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The Origin and Evolution of Calipers
History of Precision Measuring Instruments The Origin and Evolution of Calipers MAP1481_E12029_2_MeasuringHistory_Calipers.indd 1 18/5/21 1:34 PM Contents 1. About the Nogisu ...............................................................................................................................1 2. About the Caliper ...............................................................................................................................2 3. Origin of the Name Nogisu and Vernier Graduations ..........................................................................4 4. Oldest Sliding Caliper: Nogisu .............................................................................................................8 5. Scabbard Type Sliding Caliper till the Middle of 19th Century .............................................................9 6. World's Oldest Vernier Caliper (Nogisu) in Existence .........................................................................11 7. Theory That the Vernier Caliper (Nogisu) Was Born in the U.S. ..........................................................12 8. Calipers before Around 1945 (the End of WWII) in the West ...........................................................13 8. 1. Slide-Catching Scale without Vernier Graduations: Simplified Calipers ......................................14 8. 2. Sliding Calipers with Diagonal Scale ..........................................................................................18 8. 3. Sliding Caliper with a Vernier Scale: Vernier Caliper ..................................................................19 -
Happy New Year! MEMBERSHIP? IT’S NEVER TOO LATE to JOIN!
Vol. 42, No. 1 January 2011 Great Work at Sleaford Renovations to the Sleaford Observatory warm-up shelter progressed rapidly last fall with Rick Huziak and Darrell Chatfield spending many days and evenings there. A wall was removed to the cold storage area to make more room, which meant extensive rewiring, insulating and refinishing. Other volunteers came to cut grass, paint, clean, do repairs, and provide food. Thank you to every one who helped to make Sleaford a more usable and pleasant site. Photo by Jeff Swick In This Issue: Membership Information / Bottle Drive / Officers of the Centre 2 U of S Observatory Hours / Light Pollution Abatement Website 2 Calendar of Events / Meeting Announcement 3 Solstice Eclipse – Tenho Tuomi, Norma Jensen plus others 4 ‘Tis the Night Before… 5 President’s Message – Jeff Swick 5 GOTO Telescopes are not for Beginners – Tenho Tuomi 6 Ask AstroNut 7 Saskatoon Centre Observers Group Notes – Larry Scott, Jeff Swick 8 The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada The Planets This Month – Murray Paulson 9 P.O. Box 317, RPO University The Messier, H-400 & H-400-II, FNGC, Bino, Lunar & EtU Club 10 Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8 Editor’s Corner – Tenho Tuomi 10 WEBSITE: http://www.rasc.ca/saskatoon To view Saskatoon Skies in colour, see our Website: E •MAIL: [email protected] http://homepage.usask.ca/~ges125/rasc/newsletters.html TELEPHONE: (306) 373-3902 Happy New Year! MEMBERSHIP? IT’S NEVER TOO LATE TO JOIN! Regular: $80.00 /year Youth: $41.00 /year Associate: $33 /year The Saskatoon Centre operates on a one-year revolving membership. -
Surveying and Drawing Instruments
SURVEYING AND DRAWING INSTRUMENTS MAY \?\ 10 1917 , -;>. 1, :rks, \ C. F. CASELLA & Co., Ltd II to 15, Rochester Row, London, S.W. Telegrams: "ESCUTCHEON. LONDON." Telephone : Westminster 5599. 1911. List No. 330. RECENT AWARDS Franco-British Exhibition, London, 1908 GRAND PRIZE AND DIPLOMA OF HONOUR. Japan-British Exhibition, London, 1910 DIPLOMA. Engineering Exhibition, Allahabad, 1910 GOLD MEDAL. SURVEYING AND DRAWING INSTRUMENTS - . V &*>%$> ^ .f C. F. CASELLA & Co., Ltd MAKERS OF SURVEYING, METEOROLOGICAL & OTHER SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS TO The Admiralty, Ordnance, Office of Works and other Home Departments, and to the Indian, Canadian and all Foreign Governments. II to 15, Rochester Row, Victoria Street, London, S.W. 1911 Established 1810. LIST No. 330. This List cancels previous issues and is subject to alteration with out notice. The prices are for delivery in London, packing extra. New customers are requested to send remittance with order or to furnish the usual references. C. F. CAS ELL A & CO., LTD. Y-THEODOLITES (1) 3-inch Y-Theodolite, divided on silver, with verniers to i minute with rack achromatic reading ; adjustment, telescope, erect and inverting eye-pieces, tangent screw and clamp adjustments, compass, cross levels, three screws and locking plate or parallel plates, etc., etc., in mahogany case, with tripod stand, complete 19 10 Weight of instrument, case and stand, about 14 Ibs. (6-4 kilos). (2) 4-inch Do., with all improvements, as above, to i minute... 22 (3) 5-inch Do., ... 24 (4) 6-inch Do., 20 seconds 27 (6 inch, to 10 seconds, 403. extra.) Larger sizes and special patterns made to order. -
Maps and Diagrams. Their Compilation and Construction
~r HJ.Mo Mouse andHR Wilkinson MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 8 his third edition does not form a ramatic departure from the treatment of artographic methods which has made it a standard text for 1 years, but it has developed those aspects of the subject (computer-graphics, quantification gen- erally) which are likely to progress in the uture. While earlier editions were primarily concerned with university cartography ‘ourses and with the production of the- matic maps to illustrate theses, articles and books, this new edition takes into account the increasing number of professional cartographer-geographers employed in Government departments, planning de- partments and in the offices of architects pnd civil engineers. The authors seek to ive students some idea of the novel and xciting developments in tools, materials, echniques and methods. The growth, mounting to an explosion, in data of all inds emphasises the increasing need for discerning use of statistical techniques, nevitably, the dependence on the com- uter for ordering and sifting data must row, as must the degree of sophistication n the techniques employed. New maps nd diagrams have been supplied where ecessary. HIRD EDITION PRICE NET £3-50 :70s IN U K 0 N LY MAPS AND DIAGRAMS THEIR COMPILATION AND CONSTRUCTION MAPS AND DIAGRAMS THEIR COMPILATION AND CONSTRUCTION F. J. MONKHOUSE Formerly Professor of Geography in the University of Southampton and H. R. WILKINSON Professor of Geography in the University of Hull METHUEN & CO LTD II NEW FETTER LANE LONDON EC4 ; © ig6g and igyi F.J. Monkhouse and H. R. Wilkinson First published goth October igj2 Reprinted 4 times Second edition, revised and enlarged, ig6g Reprinted 3 times Third edition, revised and enlarged, igyi SBN 416 07440 5 Second edition first published as a University Paperback, ig6g Reprinted 5 times Third edition, igyi SBN 416 07450 2 Printed in Great Britain by Richard Clay ( The Chaucer Press), Ltd Bungay, Suffolk This title is available in both hard and paperback editions. -
Culpeper Astronomy Club Meeting February 26, 2018 Overview
The Moon: Our Neighbor Culpeper Astronomy Club Meeting February 26, 2018 Overview • Introductions • Radio Astronomy: The Basics • The Moon • Constellations: Monoceros, Canis Major, Puppis • Observing Session (Tentative) Radio Astronomy • Stars, galaxies and gas clouds emit visible light as well as emissions from other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum • Includes radio waves, gamma rays, X- rays, and infrared radiation • Radio astronomy is the study of the universe through analysis of celestial objects' radio emission • the longest-wavelength, least energetic form of radiation on the electromagnetic spectrum • The first detection of radio waves from an astronomical object was in 1932 • Karl Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories observed radiation coming from the Milky Way Radio Astronomy • A radio telescope has three basic components: • One or more antennas pointed to the sky, to collect the radio waves • A receiver and amplifier to boost the very weak radio signal to a measurable level, and • A recorder to keep a record of the signal Radio Astronomy • Subsequent observations have identified a number of different sources of radio emission • Include stars and galaxies, as well as entirely new classes of objects, such as: • Radio galaxies: nuclei emit jets of high- velocity gas (near the speed of light) above and below the galaxy -- the jets interact with magnetic fields and emit radio signals • Quasars: distant objects powered by black holes a billion times as massive as our sun • Pulsars: the rapidly spinning remnants of supernova explosions -
Surveying Is the Art of Determining the Relative Position
CE6304-SURVEYING-I UNIT-I INTRODUCTION AND CHAIN SURVEYING DEFINITION: Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction & elevation. Plane Survey: Surveying which the mean surface of earth regarded as plain surface and not curve it really is known as plain surveying. A following Assumption are made: (i) A level line is considered a strait line thus the plump line at a point is parallel plump line at any after point. (ii) The angles between two such lines that intersect is a plain angle and not a sphere angle. (iii) The meridian through any two points parallel. (iv) When we deal with only a small portion earths surface the above assumptions can justify. (v) The error induced for a length of an 18.5 kms it‘s only 0.0152 ms grater than sub dented chord 1.52 cm. Geodetic survey : Survey is which the shape (curvature) of the earth surface is taken in the account a higher degree of precision is exercised in linear and angular measurement is tanned as Geodetic Survey. A line connecting two points is regarded as an arc. Such surveys extend over large areas PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING Location of a point by measurement from 2 points of reference Working from whole to part. Location of a point by measurement from 2 points of reference There should be 2 points of reference say P & Q P,Q are the ground reference points and permanent points. -
Instruments and Methods of Physical Measurement
INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT By J. W. MOORE, . i» Professor of Mechanics and Experimental Philosophy, LAFAYETTE COLLEGE. Easton, Pa.: The Eschenbach Printing House. 1892. Copyright by J. W. Moore, 1892 PREFACE. 'y'HE following pages have been arranged for use in the physical laboratory. The aim has been to be as concise as is con- sistent with clearness. sources of information have been used, and in many cases, perhaps, the ipsissima verba of well- known authors. j. w. M. Lafayette College, August 23,' 18g2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Measurement of A. Length— I. The Diagonal Scale 7 11. The Vernier, Straight 8 * 111. Mayer’s Vernier Microscope . 9 IV. The Vernier Calipers 9 V. The Beam Compass 10 VI. The Kathetometer 10 VII. The Reading Telescope 12 VIII. Stage Micrometer with Camera Lucida 12 IX. Jackson’s Eye-piece Micrometer 13 X. Quincke’s Kathetometer Microscope 13 XI. The Screw . 14 a. The Micrometer Calipers 14 b. The Spherometer 15 c. The Micrometer Microscope or Reading Microscope . 16 d. The Dividing Engine 17 To Divide a Line into Equal Parts by 1. The Beam Compass . 17 2. The Dividing Engine 17 To Divide a Line “Originally” into Equal Parts by 1. Spring Dividers or Beam Compass 18 2. Spring Dividers and Straight Edge 18 3. Another Method 18 B. Angees— 1. Arc Verniers 19 2. The Spirit Level 20 3. The Reading Microscope with Micrometer Attachment .... 22 4. The Filar Micrometer 5. The Optical Method— 1. The Optical Lever 23 2. Poggendorff’s Method 25 3. The Objective or English Method 28 6. -
Det.,Class.,Lunar Rilles 1
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PERUGIA DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA E GEOLOGIA Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze e Tecnologie Geologiche TESI DI LAUREA DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND ANALYSIS OF SINUOUS RILLES ON THE NEAR-SIDE OF THE MOON Laureando: Relatore: SOFIA FIORUCCI LAURA MELELLI Correlatore: MARIA TERESA BRUNETTI Anno Accademico 2019/2020 “I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.” ― Thomas A. Edison Table of Contents 1 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Moon Mapping Project ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Chang’E missions ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Moon Mapping Topics ............................................................................................. 9 1.3.1 Topic 1 –Map of the solar wind .............................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Topic 2 – Geomorphologic map of the Moon ....................................................................... 11 1.3.3 Topic 3 – Data processing of Chang’E-1 mission ................................................................. 13 1.3.4 Topic 4 –Map of element distribution ................................................................................... 14 1.3.5 Topic 5 – 3D Visualization system ......................................................................................... 14 -
What's Hot on the Moon Tonight?: the Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing
What’s Hot on the Moon Tonight: The Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing Copyright © 2015 Andrew Planck All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording, or photocopying without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of brief quotations embodied in the critical articles or reviews and pages where permission is specifically granted by the publisher or author. Although every precaution has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information contained herein, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within. Books may be purchased by contacting the publisher or author through the website below: AndrewPlanck.com Cover and Interior Design: Nick Zelinger (NZ Graphics) Publisher: MoonScape Publishing, LLC Editor: John Maling (Editing By John) Manuscript Consultant: Judith Briles (The Book Shepherd) ISBN: 978-0-9908769-0-8 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2014918951 1) Science 2) Astronomy 3) Moon Dedicated to my wife, Susan and to my two daughters, Sarah and Stefanie Contents Foreword Acknowledgments How to Use this Guide Map of Major Seas Nightly Guide to Lunar Features DAYS 1 & 2 (T=79°-68° E) DAY 3 (T=59° E) Day 4 (T=45° E) Day 5 (T=24° E.) Day 6 (T=10° E) Day 7 (T=0°) Day 8 (T=12° W) Day 9 (T=21° W) Day 10 (T= 28° W) Day 11 (T=39° W) Day 12 (T=54° W) Day 13 (T=67° W) Day 14 (T=81° W) Day 15 and beyond Day 16 (T=72°) Day 17 (T=60°) FINAL THOUGHTS GLOSSARY Appendix A: Historical Notes Appendix B: Pronunciation Guide About the Author Foreword Andrew Planck first came to my attention when he submitted to Lunar Photo of the Day an image of the lunar crater Pitatus and a photo of a pie he had made. -
Build Your Own Model Planet
E WILL R YO E U H R W C ? U U R O I O Y S E I T K Y A T SCIENCE@HOME You may have seen photos of Earth from space where it looks like it is You will need: round, like a blue marble as it is A stick described by astronauts. (provided) Some card Planet Earth is not, in fact, perfectly (provided) round! Instead it is an oblate spheroid — Glue a sphere that is squashed at its poles (provided) (top and bottom) and swollen at the Access to scissors (if you do not have scissors at equator (middle). home ask if you can use some at school or at your We are going to look at why... local library). The bigger the planet, the bigger the squashed effect. Planets are shaped this way because they spin, and this experiment will show you how. We are going to build a model planet! A B 1 Cut out the three discs from the card, the larger two are A and B. The smaller one is C. C 2 Cut the central holes in discs A and C so they are a tight fit on the stick (so they do not move). Cut the larger hole into B so that it can slide up and down the stick easily. 3 Now cut out the strips of card. Glue one end of each strip around the edge of disc A then put it on the stick. 4 Next fix C halfway up the stick as a reference point. -
ENGINEERING DRAWING I Semester (AE/ ME/ CE) IA-R16
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad -500 043 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ENGINEERING DRAWING I Semester (AE/ ME/ CE) IA-R16 Prepared By Prof B.V.S. N. Rao, Professor, Mr. G. Sarat Raju, Assistant Professor. UNIT I Scales 1. Basic Information 2. Types and important units 3. Plain Scales (3 Problems) 4. Diagonal Scales - information 5. Diagonal Scales (3 Problems) 6. Vernier Scales - information 7. Vernier Scales (2 Problems) SCALES DIMENSIONS OF LARGE OBJECTS MUST BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE ON STANDARD SIZE DRAWING SHEET.THIS REDUCTION CREATES A SCALE FOR FULL SIZE SCALE OF THAT REDUCTION RATIO, WHICH IS GENERALLY A FRACTION.. R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 ) SUCH A SCALE IS CALLED REDUCING SCALE MEANS DRAWING AND & OBJECT ARE OF SAME SIZE. THAT RATIO IS CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR. Other RFs are described SIMILARLY IN CASE OF TINY OBJECTS DIMENSIONS MUST BE INCREASED as FOR ABOVE PURPOSE. HENCE THIS SCALE IS CALLED ENLARGING SCALE. 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 1:1,00,000 HERE THE RATIO CALLED REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR IS MORE THAN UNITY. USE FOLLOWING FORMULAS FOR THE CALCULATIONS IN THIS TOPIC. DIMENSION OF DRAWING A REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R.F.) = DIMENSION OF OBJECT LENGTH OF DRAWING = ACTUAL LENGTH AREA OF DRAWING = V ACTUAL AREA VOLUME AS PER DRWG. = 3 V ACTUAL VOLUME B LENGTH OF SCALE = R.F. X MAX. LENGTH TO BE MEASURED. BE FRIENDLY WITH THESE UNITS. 1 KILOMETRE = 10 HECTOMETRES 1 HECTOMETRE = 10 DECAMETRES 1 DECAMETRE = 10 METRES 1 METRE = 10 DECIMETRES 1 DECIMETRE = 10 CENTIMETRES 1 CENTIMETRE = 10 MILIMETRES TYPES OF SCALES: 1. PLAIN SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO SINGLE DECIMAL) 2. -
January 2018
The StarGazer http://www.raclub.org/ Newsletter of the Rappahannock Astronomy Club No. 3, Vol. 6 November 2017–January 2018 Field Trip to Randolph-Macon College Keeble Observatory By Jerry Hubbell and Linda Billard On December 2, Matt Scott, Jean Benson, Bart and Linda Billard, Jerry Hubbell, and Peter Orlowski joined Scott Lansdale to tour the new Keeble Observatory at his alma mater, Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, VA. The Observatory is a cornerstone instrument in the College's academic minor program in astrophysics and is also used for student and faculty research projects. At the kind invitation of Physics Professor George Spagna— Scott’s advisor during his college days and now the director of the new facility—we received a private group tour. We stayed until after dark to see some of its capabilities. Keeble Observatory at Randolph-Macon College Credit: Jerry Hubbell The observatory, constructed in summer 2017, is connected to the northeast corner of the Copley Science Center on campus. It houses a state-of-the-art $30,000 Astro Systeme Austria (ASA) Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 16-inch (40-cm) primary mirror. Instrumentation will eventually include CCD cameras for astrophotography and scientific imaging, and automation for the 12-foot (3.6-m) dome. The mount is a $50,000 ASA DDM 160 Direct Drive system placed on an interesting offset pier system that allows the mount to track well past the meridian without having to do the pier-flip that standard German equatorial mounts (GEMs) perform when approaching the meridian. All told, the fully outfitted observatory will be equipped with about $100,000 of instrumentation and equipment.