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Greentree Group ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm Greentree Group qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqReceived 20/02/18 Accepted 19/04/18 Published 10/05/18 ______Mitra and Mishra 2018 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2018 Vol. 8 Issue 3 www.ijapc.com 113 wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw[e ISSN 2350-0204] ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyui

Int J Ayu Pharm Chem REVIEW ARTICLE www.ijapc.com e-ISSN 2350-0204

A Pharmacological Review of Muchakunda ( acerifolium Willd) Arunthia Mitra1* and Manisha Mishra2

1,2 Department of Dravyaguna,Rani Dullaiya Smriti Ayurved P.G. Mahavidhyalayaevam Chikitsalaya, Bhopal (M.P.), India

ABSTRACT Ayurvedic herbology deals with description of herbs and with medicinal properties and various applications in disease therapy. Muchakunda is one such tree which is valued for its therapeutic potential in diseases of cough and cold, in skin disorders like scabies, a potential wound healer and also useful in inflammation and pain. Ayurvedic texts also refer its uses in headache and bleeding disorders. It belongs to the family and is commonly found all over India. This article deals with a comprehensive review on various pharmacological activity of this tree to validate its use in Ayurvedic practice.The subject matter has been reviewed from Ayurvedic texts, various research article published in journals and review articles on the internet.

KEYWORDS Muchakunda, , Phytoconstituents, Pharmacological action

Greentree Group Received 20/02/18 Accepted 19/04/18 Published 10/05/18

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INTRODUCTION Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) Prativishnuk, Adhyarhi, Lakshmanav, belonging to Streculiaceae family is a Raktaprasav,Vasu . well-known medicine in Ayurvedic texts. It Hindi -Muchakunda, is also known with these synonyms such Kanakchampa,Kaniar, Katha champa. Chhatravruksha, Chitrakand Marathi - Gujarati-Muchakunda Prativishnuk,Bahupatra. The habitat for English- Bayur tree, Maple leaf Bayur this tree is eastern and south western coast tree, Dinner plate tree of India, especially Bengal, Orissa, Assam AYURVEDIC and Konkan region. The phytochemistry CLASSIFICATION2,3,4: suggests presence of volatile oil in the Bhavprakashnighantu- Pushpavarga flowers. Muchakunda has been described Kaidevanighantu- Aushadivarga as a useful in various disorders like Rajnighantu- Karviradivarga headache, bleeding disorders, cough, skin RASA PANCHAK : diseases, wound healers and anti- Guna-Laghu, Ruksha inflammatory. Traditionally it has been Rasa-Kashaya, Katu, Tikta described as astringent, bitter and pungent Virya -Slightly Ushna in taste, slightly hot and a little dry. Vipaka-Katu Currently a lot of experimental work has HABITAT: been done to explore the therapeutic Sub Himalayan tract and outer valleys potential of Muchakunda. from Yamuna eastwards to west Bengal, : Assam, Manipur up to an altitude of 1200 Kingdom: Plantae m extending towards Bihar, Western Ghats Division: Angiospermae of Konkan and North Karnataka and Order: Andaman’s islands5. Family: Sterculiaceae BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: : Pterospermum An evergreen tree, up to 24 m in heightand Species:Aacerifolium 1 2.5 m in girth with a clean bole up to 12 m, VERNACULAR NAMES : Bark: greyishbrown, Leaves: variable in Sanskrit names-Bahupatra, size and shape 25-35 cm ×15-30 cm, entire Sudala,Harivallabha, or variously lobed, oblong, cordite or Supushpa,Kshtravruksha, Chitrak, sometimes palate. The leaves are rough

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and rubbery to limit the loss of moisture in AYURVEDIC USES OF a hot climate.(Figure 1) The bottom side of MUCHKUNDA the leaves range from a silver to rust It is used in painful and inflammatory colour and are pubescent.Flowers: Large conditions hence used in headaches. It is 12-15 cm in diameter, axillary, solitary or also hemostyptic hence used in bleeding in pairs, white, fragrant. Capsules: Oblong piles and Raktapitta. In measles a paste is 5 angled, dark brown and woody, applied to reduce the burning sensation of Seeds:Winged, brown. The tree coppices the skin. In bleeding piles flowers is given well and produces root suckers. Natural with ghee and sugar orally to reduce regeneration is by both seeds and root bleeding. It is useful in cough and sore suckers5. (Figure 2- Figure 3) throat. It can also be used as an antidote for various types of poisoning 6 (vishaghna) . Dosage: 3-6 gms Ayurvedic formulation: Himanshutaila PHYTOCHEMISTRY The alcoholic extract of flowers contain

kaempferol and kaempferide-7-glucoside2. Figure 1 Muchkunda Leaf A mixture of acids like myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, lignoceric, oleic, linoleic and linolenicacids. And saturated hydrocarbons were found from the light petroleum extract of the dried flowers7. The bark contains Betulin, lupeol, bauerenol, friedelin and β-

Figure 2 Muchkunda Flower sitosterol. The bark also contains Kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, luteolin7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O- glucoronide, kaempferide-7-O-beta- Dglucopyranoside,D-galactouroniacid,D- galactos and L-rhamnose8,9.The seeds contain palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, mystric, lignoceric, oleic, linoleic, Figure 3 Muchkunda Fruits ______Mitra and Mishra 2018 Greentree Group © IJAPC Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2018 Vol. 8 Issue 3 www.ijapc.com 116 [e ISSN 2350-0204]

linolenic acids.Trunk bark and seeds gave helped in isolation and identification of the amino acids tyrosin, cystine, glycine, two new flavones and one new lactone, 10 alanine and leucine . along with 14 other known BIOLOGICAL AND phytochemicals. The osteogenic activity PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY was studied in the primary cultures of rat Many pharmacological studies have been osteoblast which revealed a marked conducted on Pterospermum acerifolium. increase in expression of ALP and alizarin A summary of these findings by various red-S staining of osteoblasts.These new investigators is described briefly in the compounds stimulated osteoblast 12 following sections. differentiation and mineralization . ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY A study of Inhibition of α-amylase was The study was done to assess wound carried out on the ethanol extract of healing activity and effect on tumour flowers of Pterospremum acerifolium and necrosis factor α of ethanolic extract of its various fractions. The ethyl acetate Pterospermum acerifolium flowers on fraction showed significant inhibition of excision model of wound repair in Albino alpha amylase promising anti diabetic Wistar rats. The rats were divided into activity hence, it was further reduced to 3 three groups with 1 group serving as a fractions and all were screened for control with only application of petroleum antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin- jelly while the other two groups got local nicotinamide induced type II diabetes in application of petroleum jelly with 10% rats. Diabetic animals treated with fraction extract and the final was prefed with P. 2 at the dose of 30 mg/kg reduced the acerifolium extract and local application. levels of fasting blood glucose, P. acerifolium extract showed faster significantly compared to that of the wound healing activity. Also (TNF-α) control. The mode of action can be levels were higher in rats prefed with attributed to increasing the glucose usage 250mg/ kg body weight of P. acerifolium by peripheral tissues and by inhibiting extract daily for 20 days. The study gives glucose formation11. conclusive evidence of wound healing activity with suggestion of induction of OSTEOGENIC ACTIVITY TNF – α activity found in P. acerifolium The study on ethanol extracts of flower13. the Pterospermum acerifolium flowers ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY

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Ethanol and Water extracts of extracts and different fractions like Ether, Pterospermum acerifolium showed good Choloroform, Ethyl acetate and n=Butanol antimitotic activity against meristamatic from leaves, barks and flowers cell growth. Both extracts also showed ofMuchakunda. Anthelmintic activity of good inhibition on yeast cell growth with these crude extracts and fractions were IC50 47.88 mg/ml and 39.15 mg/ml investigated against regular intestinal respectively. The mode of action of both worms like earthworms, Nematodes and extract with anti-proliferative activity was tapeworms. The reference standards used due to fragmentation effect on the DNA14. were Albendazole and Piperazine citrate. ANTIULCER ACTIVITY The observation over time taken for The role of ethanolic fraction of paralysis and death of the worms revealed Pterospermum acerifolium bark extract on that, the ethyl acetate fraction of all the different experimental ulcer models in parts showed action almost comparable rat’s demonstrated significant antiulcer with both standard drugs followed by n- activity against aspirin, indomethacin & butanol fractions of those parts, which was ethanol induced ulcerations, significant dose dependent16. inhibition of gastric secretary volume, and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI- total acidity in pylorus ligated rats were NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY observed.The possible reasons of the The study was to ascertain anti- antiulcer effect of Petrospermum inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect acerifolium may be due to (i) the of unsaponified petroleum ether extract of inihibition of 5-LO enzyme (ii) blockade Ptersospermum acerifolium with a dose of LTC4, LTD4 synthesis (iii) generation range of 100- 200 mg/kg orally, along of free radicals; and/or (iv)inhibition of withislolated β sitosterol (10 &20 mg/kg) histamine release following mast cell from its leaves. The study done on mice degranulation. One or more of the for anti-nociceptive activity were acetic mentioned reasons may be responsible for acid induced writhing test, hot plate the antiulcer activity Pterospermum induced and formalin induced paw licking acerifolium15. models, while the anti-inflammatory activity was seen with carrageenan ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY induced paw edema in albino rats. The investigation of anthelmintic activity Unsaponified petroleum ether extract of was established by a study on crude Pterospermumacerifolium and pure β

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sitosterol shows peripheral and central effect of the extract on yeast induced analgesic effect in experimental models of pyrexia in rats was also dose-dependent18. mice like, reduction in writing and hot HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY plate stimuli response respectively in a Hepato-protective activity of the ethanol dose dependent and statistically significant extract of the leaf of Petrospermum manner. Unsaponified petroleum ether acerifolium in rats was evaluated by extract showed significant results in inducing hepatotoxicity in malewistar rats formalin induced nociceptive tests. by injecting Carbon tetrachloride Unsaponified petroleum ether extract of intraperitoneallyat the dose of 0.1 ml/kg/d. Pterospermumacerifolium and pure β for 14 days. Ethanolic extract of sitosterol produced a marked inhibition of Petrospermum acerifolium leaves were carrageenan induced paw edema administered to the experimental rats at the confirming its anti-inflammatory activity dose range 25 mg/kg/day for 14days and 17 in animal models . showed significant hepatoprotective ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, activity which was comparable to the ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC reference standard Silymarin, probably due ACTIVITY to presence of flavonoids in the leaves19. The study was conducted on Swiss albino The hepatoprotective activity of petroleum mice and Wistar albino rats for the effects ether and hydro alcoholic extracts of themethanolicextract of leaves of of Pterospermum acerifolium was studied Pterospermum acerifolium to ascertain in albino rats with paracetamol induced both peripheral and central analgesic liver damage. The petroleum ether extract properties at the doses of 300mg/kg and at the dosage of 50 mg/kg was having best 400mg/kg body weight. The peripheral activity as it decreased the mean bilirubin analgesic activity was ascertained with its level significantly and was also showing inhibitory effects on acetic acid induced significant protective activity for the liver writhing response method. The centrally enzymes like alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, acting analgesic effect was confirmed from and SGPT. Both extracts were having tail flick and tail immersion methods. The remarkably protection against oxidative anti-inflammatory effect of the leaf extract damage to the liver between the dose of on acute inflammatory process like 25-50 mg/kg20. carrageenan-induced oedema in rat paw IMMUNO-SUPPRESSANT ACTIVITY was dose dependent. The anti-pyretic

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Immunomodulatory activities is new therapeutic entities is the need of the investigated by utilizing the effects of the time. Many plant based medicines are hexane and ethanolic extracts prepared currently been explored and a synergy of from the seeds of plant Pterospermum both modern tools and ancient wisdom acerifolium onhumoral and cellular helps to shed light on various therapeutic immune arms of BALB/c mice after oral molecules. Pterospermum acerifolium or administration for 14 consecutive days at Muchakunda in a promising herb which different log doses. In order to analysethe has been explored on various parameters to immunomodulatory characteristics of the strengthen its use in Ayurveda as plant at 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg doses, various antidiabetic, osteogenic, wound healing, immune parameters viz. anticancer, antiulcer, antihelmentic, lymphoproliferative index, oxidative burst antipyretic, antinociceptive, analgesic, in peritoneal macrophages, modulation in anti-inflammatory and in skin diseases. T/B cell population and regulation of The current review summarises updated Th1/Th2 cytokines in mice were work on Muchakandaas available through observed. Phenomenal dose-dependent various sources. immunosuppressive effect with down- regulation of all the immune markers wasexerted by both the extracts.

Administration of extracts in immune- stimulated mice (by treatment with levamisole) further validated the 21 immunosuppressive action .

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Ayurveda makes use of resources widely present in the flora of the land. For the fullest benefit of mankind each herb need to be well identified and exploited. Plant based drugs have an important place in traditional and modern medicine. Use of traditional system of medicine to explore

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International Journalof Pharmacy and Innovation international journal Vol. 5, Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol-1, suppl 1, Issue 3, Part A ,pg 32-36. page 51-58. 21. Pathak, M., Bano, N., Dixit, P.(2011) 16. SambitParida,V., Patro, J., Mishra, Immunosuppressive activity of hexane U.S., Mohapatra, L.,Sannigrahi, S. (2010). and ethanolic extracts of Pterospermum Anthelmintic potential of crude extracts acerifolium seeds in BALB/c mice. and its various fractions Of different parts medicinal Chemistry research , Volume of Pterospermumacerifolium linn. 20, Issue 9, pp 1667–1673. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Volume 1, Issue 2, page107-111. 17. Rasika D. Bhalke, Subodh C. Pal, Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Pterospermum acerifolium leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Vol 5, Suppl 2, 2012, pg 24-26. 18. Datta, R., Bera, B., Das Gupta, A., Guha Roy, S.(2011). Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-pyretic Activity of the Leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium. Journal of Pharma Sci Tech, 1(1):35-40 pg 35-40. 19. Kharpate,S., Vadnerkar,G. Jain, D., Jain, S.(2007). Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Ptrospermum acerifolium ster leaves Volume 69 Issue 6 , Page : 850-852. 20. George, M., Joseph, L., Deshwal,N., Joseph, J.(2016). Hepatoprotective activity of different extracts of Pterospermum acerifolium against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicityin albino rats, The Pharma

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