Selected Bibliography

Home , 64th Group Army, Deng Hua, Hong Xuezhi, Liu Bocheng, Li Xiannian, Nie Rongzhen

Chinese-Language Sources

Archives, Manuscripts, and Collected Military Papers Archives of the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1958. Archives Section of the General Office, Beijing. Cited as PRC Foreign Ministry Archives. Archives of the PRC Ministry of Railway Administration. International Liaison Division Records, Archives of the Railway Ministry, Beijing. Cited as PRC Ministry of Railway Administration Archives. Archives of the ROC Ministry of Defense. Programs and Budget for the Communist POWs from the Korean War. File Nos. 00012390-00056703. The Center for Military Archives, Defense Ministry, Taipei, Taiwan. Archives of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Anti-Communist Chinese POWs from the Korean War: Plans, Arrangements, and Reports. Files of the North American Bureau, nos. 411, 417, and 422. Files of the Asia-Pacific Bureau, nos. 005, 013, and 021. Archival Center of the Foreign Affairs Ministry, Taipei, Taiwan. Archives of the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Negotiations and Settlements for the Anti-Communist Chinese POWs from the Korean War. File nos. 172–3 and 172–4. National Archives, Taipei, Taiwan. Bureau of the Historical and Political Records, Defense Department, the Republic of China (ROC). Gu Zhutong jiangjun jinianji [Recollection of General Gu Zhutong’s Works]. Taipei, Taiwan: Bureau of the Historical and Political Records, ROC Defense Department, 1988.

CCP Central Archives, comps. Zhonggong zhongyang wenjian xuanji, 1921–1949 [Selected Documents of the CCP Central Committee, 1921–1949]. Eighteen volumes. Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe [CCP Central Party Academy Press], 1992. CCP Central Archives, Central Archival and Manuscript Research Division, and CCP Organization Department comps. Zhongguo gongchandang zuzhishi ziliao, 1921–1997 [Documents of the CCP Organization’s History, 1921–1997]. Fourteen volumes. Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe [CCP Central Committee’s Party History Press], 2000. CCP Heilongjiang Provincial Committee. “Report on the Logistics Supplies and War Preparation for the NEBDA Troops, September 30, 1950.” In Heilongjiang shengzhengfu dang’an, 1949–1966 [Heilongjiang Provincial Government Archives, 1949–1966]. Heilongjiang Provincial Archives, Harbin, Heilongjiang. Chen Yi. Chen Yi junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of Chen Yi]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1996. CPVF Twentieth Army Command. Documents of the War to Resist the U.S. and Aid Korea (WRUSAK), 1950–1953, in PLA Twentieth Army Archives. The PLA Twentieth Army Headquarters, Kaifeng, Henan. CPVF Twenty-seventh Army Command. Collection of the Orders, Instructions, and Documents for All Operations and Battles in Korea, 1950–1952. The PLA Twenty-seventh Army Archives, Shijiazhuang, Hebei. “Dang’an” [Archives], Beijing TV. Weida de kangmei yuanchao, II: jueze [Great WRUSAK, 2: Decision], series no. 771, https://tv.sohu.com/v/ MjAxNDAzMTEvbjM5NjM3MzQ5Mi5zaHRtbA Dang de wenxian [Party Archives and Documents], 1998–2018. Dangshi yanjiu ziliao [Party History Research Sources], 1998–2018. Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping lun guofang he jundui jianshe [Deng Xiaoping on National Defense and Army Building]. Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe [Military Science Press], 1992. Government Documents from the Soviet Archives. “The Minutes of the Meetings between Stalin and Mao, December 1949–February 1950,” file nos. 00245- 00311. Research Center for the International Cold War History, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. Gu Cheng, el at. trans. and eds. Kangmei yuanchao zhanzheng: dijun shiliao [WRUSAK: ROK Army Archives]. Five vols. Harbin: Heilongjiang chaoxian minzu chubanshe [Heilongjiang Korean Ethnic Minority Publishing], 1988–1990. He Long. He Long junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of He Long]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1989. Huang Xiuhuan, ed. Zhanhou waijiao shiliao huibian: hanzhan yu fan’gong yishi pian [Collected Archives of the Post-war Diplomacy: The Korean War and the Anti-Communist POWs]. Three volumes. Taipei, Taiwan: Guoshiguan [National Archives Printing], 2005–2007. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 201

Jiang Zemin. Jiang Zeming wenxuan [Selected Works of Jiang Zemin]. Three volumes. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 2006. Liu Bocheng. Liu Bocheng junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of Liu Bocheng]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1992. Liu Shaoqi. Jianguo yilai Liu Shaoqi wengao, 1949–1955 [Liu Shaoqi’s Manuscripts since the Founding of the State, 1949–1952]. Seven volumes. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 2008. Cited as Liu’s Manuscripts since 1949. Lushun Naval Command, PLA Navy. “Document Collection on Lin Biao and Li Zuopeng’s Criminal Activities of Attacking the Party and Betraying the PLA, October 1971.” In Political files against the Lin-Li Group (1971–1972), Lushun Naval Base Archives, Lushun, Liaoning. Mao Zedong. Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong junshi wengao [Mao Zedong’s Military Manuscripts since the Founding of the PRC]. Three volumes. Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe [Military Science Press] and Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 2010. Cited as Mao’s Military Manuscripts since 1949. ———. Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao, 1949–1976 [Mao Zedong’s Manuscripts since the Founding of the State, 1949–1976]. Thirteen volumes. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 1989–1993. Cited as Mao’s Manuscripts since 1949. ———. Mao Zedong junshi wenji [Collected Military Works of Mao Zedong]. Six volumes. Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe [Military Science Press], 1993. Cited as Collected Military Works of Mao. ———. Mao Zedong junshi wenxun: neibuben [Selected Military Papers of Mao Zedong: Internal Edition]. Two volumes. Beijing: Jiefangjun zhanshi chubanshe [PLA Soldiers Press], 1981. Cited as Selected Military Papers of Mao. ———. Mao Zedong wenxun [Collected Works of Mao Zedong]. Eight volumes. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1999. Cited as Collected Works of Mao. ———. Mao Zedong xuanji [Selected Works of Mao Zedong]. Five volumes. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1977. Cited as Selected Works of Mao. National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion. Chaoxian tingzhan tanpan wenti [The Issues of the Korean Truce Negotiations]. Two volumes. Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe [World Knowledge Publishing], 1951–1952. ———. Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War-fighting around the Chosin Lake]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1951. Nie Rongzhen. Nie Rongzhen junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of Nie Rongzhen]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1992. Peng Dehuai. Peng Dehuai junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of Peng Dehuai]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 1988. Cited as Selected Military Papers of Peng. 202 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Shen Zhihua, trans. and ed. Chaoxian zhanzheng: eguo dang’anguan de jiemi wenjian [The Korean War: Declassified Documents from Russian Archives]. Three volumes. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, 2015. Xi Jinping. Speech at the “Sixtieth Anniversary Celebration of the CPVF’s Participation in the War to Resist the U.S. and Aid Korea (WRUSAK).” In Renmin ribao [People’s Daily], October 26, 2010. http://paper.people.com. cn/rmrb/html/2010-10/26. Xinhuashe [New China News Agency]. Xinhuashe wenjian ziliao huibian [A Collection of Documentary Materials of the New China News Agency]. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe [New China Publishing House], 1954. Xu Xiangqian. Xu Xiangqian junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of Xu Xiangqian]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1992. Yang Yiming. Beihan zhanchang guilai [I Returned from the North Korean Battlefield]. Hong Kong: Ziyou chubanshe [The Freedom Press], 1953. Zhiyuanjun yiri Compilation Committee. Zhiyuanjun yiri [Daily Life of the CPVF Soldiers]. Three volumes. Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe [People’s Literature Press], 1956–1957. Zhonggong zhongyang Nanjing jiu: zhonggong lishi ziliao [The Nanjing Bureau of the CCP Central Committee: CCP Historical Documents]. Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangshi chubanshe [CCP Central Committee’s Party History Press], 1990. Zhou Enlai. Jianguo yilai Zhou Enlai wengao, 1949–1950 [Zhou Enlai’s Manuscripts since the Founding of the State, 1949–1950]. Three volumes. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 2008. Cited as Zhou’s Manuscripts since 1949. ———. Zhou Enlai junshi wenxun [Selected Military Works of Zhou Enlai]. Four volumes. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1997. Cited as Selected Military Works of Zhou. Zhu De. Zhu De junshi wenxuan [Selected Military Papers of Zhu De]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1986. Zhu Yulin. Zhu Yulin riji, 1950–1953 [Diary of Zhu Yulin, 1950–1953]. Diary entries from Chen Shuang, “A Touchable War Memory: A Newly Discovered Combat Diary of a CPVF Officer.” In Shu Cheng [Book City] (November 2010): 5–18.

Official Chronicles, Recollections, and Memoirs Bo Yibo. Ruogan zhongda juece yu shijian de huigu [Recollections of Certain Important Decisions and Events]. Two volumes. Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe [CCP Central Party Academy Press], 1991. CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Research Division. Liu Shaoqi nianpu, 1898–1969 [A Chronological Record of Liu Shaoqi, 1898–1969]. Two vols. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 1996. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 203

———. Mao Zedong nianpu, 1893–1949 [A Chronological Record of Mao Zedong, 1893–1949]. Three vols. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 1993. ———. Mao Zedong zhuan, 1893–1976 [Biography of Mao Zedong, 1893–1976]. Two vols. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Archival and Manuscript Press], 1996. ———. Zhou Enlai nianpu, 1949–1976 [A Chronological Record of Zhou Enlai, 1949–1976]. Three volumes. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 1997. ———. Zhu De nianpu, 1886–1976 (A Chronological Record of Zhu De, 1886–1976). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe (People’s Press), 1986. CCP Party History Research Division. Zhongguo gongchandang lishi dashiji, 1919–1987 [Major Historical Events of the CCP, 1919–1987]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1990. Chai Chengwen. Banmendian tanpan jishi [The True Stories of the Panmunjom Negotiations]. Beijing: Shishi chubanshe [Current Affairs Press], 2000. ——— and Zhao Yongtian. Banmendian tanpan [The Panmunjom Negotiations]. 2nd ed. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1992. Chen Pai. Yuezhan qinliji [My Personal Experience in the Vietnam War]. Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe [Henan People’s Press], 1997. Chen Wenhan. “Brave Battle Fighting of Heroic Tang Yun.” In Zhongguo renmin zhiyuanjun 20 jun kangmei yuanchao yingmo ji’nianji [The Commemorative Collection of the Heroes and Models of the CPVF Twentieth Army in WRUSAK]. Shanghai: The PLA Twentieth Army Headquarters (1953): 65–67. China National Military Museum, ed. Kangmei yuanchao zhanzheng jishi [A Chronological Record of the WRUSAK]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 2008. Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) Compilation Team, comp. Zhongguo junshi guwentuan yuanyue kangfa shilu: dangshiren de huiyi [The Records of the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) in the War to Aid Vietnam and Resist France: Personal Accounts of the Veterans]. Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe [CCP Party History Press], 2002. Compilation Committee. Zhongmei guanxi ziliao huibian [Collected Official Materials on Sino-American Relations]. Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe [World Knowledge Press], 1957. CPVF Twentieth Army Command. Zhongguo renmin zhiyuanjun di 20 jun kangmei yuanchao zhanzheng shi [Combat History of the CPVF Twentieth Army in WRUSAK]. The PLA Twentieth Army Archives, Kaifeng, Henan. CPVF Twenty-seventh Army Command. Zhongguo renmin zhiyuanjun di 27 jun kangmei yuanchao zhanzheng shi [Combat History of the CPVF Twenty- seventh Army in WRUSAK] (April 1954). The PLA Twenty-seventh Army Archives, Shijiazhuang, Hebei. 204 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Defense Ministry, Republic of China (ROC). Guojun houqin shi [Logistics History of the GMD Armed Forces]. Eight volumes. Taipei, Taiwan: Guofangbu shizheng bianyiju [History and Political Publication Bureau of the Defense Ministry], 1992. Du Ping. Zai zhiyuanjun zongbu: Du Ping huiyilu [At the CPVF General HQ: Memoirs of Du Ping]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1989. Ge Chumin, ed. Laozhanshi yishi [Personal Stories of the Veterans]. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi [China Outreaching and Translation Publishing Company], 2000. Guo Weijing. Diyideng zhanfuying: lianheguojun zhanfu zai chaoxian [The First Class POW Camps: the United Nations POWs in Korea]. Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe [World Knowledge Press], 1999. He Zongguang. Wo zai chaoxian zhanchang: 1950–1953 [I was There: the Korean Battleground, 1950–1953]. Beijing: Changzheng chubanshe [Long March Publishing House], 2011. Hong Xuezhi. Hong Xuezhi Huiyilu [Memoirs of Hong Xuezhi]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 2007. ———. Kangmei yuanchao zhanzheng huiyi [Recollections of WRUSAK]. Beijing: Jiefangjun wenyi chubanshe [PLA Literature Press], 1990. Jiang Yonghui. 38 jun zai chaoxian [The Thirty-eighth Army in Korea]. Second ed. Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe [Liaoning People’s Press], 2009. Li Zhuang. “CPVF Combat around the Chosin Lake.” In Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War-fighting around the Chosin Lake]. Edited by the National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion, 7–13. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1951. Lin Wei. “Hand Combat in the Snow.” In National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion, ed. Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War-fighting around the Chosin Lake] (1951): 14–20. Ma Guansan. “Remember the Combat Years in the East China Sea.” In Sunjun huige zhan donghai [Three Services Wield Weapons in East China Sea Combat], ed. Nie Fengzhi, 26–33. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1985. Nie Fengzhi, ed. Sunjun huige zhan donghai [Three Services Wield Weapons in East China Sea Combat]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1985. Nie Rongzhen. Nie Rongzhen huiyilu [Memoir of Nie Rongzhen]. Two volumes. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1984. ———. “A Rough Start of China’s Nuclear and Missile Programs.” In Liangdan yixing; zhongguo hewuqi daodan weixing yu feichuan quanjishi [The Bomb, Missile, and Satellite: A Detailed Record of China’s Nuclear, Missile, Satellite, and Space Programs], ed. Political Department, PLA General Armaments Department (GAD), 2–21. Beijing: Jiuzhou chubanshe [Golden Continental Publishing], 2001. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 205

Peng Renlong. “A Few Stories about Resisting the U.S. and Aiding Korea.” In Laozhanshi yishi [Personal Stories of the Veterans], edited by Ge Chumin, 443–46. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi [China Outreaching and Translation Publishing Company], 2000. PLA Navy History Compilation Committee, ed. Haijun: huiyi shiliao [The Navy: Memoirs and History Records]. Four volumes. Beijing: Haichao chubanshe [Ocean Wave Publishing], 1994. Political Department, PLA General Armaments Department (GAD), ed. Liangdan yixing; zhongguo hewuqi daodan weixing yu feichuan quanjishi [The Comprehensive Record of China’s Nuclear Bombs, Missiles, Satellites, and Space Programs]. Beijing: Jiuzhou chubanshe [Jiuzhou Press], 2001. Qu Zhongyi. “The Battle of Sinhung-ni: Annihilation of an Entire Regiment of the U.S. Seventh Division.” In National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion, ed. Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War-fighting around the Chosin Lake] (1951): 28–34. Tang Xiuying. “A Sword Thrusting the Sky.” In Liangdan yixing; zhongguo hewuqi daodan weixing yu feichuan quanjishi [The Comprehensive Record of China’s Nuclear Bombs, Missiles, Satellites, and Space Programs], ed. Political Department, PLA-GAD: 361–72. Wang Hai. Wode zhandou shengya [My Military Career]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 2000. Wang Ping. “Opening the Path of Attacks.” In National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion, ed. Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War-fighting around the Chosin Lake] (1951): 53–57. Wu Ruilin. Kangmei yuanchao zhong de 42 jun [The Forty-second Army in WRUSAK]. Beijing: Jincheng chubanshe [Golden City Publishing], 1995. ———. Wu Ruilin huiyilu [Memoirs of Wu Ruilin]. Beijing: Zhongguo dang’an chubanshe [China’s Archival Publishing], 1995. Wu Xinquan. Chaoxian zhanchang 1000 tian; 39 jun zai chaoxian [One Thousand Days on the Korean Battleground; the Thirty-ninth Army in Korea]. Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe [Liaoning People’s Press], 1996. Xiao Jinguang. Xiao Jinguang huiyilu [Memoirs of Xiao Jinguang]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1988. Xinhua News Agency. “So Much about the Best American Division.” In National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion, ed. Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War-fighting around the Chosin Lake] (1951): 35–43. Xu Yaguang. “The Difficult Withdrawal to the North.” InLaozhanshi yishi [Personal Stories of the Veterans]. Edited by Ge Chumin, 86–90. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi [China Outreaching and Translation Publishing Company], 2000. 206 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Yang Dezhi. Weile heping [For the Sake of Peace]. Beijing: Changzheng chubanshe [Long March Publishing], 1987. ———. Yang Dezhi huiyilu [Memoir of Yang Dezhi]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1992. Yang Di. Zai zhiyuanjun silingbu de suiyueli; xianwei renzhi de zhenshi qingkuang [My Years at the CPVF General HQ: Untold True Stories]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1998. Yang Feng’an and Wang Tiancheng. Beiwei 38 duxian; Peng Dehuai yu chaoxian zhanzheng [The North Latitude 38th Parallel; Peng Dehuai and the Korean War]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 2009. Ye Fei. Ye Fei huiyilu [Memoirs of Ye Fei]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1988. Yu Huachen. “Comrade Wei Guoqing in the War to Aid Vietnam and Resist France.” In Zhongguo junshi guwentuan yuanyue kangfa shilu [The Records of the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) in the War to Aid Vietnam and Resist France], composed by CMAG Compilation Team, 32–105. Zhang Guanghua. “The Secret Records of China’s Important Decisions to Assist Vietnam and Resist France.” In CMAG Compilation Team, comp., Zhongguo junshi guwentuan yuanyue kangfa shilu [The Records of the Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG) in the War to Aid Vietnam and Resist France], 17–31. Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe [CCP Party History Press], 2002. Zhang Yong. “Deadly Battle at Chosin.” In Zhandou zai Changjin hupan [War- fighting around the Chosin Lake]. Edited by the National Committee of Chinese People to Support World Peace against American Invasion, 21–27. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe [People’s Press], 1951. Zhang Zhixiu. Junluu shengya [My Military Career in the Chinese Army]. Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1998. Zhou Enlai Military Record Compilation Team, comp. Zhou Enlai junshi huodong jishi [The Records of Zhou Enlai’s Military Affairs]. Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe [CCP Central Archival and Manuscript Press], 2000. Zhou Maofang. “Unforgettable Years of the War.” In Laozhanshi yishi [Personal Stories of the Veterans], edited by Ge Chumin, 481–92. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi [China Outreaching and Translation Publishing Company], 2000. Zhou Wenjiang. Mobuqu de jiyi: Zhou Wenjiang zhandou huiyilu [Unforgettable Stories: Combat Experience of Zhou Wenjiang]. Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangshi chubanshe [CCP Central Committee’s Party History Press], 2012. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 207

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A Beijing Acheson, Dean, 158, 172n83 meetings in, 47, 64, 66, 95, 163n1 Aircraft pressure from, 126, 182 F-84, 181 propaganda of, 6 F-86 Sabre, 156, 158 the leadership of, 59 MiG-15, 96, 155–158, 170n57 Beiyang Fleet, 28 MiG-15bis, 158 Belov, N. B., 120 Tu-2 bomber, 157 Beria, Lavrenty, 161 Almond, Edward M. “Ned” (Major Bloody Ridge, Battle of, 160 General, U.S. Army), 96 Box Rebellion, 25 Anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), see CPVF British Navy, 25 anti-aircraft artilleries (AAA) Buddhism, 18, 19, 21 Anti-Japanese War Bulganin, Nikolay, 161, 179 CCP strategy in, 35, 70n30 (see also Burma, see Myanmar World War II) Arrow War, 27 Artilleries, see CPVF artilleries; UNF C firepower Cairo, 38 Catchpole, Brian, 140n75 CCP (Chinese Communist Party) B Central Committee of, 163n1 Baekje, 19 control of cities, 50 Bandits, 23 members of, 29, 30, 84

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

CCP (cont.) and the Korean War, 2–8, 10, 11, National Congress of, 29 25, 64, 66, 82, 85, 90–93, 97, Politburo of, 9, 84, 95 98, 146, 152, 153, 156–158 CCP Central Military Commission military history of, 51 (CMC) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8, decisions of, 9, 95 15n28, 171n76 documents of, 8, 9 missiles of, 182 “dual strategy” of, 159 revolutionary identity in, 59, 62 meeting of, 86, 95 Russian loans to, 29, 56, 152 orders from, 96 security of, 2–7, 9–11, 23, 26, 34, Chai Chengwen (Major General, PLA), 51, 58, 90–92, 145–163 62, 75n72, 91, 162, 172n87 strategy of, 1, 3–8, 11, 52, 58, interviews of, 10, 75n72 62, 65, 80, 92, 110, 159, military career of, 15n24, 62, 181, 191 108n102, 173n87 war mobilization of, 95 Chang Qiankun (Lieutenant General, China, Republic of (ROC), 3, 9, 10, PLA Air Force), 169n54 28, 33, 40, 51, 52, 64, 103n48 military career of, 155 See also Taiwan Chen Yi (Marshal, PLA), 64, 77n90, Chinese Civil War 86, 96 CCP strategy in, 50 military career of, 64 Huai-hai campaign, 51 Chiang Ching-kuo, see Jiang Jingguo PLA tactics in, 88 Chiang Kai-shek, see Jiang Jieshi veterans of, 84 Chiang Wei-kuo (General, GMD Chinese Communist Party, see CCP Army), see Jiang Weiguo (Chinese Communist Party) Chiksan, 24 Chinese People’s Political Consultative China, People’s Republic of (PRC), Conference (CPPCC), 12n5 3, 47, 58, 60, 65, 79, 80, 109, Chinese People’s Volunteer Force 111, 114, 117, 119, 120, 122, (CPVF) 177–183, 186, 189 air support, 111, 112, 118 aid to North Korea, 48, 79, 82 armies of, 97, 109, 117, 119, annual military spending of, 177 121–123, 125, 128, 130, archives of, 8 147, 148 Central Government of, 64, 178, army groups of, 97 181, 187 combat tactics of, 119 in the Cold War, 2, 5–8, 48, 59, 60, divisions of, 97, 115, 119, 124, 64, 98, 159, 178, 180, 125, 151, 163 186–189, 191 first echelon of, 97, 109 defense industry of, 180 missions of, 112, 120, 145 founding of, 3, 7, 9, 15n28, 51, morale of, 149 66–67, 70n30, 71n31, 77n90, number of, 111, 150 90, 100n26 “one-week attacks” by, 129, 151 INDEX 233

operation of, 64, 111, 112, 117, CPVF ammunition 123, 128, 130, 146, 147, 151 annual supply of, 151 political mobilization in, 96 battle expenditure of, 129 rotation of, 149 daily expenditure of, 151 second echelon of, 97, 129 machine gun ammo supply, 151 secrecy of, 112 manufacturing of, 150 technology of, 149 shortage of, 123 training of, 96–97, 111 Soviet supply for, 150 veterans of, 101n32, 137n46, supply of, 151 169n54, 170n67, 173n87 CPVF anti-aircraft artilleries (AAA) weakness of, 112, 126 37 mm, 150 withdrawal of, 121, 163 85 mm, 150 Chin Island, Battle of, 24 divisions of, 150, 151, 183 Chipyong-ni, Battle of, 125, 126 rotation of, 150, 151 Civil Service Examinations, 21 Russian divisions of, 150 Cold War shells for, 151 China and, 2, 3, 5–8, 48, 59, 60, 64, CPVF Army units 80, 90, 92, 159, 178, 186–189 Third Army Group; artillery Soviet Union and, 39, 59, 159, reinforcement to, 149; 189, 190 casualties of, 129; command of, Confucianism, 19, 21, 30 128; defense of, 129; Confucian-Mencian paradigm, encirclement by, 130; offensives 18–20, 30 of, 128; withdrawal of, 133 CPVF Air Force Ninth Army Group; battles of, 97; 2nd Division, 121, 124, 125, 148, combat readiness of, 86; 149, 151, 156 command of, 97, 130, 131; 3rd Division, 131, 156 defense of, 86, 130, 133; 4th Division, 155 encirclement by, 121, 130; 7th Regiment, 119 offensives of, 86, 131; officers 8th Division, 114, 117–119, 121, of, 133; reinforcement to, 86, 125, 151, 156 131, 133; UNF counterattacks 9th Regiment, 170n67 on, 121 10th Division, 156, 157 Twelfth Army; 28th Regiment of, 24th Regiment, 157 31st Division of, 148; casualties 28th Regiment, 131, 157 of, 130; command of, 54, 130; battles of, 113, 117, 119, 122, 124, defense by, 54, 149; offensives 149, 151 of, 131; plans for, 130; UNF divisions of, 9, 97, 109, 115, 124, counterattacks on, 149 125, 137n46, 151, 163 Thirteenth Army Group; command losses of, 130 of, 118; officers of, 115 rotation of, 149 Fifteenth Army; 29th Division of, Soviet air support to, 112 148; 45th Division of, 148, 234 INDEX

CPVF Army units (cont.) Sixtieth Army; 3rd Battalion, 538th 165n12; 134th Regiment of, Regiment of, 157; 3rd 165n12; combat readiness of, Battalion, 540th Regiment of, 151; defense by, 149, 151; 157; Third Company, 1st offensives of, 148; UNF attacks Battalion, 540th Regiment of, on, 57, 148 37; Eighth Company, 1st Nineteenth Army Group; casualties Battalion, 540th Regiment of, of, 129; defense by, 129; 165n12; casualties of, 112; offensives of, 129 combat readiness of, 129; Twentieth Army; 58th Division of, command of, 128; defense by, 132; 60th Division of, 131, 151; encirclement by, 124; lost 133; 173rd Regiment of, 132; a division by, 36; offensives of, 178th Regiment of, 131; 50, 110; officers of, 125; artillery reinforcement to, 131, withdrawal of, 163 132; battles of, 122, 132; Sixty-Fourth Army; casualties of, defense by, 130, 131; 112, 119, 121, 127, 129; encirclement by, 121, 122, 130; combat readiness of, 86; defense offensives of, 131; UNF by, 157, 158; encirclement by, counterattacks on, 131 124, 130, 132; offensives of, Twenty-Sixth Army; artillery 122; withdrawal of, 163 reinforcement to, 121; battles Sixty-Fifth Army; defense by, 3, 4, of, 122; encirclement by, 121 7, 10, 58, 80, 83, 88, 90, 92, Twenty-Seventh Army; 79th 112–115, 117, 125, 126, 148, Division of, 133; 80th Division 149, 151, 156, 188, 191; of, 133; artillery reinforcement offensives of, 110, 126, 147; to, 131; defense by, 131, 133; UNF attacks on, 190, 148; encirclement of, 121, 130 withdrawal of, 121, 126, 163, Thirty-Eighth Army; 112th Division 189 of, 125; 334th Regiment of, Sixty-Sixth Army, 123, 125 125; 336th Regiment of, 125 CPVF artilleries, 97, 109, 110, 123, Thirty-Ninth Army; 117th Division 180–183; 75 mm, 150; 90 mm, of, 125; battles of, 113; 150; 105 mm, 123, 150; offensives of, 117, 121; plans 122 mm, 180; 155 mm, 150; for, 117; withdrawal of, 121 AAA divisions of, 110, 151, 183; Fortieth Army; 118th Division of, anti-tank, 151; artillery divisions 118, 137n46; 119th Division of, 95, 149–151; barrage of, of, 137n46; 120th Division of, 123, 131; coastal, 52, 64; 137n46; 360th Regiment of, howitzers, 123, 150, 151, 180; 119; battles of, 117, 118; Katusha, 150; losses of, 130, casualties of, 121; offensives of, 191n1; rockets, 150; rotation of, 85, 117 141n89; Russian-made, 150; Forty-Second Army; defense by, shells of, 149; training, 85, 111; 114, 118 transportation of, 128, 151 INDEX 235

CPVF artillery divisions CPVF headquarters, 128, 130 1st Howitzer Division; 11th Soviet advisors at, 157 Regiment of, 131; 25th CPVF intelligence, 156 Regiment of, 131; 26th CPVF logistics Regiment of, 131; 27th ammunition supply, 151 Regiment of, 124 food supply, 123, 128 2nd Howitzer Division; 28th losses to UNF bombing, 149 Regiment of, 131, 157 “one-week offensive”, 151 7th Howitzer Division, 151 problems of, 11 8th Howitzer Division, 151 shortage of supply, 84, 123 21st Rocket Artillery Division, 151 CPVF Logistics Department 22nd Rocket Artillery Division, 151 forces of, 128, 151, 177 31st Anti-tank Artillery Division, 151 missions of, 145 32nd Anti-tank Artillery Division, 151 supply system of, 148 61st AAA Division, 151 CPVF-NKPA cooperation 62nd AAA Division, 151 communication for, 113 63rd AAA Division, 151 plans for, 114 64th AAA Division, 151 problems of, 125 CPVF casualties CPVF-NKPA Joint Command in the First Offensive, 117 air force command, 156 in the Second Offensive, defense of, 114 110, 121–123 number of the forces under, 133 in the Third Offensive, 110, orders of, 133, 164n11 122–124, 128 withdrawal of, 133 in the Fourth Offensive, 110, 124 CPVF offensives of frostbite, 123 First Campaign of, 117–119 wounded, 121, 177 Second Campaign of, 110, 121–123 CPVF Command Third Campaign of, 110, 122–124, chain of, 116, 127 128, 140n78 decisions of, 1, 11, 118, 128, 148 Fourth Campaign of, 124 defense lines of, 130 Fifth Campaign of, 128, 130, 145, directives of, 133 146, 163n1 instructions from, 113, 115, 164n11 Sixth Campaign of, 147, 164n8 lessons of, 1, 11 battles of, 85, 114, 120, 122, 146 meetings of, 65, 78n99, 92, 118 Summer Campaign of, 151 (see also orders of, 112, 119, 125, 126, 131 CPVF Spring Offensive) plans of, 110, 111, 113, 117, 147 CPVF officer corps problems of, 11, 123 concerns of, 111 withdrawal of, 111, 121, 126, 163 education of, 83 CPVF defense, 111, 112, 114, 115, field commanders of, 118 148, 149, 151, 157 at the headquarters, 37, 128, 130 CPVF Engineering Corps training of, 96, 111 railway engineering divisions of, 150 CPVF party committees, 146, 148, rotation of, 141n89, 149 164n6, 164n11 236 INDEX

CPVF Political Department, 101n31, CPVF transportation 103n59, 174n99 manpower transport regiments, 25 CPVF POWs truck regiments, 84, 123 interviews of, 174n101 trucks for, 84 policy toward, 172n86 CPVF underground tunnels, 148, 151 CPVF Spring Offensive CPVF weapons first step of, 142n98, 142n101 automatic rifles, 151 second step of, 110, 121–123 of each CPVF army, 128 third step of, 110, 122–124 losses of, 130 annihilation by, 124, 141n91 needs of, 33 assessments of, 140n78 standardization of, 84, 85, 96, 148 casualties of, 112, 139n63 training for, 96 encirclement in, 124 forces in, 111 impact of, 2, 191 D Mao’s comments on, 130 Deng Hua (General, PLA) objectives of, 97, 111, 117, 119 as commander of NEBDA, 47, 66 plans for, 112, 117 as the first deputy commander of the preparation for, 83, 96 CPVF, 94, 169n54 problems of, 123 (see also CPVF Deng Xiaoping, 5, 12n8, 16n32, 50, offensives, Fifth Campaign of) 94, 190 CPVF strategies Donghak Rebellion, 28 of active defense, 149 DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of annihilation, 124, 141n91 of Korea, or North Korea), anti-landing defense, 148 4, 6, 11, 15n24, 40, 87, changes of, 96 108n102 deception, 120 Du Ping (Lieutenant General, PLA), of mobile warfare, 146 83, 100n26, 103n59 of piecemeal elimination, 146 positional warfare, 112 problems of, 11, 123 E protracted war, 145 East Asia, 2, 5, 18, 19, 23–26, 30, trench warfare, 11, 112, 146–150 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 48, 49, CPVF tactics 56, 58–60, 62, 65, 68n9, guerrilla-ism, 118 80, 90, 91, 159, 178, of guerrilla warfare, 118 179, 186 of massed attacks, 124, 125 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 161, 173n88 of mobile defense, 115, 147 of night attacks, 119 of surprise attacks, 119 F road blocks, 119 French Battalion, 125 training of, 111 French-Indochina War, 178 INDEX 237

G Hideyoshi, Toyotomo, 23, 24 Gabriel, Charles A. (General, U.S. Air Hills Force), 158, 171n68, 171n69 Hill 537.7, 148, 151 Gao Gang, 67n5, 78n101, 82, 86, 87, Hill 597.9, 148, 151 91, 93, 99n13, 100n22, Triangle Hill, 148, 149, 151, 102n39–41 165n16 Graff, David, 19, 41n2, 41n4, 42n20 Ho Chi Minh, 4, 37, 61 Great Britain, 173n88, 179 Hong Xuezhi (General, PLA) Great East Asia Co-Prosperity as commander of the CPVF Sphere, 33 logistics, 128 Great Leap Forward, 105n79 as deputy commander of the Great Movement for Resisting America CPVF, 115 and Aiding Korea, 98 Hongwu, Ming Emperor, 22 See also War to Resist the U.S. and Hu Jintao, 5 Aid Korea (WRUSAK) Hurley, Patrick, 40, 45n80 Great Wall, 25, 33, 34, 105n76, 146–149, 165n13 Guangxu, Qing Emperor, 17, 26, 42n28 I Guomindang (GMD) Imjin War, 23, 24 air force, 54 Inchon Landing, 119, 126 army of, 73n46, 77n87, 81 India, 162, 173n88, 187 defense of Taiwan, 9, 52, 54 China’s attacks on, 187 documents of, 9, 10 Indochina Communist Party (ICP), 38 navy of, 54 Ito Hirobumi, 31

H J Hainan Japan GMD defense of, 57 training of, 28 PLA landing on, 57 weapons made by, 28 Halberstam, David, 136n27 Jiajin, Ming Emperor, 25 Han dynasty, 19 Jiang Jieshi, 3, 9, 34–36, 38, 51, 58, Hangzhou, 10, 35, 70n29, 68n11, 69n22, 73n46, 88, 73n48, 193n29 103n48, 125 Hao Baichun (Grand General, Jiang Jingguo, 10, 68n11, 103n48 GMD Army) Jiang Weiguo, 10, 49, 68n11, 73n46, interviews of, 10 88, 89, 102n48 Harrison, William K. (lieutenant Jiang Zemin, 5, 12n9 General, U.S. Army), 162 Jin dynasty, 17 Hastings, Max, 76n79, 172n82, Jinmen, 52, 54, 57, 64, 70n28, 172n84 72n42, 76n83, 77n87, 77n91 He Long (Marshal, PLA), 16n31 Joy, Turner C. (Admiral, Heartbreak Ridge, Battle of, 160 U.S. Navy), 159 238 INDEX

K L Kalasovski, Mikhail, 183 Laos, 179 Kangxi, Qing Emperor, 18 Li Rusong, 24 Kawashima Kageaki, 33 Liaodong, 24, 28, 29 Keelung, 33 Lin Biao (Marshal, PLA) Kennan, George, 158 as Defense Minister, 52, 69n22 Keumseong, Battle of, 151, 166n28, military career of, 52, 54, 69n22 174n96 Lines Khrushchev, Nikita, 13n16, demarcation line, 159, 160, 162 75n73, 155, 161, 179, Line A, 123 186, 187, 196n65 Line B, 123 Kim Il-sung Line C, 124 meeting with Mao, 7, 14n23, 62, Line D, 124 79, 95, 109, 115 Line Kansas, 127 meetings with Peng, 109, 114, 115, Liu Bocheng (Marshal, PLA), 142n99, 159 16n31, 154 meetings with Stalin, 62, 95 Liu Shaoqi, 9, 47, 55, 59, 60, 66, 86 and the Truce Armistice, 159 Liu Yaohu (PLA), 157 Kim Tu-bong, 37 military career of, 157 Kim Ung, 61 Liu Zheng (General, PLA Air Force), Koguryeo, 19–21 169n54 Kojong, King, 31 military career of, 169n54 Korea Long March, 71n31, 72n43, 89, 94, cold winter of, 121, 136n27, 101n32, 105n80, 137n46, 169n54 173n90 Lu Han, 38 geographic setting of, 21, 44n53 Luo Ronghuan (Marshal, PLA), 66 war situation, 91, 97, 102n34, 112, 118, 120 Korean Independent League M (KIL), 37 Ma Ying-jeou, 10, 33 Korean People’s Anti-Japanese MacArthur, Douglas (General, Army, 37 U.S. Army) Korean Provisional Government orders of, 113, 119 (KPG), 32 strategy of, 2 Korean Volunteer Corps, 37 on Taiwan, 65 Korean War Malenkov, Georgy M., 161 Chinese views on, 2–4, 6, 8, 184 Malik, Jacob, 158 impact of, 2 Manchukuo, 18, 34 studies of, 171n72, 181 Manchuria, 3, 17, 18, 25, 28–34, 36, Kuomintang (KMT), see Guomindang 37, 40, 44n53, 47, 49, 52, (GMD) 61–67, 79–98, 112, 114, 120, Kwantung Army, 34 156, 158, 170n58, 179 INDEX 239

Mao Anying, 177 Moscow, 3, 4, 6, 11, 35, 38, 44n53, 49, Mao Zedong 51–60, 62, 66, 67n1, 78n100, 82, concerns of, 11, 52, 87, 88, 90, 111 83, 88, 91, 92, 95, 99n17, 105n77, and the CPVF, 95–97, 109–113, 111, 152–155, 161, 170n58, 179, 120, 123, 124, 146, 177 180, 182, 183, 185–190 decisions of, 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 11, 62, Mossman, Billy, 139n60 79, 91, 98 Mu Chong, 37, 38 goals of, 120 Mukden Incident, 34 on how to fight the U.S., 91 Myanmar (Burma), 30 meet Kim Il-sung, 109 meet Stalin, 55, 92, 152 and Peng, 9, 109, 110, 112–115, N 118, 120, 123, 124, 126, 129, Nam Il (General, NKPA), 162 130, 162 Nie Rongzhen (Marshal, PLA) orders of, 64, 83, 95, 96, 107n93, acting Chief of the Staff, 56, 57, 66, 109, 112, 152, 162, 168n52 97, 146 papers of, 15n31 military career of, 9, 72n43 plans of, 7, 9, 52, 62, 79, 86, 90, papers of, 16n31 92, 109, 112–115, 117, 118, NKPA corps 120, 160 I Corps; 8th Division of, 117–119, report to Stalin, 62 121, 125 request Soviet aid, 56 North Korea, see DPRK (Democratic strategy change by, 126 People’s Republic of Korea, or strategy of, 3–5, 7, 9, 52, 54, 58, North Korea) 60, 62, 89, 92, 146, 159, 160, North Korean People’s Army (NKPA), 184 4, 47, 61, 62, 66, 67, 79–87, 90, on Taiwan, 4, 7, 52, 55–58, 65, 82 91, 109, 112–115, 117, 123–125, Marco Polo, 35 127, 128, 130–133, 140n78, 148, Meiji Restoration, 26 155, 156, 158, 162, 164n11 Mencius, 19 air force of, 155, 156, 158 Middle Kingdom, 17, 21–22 casualties of, 127 “MiG Alley,” 71, 156 collapse of, 91, 114 Military culture defense of, 79, 81, 114, 127 Chinese ways of war, 146 number of, 87 Military doctrine, 88, 89 Northeast Border Defense Army “people’s war” as, 190 (NEBDA, PLA) Ming dynasty, 22, 23, 25 headquarters of, 82–84 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 111, 161 logistics of, 67, 84 Mongols, 23, 81 officers of, 67, 84 Mortars political education of, 83 60 mm, 150 training of, 84 85 mm, 150 Nuclear weapons 120 mm, 150 of China, 182, 186, 187 Russian-made, 150 UNF threats, 92, 123 240 INDEX

O intelligence of, 62 Operation Air Strangler (UNF), 150 Korean soldiers in, 61 Opium War, the First, 22, 25 loyalty to the CCP, 69n22 Opium War, the Second, 25 modernization of, 190 officers of, 54, 64, 82, 154 professionalism of, 190 P rotation in Korea, 149 Pak Il-u, 37, 62 Taiwan landing plans of, 64 Paris, 72n43 technology of, 183, 188, 190 Peace Conference of, 32 transformation of, 178 Peng Dehuai (Marshal, PLA), 9, 35, veterans of, 178 94, 109, 145, 180 People’s Republic of China, see China, as commander in chief of the People’s Republic of (PRC) CPVF, 11 Pescadores (Penghu) Islands, 26, 28 decisions of, 94, 118 Pham Van Dong, 38 defense of, 118, 122 Philippines, 63 goals of, 123 Pirates, 23 instructions of, 9, 113, 194n43 PLA Air Force (PLAAF) on the Korean War, 11, 14–15n24 Russian airplanes, 96, 155–158 on logistics, 128 Soviet aid, 54, 56 and Mao, 9, 94, 97, 105n79, PLA armies 105n80, 109, 110, 112–115, Thirty-Eighth Army, 84, 119, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 126, 121, 125 129, 162 Thirty-Ninth Army, 113, 121, miscalculations by, 123 125, 131 offensives by, 110, 114, 115, 130, Fortieth Army, 84, 113, 117–119, 133, 147 121, 123, 125 orders of, 107n100, 112, 117–119, Forty-Second Army, 113, 114, 118, 124, 130, 133, 134n1, 183 121, 123, 125 papers of, 9 Fiftieth Army, 86, 121, 124, 125 plans of, 9 PLA army groups problems of, 11 Ninth Army Group, 57, 86, 96, staff of, 113, 114 97, 101n32, 121–123, strategy of, 9, 110, 113, 120 129–131, 133 tactics of, 149 Tenth Army Group, 54, 64, 73n48 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Twelfth Army Group, 54, 71n31 archives of, 8, 9 Thirteenth Army Group, 57, chain of command, 116, 127 100n26, 115, 118, 169n54 characteristics of, 182 Fifteenth Army Group, 57 civil-military relations, 48, 51, 61, Nineteenth Army Group, 57 93, 125 PLA divisions deployment of, 67 1st Artillery Division, 82, 151 General Staff Department 2nd Artillery Division, 82, 151 (GSD) of, 9 8th Artillery Division, 82, 151 INDEX 241

163rd Infantry Division, 61 Republic of Korea, see ROK (Republic 164th Infantry Division, 61 of Korea, or South Korea) 165th Infantry Division, 61 Rhee, Syngman, 40, 62, 162 PLA field armies Ridgway, Matthew B. (Lieutenant First Field Army, 106n80 General, U.S. Army), 123–125, Third Field Army, 52, 54, 57, 64, 133, 158–160 70n30, 73n48, 77n90 on Chinese army, 123–125 Fourth Field Army, 52, 54, 57, 66, as commander of the 69n22, 71n31 Eighth Army, 133 PLA high command as commander of the UNF, chain of command, 116, 127 123–125, 159 orders of, 82 defense by, 123 PLA Navy (PLAN) on ROK divisions, 124, 133 coast artilleries of, 192n15 strategy of, 125 establishment of, 154 Rochshin, Nikolai, 66, 83 Russian-made vessels, 152 ROK (Republic of Korea, or South Soviet aid to, 54 Korea) torpedo brigades of, 155, 192n15 armed forces, 81, 180 training of, 152 UN support to, 63, 66 PLA regional commands ROK Army East China Region, 64, 77n90 arms losses of, 29, 30, 133 Northeastern Region, 51, 61, 98, 177 casualties of, 23, 24, 121, 162 Northern Region, 72n43 CPVF attacks and, 121, 123, 125 Poland, 183, 186 divisions of, 61, 93, 114, 115, 117, Pusan, 24, 47, 63, 67, 79 119, 124–126, 133 Pyongyang officers of, 37, 82, 162 defense of, 28, 113, 114, 118 ROK army corps lost to the UNF, 114 I Corps; 1st Division of, 121; UNF withdrawal from, 113 Capital Division of, 114; CPVF attacks and, 121; defense by, 113, 114; withdrawal of, 125 Q II Corps; 6th Division of, 114; 7th Qianlong, Qing Emperor, 18 Division of, 114; 8th Division Qing dynasty, 3, 22, 25, 27, 33 of, 114; CPVF attacks and, Quemoy, see Jinmen 124; defense by, 114; losses of, 133; withdrawal of, 124 III Corps; 1st Marine Regiment of, R 97; 5th Division of, 131; 9th Red Army (of the CCP), 35, 37, 38, Division of, 131; 29th 49, 50, 69n22, 70n30, 70n31, Regiment of, 131; CPVF 88, 89, 100n26, 101n32, attacks and, 131; defense by, 105n80, 169n54 131, 133; withdrawal of, Republic of China, see China, Republic 24, 133 of (ROC) Roosevelt, Franklin D., 38, 39, 48, 49 242 INDEX

Russia, 2, 5, 8, 29, 31, 37, 49, 52, 58, and the Second Offensive, 133 66, 81, 152, 191 and the Spring Offensive, 133 See also Soviet Union Song Yingchang, 24 Russo-Japanese War, 31 South Korea, see ROK (Republic of Ryukyus, 22, 27 Korea, or South Korea) Soviet Air Force Sixty-Fourth Army of, 157, 158 S air support to the CPVF, 112, 155 Self-strengthening Movement, 26 battles of, 132, 157 Seoul bomber divisions of, 155 B0attle of, 24, 28 casualties of, 121, 126, 177 CPVF attacks and, 121, 123 fighter divisions of, 155 CPVF taking over of, 110, 124, 145 missions of, 120, 156 deceptive attacks on, 28, 130 pilots of, 71n32, 96, 155–157 NKPA withdrawal from, 82, 124, 127 regulations of, 154, 182 UNF defense of, 122, 157 shot down U.S. planes by, 158, 182 UNF withdrawal from, 124 Stalin and, 1, 95, 120, 155 Shandong, 24, 28, 50, 86, 96, 97, 154 Soviet Union Shen Baozhen, 26 armed forces of, 111, 179 Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 28, 29, 33 model for China, 31, 59, 182 Siam, 22 nuclear protection by, 182 See also Thailand policy change after Stalin, 48 Siberia, 31, 32, 44n53 Soviet Military Advisory Group (in Silla, 19, 21 China), 153, 183 Sino-French War, 25, 27 transportation of, 49 Sino-Japanese War, 11, 17, 18, 25, truce proposal of, 159 27–29, 35 and the U.S., 6, 7, 39, 178, Sino-Soviet relations 186, 189 as alliance, 6, 187 weapons from, 111, 150, 180 border conflicts, 98 Stalemate, 145, 146 Mao and, 8, 94 Stalin, Josef split of, 179 aid to China, 180 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, ask China to intervene, 1, 90 Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, 55 death of, 161 Smith, Walter Bedell (General, CIA refuse a direct involvement, 54, 58 director), 119, 120, 138n52 Su Yu (Grand General, PLA), 54, 57, Song dynasty, 21 70n30, 72n42, 82 Song Shilun (General, PLA) military career of, 54 commander of the Ninth Army Sui dynasty, 20 Group, 86, 96 Sun Lizhou (Colonel, PLA), 9 meeting with Mao, 86 Sun Tzu, see Sunzi military career of, 190 Sunchon, 24 INDEX 243

T Truce negotiations Taierzhuang, 35 break-through of, 132, 161 Taiwan, 52 Chinese at, 110, 134, 149, 160 defense of, 65 deadlock of, 160, 161 PLA attacking plan, 57, 65 at Panmunjom, 75n72, 174n99 strait of, 7, 48, 56–59, 63–65, 77n87, peace proposal of 1951, 123 152, 155, 159, 181, 182, 186 POW issues at, 160, 161 U.S. aid to, {Loctor?} (see also Soviets and, 158 China, Republic of (ROC)) U.S. and, 158 Tang dynasty, 20 Truman, Harry S. Tanks legacy of, 65, 76n81, 98n2, 172n86 CPVF annual shell supply for, 84, on POWs issue, 160, 172n86 149, 151 Truman-MacArthur controversy, 63 CPVF divisions and regiments of, Turkish Brigade 109, 125, 169n54 artillery battalion of, 37, 188 CPVF rotation of, 149 casualties of, 121 guns of, 150 CPVF attacks and, 124 increase of CPVF’s, 146, 147, defense by, 33, 63 150, 151 withdrawal of, 124 losses of, 25, 93 Peng’s view on, 113, 114, 120, 130, 146 U Russian-made, 150, 181 Ulsan, 24 Russian regiments of, 153, 155, UNF Command 183, 186 defense by, 4, 109, 113–115, 117, Soviet standard unit, 150 122, 126, 129, 146, 149, T-34, 150 157, 160 of UNF, 114, 146–149, 151, 160, meetings of, 118 162, 171n70 strategy changes of, 126 in the U.S. task force, 120 strategy of, 48, 113, 128 Thailand, 22, 63 UNF firepower Three Kingdom, 19, 20 air strikes, 130 Tianjin, 27, 28, 35, 52 artilleries of, 112, 125, 146, 151 Tibet, 51, 57, 187 and CPVF supply lines, 123, 130 Triangle Hill, Battle of, 149, 151, for defense, 148 165n16 of each U.S. army, 148 Tributary, 11, 17–40 and heavy CPVF casualties, Truce Agreement 146, 148 case-fire of, 159 self-propelling artilleries, 146 signing of, 159 UNF intelligence, 191n1 244 INDEX

Union of Soviet Socialist U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 126 Republics(USSR), 6 U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) units See also Soviet Union 1st Marine Division; CPVF attacks United Nations (UN), 59, 64, and, 122 174n99 U.S. Navy United Nations Force (UNF) Seventh Fleet of, 7, 59, 63, 64, casualties of, 112, 129, 146, 148 77n87, 152 offensives of, 67, 110, 113, 114, USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist 124, 126, 146, 147, 151 Republics), {Locator?} POWs of, 160, 174n100 See also Soviet Union withdrawal of, 124, 126 U.S. State Department, 141n85, 158 United States (U.S.) armed forces of, 4, 51, 64, 81, 111, 191 V U.S. Air Force (USAF) Vietnam U.S. Army China’s invasion of, 5 task force of, 120 Vietnam War, 5, 92, 189 withdrawal of, 121 U.S. Army units I Corps; CPVF attacks and, 121; W defense by, 113 Walker, Walton H., 121 IX Corps; CPVF attacks and, 123, Wang Baocun (Major General, PLA), 9 124; defense by, 123 Wang Hai (General, PLA Air Force) X Corps; CPVF attacks and, 119 combats of, 157 2nd Infantry Division; 23rd military career of, 170n65 Regiment of, 125; in the Battle visit the U.S., 158 of Chipyong-ri, 126; CPVF Wang Lian (NKPA Air Force), 155 attacks and, 121, 125; howitzer Wang Xuedong (Captain, PLA) battalion of, 123 interviews of, 10 3rd Infantry Division; 7th Regiment Wang Zhongchun of, 138n59; CPVF attacks and, (Senior Colonel, PLA) 121, 125; defense by, 115; Wang Zibo (PLA) officers of, 122 military career of, 192n7 7th Infantry Division; 32nd Wanjialing, 35 Regiment of, 122 Wanli, Ming Emperor, 23–25, 41n15 25th Infantry Division; CPVF War to Resist the U.S. and Aid Korea attacks and, 123, 131 (WRUSAK), 2, 11n2, 12n6, 187th Airborne Regiment, 125, 127 14n24, 80, 97, 98n5, 119, 148, Eighth Army; CPVF attacks and, 163, 178, 191 119, 126, 133; defense by, 114 anniversary of, 119, 163 INDEX 245

Washington, 3, 38, 40, 49, 63, 64, Y 110, 158, 161, 167n34, Yalta Agreement, 58 182, 186, 190 Yalu River Weihaiwei, 28 crossing the bridges of, 84, 120 Wen Yucheng (Lieutenant General, defense along, 4, 28, 79, 82 PLA) Yan’an, 30, 37, 39, 40, 45n80, 50, military career of, 137n46 72n43, 89 World War I, 32, 146 Yang Di (Senior Colonel, PLA), World War II, 1, 2, 34, 35, 38, 136n21 40, 60, 61, 69n22, 128, Yangzi River, 28, 51 156, 157, 177, Ye Fei (General, PLA), 64, 70n29, 178, 186 73n48 See also Anti-Japanese War Yi Songgye, 23 Wu Xinquan (Lieutenant Yongle, Ming Emperor, 22 General, PLA) Yuan Shikai, 28 military career of, 135n17 Wudi, Han Emperor, 19 Z Zhao Zuorui (Colonel, CPVF) X interviews of, 10 Xi Jinping, 2, 11n2, 191 military career of, 10 Xiao Jinguang (Grand General, PLA Zheng He, 22 Navy), 70–71n31, 82 Zheng Yanman (Captain, CPVF) military career of, 54, 57 interviews of, 10 Xie Fang (Major General, PLA) Zhou Baoshan (Captain, CPVF) as chief staff of the CPVF, 115 interviews of, 10 military career of, 115 Zhou Enlai Xing Jie, 24 chief of the General Staff, 57 Xu Changyou (Major General, PLA), and the CPVF logistics, 78n99 9, 103n60 on the Korean War, 47 Xu Xiangqian (Marshal, PLA) visit Moscow, 4 military career of, 9 war planning, 112 papers of, 9 Zhu De (Marshal, PLA) Xuantong, Qing Emperor, 34 military career of, 9