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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74-5896 BOYCE, Douglas Wesley, 1945- ? TUSCARORA POLITICAL ORGANIZATION, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND SOCIOHISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, I 1711-1825. I University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, < Ph.D., 1973 j' Anthropology [ i j University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 DOUGLAS WESLEY BOYCE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED I i THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TUSCARORA POLITICAL ORGANIZATION, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND SOCIOHISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY, 1711-1825 by Douglas W. Boyce A Dissertation submitted to the faculty of The University of North Carolina in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. \ Chapel Hill 1973 , . M J U Adviser Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS MAPS .................................................. iv PREFACE ................................................ v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 CHAPTER II. A DECADE OF DISPERSION, 1711-1721 .... 15 Causes of the War (15)--The War Years, 1711-1715 (17) --Relations with the Five Nations (25)--The Lower Tuscarora: Slaves and Emigrants (27)--Tom Blount and the Carolina Reservation Tuscarora (33) CHAPTER III. THE SIXTH MEMBER OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1722-1770 .......................................... 42 The Historical Setting (42)--Northern Tuscarora Villages and Territory (46)--The Rise of Chris­ tianity (55)--League Politics: A Case for Dif­ ferential Involvement (64)--North Carolina Tus­ carora Decline (73) CHAPTER IV. THE DECLINE AND COLLAPSE OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1770-1800 ............................. 85 The Historical Setting (85)--Religious and Political Allegiances, 1770-1778 (87)--The Shifting Commit­ ments and Demographic Consequences of the American Revolution, 1778-1783 (95)--The Beginnings of Recon­ ciliation, 1784-1800 (107) CHAPTER V. ADAPTATION TO RESERVATION LIFE, 1800-1825 . 123 The Foundation for Tribal Emergence (124)--The Old Way and the New (129) CHAPTER VI. TUSCARORA ETHNIC IDENTITY ............... 147 The Tuscarora as an Ethnic Group (147)--A Framework for the Analysis of Ethnic Boundary Maintenance (150) --An Application of the Framework for the Tus­ carora (153) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER VII. TUSCARORA ADOPTIVE STATUS: A NEW INTERPRETATION ........ 179 The Ideal Political Structure of the Iroquois Confederacy (179)--Tuscarora Adoption by the Five Nations (182) CHAPTER VIII. HISTORICAL TRENDS IN TUSCARORA POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ............ ; ..............207 Pre-War North Carolina (209)--Post-War New York (219)--The Changing Nature of Social Organization (229)--A Tuscarora "Tribe": Figment or Fact? (236) CHAPTER IX. CONCLUSION .............................. 248 APPENDIX A. TUSCARORA VILLAGES .... ............... 257 Synonymies of North Carolina Villages (257)-- Uncertain and Poorly Known New York Vil­ lages (259) APPENDIX B. TUSCARORA CHIEFS*TITLES ........ 262 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 267 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv MAPS 1. Eastern North Carolina Indian and Colonial Settlement Areas, 1711-1712 ....................... 2 2. Estimated Route and Initial Resettlement Areas of Tuscarora Emigrants, 1713-1714 . .............. 31 3. Locations of Several Tuscarora and Oneida Villages Near Oneida Lake, 1750-1780 48 4. A Facsimile of Gideon Hawley's Map of the Onoghoquaga Area, 1753 51 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE This study is the product of three years of ethno- historical research. During that time, a number of individuals provided assistance and stimulated ideas that have been immeasurably helpful. If I were to attempt naming them all, I am sure some people would be inadvertently left out. Therefore a collective "thank you" is perhaps in order. There are, however, several individuals to whom I am especially indebted. The initial suggestion of the Tuscarora as a people whose rich culture history had been unfoztunately ignored came from a fellow student, Mr. Robert W. Keeler. Early additional encouragement was given by Dr. Joffre L. Coe, Director of the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, whose friendly guidance, time, and wealth of knowledge concerning the indigenous population of North Carolina were freely given and greatly appreciated. Dr. Shirley Hill Witt, while with the Department of Anthropology as a visiting assistant professor (1970-1972), was always willing to share her knowledge of the Tuscarora people and to constructively aim my sights in useful directions of inquiry. The other members of my graduate committee, Dr. Julia G. Crane, Dr. Terence M. A. Evens, and Dr. Richard A. Yarnell have selflessly given of their experience and time in reading rough d^fts and in many helpful conversation^. To my graduate advisor, Dr. Frederick D. McEvoy, I owe my greatest intellectual debt. His geographical, methodological, and theoretical depth in anthropology has been an inspiration and has provided stimuli for many fruitful avenues of thought. The completion of this study now, rather than somewhat later, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vi can be in great measure attributed to his constant support and encouragement. The archival research upon which much of this study is based, was funded through a grant-in-aid generously provided by the Phillips Fund of the American Philosophical Society. While research was being conducted, many staff members at libraries and manuscript repositories went out of their way to provide assistance. I am grateful to each of *hem, but two individuals stand out in my mind. Mrs. Margaret C. Blaker, the former archivist of the National Anthropological Archives at the Smithsonian Institution, made me feel completely at home, did a great deal of time consuming reference and document digging, and allowed me to work late into the night and on weekends. Mr. Walter Pilkington, the Hamilton College Librarian (Clinton, N.Y.) likewise was extremely helpful, and I accidentally repaid his kindness by driving all the way to Philadelphia with his car and building keys. Fortunately, he had an extra set, but the gracious assistance he and so many other people gave me under often hurried and difficult circum­ stances has been greatly appreciated. In addition, I want to express my gratitude to the Congregational Library, American Congregational Association (Boston, Mass.) for their permission to reproduce a facsimile of Gideon Hawley's 1753 map of the Onoghoquaga area. To my wife Grace, I owe the greatest debt of all. She had not only typed and helped to proofread the dissertation but has been a continuous source of emotional support and understanding. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter I INTRODUCTION This is an ethnohistorical study of a major native American ethnic group that at the time of initial European contact inhabited a large area of present-day eastern North Carolina (see map 1). The Tuscarora had a total population of about
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