were the small (weak) beer made after the strong 240 to the ounce, so roughly the weight of a beer is brewed (OED). grain of wheat; or (graynes) the refuse malt  Gudgraygas – not known left after brewing or distilling (OED).  Guile-fat, guile-vat – a piece of apparatus used  Graynes of Paris – Herb Paris, Paris in brewing. quadrifolia, a woodland plant (Brickell).  Gum Arabite, Gum Arabic - A water-soluble  Greace – grease. gum exuded by certain acacias, used in food  Great salt - salt in large crystals, rock-salt and cosmetics (OED). (OED).  Gumme – gum, a secretion coming from  Greek pitch – Rosin, see that entry. certain trees and shrubs, which hardens in  Green ointment – an ointment made of various drying but is usually soluble in cold or hot herbs, plus a greasy or waxy element, used as water, in this respect differing from resin a poultice for drying and consolidating (OED). Gumme armoniacke: see Armoniac; wounds (Norri) and also for treating breast gumme edere, gumme heder – not known, cancer. possibly ‘edible gum’; Gumme targetum –  Green savyn, savin – probably the bush possibly similar to mastic gum (see Mastic). juniperus Sabina (Wikipedia).  Gutta Gamba - Garcinia Hanburyii or  Green sicknesse – a type of anaemia (Norri); Gummigutta, useful in treatment of dropsical usually refers specifically to girls and young conditions and to lower blood pressure women, and often related to hysteria. (Herbsguide).  Green wound – one that has been infected and  guyacum, guaiacum, guiacum, gewacu, is leaking yellow/green pus. guaiacum, gum guacum – wood or gum  Greensauce - a sauce of a green colour made obtained from the guaiacum tree, also known from herbs (OED). as lignum vitae. The tree was first encountered  Grewell, gruel – thick soup or porridge by the Spaniards in Santo Domingo in the 16th  Grief – any sort of bodily injury or century; it was brought back to Europe, and its ailment (OED). wood quickly acquired a reputation as a cure  Gripes – intermittent spasmodic pains in the for syphilis an alternative to the toxic metal bowels, colic pains (OED). quicksilver (mercury). The bark was also used  Groate, groat – a small coin, value 4 old pence medicinally (Wikipedia). (OED).  hagges – a dish of minced meat and spices,  Grommell, gromell, gromel, grumwell, related to modern haggis though not gromel, gromwell - The common name for necessarily with a casing. any of the plants of the genus Lithospermum  Hamterstone – hammer-stone. IN the context characterized by hard stony seeds, much used (image 114), the stone you are using to grind in medicine (OED). items on.  Groose, grosly, grosse, grosely – coarsely, (as  hand while, hand-while - a short period or opposed to finely) (OED). span of time (OED).  Ground ivy, ground ivie - a common name for  harepipe – a trap for catching hares (OED). the herb also called alehoofe, aleehooffe,  Haresfoot – A species of clover, Trifolium alhouse, halhouse, turnhoof and Robin arvense (OED). Runaway; the herb Glechoma hederacea, a  harris – a herb, unidentified. common labiate plant having bluish-purple  hartes horne, hartshorn - the substance flowers and kidney-shaped leaves, These obtained by rasping, slicing, or calcining the plants were classed by botanists of the time as horns of hart deer, at this period the chief ivy on account of their creeping stems (OED). source of ammonia; spiritts of hartshorn – an 14 Glossary 15 July 2020

aqueous solution of ammonia, obtained from crenate leaves, sometimes called greater henbit the horn (OED). (OED).  Hartestonge, hartes tongue, hartstongue,  Hendonge – hen’s dung hartstunge (probably also hynds tongue) -  Hep, hip – rose-hip, the fruit of the rose harts tongue fern, asplenium scolopendrium  Herb Christopher: a book-name of the (OED). Baneberry (Actæa spicata); also formerly of  hartsuite - possibly hartwort, Originally: any the Flowering Fern (Osmunda regalis); and of various umbelliferous plants used the Flea-bane (Pulicaria dysenterica) (OED). medicinally; such as. the herbaceous plants  Herb John, St John’s wort, St. John-wort, , Laserpitium latifolium, L. siser, Seseli tutsan – herb known at the time as hypericon tortuosum, and Levisticum officinale, and the – Latin name Hypericum perforatum. shrub Bupleurum fruticosum (OED). (Wikipedia)  Hassell – Hazel, Any of various temperate  Herb mercuri, Herb Mercury - a perennial deciduous shrubs or small trees constituting flowering weed of the spurge family (see that the genus Corylus, which have simple rounded entry). In general in the Potter manuscript, the leaves, pale yellow male catkins, and edible mineral mercury is called ‘quicksilver’ nuts enclosed in papery leaves (OED). (Britannica).  Hawe, haw – fruit of the hawthorn bush  Herbidge – herbage.  Hayre - hair (OED).  hermodactills – A bulbous root, probably that  Heale – possibly heel, in the sense of pressing of a species of crocus, imported from the East down and used in medicine (OED).  healp – help; holpe - helped  het - heated  Hearbe bennet, herb bennet, herbe bennet,  Heygth – height; hye – high (OED). herb benedicte - Geum urbanum, also known  heyhow, hardehoue, hallhoue, tonnehoue, as wood avens and St. Benedict's herb (Latin medinewort – all names for one herb (see herba benedicta), is a perennial plant in the image 119), but which one, not known rose family (Rosaceae), which grows in shady  Hiera Picra, Hyre Pycre, Hyra Pyere – A places in Europe and the Middle East. purgative drug composed of aloes and canella (Wikipedia). Also applied by early herbalists bark, sometimes mixed with honey and other to hemlock (OED). ingredients (OED).  hearbe John– geranium (OED).  Hillworte – hillwort, wild thyme (Merriam  Hearbe Robert, herb robert - a common wild Webster) species of cranesbill or geranium, Geranium  Hippocras, hypocras, ipocrase, Robertianum (Wikipedia). ipocrasse,Ypocras, ypocrasse - a spiced wine  Hearbegrace, herb-grace, herb of grace - the taken at the end of a meal as a digestive herb Rue (OED). (OED).  Heare – hare.  Hipps – rose hips, the fruit of the rose bush, a  hearen sive – a hair sieve small round berry much used in making  Hedgetaper – see Mullein preserves and syrups  Hemblocke, hamecke – hemlock, the common  Hoary, hoarye – mouldy, corrupt name of Conium maculatum, a poisonous plant  hogshead – a large cask for storing liquid, used medicinally as a powerful sedative containing about 66 gallons (300 litres) (OED). Wikipedia  Hemicrania – Chronic and persistent form of  hogwort – cow parsnip (OED). headache (Wikipedia).  Hollihocke, Holehocke - Hollyhock  Henbane, henbayne – a poisonous fetid herb  Holme, holm - holly (Culpeper) of the genus Hyoscyamus (Merriam-Webster).  Homenole, homoule, homunole – chilblain  Henbitt – henbit, name given to two common Norri weeds; an ivy leaved speedwell, Veronica  Honysoucle = honeysuckle hederifolia ,sometimes called small henbit; or  Hoppes – hops; hopt – (ale) flavoured with a species of dead-nettle (Lamium hops (OED). amplexicaule) with irregularly cut or inciso-

15 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Horehound, horehounde, horehownde – herb  Impetigo - A name given to various pustular Marrubium vulgare with aromatic bitter juice diseases of the skin, and in plural to such (Wikipedia). diseases in general (OED).  Horselene – horseheal, horseheel; elecampane  Implaister, Implaster, Implaistrum, playster – (Inula Helenium), see that entry plaster, a medicinal preparation in the form of  Horseradish, Horsreddish – a root vegetable a sticky paste or salve, usually applied to the with various culinary uses (Wikipedia) skin on a piece of linen or leather, (OED);  Horsleech – horse-leech, a type of sucking implaistrum fodicationum – Latin, plaster for worm, Haemopis sanguisuga, larger than the stab wounds common leech (Wikipedia)  Imposthume, Imposhume, Imposthune,  Houndestoorde – hound’s turd emposthume or Impostumation, impostunation  Houndstongue, hownds tongue: Cynoglossum – A purulent swelling or cyst in any part of the officinale, a herbaceous plant of the family body; an abscess (OED); imposthume bag, Boraginaceae. bagge – sac or cyst containing purulent matter.  Houseleeke, housleeke, housleke, houselick, Johnson’s Dictionary of the English houselicke – houseleek, the name given to Language) various perennial plants in the genus of  In primis – Latin, first of all Sempervivum. (OED).  Incarnative – promoting the growth of flesh in  Howres – hours a wound or sore (OED).  howse-black - Any black substance, esp. one  Incontinent – immediately (rather than the used for blacking. In the context, possibly soot modern meaning) (OED). from a candle or from the chimney (OED).  Indure – endure  Huckle, hukle – hip (OED); hucklebone –  Inoynt – anoint hip-bone  intreate – A medicinal plaster or poultice  Huigordine – not known. (OED).  Hume – a medicinal drink; there is a rather  Iowle, jowl – the head and shoulders of certain later reference to an alcoholic drink called fish, including salmon and sturgeon (OED). ‘damnable hum’, with a very similar recipe, in  Ioynte (possibly also ioyte, iojte) – joint A Queen’s Delight, by W. M, dated 1655 (See  Irines - probably iron filings (OED). Wikipedia entry for diarrhodon)  Ising glass, isinglasse, isinglass - A firm  Humer, humor, umer – humour. ‘In ancient whitish semitransparent substance (a fairly and medieval physiology and medicine: any of pure form of gelatin) obtained from the air- four fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, choler, bladders of some fresh-water fishes, especially and so-called melancholy or black bile) sturgeon; used in cookery for making jellies, believed to determine, by their relative etc, and for clarifying liquors. The word is proportions and conditions, the state of health sometimes also used for similar substances and the temperament of a person or animal.’ made from hides, hoofs, etc (OED). (OED and Wikipedia, Humorism)).  iue – ivy  Hungry Water, Hungary Water – an alcohol-  Iuice, joyce, jouce – juice; Jouc'd - juiced based perfume, also sometimes called ‘spirits  Ivery – ivory; shavings of ivory were of rosemary’ (Wikipedia) frequently used as part of a remedy for scurvy  Husheinge, hushing – hissing  Jallop, jalap - the tuberous roots of Ipomoea  Hypoticis – not found purga, which grows in Mexico; used to  Hysop, Hyssop, Isop – small bushy aromatic prevent diarrhoea, but large amounts induce herb, Hyssopus officinalis (Wikipedia) vomiting (Wikipedia).  Iandice, iaundise, iaundishe – jaundice. This  Jelley, gilly – jelly. may be black or yellow; black jaundice is the  Just – exact. more malignant form (OED).  kibe – chilblain (OED).  id, jd – 1 denarius (Latin), an apothecary’s  kidnese – kidneys. measure of weight; a pennyweight, or 24  Kinde – semen (OED). grains, one-twentieth of an ounce.  Kings evell, king’s evil - Scrofula (tuberculous  Ieopardye - jeopardy infection of the lymph nodes of the neck). Scrofula was thought to be curable by the 16 Glossary 15 July 2020

monarch's touch.The name may also have been  Laurel, Laurye, loryall, lorell, lariall, lawrell, used for other types of swelling of the lymph lorall, laurell – the bushy plant laurel, or the nodes or glands of the neck (OED). bay tree or bay laurel Laurus nobilis. OED  Kiskett – not known, but from the context  Lavender cotton – ground cypress, Santolina (folio 57a), a seed or a comfit. chamaecyparissus OED  Knee holme, knee holly - A name for the plant  lavender spicke – Lavender Spike OED Butcher's Broom (OED).  Leatherg, litarge, lytarge, litarige, lytharige,  Knol – not known lythargye, litharigie – litharge, lead oxide,  Knotgrass - common weed, Polyganum prepared by exposing melted lead to a current aviculare, with numerous creeping stems of air; burnte litharge - frequently used in (OED). mediaeval medical remedies (Norri). Litharge  Kyll, kill - To destroy the active quality of (a of gold – litharge coloured red by being mixed substance); such as the fluidity of mercury with red lead; litharge of silver – a name given (OED). to it as being a by-product in the separation of  Kynde – kind, a natural quality, property, or silver from lead. Red lead is a red oxide of characteristic; a distinctive feature of a person lead obtained from litharge by exposing it to or thing (OED). hot air (OED).  Kyrnell – kernel (of a nut) or an enlarged  Leaven – yeast, or at this period a quantity of gland in neck or groin (OED). fermenting dough left from the last batch of  Labbanum, Labdanum castor, Labdanum, also baking (as in modern sourdough recipes). called ladanum, laudanum, ladan or ladanon,  Leche – slice (Brears (2008), p 293) (possibly also labliumme) - a sticky brown  leekblade - the outer leaf of a leek (OED). resin obtained from the shrubs Cistus ladanifer  Lees - the sediment of a liquor such as wine (western Mediterranean) and Cistus creticus during fermentation and ageing. (Merriam- (eastern Mediterranean), species of rockrose Webster). (OED).  Legge – choose, probably from Latin legere  Ladies Mantle - Any of various perennial  Leipfe – not known herbaceous plants comprising the chiefly  Leprye – leprosy Eurasian genus Alchemilla (family Rosaceae),  Lethergie, lethargy - A disorder characterized typically having palmately lobed leaves and by morbid drowsiness or prolonged and inconspicuous greenish flowers; especially the unnatural sleep (OED). European A. vulgaris, which was valued in  Letificans gall – a cordial powder, contents not medicine (OED). known (letificans or laetificans means  Lair – lard. Probably a local name for what is enriching in Latin) now called fatback, the hard subcutaneous fat  Levet – not known between the pig’s back skin and muscle –  ley, ly, lye – As an ingredient, alkalized water, quite a high grade lard. primarily that made by leaching vegetable  Lamp-black - A pigment consisting of almost ashes with water, but also applied to any pure carbon in a state of fine division; made by strong alkaline solution, especially one used collecting the soot produced by burning for the purpose of washing (OED). oil (OED).  Licor, licoure, likquer, lickor, licquerre,  Lang De Beuf, Langue de Boeuf - another lickour, liquer – liquor or liquid. name for Bugloss – see that entry (OED).  licoras, licoris, licores, lycoris, liqueris,  lap – wrap up liqorish – liquorice root.  Lapis – (Latin) stone; lapis danidone – not  lights – lungs. known  Lignum - (Latin) wood; lignem aloes, lignum  laser-wort – any plant of the genus aloes - Agarwood or aloeswood, a fragrant Laserpitium. (OED). resinous wood used in incense and perfume  laske – loosening of the bowels, diarrrhoea (Wikipedia); lignum vitae –guiaucum, see that (OED). entry  Latten - a yellow metal alloy, identical to or  Limmes, lymmes – limbs resembling brass (Merriam-Webster)  Linceed, lynseede – linseed, the seed of flax,  Lattene - Latin the source of linseed-oil. 17 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Linge, line – Ling, salted Atlantic cod a member of the Achillea family (Manor Farm (Wikipedia). Herbs).  Linine, lane, lining, Lyne – linen.  Macfalepa - not known.  Linte – lint, a soft material made from linen  Madther, Madder, Mader rootes - A used for dressing wounds (OED). herbacious scambling plant Rubia tinctorum,  Liquiddiness – probably ‘giddiness’. source of a red pigment (OED).  lise – lice  Malancholye – melancholy.  Lite – not known  Malaxable – malleable, softened (Tanner).  Lithing – thickening (OED)  malladye, malady – illness.  Liverworte, Liverworth, Liverwort – the plant  Mallows – mallow, any of a genus (Malva of Marchantia polymorpha, which has lobed, the family Malvaceae, the mallow family) of liver-shaped leaves, and was therefore thought herbs including marsh- (or March) mallow to be effective against liver disorders. (OED). (Althaea officinalis) (Merriam-Webster);  Loode – lode, a vein of metal ore (OED). Marchmallowes, marsh-mallow; a perennial  Lounges, longues – lungs (OED). species indigenous to Europe, Western Asia,  Loveage – lovage, commonly used as a herb and North Africa. A confection made from the or flavouring for culinary purposes, or as a root since ancient Egyptian times evolved into domestic remedy (OED). today's sweet marshmallow (Wikipedia).  Lugwort, Lungwort, lungworte, lungeworte,  Malmesy, Malmesye, Malmese, (possibly also loungworth – the English name for various Maslme), Malmsey, a strong sweet wine plants, including angelica, black hellebore, (OED). great mullein, and toothwort, Jerusalem  Malpegeron – not known. cowslip. The name was used specifically for  Manchet – wheaten bread of the highest Pulmonaria officinalis, whose spotted oval quality Merriam-Webster. leaves were thought to symbolize diseased,  Maniplum, manipulus, manipulum – Latin, a ulcerated lungs, and so were used to treat handful (Latham). pulmonary infections (OED and Wikipedia).  Manna - A dried, sweet gum produced by  Lumbricus - Latin, earthworm; lumbricorum various plants when cut; esp. one rich in ‘of earthworms’. mannitol exuded from the branches of the  Lunary Minor – the plant Honesty, Lunaria manna ash, which has been used medicinally biennis, supposed to have some magical as a mild laxative (OED). powers (OED).  manus Christi – small round sweetmeats made  Lupus – not known with sugar syrup boiled until it sets clear and  Luted – sealed. To lute is coat cracks or joints rock-hard, with gold dust and sometimes with a luting agent – in cookery, flour-and- powdered pearl mixed in, and other spices or water paste or pastry (OED). In distilling, a perfumes. (Brears (2015), p. 563, and glass alembic would need ‘luting’ over the Culpeper Phisicall Directory). base and sides with a very thick layer of clay,  marberesebelum – not known. with no cracks or gaps, before it could be used  Marchpayne – marchpane; a thick paste made over an open flame. with almonds and sugar, the forerunner of  Lyme – lime. modern marzipan (OED).  Lyste - A border, hem, bordering strip; or a  Marioram, margerom – marjoram verb, to be pleasing to (OED).  Marveoluslye = marvelously  Macary Bitter - a West Indian shrub,  Mary wort – not known Picramnia antidesma with bitter leaves and  marye bone – marrow bone (OED). bark formerly used medicinally (OED).  Marygold, Marygolde, goldes – marigold  Maces, macis, macys – mace, an aromatic (OED). spice consisting of the covering surrounding  Masterwort - A plant, Peucedanum ostruthium the seed in the fruit of the nutmeg tree, (family Apiaceae ( Umbelliferae)), highly Myristica fragrans, dried, powdered, and used regarded at the time for promoting sweating to flavour savoury dishes, sauces, etc (OED) and urination, and other medicinal properties or an aromatic herb, also called English Mace, of its root (OED).  Mastery, maisterye – not known 18 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Masticke – an aromatic gum or resin which  Mellilot, meleolot, melilot, melilotum - exudes from the bark of the lentisk or mastic Various Eurasian plants in the genus tree, Pistacia lentiscus (OED). Melilotus, with trifoliate leaves and long  Matfellin, matfellon – Any of several kinds of racemes of small flowers, usually yellow or knapweed, hardhead knapweed, Centaurea white, which smell of newly mown hay when nigra (also called black matfellon) and greater dry; yellow melilot - the yellow-flowered M. knapweed, Centaurea scabiosa (OED). officinalis, the dried flowers of which were  Mathyes - probably maythe, any of various much used in making plasters, poultices, etc.; white-rayed species of camomile (genus white melilot - the white-flowered M. alba. Anthemis and perhaps allied genera), chiefly (OED). weeds of cultivated ground; esp. (also more  melte – spleen (OED). fully stinking maythe) stinking camomile,  membro secreto – Latin, the private member Anthemis cotula. Also: any of several other (the penis). white-rayed plants of the family Asteraceae  Mencaster – not known (Compositae); esp. ox-eye daisy,  Menstrous, menstruous – relating to the Leucanthemum vulgare, or (less likely) womb, menstrual fluid OED matés, the leaves of the South American  Mercurius Polliticus, Mercurius Politicus was shrub, Ilex paraguariensis, of the holly family, a magazine that was published weekly from also called yerba-maté (OED). June 1650 until the English Restoration in  Matrisylva – Maticaria chamomilla also May 1660. Under the editorship of known as German Chamomile (Goldstein. p. Marchamont Nedham, it supported the 189). republican governments. From 1655 until  matrix – womb (OED). 1659 it had a monopoly on news publication  mattrice – mattress; ‘mattrice-wise’ - with (Wikipedia). It appears on the title page of diagonal lines of stitching in both directions Edwarde Potter’s book, but was presumably across the canvas, as with a modern mattress jotted down there by the book’s owners 40 or  Maturitive Plaster – a poultice to promote pus 50 years later. (Norri)  mercury – the mineral, OR the annual plant  Maudline wort - ox-eye daisy, Mercurialis annua of Euphorbia family Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (OED); Mercury sublimatum, mercury  Mawe – maw; stomach (OED). sublymate, mercury sublimat – mercury  Maxill, maxilla – Latin, the jaw, in the context chloride, highly toxic but used medicinally at used for the face as a whole the time, including for the treatment of  May butter – unsalted butter preserved during syphilis (Wikipedia) May (OED).  merrative – of merit, meritorious  Mayden heare, maiden haire – maidenhair,  Merrery – not known one of several types of fern (OED and  Messe – a portion of food (OED). Culpeper).  Mestigeron – not known.  Mayweede - mayweed, stinking mayweed -  Methredatum, methredatome, metridatum, stinking chamomile, Anthemis cotula (OED). mithredatum, or mithridate – various  meddle, medle – mix; medled – mixed. medicinal preparations, usually in the form of  Medecene, medison, medson – medicine. an electuary (see that entry) made up of many  Medewaxe – a kind of beeswax (OED). ingredients, and believed to be a universal  Meede – meadow (OED). antidote to poison or a panacea. See also  Meete – suitable. Theriac (Wikipedia).  Megrine, migryme, mygrime, megrime.  Metriatysse - probably metritis, an megryme, mygryme – migraine headache. inflammation of the womb (OED).  Meldew – mildew.  Middest, mideliste – middle, most central, the  Mell – honey (OED); mell rosarom – rose middle point (OED). honey.  Milte – spleen (OED).  Mellicratu: melicrate - mellicratus, a  Minge - mingle fermented or unfermented drink of honey and  Mingenese, minginess - unpleasantness, water (Norri) foulness, stinking (OED). 19 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Minster - a kind of coarse linen cloth, medicinally in powered form (New Royal originally from Münster (OED). Cyclopaedia, (1790), p. 633)  minte Mintes, Mynts, Mynte, – mint. Any of  mountain wine; an alcoholic drink made by various aromatic plants constituting the genus fermenting dried currants or raisins in spring Mentha, which includes many kinds grown as water in a barrel; there is a recipe for this at culinary herbs. (OED). image 361.  Mirrhe, mirre, mirrhe, Murhe, myrre, Myrrh –  Mouseeare, mowseare, mousear – mouse-ear; A natural gum or resin extracted from a Hawksweed, Pilosella officinarum (OED); or number of small, thorny tree species of the the plant Cerastium vulgatum (Culpeper Plant genus Commiphora. The name “myrrh” is also names database). applied at this date to the potherb Myrrhis  moyster – moisture. odorata, otherwise known as “cicely” or  Mugg, mug - A (usually large) earthenware “sweet cicely”. (Wikipedia and Wren) vessel or bowl; a pot, a jug, a ewer (OED).  mischaunce – mischance, miscarriage  Mummia, mumia, mumia, possibly also  Mixte - mix amumia – or originally ‘mummy’ referred to  Moll – mole several different preparations in the history of  mollifye – to make soft or supple (OED). medicine, from "mineral pitch" to "powdered  molline, mollins, mullet, mullein, mollyne, human mummies". Apothecaries dispensed mullen - Any of various plants of the genus expensive mummia bitumen, which was Verbascum, typically with rosettes of greyish thought to be an effective cure-all for many woolly leaves and tall erect racemes of flowers ailments. (Wikipedia). (OED).  Mundicative – cleansing; mundify - cleanse,  Molten – melted, liquefied (OED). purify (OED).  Monks Rhubarb - Either of two species of  Murrell, Morell, Morel - morel, any of several dock formerly grown as medicinal plants or kinds of nightshade with black or deep purple pot-herbs, (originally) patience dock, Rumex berries especially black nightshade, Solanum patientia, and (in later use) R. pseudoalpinus nigrum. Also known as petty morel, petty (OED). morrall, petty morrel, petymerell to distinguish  Morbus Gallicus, Morbum Gallicum – Latin, it from deadly nightshade (OED). the French disease, i.e. Syphilis (OED).  Muscaden, mascadine, muskaden, muscadine,  Morell - nightshade (OED). muscadell – muscatel; a wine made from the  Moremall, moremal – a sore or ulcer (OED). muscat grape, or a similar variety (OED).  Morning fast - the period after rising and  Muske – musk, A reddish brown substance before mid-morning during which a person did with a strong, persistent odour secreted by a not eat. Samuel Pepys in his diary refers to gland of the male musk deer (OED). taking a ‘morning draught’ (probably of small  Mustilage – a mucilage, or gum. beer) in the mid-morning which could be  Mustur’d – mustard. accompanied by a light snack. The main meal  mustyll – not known. was dinner, taken about noon.  Myllisum – not known.  Morphy, morphew, morpheye (morphene may  Naggin – liquid measure of one gill, or a also be variant spelling) – a skin disease quarter of a pint. resulting in discoloured skin (OED).  Narbon – a play on the words noir and bon  Mother, Rising of the Mother - now historical, meaning that although the plaster is black it is a medical condition attributed to upward good. (Arderne, p. 42). displacement of the uterus characterized by a  Naven - Turnip. sensation of fullness in the abdomen and chest,  Nealed - glazed, fired (OED). with choking or difficulty in breathing (OED).  Neat - a bovine animal, an ox, bullock, cow or  Motherhoofe – a herb, but not identified heifer; neates tongue – The tongue of a cow  Motherworte – a herb, Leonurus cardiaca of or ox; Neatsfoot oil – oil made from boiled the mint family Lamiaceae (Wikipedia). cow heel, especially used to dress leather  moulde – dome (of head) (OED). (OED).  Mountague crystall, mountagne crystal –  Neppe, nep - probably Nepeta cataria, mountain or quartz crystal (OED). Used Catmint or catnip. (Potter's Cyclopedia) 20 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Nervale – a medicinal ointment for the sinews  Organum, organon, organye, origany, (OED). origanum – the herb oregano (OED).  New ale in cornes - ale as drawn off the malt,  Oring, oringe – orange. tasting of corn? (OED).  Oringadoe – candied orange peel  Nightshade (Common) – medicinal plant not  Orobus - Vetch or wild pea (Wikipedia). to be confused with Deadly Nightshade  Orpen, Orpine, Orpin - sedum, a kind of Culpepper stonecrop.  No force - what does it matter? (OED).  Orpiment, orpimente - arsenic trisulphide, a  Noddle – the back of the head (OED). bright yellow mineral used as a dye or artist's  noli me tangere – Latin, do not touch me; pigment. Also called yellow arsenic and (as a Erosive ulceration or cancer on face (Norri) pigment) king's yellow (OED).  norue oyle – not known. The OED gives norie  Orrice, ories, orris, yrios, yzios - The fragrant as a Scandinavian name for the puffin, but rhizome of any of several irises of the Iris there is no suggestion that its oil had a germanica group; a powdered preparation of medicinal use. An alternative is that the word such rhizomes, used in perfumery and (image 238) is a variant of morue, the French formerly in medicine (OED). for cod, and that the meaning is ‘cod liver oil’,  Orryn – not known. which was extracted by fishermen from very  Osalam – not known. early times.  Osley – osey, sweet wine from Lisbon,  Nounes – ounce. Auxerre, or Alsace (OED).  noviae – Latin, new, fresh.  Osmond – Osmond Royal or water-fern,  numing – numbing; numnes – numbness. (Culpeper).  Nutmygnes – not known, perhaps nutmeg  Ote – oat; otemell – oatmeal.  Nutt – the term for a small bird that had been  Overwharte, overthwart - crosswise, across netted, and was then fattened until it grew (OED). lame, when it was killed (Yaxley).  Oximele, oximell); A preparation of vinegar  Nye, nigh - near, approximate (OED). and honey, often with other herbal ingredients,  Oak, oke – the oak tree, whose leaves, bark principally used as a medicinal drink or and acorns were all used in medical component (Middle English Dictionary). preparations (Culpepper); oake apple - the  Oyle - As a verb, to become oily (OED); oyle reddish spongy gall formed in oak leaf-buds de roy – not known; oyle of Exetor – oil of by the developing larvae of a gall wasp; oak Exeter, frequently referred to in medical books gall - An excrescence produced on trees, (there is a receipt for it in image 132); oyle of especially the oak, by the action of insects, tarture, oil of tartar - solution of potassium chiefly of the genus Cynips. Oak-galls are carbonate. (OED). used in the manufacture of ink and tannin, as  oyntemente – ointment. well as in dyeing and in medicine (OED).  Padwaye – probably Padua, in Italy, where the  Obulus – Latin, halfpenny (Latham) Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-  Occupy – make use of (OED). 1564), had been professor  Oddington – a village in Gloucestershire; its  Palantine, palentine – possibly Plantain (see particular connection with the coronation (see that entry) folio 52b) not traced.  Palatine Water – not known.  Oleandrina – oleandrine, a toxic alkaloid  palma Christi – either an unidentified found in the leaves of the oleander plant medicinal herb, perhaps cut-leaved dead- (OED). nettle, Lamium hybridum, or the castor oil  Oleum – Latin, oil; Oleum Benedictum – plant, Ricinus communis. Both have palm- blessed oil; Oleum ciriacum, cyriacum, shaped leaves. Syriacum – oil made with crushed mallows  Palsio, palsey, palsy, Palsye – paralysis of the (Norri); Oleum succini – oil of amber (Cullen limbs, sometimes with trembling (OED) Project). See entry for aumber.  Pane – pan.  Oliffe, ollyffe – olive.  panne – sometimes means pan, but can also  opening roots – a group of plant roots that act mean ‘the head, especially the top and its as diuretics. See Humours contents; skull’ (Wiktionary). 21 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Pantonia – not known.  Penyroyall, penny ryall, pennyroyal - a small-  Paps – breasts, also used for lumps leaved creeping mint Mentha pulegium  Papworte – a medicinal herb, the annual (OED). Mercury, Mercurialis annua (OED, quoting  Peper – pepper Gerard).  Perboyle, parboil – boil lightly, until partly  paralitici – Latin, as if paralysed. cooked.  Pare – peel away.  perbrake – vomit (OED).  Parmacittye, parmacety, parmessitie,  Perosin, perrossen, perrozen,– A kind of gum parmacity, permacittie, sparma ceti, or resin, the dry resin obtained from pine trees Spermaceti, - the pearly white, waxy, OED translucent solid, obtained from the oil in the  perry winkle, probably also pervirike – head of the sperm whale: used chiefly in periwinkle, Vinca minor. cosmetics and candles, and as an emollient.  Persly, Petroselyne, parcelye, parslew – (Wikipedia). parsley; parsliseed – parsley seed  Past, paste – pastry (OED).  Pessell – pestle, A club-shaped instrument  pater nosters while - the time it takes to say with a round end, used to crush or pound the Lord’s Prayer (Latin, Our Father) (OED). substances (such as herbs, spices, and drugs)  Paules, pauls – not known. in a mortar (OED).  pearle, pearl – in cookery, powdered pearl or  pestilence – fatal epidemic or disease; plague; tiny pearls described as pearl dust. bubonic plague was endemic in Britain,  Pease – pea (singular), the plural being especially London, in the late 16th and early peasen, peason (OED). 17th centuries (OED); Pestilent – linked to the  Peasecod, pescod, peascod – The pod or plague. legume of the pea plant; a pea pod, especially  Peterstaff, Shipherds Crook, tapsus barbatus: one still containing the peas. Also the name of alternative names for the herb Great Mullein, a small half-round pastry filled with bone- verbascum Thapsus, “a gardener’s friend and marrow and sweet items, and fried (Brears herbalist’s delight” (Botanical.com). (2015), p. 365).  Petie, petty – small, lesser (OED).  Pecke, peck – a unit of capacity for dry goods  Petty Whinne - either the rest-harrow, Ononis equal to a quarter of a bushel, 2 imperial arvensis (see that entry); or the needle-furze, gallons or 9.09 litres (OED). Genista anglica (OED).  Peele - A pole with a broad flat disc at one  pewter - A grey alloy of tin, originally with end, used to place loaves, etc., in an oven, and about 20 per cent lead, and sometimes other to withdraw them when baked; a baker's elements (OED). shovel (OED).  Philupendula, philipendula, Phylipendula -  Pelechie – probably petechia; a small, flat, red filipendula or drop-wort. (Culpeper). or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin  Phisicke drinke – medicinal preparation or other organ, or a disease characterised by (Merriam-Webster). such spots (OED).  phthisic, phthisis, tisick, tissicke - A wasting  pellit, pellet - - a small, rounded mass of a disease, especially one involving the lungs, substance, like a modern pill (OED). specifically tuberculosis (OED).  Pellitorye, peritorye, peritur, of the wall – a  Physition, phisition, phisihan, phisitian – herb, Latin name Parietaria officinalis, used physician. as a laxative and diuretic (Wren); Pellitory of  piamounte - wild thyme, named from the Spayne (or Spain) - Spanish Chamomile Piedmont region of Italy where it was grown. (Wikipedia).  Pickerel, Pickerell – – a small pike (the fish).  pennans (mentioned alongside gout) – not  Pigle, peagles - cowslip (Culpeper). found.  Pigoons – pigeons.  Penne worth, penyworth, pennyworth – to the  Pill, pille, pylle, pil – peel; or seed or small value of a penny. piece (as in the modern ‘pill’), depending on  Pennyweight, penny wayghte, penny waighte - context. an apothecary’s measure of weight; 24 grains, one-twentieth of an ounce. 22 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Pimpernel, pympernell – any of several  Popilion, pompillin, poumpillion - ointment herbaceous plants, typically having pinnate containing buds of black poplar (OED). leaves, resembling those of a saxifrage (OED).  Poppilicrum – not known (OED).  Pin and web, pinne and webbe – corneal  Popy, popis – poppy/ies opacity, cataract (OED).  Porringer – small bowl or basin (OED).  Pine aple tree – Probably a pine tree with pine  Portagees – Portuguese OED; Portingall – of cones, rather than what we would now call a Portugal; Portingall fartes – (folio 54a-b) a pineapple tree. The first reference to the well known recipe apparently introduced from tropical fruit in English is in 1664 Iberia in the 1580s; mutton meatballs ‘as big (Wikipedia). as tennis balls’, made with spices and  Pinte – pint (measure of liquid). simmered in broth (Brears, pp.264-5)  Pipkin, pipkine - earthenware pot or pan  Posnet - A small metal pot or vessel for (OED). boiling, having a handle and three feet (OED).  Pished – not known, but in the context (image  Posset, possit, possett - a hot drink made from 098) could mean rotten or bruised hot milk curdled with wine, ale, or other  Pitch; The resin or crude turpentine which liquor, and various flavourings (OED). exudes from some coniferous trees; stone pitch  Possle – not known. – pitch in the solid form; hard or dry pitch  potatoe – either the ordinary potato, or the (OED); Pitch of Burgany, Burgony pitch sweet potato. In seventeenth-century usage it Burgundy pitch - resinous substance from is often difficult or impossible to determine Norway spruce, used in medicinal plasters which plant is meant (OED). (Wiktionary); Greek pitch – rosen (see that  Potatum – Latin, soaks up or absorbs. entry); pitch of Spayn – not known; ship pitch  Pottage, potage - soup or stew. – tar.  potticaries – apothecaries.  Plague water – an infusion of herbs and roots  Pottle, pottell, probably also potien – a in alcohol taken as a remedy against the container for liquid, or a measure of the liquid plague (OED). itself, about half a gallon (2.3 litres) (OED).  Plantain, planten, plantin, plantine, plantyne -  Pouder – powder Any of various low-growing plants in the  Powder of cristal – probably Cream of Tartar genus Plantago, with dense cylindrical spikes  Powndgardner – a tree or shrub, not known of inconspicuous flowers and leaves in a basal what type rosette usually pressed closely to the ground  Precipitat, Precipitate - the result of (OED). See also ribwort precipitation, a chemical process in which a  Plasterwise – in the manner of a plaster (OED) solid substance is produced from a liquid, for  plate, sugar plate – a type of confectionery, example by cooling (OED). with sugar as the main ingredient, boiled and  Pretionslye – not known, perhaps a mis- made into a flat cake (Brears) spelling of preciously  Plewmonolle – not known  Pretious – precious  Plomes – plums  Prime rose – primrose (Culpeper)  Plumbe - lead  prlyall – not known, possibly Pyrola or  Plurisye – pleurisy Wintergreen (OED).  Poak, poke – a bag (OED).  Pro flux ventris – Latin, for flux of the  pocke – pockmark stomach: heartburn (NHS)  Podagre, podagra - pain in the foot, especially  Probatum est – Latin, It is proved that of gouty arthritis (OED).  Prognostication, pronostication – A  Polymed – not traced, but in the context judgment or the act of making a judgment (image 098) clearly means ‘sealed’ about what is likely to happen in the  Polypodium, polypody, polypodinin – a type future (Cambridge English Dictionary). In this of fern (OED). case, the name of a book by Leonard Digges,  Pomegarnet – pomegranite. from which parts of Potter’s manuscript are  Pondicherry – a city in India. The Jesuits were taken; follow this link to see a list. active in Pondicherry from the late 17th  Proins – prunes; century. 23 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Proofe - testing; in context of making sugar-  Quarte – quart, a unit of liquid capacity equal confections, checking whether it has reached to a quarter of a gallon or two pints, equivalent the desired temperature and set in Britain to approximately 1.13 litres (OED).  Proprietatis – Latin, proprietory; an elixir  Quarterne – a quarter. OED proprietatis will be a patent medicine of one  quers – probably cures. particular seller, who usually keeps the recip  Quesk – not found, but from context it means secret ‘wrap’.  Provians - Provins Rose, a much-esteemed  quicke – live cultivated rose (OED).  Quicksilver – the mineral mercury, which was  Ptisan, ptison – tisane, a medicinal used as a treatment for syphilis through into drink (OED). the nineteenth century.  Puliall – not known  quilelye – not known (a herb).  pulius benedicta – not known, may be mis-  Quilt - to stitch a medicinal substance spelling of pulvis benedicta (Latin), holy between pieces of cloth to facilitate its powder application (OED).  Pultisse, pultise, pultyse, Pultesse – poultice  Quinch - quince (OED).  Pulverum – Latin, powder; Pulverum grecum,  Quinse, Quinsies, quinsy – inflammation or graecum possibly also gregum – Greek swelling of the throat (OED). powder, (Norri)  Quintizan – unknown  Pumatum – pomatum (hair ointment)  Quire - a set of twenty-four or twenty-five  Pumpcon - pumpkin sheets of paper; one twentieth of a ream  Purcepurstarye, Pickpurse - Either of two (OED). annual weeds, shepherd's purse, Capsella  Quodiniacke – a jelly preserve intended for bursa-pastoris, and corn spurrey, Spergula decorative reliefs made in moulds (Hogwood). arvensis. (OED).  quotidian – daily; for a disease, one where the  Pure – as a verb, to purify fever recurs at 24-hour intervals (OED).  Purgation – emptying the bowels (so a ‘potion  race – root or rhizome (OED). for a purgation’ is a laxative);  Rageing – being in a rage; acute pain; insanity  Purging after childbirth – remaining in bed (OED). until bleeding after childbirth had stopped  Ragworte – ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris, a very (Astbury) common wild flower in the family Asteraceae.  Purslane, purslayne – a low-growing Toxic to cattle and horses (Wikipedia) succulent plant (OED)  Raignes, raygnes, raigns, reignes, raings,  pye – pie reighns - kidneys (from the French, reins); the  pylles – piles (haemorroids) remedies ‘for the running of the reignes’ are  Pympernell : Scarlet pimpernel, anagallis probably intended to allow someone to pass arvensis, a low-growing annual plant water freely without blockage (stones) in the (Wikipedia). kidneys; raygnes can also mean the fins of a  Pyonn, peony, piony - Any of various showy fish (OED). herbaceous or shrubby plants of the genus  Raltel, not known Paeonia, with large globular flowers, now  Ramson - wild garlic, Allium ursinum (OED). grown as ornamental garden plants but  Ranishe, Ranish, Renishe, Rhenish - German, formerly valued chiefly for the supposed used for wine from the Rhine region medicinal properties of the root, flowers, and  Rankel, rankelinge, rankeled, rankling, seeds (OED). rankeinge – To fester, esp. to a degree that  Pyppes – not known causes pain; to putrefy, rot. Of a wounded or  Pysse, piss – urine. diseased part of the body (OED).  Quanitie – quantity.  Rankeste - of vigorous, luxurious growth  Quartaine, quartayne, quartan, quaterne – (OED). malarial fever (occurring every third/fourth  Raspede – rasped; to rasp is to grate, file or day; Free Dictionary) scrape with a rasp or other rough instrument, so this is the past tense (OED).  Rassen, rasse - a type of civet (see that entry) 24 Glossary 15 July 2020

 read roote – probably reed root, i.e. the root of plantain commonly found in a reed grassland (OED).  readco, red coole – red cabbage or horseradish  rigge – back or spine (OED). (OED).  riginge – not known  Reasens, reysens, reysons, reasons, raysenge –  Rine – rind or skin of fruit, bark (OED). raisins. Usually described as ‘of the sunne’  Ringworm - Fungal infection of the because the grapes were dried in strong keratinized layer of the skin or of the hair or sunlight. Small raisins are generally currants. nails, in some forms manifesting itself as  Receait, Receit, receite, receipte – receipt. In circular patches of inflammation or broken medical entries, this means the prescription; in hairs/ Also called dermatophytosis (OED). the cookery entries, the recipe.  ripe – ripen, make ready for curative treatment  Red nettle - A form of common nettle, Urtica (OED). dioica, or Roman nettle, U. pilulifera, with  Roch – roach; A freshwater cyprinid fish, reddish parts. Also: the red dead-nettle, Rutilus rutilus, with a deep body with orange- Lamium purpureum (OED). red anal and pelvic fins and red eyes (OED)  Reddish, Radish – the salad vegetable.  Romayne – not known, possibly Romaine  Redmint – any of several kinds of mint, with lettuce. reddish leaves (OED).  ronghe – not known.  Refolyns – not known.  Rosa Solis – The carnivorous plant Sundew  Rennet – curdled milk from the fourth stomach (Drosera rotundifolia), used to create a bright of a ruminant animal (OED). yellow cordial water called rosa solis or  Repleate – replete, In terms of early modern rosolio. Initially considered a medicine and medicine, suffering from or affected by aphrodisiac before it became a popular drink plethora, an over-abundance of one or more (Historic Food). humours especially of blood (OED).  Rose cake, rosecake - a cake of compressed  Resine perine – not known rose petals used as a perfume for linens etc  resion – not known (OED).  Resolve – dissolve (OED).  Rosen, roset – relating to roses: distilled from  Restharrow - Any of various small perennial roses (OED). shrubs constituting the chiefly European genus  Roule, rowle – roll (OED). Ononis (family Fabaceae ( Leguminosae)),  Rozen, rosyn, rossin – rosin, a solid form having prostrate woody stems and tough roots obtained as a residue after the distillation of oil (OED). of turpentine from crude turpentine. Also  Resty, rusty , (probably also rustic)– rancid. known as colophony or Greek Pitch (OED). OED  Rudium – Pills of Rudius, purgative pills of  Retorte, retort – a container, usually metal or Socotra aloe, colocynth, scammony, black earthenware, in which material is heated as hellebore root etc. Named after Rudius or part of a metallurgical or industrial process Rudiae, a town in southern Italy. (Goldstein, p.  Reume, rhume, rheum, rume and ruming – 242) watery secretions dripping from eyes or nose,  rumminge – not known a cold or chill (OED).  Runlet – a cask for wine or beer (Collins)  Rewbarbe, rewbarb, ruberbe, rougbarb, rubarb  Runnawaye, Robin runaway - Ground Ivy (see – rhubarb. At this date this would have been that entry). the root, not the stalk; it was only used  Running Gout – Arthritis, with pain in all the medicinally, and not for food. joints of the body;. Gout was used as a generic  Rewe (also spelt rewt) – Rue, any of the term for pains in different parts of the body; various southern European dwarf shrubs for a full explanation, see Riverius, Culpeper constituting the genus Ruta. Common or and Cole, 1661, online at Archive.org. (With Garden Rue was used for medicinal purposes thanks to Dr Oakeley at the Royal College of (OED). Physicians for this reference)  Ribworte, rybworte, rybwerte, ribwort  Ryall – royal (OED). (possibly also Ribe Leaves - a type of  Ryemeale - meal made from rye (OED).

25 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Rymme - A membrane; a thin layer of skin or  Sanguis draconis, sangedracon, sandragon - tissue (OED). sangdragon – Latin, dragon’s blood, red  Sabor – savour; can mean taste or smell powder for wounds made of the sap from the  Sacco – Latin, I strain or filter (a verb, in the dragon tree (Norri). first person singular) Saccus, saccas, saccos;  Sanitive, having the power to heal (OED). Latin, a bag (noun), in different cases  Sarafrassence – Sassafras, a small tree of the  Sachary – sugar (Bennett) Laurel family, native in North America,  Sacke, sack, shery sack – A general name for thought to a have been discovered by the a class of white wines formerly imported from Spanish in 1528 (OED). Spain and the Canaries, equivalent to sherry  Saragossa wine – Saragossa is a city in north- today (OED). eastern Spain. Its patron saint, Vincent of  Safforne, saforne – saffron, powder made from Saragossa, is also the patron of vintners and the dried stigmas of the crocus, Crocus sativus vinegar-makers (Wikipedia) (OED).  Sarcins fleshe – not known  Sagapenum – An expensive gum-resin, the  Sarsenet – a fine, soft silk fabric used for concrete juice of Ferula persica, used as an lining clothes (OED). antispasmodic and emmenagogue (having the  Sarzaprille, salsa pilla – Sarsaparilla, plant power to promote menstruation), or externally belonging to any of the species of the order (OED). Smilaceae. Native to tropical America from  sage of vertue – small sage (Culpeper). Mexico to Peru (OED).  Sal Niter = Saltpetre, potassium nitrate  Sassafras, sazafrassenie - A small tree, (Wikipedia). Sassafras officinale (N.O. Laurineæ), also  Salerno – a city in Southern Italy. The Schola called Sassafras Laurel and Ague-tree, native Medica Salernitana was a medieval medical in North America, where it is said to have school, the first and most important of its kind been discovered by the Spanish in 1528 (Wikipedia). (OED).  Sallet – salad; sallet oil, sallot oyle – salad oil  Sauge – sage. (generally olive oil) (OED).  saulter – not known.  salprunella – fused nitre cast into cakes or  Saunders, sanders, red sanders – the balls (OED). heartwood of the Sandalwood tree, used as  Salte gemme – rock salt, from the French sel both a dye and a medicine (OED); white gemme (Collins). sanders (or saunders) is the aromatic wood of  Salus populi – Latin, the safety of the people a different tree Santalum album (family  Salve - a healing ointment for application to Santalaceae) (OED); Also see Alexanders wounds or sores (OED).  Sausfleme, saucefleme, sawse flewme, salse  Sambutum, sambute, Sambutium, Sambucus – fleugme, salse fleume, sansefleamed, saslse elder (see that entry); oyle sambute, oleum flengme - A swelling of the face sambutum – elder flower oil accompanied by inflammation, supposed to be  Samicle, Sanicle – wood sanicle, the due to salt humours (OED). umbelliferous plant Sanicula europæa (OED).  Savene, Savin, savine, possibly also Savon a  Sanabitur – Latin, ‘he will become healthy’ small bushy juniper , Juniperus sabina, native  Sandaracke, sandarac - Red arsenic sulphide to Europe and Western Asia, which has (OED). overlapping scale-like mature leaves and blue- black berry-like cones (OED).  Sandimar – unknown, but possibly a variation on sandiver, a liquid saline matter found  Saverye – savory, either of two aromatic floating over glass after vitrification (OED). plants, summer savory and winter savory, used as culinary herbs  Sandricke – Sand vetch (Wikipedia)  Sawdinge – unknown (OED).  Sanguinary – a name applied to certain plants which can stop bleeding, especially milfoil  Saxafrage, Saxafreg, Sackrifrax, Saxifrage - and shepherd's purse, also to (OED). any of a genus (Saxifraga of the family  Sanguinem Veneris – Latin, blood of Venus; Saxifragaceae) of chiefly perennial herbs (Merriam-Webster) the name of an ointment that appears in several receipts. 26 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Scab, scabb – a skin disease resulting in the 17th century, it did not necessarily include pustules on the skin. Wet scab was eczema beeswax. ‘Queens sealing waxe’ may have (OED). been a particularly high-quality one  scabia, scabies, scabias, scabiesa, scabeas,– (Wikipedia). scabious, scabiouse, any of various plants of  Searce, serce, searse, serse, possibly also sorse genus Scabiosa, used to treat skin diseases (verb) = to sieve; Sercer – a sieve (OED). (OED).  Seare cloth, seerecloth, seere clothe, seare  scalde, scald - To wash and cleanse with clothe, serecloth, cerecloth, searcloth, ser boiling water the carcase of an animal, in order cloth, sercloth - cloth infused with a stiff to remove hair; variation of scall, a skin ointment made of wax and other ingredients, disease (see that entry); scaldhead, scald used as a bandage or dressing (OED). head, scalde heade – A person’s head diseased  Seaven – seven with ringworm or some similar affection  Sebesten – The plum-like fruit of a tree of the (OED). genus Cordia (formerly Sebestena); a  Scammony, scamony – the resinous exudate of preparation of this used as a medicine (OED). the living root of Convolvulus scammonia.  Second water - urine Also described as a powerful purgative. Used  Seed Pearle – a very small pearl to treat worms in adults and children, also for  Seeth, seethe, seithe – to boil or simmer. Past severe constipation. (Goldstein, p. 250). tense is sodden  Scaule, scall, scale, scals - A scaly or scabby  Seige, siege – bowel movement; Seege stoole - disease of the skin (OED). siege stool, a privy toilet (OED).  Schiffes – not known, from the context a flaw  Sel Armoniac, salarmoniacke - a hard white in a cloth. opaque crystalline salt, chemically  Sciatica passio –Latin, sciatic illness, pain in Ammonium Chloride (OED) hip (OED).  Selfeheale – self-heal, low growing Eurasian  Scillet, skillat, skillett, skyllet, skillet – a stew- plant, Prunella vulgaris, typically found pan, usually of metal and with a long handle growing in meadows (OED). (OED).  Semen - Latin, seed.  sciminge – skimming; skymme - skim  Sena, Scene, sene, Senye, senna - The dried  Sclyse, sclice - A spatula or similar utensil leaflets of various species of the shrub Cassia, (OED). used as a cathartic and emetic (OED).  Scome, skumme – scum, film. If over the eye,  sene epetium – not known a cataract (OED).  Sengweene, Sengreene, see houseleek.  Scordium - Water-Germander, Teucrium  Seonchon, sencion – groundsel, see that entry Scordium, a plant used to promote sweating, (OED). and as an antidote for poisons (OED)  Separated water – not known  Scorpion – probably Scorpion Grass, also  Sercacoll, sercacoss, sercacol, sarcocolla - a called Mouse-Ear (Culpeper). sticky gum-resin brought from Arabia and  Scruple - an apothecary's measure (twenty- Persia in light yellow or red grains. (OED). four scruples to the ounce)  Serpigo - A general term for creeping or  scurfe – a skin condition charcterised by scales spreading skin diseases, especially ringworm being continually detached from the skin (OED). (OED).  Setfoil, tomental, tomentell, tormentil,  scurvy grasse - A cruciferous plant, tormentle, turmentill, turmentyll, tormentillo – Cochlearia officinalis, believed to possess the low-growing herb Potentilla tormentilla, anti-scorbutic properties; also known as part of the same family as cinquefoil. Used in spoonwort, after its spoon shaped leaves herbal medicine as an astringent because of its (OED). tannin content (OED).  Scyrps - not known  Setfoyl – the plant tormentil (see that entry)  Sea-drink – not known, unless possibly See- (OED). pink (the herb Thrift)  Setwell, setwill – variations on the name of  sealing waxe – a special hard wax used for the plant zedoary, any of several species of sealing letters and important documents. By the genus Curcuma, C. zedoaria, which are 27 Glossary 15 July 2020

native to south Asia and have aromatic,  Slyppe - sprig, twig (OED). tuberous rhizomes, used in cooking and  Slyten – not known medicine (OED).  Smaleache, smallage, smalledg - several kinds  Several - separate, individual (OED); also of celery and parsley, especially wild celery severally (OED).  Sewes, sowes – a type of worm. It was  Smyths water – smith’s water, water in which generally believed that powdered earthworms a blacksmith has cooled hot iron (OED). were the best remedy when a woman’s milk  Smytton – smitten, past tense of smite (to dried up (Eccles). strike).  Sewet, shuett, sowet - suet  Snufe – sniff.  Share - the division or fork of the body, the  Soaking – a soaking fire is a slow one with pubic region, groin (OED). gentle flames; soakenly – OED gives  Shift – to change one’s own or another’s ‘drunkenly’, but from the context (folio 39a), a clothing (OED). synonym for 'softly'  Shipmans stone, loadstar, loadestone,  Sod, Sodde, sodden, soddon – boiled, cooked; lodestone - Magnetic oxide of iron; a piece of past tense or participle of seethe. Can also this used as a magnet (OED). mean ‘soaked’ as in modern usage (OED).  Shornewoll – shorn wool (that is, wool taken  Soda ash - sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), from the sheep during shearing, rather than obtained originally from the ashes of certain collected from hedges). marine or other salt-impregnated plants, esp.  Shronke – past tense of shrink (OED). species of Salsola, or as a mineral deposit or in  shynne – shin solution in certain lakes (then called natron).  Silex mountaine – probably powdered flint Used especially in the manufacture of glass (OED). and soap (OED).  Silvermontan – not known  Soke – bake thoroughly (OED).  Simper – simmer; Symperlye – at a simmer  Solcicle, solsecle, - Marigold (Old French; (OED). OED)  Simplex – another name for Oximele (see that  Solempne – solemn, associated with religious entry). rites (OED).  Sine - not known.  solmu indicum - possibly solanum indicum, a  Siperus – not known. plant of the nightshade/potato family,  Sippets – the equivalent of French croutons, Solanaceae, used medicinally (Vikaspedia) small cubes of toasted or fried bread added to  sope, sop, soppes – a small quantity of drink, soups and broths. or a piece of dry bread or cake soaked in a  Sirupi, surrupe, sirrop, syropp, syrropp, liquid such as wine or gravy syrroppe, syrrop – syrup  sornes – soreness  Sive, syve – sieve  Sorrel - small perennial plants belonging to the  Skarlet, scarlet - a smooth soft woollen cloth, genus Rumex, characterized by a sour taste, usually dyed scarlet with Kermes, the pregnant and to some extent cultivated for culinary female of the insect Coccus ilicis (Yaxley). purposes especially the common wild species  Skerewitte, skirret -a species of water parsnip Rumex acetosa; sorrell de boyse – wood (OED). sorrel, a low-growing woodland plant  Sket - to splash (water), (Collins Dictionary) appearing in spring. From the French bois  Skowre – scour (OED). (OED  sleeke, sleked, sleeked - make sleek or smooth  Soueraigne – sovereign (OED). by rubbing or polishing. (OED).  Sowce, souse - to preserve fish or meat in a  Sleightflye, sleightfelye, sleightfully - craftily liquid, usually a pickling solution (OED). or artfully (OED).  Sownde white – not known  Slout – Not found, but in context (folio 133a)  sownde, swoon – to faint (OED). crease or fold  Sowre – sour.  Slyme – semen (OED).  Sowthistle, sowthystell, Sow Thistle – a type  Slynge – sling of thistle, with sharp toothlike leaves and milky juice in the stem (OED). 28 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Spader - spatula of the Assumption, and 8 September, the Feast  Spanish black - a pigment formed by burning of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary (Wikipedia) French white cork in a closed vessel (OED).  Stackl – not known, but from context (image  Speryminte – Spearmint 361), either stone, or a mis-spelling of stalk  spetiall – special  Stale ale – ale that is clear, free of dregs  Spheres – possibly cysts or tumours (OED).  Spica Romana - Latin, Roman Spike;  stamp – crush or pound in a mortar (OED). identified as Long Spikenard in Wirsung (see  Stand - an open tub or barrel (OED). Books and Sources)  Stanmarche, stanmarch, standmarche  Spicke, spike, probably also speeke – a standmarch - See Alexanders strongly aromatic species of lavender,  Stanning – unknown Lavandula latifolia, native to the  Starte – stark. Of a living creature, or of the Mediterranean (Wikipedia); Spike flowers - muscles, limbs, face, etc.: stiff, rigid, lacking probably lavender flowers (OED). suppleness and pliability (OED).  Spieces – probably species, in the sense of  Stave – stick kinds or varieties.  Stavsaker, stavesacre, staveseacre -  Spieknel, Spignel, Spignaull, Spignell – the Delphinium staphisagria, also called lice- aromatic root of the plant Meum bane (Wikipedia). athamanticum. Also known as Bearesworte, or  Stean – stone. Baldmoney (OED).  steare – steer, a young castrated ox.  Spikenarde – a herb of the valerian family,  Stench – staunch, stop bleeding. OR a very expensive oil or ointment made  Stente – leave off, cease (OED). from its flowers (OED).  Sticados - French Lavender or Lavandula  Spinage – spinach stoechas (Wikipedia)  spinnercoppe – probably a type of spider  Sticheworte – Greater or lesser stichwort, a  Spirit of wine – another name for aqua vitae common wild flower (see that entry)  Stifle - disease of stifle-joint in the leg of a  splat – split open (OED). horse (OED).  Splatter – spatula (OED).  still – to distill (verb), or distilling apparatus  spritts – spirits (noun). See Wikipedia (Herbal Distillates), for  Spronge – split (OED). an explanation of the process for distilling  Spunfull - spoonful herbal oils and waters; Still heade – the cap, or  Spunge – sponge upper compartment, of a still (equipment for  Spurge - One of several species of plants distilling liquors). OED; Stillitorye , stillatory belonging to the extensive genus Euphorbia, – distillery, the place where distilling is done many of which have an acrid milky juice (OED). See also Alembic. possessing purgative or medicinal properties.  Stone – urinary stone in kidney or bladder. (OED). Extremely painful and life-threatening, but the  squatts – not known operation to remove a bladder stone was also  Squease – squeeze. dangerous and painful (see Samuel Pepys’  Squills - The bulbs or roots of the sea-onion or diaries for a description). OED; alternative other related plant (OED). meanings of a weight, 14 lb (6.35 kilos), or of  Squintum – not known. testicles of food animals (Wikipedia)  St Anthony’s fire – ergotism, burning skin  stone honye – honey that is hard and condition common in middle ages, reaction to crystallised, like sugar (OED). eating contaminated rye (Wikipedia).  Stone sugar – possibly loaf-sugar, sugar  St Marye dayes, St Mary’s Days, Lady Dayes refined and moulded into a loaf or conical – feast days of the Virgin Mary, but as there mass (OED). are a number of these, it is not always clear  Stonecroppe, stonecrop - Sedum acre, a small which ones are meant. The ‘lady dayes of the rock plant (OED). harvest’ (image 82) will be 15 Aug, the Feast  Stool with a siege – the seat of a privy (Middle English Dictionary)

29 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Stooleball – Stoolball was an old country  Sufflation - distension of the stomach with game somewhat resembling cricket, played wind (OED). chiefly by young women or, as an Easter  Sugar Candy - large crystals of sugar, today game, between young men and women (OED), known as rock candy (Georgian Era website). so presumably ‘a stooleball’ was a ball around  sugar roset, Suger roset – sugar of roses the size of a cricket ball (OED).  Stoppell – stopper (OED).  Sulphur – A greenish-yellow non-metallic  Stoppinge, stopping – obstructed condition of substance, occurring naturally as a brittle a bodily organ (OED). crystalline solid, and also in combination with  Stopt – stopped, in the sense of filled (the metals and other substances. More often called inside of a bird, a fruit, and the like) with brimstone at this time; flowers of sulphur; a herbs, spices, etc. (OED) very bright yellow powdered sulphur; sulphur  Storase, Storax, storix - A fragrant gum- vine, sulphur vive, sulphur vivum, the Latin resin, also called benzoin, described by ancient for ‘living sulphur’ in the sense of naturally writers. In early modern use applied to the occurring rather than refined from metal ores; resin of the tree Styrax officinalis (OED). spirit of sulphur, sulphuric oxide; oyle of Storax caliminary, calamin, catamita, liquida; Sulphar - oil of sulphur, probably sulphuric Pereira (see Books and Sources) gives details acid (OED). of these different types.  Surfeit, surfect, surfett, surfite, surfitt, –  Strangury, Stranguary, Strangurye, overindulgence (OED). strangurian, Strangurion, Stromgurion, – A  Suthenwood, solhernewoode, sowthernwood disease of the urinary organs characterized by – Southernwood, European wormwood slow and painful emission of urine (OED). (Artemisia abrotanum) (Merriam-Webster). The Roman author Pliny said that ‘the disease  swage – (as a verb) assuage, decrease, be causing the sharpest agony is strangury from relieved (OED); as a noun, otter excrement stone in the bladder’. (Natural History, Book (nowadays called spraint) (OED). XXV, vii)  Sweet dew cresset – possibly Sweet Dew tea,  Stratum substratum – Latin, probably means https://teatrekker.com/product/gan-lu/ alternate layers  Sweet marioram, margerame gentle – sweet  straw – strew or scatter (OED). marjoram, Origanum majorana.  Strayne, streigne – strain  Sweet worte –the liquid extracted from the  Streeke, streek - to stretch or extend (OED). ‘mashing ‘ process when brewing beer or  Streight – strait in the sense of constricted whisky. Wort contains sugars, hence the name. (Merriam-Webster). (Wikipedia)  Stricke, Strike – to stroke, smooth down  sweet-brier - a species of rose, Rosa (OED). rubiginosa  Strig, strigg – stalk (OED).  Sweete of Aspalatus, aspalathus – a thorny  Stripe – weal shrub from which a fragrant oil was obtained,  Strippys - strips mentioned in the King James Bible and a 1601  stubworte, stubwort - Wood-sorrel, Oxalis translation of Pliny; but it is not known what acetosella, (OED). plant is referred to (OED).  Stuffing – Obstruction of the throat, nose, or  Sword - skin, rind (OED). chest by catarrh; the sensation produced by  Symphoine – unknown herb this. OED  Synkefielde – see cinquefoil  Stumme – not known  Synnewes, synewe - sinews  Styce – slice  Sytharige – not known  Stype, stipe - steep, soak in water or other  Tallow – a substance consisting of hard animal liquid. OED; lay in steep – put to soak fat (OED).  Styptic, styptical - Having the power of  Tamarise, probably tamarisk, a graceful contracting organic tissue; having a binding evergreen shrub or small tree, with slender effect on the stomach or bowels (OED). feathery branches and minute scale-like  Succory, Succorye, Suckery, Succerye – leaves, used in medicinal recipes from earlly chicory OED times (OED). 30 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Tanneroose, tanne woose – probably tan-ooze with spines along back (OED). or oak bark, an infusion of which is employed  throwe – contraction (in labour) (OED). for tanning hides (OED).  Tiffiny, tiffany - a kind of thin transparent silk  Tansey, tanseye – the herb tansy, tanacetum (OED). vulgare: a perennial related to dandelion and  Time, tyme – thyme, the herb; Mother of time used as a medicinal herb despite its toxicity. – the herb Serpillum (Culpeper). (Potterton, p.189.)  tincture – to colour, tint, or imbue (OED).  Tappe hole - The hole in a cask, vat, or the  Tinpany, timpanye, tympany, tympanites – like, in which the tap is inserted (OED). distension of abdomen (Norri),  Tapsimell: the herb mullein (see that entry)  Tornace – a city, probably in Italy mixed with honey.  Tost, toaste, toast – finger of bread, perhaps  Tare – the seed of a vetch, found in seed-corn toasted before the fire. (OED); or a spelling for tar, depending on  Towne cresse – Garden cress, Lepidium context. sativum (see entry for cresses) (OED).  Tartory, tartar, Bitartrate of potash (acid  Tractative - having the property of pulling or potassium tartrate), present in grape juice, drawing (OED). deposited in a crude form in the process of  Tragacanth - A whitish gum, partially soluble fermentation. When purified, it forms white in water, obtained from several shrubs of the crystals, which are cream of tartar (see that genus Astragulus, used as a binding agent, and entry; OED). in medicine; also called gum tragacanth  Taughte – taught (OED).  Taw –To make (skins) into leather by steeping  Travell, travail – to work, to suffer or them, after suitable preparation, in a solution endure OR labour (in childbirth) (OED). of alum and salt; the product is white and  Treacle-monger – in the context, probably a pliant (OED). market huckster selling a ‘universal panacea’,  Tawe, towe, tow – short or broken fibre (such rather than a physician or apothecary. as flax, hemp) used for yarn, twine or stuffing  Treakle, Treackle, Triackle, treake, Treacle – (Merriam-Webster) term used for a theriac, a medical concoction  Temper - to moisten, mix to a paste. originally formulated by the Greeks in the 1st  tent - a Spanish wine of deep red colour OED century AD as an antidote to poison, and  Tente - A roll or wad, usually of soft considered a panacea, for which the word absorbent material, often medicated, or could be used as as a synonym (Wikipedia). sometimes of a medicinal substance, used to By the eighteenth century, treacle or treakle search and cleanse a wound, or to keep open might either have retained this meaning, or or distend a wound, sore, or natural orifice. have had its modern meaning, of a syrup (OED); tentinge –to insert a piece of cloth produced in the process of refining sugar, into a wound to keep it open. OED depending on the context.  Terafeminamelilotum – unknown, but might  Treate - plaster or ointment spread on a cloth be mis-transcription of tera lemnia melilotum. (OED). The three words together may suggest a  Treene, treen – wooden (OED). mixture of the two substances.  Trencher – plate, dish  Terra lemnia, Terra sigillata – Latin,  triapharnicon, triapharmacon – made from alternative names for a red-brown clayey earth three drugs (Liddell & Scott, online at with astringent qualities Lexilogos). (www.thefreedictionary.com).  tronfall – not known  Tertian – tertian fever, characterised by a  Trouche, troche, trochis - tablet or lozenge paroxysm every third day (OED). (OED).  Tester - slang term for sixpenny coin.  Try, trye – can mean variously clean, separate,  Tetter – any of various vesicular skin diseases, melt down, mix (OED); tryable –mixed. such as ringworm, eczema and herpes  Tuittie, tutty, tutie, tusha, tutia – A crude (Merriam Webster). oxide of zinc found adhering in grey or  Thine – thin. brownish flakes to the flues of furnaces in  Thornback - either skate or stickleback, fish which brass is melted, also occurring in some 31 Glossary 15 July 2020

countries as a native mineral; used medically  Unquenched, unsleeked, unsleked, unslacked, at the time, chiefly in astringent ointments and unslack’d – term used for lime that has not lotions (OED). been hydrated (mixed chemically with water)  Tun – a large barrel, for the storage of wine or (OED). beer. In the standard measure, it was usually  Unset, unsett - a young or not yet transplanted equivalent to 2 pipes or 4 hogsheads, plant, such as a leek (OED). containing 252 old wine-gallons. Tund (as a  Unwrought waxe – virgin wax ( verb) – decanted from the brewing vat into the  Valerian - any of a genus (Valeriana of the storage barrel (OED). family Valerianaceae, the valerian family) of  Tunnel – funnel (OED). perennial herbs and shrubs many of which  tupps – not known; from the context, a small possess medicinal properties. Also, a piece of cloth. preparation of the dried rhizome and roots of  turbith, turpeth – EITHER a cathartic drug the garden heliotrope (Valeriana officinalis) prepared from the root of East Indian jalap, used in the past as a carminative and sedative Ipomœa Turpethum, an Indian and Australian (OED). plant; also, the plant itself, or its root; OR the  vallow – fallow, either a reference to a fallow mineral basic sulphate of mercury, obtained as deer or to its colour, pale brown or reddish- a lemon-yellow powder from the normal yellow (OED). sulphate by washing with hot water.It has  vanity - emptiness, lightness (OED). emetic, cathartic, and sternutatory (causing  Vardigreese, verdegres, verdigresse, one to sneeze) properties (OED). verdigrese, verdigrease, verdigree, verdigris,  turdille – probably small turd. vergres - green or greenish blue substance  Turnhowe, thornehove – turnhoof, the herb obtained artificially by the action of dilute ground ivy (see that entry) (OED). acetic acid on thin plates of copper, or as a  Turpentine, turpinetine, terpentine – green rust naturally forming on copper and originally the oleoresin from the terebinth tree, brass. Much used as a pigment, in dyeing, the now the oleoresin from various kinds of arts, and medicine (OED). conifers (OED); Venus or Venice turpentine is  Vayne - vein (OED). yellowish or yellowish green, and comes from  Veneger – vinegar the European larch (Merriam-Webster).  Ventosity - flatulence (OED).  Twitches – couch grass, dog’s grass or quick  Ventouse – to suction using a cup shaped grass (OED). appliance (OED).  Tyll – until  Venus hayer – maidenhair fern  Ulcus - open sore (OED).  Venyme, venime – venom (OED).  Uncome, uncombe – inflammation (Norri).  Verbena, verven, vervain, vervaine,  Unguentum – Latin, ointment; u. alabastri – oil Vernayne, vervayne, possibly also vocvain –a of alabaster; u. album – white ointment; u. tall perennial European plant Verbena geneste – ointment made with the plant officinalis regarded as having therapeutic or broom; u. nervale – ointment for nerves or magical properties (OED). tendons, (Norri); u. pretiosum or praetiosum–  verder – freshness (OED). precious ointment (Latin), possibly a term for  Verges, vergesse, vergis, vergisse, vorgesse, a theriac (see entry for Treacle above); u. verjuice - the acid juice of green or unripe catapsoras – possibly ‘ointment for psora’ i.e. grapes, crab-apples, or other sour fruit, used in for various skin diseases characterized by the cooking, or for medicinal purposes (OED). presence of scabs or scales, usually with  Vermilion, vermillian - red pigment made itching; esp. scabies, mange, or (in later use) from ground cinnabar. Highly toxic psoriasis (OED); u. Neopolitanus – Neapolitan (Wikipedia). ointment, an ointment containing mercury,  violl – small glass container, phial (OED). formerly used to treat syphilis; u. veni mecum  Virgin wax – fresh, new, or unused bees-wax, – ointment containing juices extracted from sometimes that produced by the first swarm of herbs (Norri); u. viridium - fresh or green bees (OED). ointment (see that entry  Virginia snake-root, snake root - the root of Polygala senega or Aristolochia serpentaria, 32 Glossary 15 July 2020

the medicinal preparation made from this, or with whey, but whey was a possible ingredient either of the plants producing it (OED). in the making of Irish poteen, so it may mean  Vitriall – vitriol – any of various native or that (Wikipedia); artificial sulphates of metals used in the arts or  Wheal – pimple, pustule (OED). medicinally, especially sulphate of iron  whelpe – puppy (OED). (OED); spiritt of vitriol – possibly  Whetstone – a shaped stone used for giving a concentrated sulphuric acid, more often known smooth edge to cutting tools when they have as oil of vitriol. been ground (OED).  vitrum - glass or glassy substance (OED).  Whiloft – while.  vomer – not known  Whit – white; whits – meaning unknown,  Waighte - weight described as a ‘disease incident to women’ in  Wallop - to boil vigorously, with noisy Folio 124a. bubbling (Wiktionary).  White grass – species of grass, also called  walltaris – not known Yorkshire fog, Holcus lanatus (OED).  Walm, walme, wames – coming up to the boil,  White leather – soft and pliant leather, dressed a spell of boiling (OED). with alum and salt (Yaxley)  Walworte, Wallworte - Wall-wort - dwarf  Whiteing, whiting – a North Atlantic fish like elder (Potterton, p. 55). a small cod, or A preparation of finely  Warden - a baking pear (OED). powdered chalk (OED).  Warlingham - a parish in Surrey.  Whitloe, whitlow - a suppurative  Warnell, agnail, corn on toe or foot (OED). inflammatory sore or swelling in a finger or  warrentice, warrentise – warranted, guaranteed thumb, usually in the terminal joint (OED). (OED).  Whott – hot (OED).  Wasted – boiled away, or impaired or ruined  Wilding, woodcrabbe – crab apple.  Water flower – any of various flowering plants  Wine gallon - the standard gallon by which which grow in or near water (OED). wine was measured (until abandoned in 1826).  Water Imperiall – probably a distilled water, It was about 4/5ths of an imperial gallon but receipt not known. (Wikipedia).  Waxeing, waxing of the moon – the nights  Wise – in the manner of, like (so, for example, when the moon apparently grows in size in the cataplasme wise in folio 113a means ‘in the sky. manner of a cataplasm’).  Wayebrede, Waybroad, Wayebroade,  wombe – womb, but can also mean belly, waybread, - name for the greater plantain, male or female (OED). Plantago major (see that entry) (OED).  Wood sorrel – Oxalis Acetosella, a low-  Wayne, waning of the moon – the nights when growing woodland plant. the moon apparently reduces in size in the sky.  Woodbinde, woodbynde, woodbine –  wayte – weight. honeysuckle. (The name is also applied to  weather – sheep. Virginia creeper, but honeysuckle is the more  Webb, webbe – cataracts. likely reference in Potter).  Well cress – watercress (see entry for cresses)  Woodroofe – woodruff, a low-growing herb (OED). (Asperula odorata, N.O. Rubiaceæ) (OED).  Wellingh – not known  Woodsomer – not known  Wen, Wenne – A lump or protuberance on the  Wormewood, wormwood – plant known for body, a knot, bunch, wart (OED). its bitter taste, Artemisia Absinthum; or  Wetshod - having wet feet (OED). another variety of the same plant, Artemisia  Whaye – whey, The liquid remaining after pontica, found in Central and Eastern Europe (OED). milk has been curdled and strained in the process of making cheese; sack-whey – a  Wormseed – A name for various plants mixture of sack with whey OED; on the same considered to have to have the power to expel basis, probably white wine whey is a mixture intestinal worms, such as swine’s fennel or of white wine and whey; mountain whey may sulphurwort (OED). be a mixture of mountain wine (see that entry)  Worte, wort - EITHER a sweet liquid produced by steeping ground malt or other 33 Glossary 15 July 2020

grain in hot water, which is then fermented to calendar, in the legal calendar this too was produce beer and distilled malt liquors, OR A variable (the dates are now fixed). It runs fron plant used as a source of food or for medicinal the seventeenth day after Easter to the Monday purposes (now usually as the second element after Ascension Day, which is the fortieth day in a name, for example mugwort) (OED); after Easter (Wikipedia). worteleaves – wort leaves  Hillarye tearme – Hilary term, beginning 13  Wrest - wrist January (or 14 January if the 13th is a Sunday),  Wroughte - mixed (OED). and ending on 12 February.  Wymalue, wymalve, wymote – the marsh-  Mens. Micha. – but the meaning is not clear mallow, Althea officinalis, see that entry (see above for the meaning of Mense); (OED). Michaelmas Day is 29 September, so it is hard  Yarde, yard – penis (Norri). to see how this day fits in to the Michaelmas  Yarrow, Yearrowe – the common name of the term. herb Achillea Millefolium, also called milfoil,  Mense Pasche – the meaning is not clear; milfoyle, and nosebleed or nose- Mense could be part of either mensis, a month, bleede, sometimes used medicinally as a tonic or mensa, a table – a word used by this stage (OED). for ‘altar’, so it might mean the day of Easter  Yelke – yolk. itself, or in the month of Easter.  Yerke - jerk or twitching sensation (OED).  Michaellmas tearme – the Michaelmas term, th  Yet – probably an old form of the pronoun ‘it’. which runs from 9 October (10 October if 9 (OED). is a Sunday) to 28 November.  Yexte – yesk, hiccup, hiccups, hawking or  Octa. Mart - the eighth day after the feast of St retching, belch, OED. Martin.  yron – iron.  Octav. Micha. – the eighth day after the start  Yse - ice (OED). of the Michaelmas Term.  Octav. Purifica. - the eighth day (octavis) after the Feast of the Purification. The Legal calendar  Octav. Trinitatis - the eighth day after the start of the Trinity Term. Image 008 (folio 2b) contains a list of the ‘tearmes’  Octavis Hillarie – the eighth day of the Hilary (terms) of the legal year – that is, the days on which Term. the courts are sitting – and the days for ‘returns’, on  Quind. Hillarie – the fifteenth (quindecim) which writs of execution would be heard, enforcing the day of the Hilary Term. return of goods, land or money. These are in Latin,  Quind. Mart. - the fifteenth day after the feast with several abbreviations, so a list of what they mean of St Martin. is given below, in the order in which they appear in the  Quind. Micha. – the fifteenth day after the text. See Wikipedia for more information, and our start of the Michaelmas Term. thanks to Christopher Walton for his work on this part  Quind. Pascae – the fifteenth day of the Easter of the text. (Pascha) term.  Crast. Anima – the day after (crastinum) the  Quind. Trinitatis – the fifteenth day after the feast of All Souls, 2 November. start of the Trinity Term.  Crast. Mart. - the day after the feast of St  Quinque Pasche – probably the fifth day of Martin, 11 November. the Easter (Pasca) Term, but it is not clear  Crast. Purifica. - the day after the church whether there is a difference between Pascae Feast of the Purification of the Virgin, 2 and Pasche, or why the dates are out of order February. Also known as Candlemas in the text. (Wikipedia).  Tres. Micha. - the thirtieth day after the start  Crast. Trinitatis – the day after the start of the of the Michaelmas Term. Trinity Term.  Tres. Pascae – the thirtieth (trigesimus) day  Crastin. Ascen. – the day after Ascension after Easter. Day, which is the fortieth day after Easter.  Tres. Trinitatis. – the thirtieth day after the  Easter Tearme – the Easter term. Because start of the Trinity Term. Easter is a moveable feast in the church

34 Glossary 15 July 2020

 Trinitye Sundaye – Trinity Sunday, the Sunday after Pentecost, which is fifty days after Easter Sunday in the church calendar.

35 Glossary 15 July 2020

People named in the text buried with a gracious epitaph in the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less within St Bartholomew's Hospital (Furdell, Royal Note; ODNB is the Oxford Dictionary of National Doctors, pp. 85-86). Biography, available online at  Banson, Elizabeth - a Newcastle resident in https://www.oxforddnb.com/. For access, you need to the eighteenth century. She was baptised on 14 be a subscriber, or belong to a library or another February 1738, at St John's Church, institution that subscribes. The majority of public Newcastle. and her father was Henry libraries in the UK do subscribe; if yours does not, Banson. She married Robert Storey on 22 August 1763, also at St John's. urge them to do so.  Banson, Reggy – presumably a relative of Where other sources are available online, a link has Elizabeth, but not traced. been provided. Where they are available only in print,  Bardols – not known.  Boerhaave, Professor (1668-1738) – a Dutch the surname of the author is given, with a page number botanist and physician of European fame. He where available, and the relevant book or publication is sometimes referred to as "the father of is listed in the separate Books and Sources document physiology”. His motto was Simplex sigillum on this website. veri: 'Simplicity is the sign of the truth'. (Wikipedia). He was much praised by Samuel Many individuals have not been traced; we would be Johnson (1709-1784) in an article in the very grateful if anyone who tracks one down would Gentlemen’s Magazine of 1739 (available on contact us ([email protected]) so Archive.org). that we can amend this document.  Beza, Theodore – a French Protestant theologian (1519-1605), disciple of John  Alfraganus – Al-Farghânî, known in the West Calvin and succeeded him as spiritual head of as Alfraganus, one of the most famous the Protestant community in Geneva astronomers of the ninth century. His book, (Wikipedia). Elements of Astronomy, written in 833 CE  Blooder, Lady – not known. remained the most popular text book on  Boyle, Elizabeth – not known. astronomy until the 15th century, both in the  Burges, Jane – not known. West and in the East. (Muslim Heritage).  Butcher, Dr – not known.  Alexis – Alessio Piemontese, the pseudonym  Calvene, Calvin, John (1509-1564), a French of a 16th-century Italian physician, alchemist, theologian, pastor and leader in Geneva during and author of the immensely popular book, the Protestant Reformation; his Calvinist The Secrets of Alexis of Piedmont (Venice, theology has been adopted by various 1555) translated into Latin, German, English, Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian Spanish, French, and Polish. The name may churches throughout the world. (Wikipedia). have been a pseudonym for Girolamo Ruscelli  Choiseul, Glaude (or Claude) de - The (1500-1566), a humanist and cartographer Choiseuls were a powerful French aristocratic (Wikipedia). family, but it is not known which member is  Alguares – named in the text as ‘a Portuguese referred to here. physician’, but otherwise not known.  Cobham, Lord – Henry Brooke 11th Baron Cobham (1564-1618) was an English peer  Anthonius Benevenius – An early modern who was implicated in the Main Plot against Florentine physician and author. the rule of James I of England. He stood trial  Balltroppe, Mr – probably Robert for treason in 1603, and was imprisoned in the Balthrop, who was Queen Elizabeth's Tower of London. He was released in 1618 serjeant surgeon 1562-91, and Master of and died shortly afterwards, and his barony Barber-Surgeons on a number of was ‘attainted’ – that is, extinguished occasions. He left a considerable estate, (Wikipedia). and a lengthy will disposing of valuable  Coope, Micahell - Michel Cop (c. 1501–1566), a distinguished Swiss Calvinist theologian. surgical instruments and books. He was The Exposition upon the Fyrste Chap. of the 36 Glossary 15 July 2020

Proverbis of Salomon by Mygchell Coope, was of Newcastle upon Tyne on his death. published in London in 1564 (ODNB). Librarian at Alnwick Castle 1899-1921. He  Cornace, Matthias – not known. edited Vols. IV, V, VI and VII of the  Countisse of Oxenford – Countess of Oxford, Northumberland County History, and five likely to refer to Elizabeth Trentham, second volumes of the Surtees Society, and wife of Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who bequeathed 35 grangerised volumes of the she married in 1591. Her date of birth is NCH and 12 volumes of MS pedigrees to the unknown, but she died in or about December Newcastle Public Library. Vice-President of 1612. Her will includes generous bequests to Newcastle Antiquaries 1903-26 (Newcastle her son, close family members, friends, Antiquaries biographical directory). servants, the poor of Hackney (where she had  Horner, Mr – not known. a large house) and Castle Hedingham, and  Hutton, Mrs – not known. various London prisons and hospitals.  Jacobus Hollerius (Jacques Houllier) - a (Wikipedia). French physician, born around 1498, died  Darcye, Lord – may be Thomas Darcy, (1506– 1562. Championed the medical doctrines of 1558), first Baron Darcy of Chiche, a Tudor Hippocrates (Wikipédia) soldier and politician (ODNB).  Jatromath. Guat. Ryff – not known.  Digges, Leonard and Thomas; Leonard Digges  King, Doctor – not known. was a sixteenth century scientist and  Lapworth, Dr – Edward Lapworth (1574- mathematician. One of his books, A 1636), physician and poet, licensed by the Prognostication of Right Good Effect, University of Oxford to practise medicine in Fructfully Augmented, was first published in 1603 after having been master of Magdalene 1555. There were at least thirteen subsequent College School (ODNB). editions into the early seventeenth century, usually under the title A Prognostication  Lenthall, Mrs – not known, but might be the Euerlasting. From 1576, the work became the mother or other relative of William Lenthall vehicle for an addition by his son Thomas, (1591-1662), lawyer and speaker of the House which included a presentation of Copernicus's of Commons, created Lord Lenthall under the heliocentric world system (ODNB). Commonwealth (ODNB).  Ownsteade, Mrs – not known.  Leuinius (Levinus) Lemnius, a Dutch physician and author, 1505-1568. His work  Dyonisius Areopagita – Dionysius the attempted to reconcile natural philosophy as Areopagite, was a Christian theologian and found in classical sources with Christian philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th doctrine, particularly on generation and century (Wikipedia). reproduction, while emphasising extraordinary  Fletcher, Mary – not known. aspects (Wikipedia)  Francis, Docter – not known.  Lower, Richard (1631-1691) – an eminent  Gerard, John, 1545-1612, well known physician in the later 17th century , author of herbalist. The herball, or, Generall historie of several books. One of these, Dr Lower's and plantes, was first published in 1597, with an several other eminent Physicians Receipts, enlarged and revised edition published by went through a number of later editions, and Thomas Johnson in 1633. the receipt for Gout at image 356 is copied  Hippocrates – a Greek physician, 460 – c. 370 from p. 38. Though Lower is noted in his BC, often referred to as the Father of Wikipedia entry as a medical pioneer, many of Medicine, and credited with being the first his receipts bear a family resemblance to those person to believe that diseases were caused in Edwarde Potter seventeenth-century naturally, not because of superstition and gods. manuscript, for instance in their use of ox-gall His School of Medicine was influential up to and bird or animal dung. modern times (Wikipedia).  Lullye, Raymonde – Ramon Llull, born c.  Hodgson, J. G., (1854-1927), 1232, in City of Mallorca (now Palma) and Northumberland local historian and died c. 1315. He was a mathematician, antiquary, owner of the Potter volume after polymath, philosopher, logician, Franciscan Canon Raine (see that entry), and tertiary and writer. Although born several bequeathed it to the Society of Antiquaries centuries earlier than the current texts being 37 Glossary 15 July 2020

transcribed, Lullye’s influence was still  Petter marter – Peter Martyr Vermigli, apparent in many areas (Wikipedia). (1499-1562) an Italian theologian who worked  Lupton, Thomas - an Elizabethan author in England during the Protestant Reformation, writing mostly on religious, moral, and from 1547 to 1553, and had much influence on economic topics. A Thousand Notable the Book of Common Prayer (Wikipedia). Things of Sundry Sorts (1579)—a  Pilkinton - James Pilkington – (1520-76), heterogeneous collection of folk remedies First Protestant bishop of Durham, author and theologian. His last published work, A Godlie and witty sayings largely drawn from exposition upon certaine chapters of Renaissance encyclopaedias (and usually Nehemiah was printed at Cambridge by acknowledged) —was his most popular Thomas Thomas in 1585, after his death. work; it was kept continuously in print (Wikipedia). until the nineteenth century (ODNB). All  Plinius – Pliny the elder, (AD 23-79) Roman the receipts at the beginning of Potter’s author, naturalist and natural philosopher. He seventh books, and some from the sixth, wrote the encyclopedic Naturalis Historia are taken from this book, although the (Natural History), which became an editorial source is only acknowledged in the model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his seventh book. spare time studying, writing, and investigating  Mayerne, Dr, – Sir Theodore Turquet de natural and geographic phenomena in the field. Mayerne, (1573–1655), a Huguenot physician He died in AD 79 while attempting the rescue practising in England, knighted and appointed of a friend and his family by ship from the chief physician to King James I in 1609. A eruption of Mount Vesuvius. follower of Paracelsus (see that entry)  Pontanus – Johan Isaaksz Pontanus (1571– (ODNB). 1639) was a Dutch historian. He visited  Mithridates Mithridates VI of Pontus, 135– England in 1596, touring around several cities 63 BC. After his father was poisoned, he is (Wikipedia). said to have begun ingesting non-lethal  Ptoleme – Claudius Ptolemy (AD 100-170), a amounts of poisons and mixing many into a mathematician, astronomer, geographer and universal remedy to make him immune to all astrologer, who wrote a number of scientific known poisons; it did not work and he died of treatises, including the Almagest, the poisoning (Wikipedia). Geography, and an astrological treatise known  Mizaldus - Antonio Mizauld (1510–1578) a in Latin as the Quadripartum, in which he French astronomer and physician, who wrote a attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to series of anthologies of arcane secrets, drawn Aristotelian natural philosophy. All of these from classical and medieval authors. were influential on Western European science (Wikipedia). into early modern times (Wikipedia),  Montegnanus, Bartolomeus - not known.  Raine, Canon James, (1791–1858) an English antiquarian and topographer. A Church of  Olliffe, Alderman John; a London alderman, England clergyman from the 1810s, he held a served as sheriff 1568-9, died 26 June 1577 variety of positions, including librarian to the (British History Online). dean and chapter of Durham and rector of  Oesterdyke, Professor, 1672-1744 – a Dutch Meldon in Northumberland, and wrote professor of medicine. Details of his life seem extensively on the history of Durham and to be available only in German Wikipedia. Northumberland. Raine became first secretary  Paracelsus (1493/4–1541) – a Swiss physician, of the Surtees Society, constituted on 27 May alchemist, and astrologer of the German 1834, and was an industrious editor of Renaissance. He was a pioneer in several seventeen of the volumes published between aspects of the “medical revolution” of the 1835 and 1858 by this pioneering society, Renaissance, emphasizing the value of whose scheme of operation was much copied observation in combination with received (ODNB). wisdom. He is credited as the “father of  Schöner, Johannes; Author in the Holy Roman toxicology”. He also had a substantial impact Empire in the 1540s, who collected notes of as a prophet or diviner. (Wikipedia). astrological events from four generations of

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scholars, posthumously published in the Nachlass observationes (NIH).  Sherman, John Arne – not known.  Smith, Eliza, (d. 1732?) was one of the most popular female eighteenth-century cookery writers. Nothing seems to be known about her personal life except what she herself says in the preface to her one book, The Compleat Housewife,’ for the Space of Thirty Years and upwards ... I have been constantly employed in fashionable and noble Families’. The book was first published in London in 1727, and ran through 18 editions in fifty years (Wikipedia).  Stonehouse, Lady – not known.  Storey, Robert - a Newcastle resident in the eighteenth century. He married Elizabeth Banson (see that entry) on 22 August 1763, but is otherwise untraced.  Virgil – a Roman poet, (70BC to 19 BC). The reference in folio 4a is to his Georgics, a long poem about agriculture. Lines 370 to 393, starting ‘At Boreas’, are a description of signs of rain. Wikipedia.  Whitwell, William – not known.  Wilkokes – Thomas Wilcox (c. 1549–1608) one of the most committed, active, and socially and politically well connected of Elizabethan puritan ministers (ODNB).  Winstone, Doctor – not known.  Young, John – not known.

39 Glossary 15 July 2020