DOCSLIB.ORG

Black Adjustment to British Culture and Society: the History of Afro-Caribbean People in the UK from the Post World War II Onwards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Black Adjustment to British Culture and Society: the History of Afro-Caribbean People in the UK from the Post World War II Onwards Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages Section of English Black Adjustment to British Culture and Society: The History of Afro-Caribbean People in the UK from the Post World War II Onwards. Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister in British Civilisation SOUTENUE LE 16/09/2013 Members of the Jury: Submitted by: President Dr. Abdelkader Lotfi Benhattab Sihem Boudjahfa Examiner Dr. Leila Moulfi Superviser Pr. Rachida Yacine Academic Year: 2012-2013 Dedication I dedicate this work to my parents, my brothers for their constant support and encouragements. I am extremely grateful to the loving support of my sister, my husband and above all my children. Their unreserved love, respect, and support for me have meant more to me than they could imagine. I wish them every success as they follow their own path. In memory to my late teacher, Dr. Benali Rachid I Acknowledgments I wish to thank all those who have in one way or another been helpful in the course of bringing this dissertation to successful completion. I thank members of my dissertation jury, Dr. Benhattab and Dr. Moulfi for their contributions. I am grateful to my supervisor Pr. Rachida Yacine for her great intellectual and moral support without which this dissertation would not have come to light. In addition, due thanks should go to my teachers at English department, specifically to Dr Bouhadiba Malika for her great moral support and contribution, as well as all members of staff at Translation Department, the faculty of Letters, Art and Languages who have constantly been encouraging and motivating me. I also thank my friends who are too numerous to mention. II Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………..I Acknowledgements………………………………………………...……………...II Abstract……………………..……………………………………………...…….III List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………………....IV Table of Contents...……………………..………………………………………..V General Introduction…….…….………………………………………………….1 Chapter One: Early Presence of Black People in Britain up to 1945 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………5 2. Early Black Presence up to the 16th Century………………………...……...5 3. Black People during the 16th Century………………………………..…. …6 4. Queen Elizabeth’s Reaction to Black Presence……………...…………..…8 5. Black Presence from the 17th Century to Emancipation…………………..10 5.1 Blacks’ Status in Britain before the End of Slavery…………….…13 5.2 Slavery and the British Empire Ascent…………………………….18 5.3 British Black people Involvement in the Abolition of Slavery…….24 6. Black Community after the End of Slavery…………………………...…..32 7. Black British Efforts during the World Wars……………..………………34 8. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………37 Chapter Two: Blacks Immigration after WWII and the Rise of British Racism 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………...40 2. Black Britons and the Policy of Immigration since WW II…………...41 III 2.1 British Nationality Act 1948…………………………………...43 2.2 Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962…………………………46 2.3 Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968…………………………50 2.4 The Immigration Act 1971……………………………………..52 2.5 British Nationality Act 1981…………………………………...53 3. Race Riots, Disorder and Urban Unrest in Britain……………...……..55 3.1 Nottingham Riots and Notting Hill Race Riots in the 1950s…....55 3.2 Brixton Race Riots in the 1980s…………….………………...…58 4. The Roots of Racism and Urban Unrest in Britain…………………….63 4.1 Enoch Powell’s Rivers of Blood………….……………………...66 5. Race Relations Policy in Britain………………………………………69 5.1 Race Relations Act 1965……………………………………….…69 5.2 Race Relations Act 1968……….…………………………………70 5.3 Race Relation Act 1976…………….…………………………..….72 6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………..74 Chapter Three: Black British Challenges and Achievements during the 21st Century 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………76 2. Black Immigration and Multiculturalism in Britain……………..…....77 3. Socio-Economic Situation of the Black British Community………….80 3.1 The Spatial Distribution of Black Minorities……..……………….82 3.2 Educational Attainment of Black Ethnic Groups…………………84 3.2.1 The Evolution of the Conceptual Approach to Education in England………………………………………………………………...84 3.2.2 Educational Attainment of Black Pupils: Current Facts………..87 3.3 Labour Market Activity of Black British People……………….…90 4. Black Immigration during the 21st Century………………………..93 4.1 Immigration under the New Labour Government………………..98 5. The Political Participation of Black Ethnic Groups……………….102 IV 6. Black British Impact on British Culture and Society…………….104 7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………108 General Conclusion………………………………..…….…..……………...111 Tables and Figures……………………………………………………….....114 Appendixes………………………………………………………………..…138 Bibliography……………………………………………………..………….148 V Abstract The fact that Britain is nowadays a multi cultural and a multi racial society is an undisputable reality. This is mainly the outcome of successive waves of immigrants from the New Commonwealth countries. History has witnessed the extraordinary changes and development from slaves and mere ‘accessories’ and ‘chattel’ to full British citizens. Their extraordinary journey in Britain has been full of sufferings and hardship. Contrary to their alleged inferiority, their ever lasting struggle against persisting white racism has been the proof of their courage and greatness. In addition to old settled communities of black people who came as a result of the slave trade, other Caribbean and African people came to Britain during the wars to help for the war effort and to fight for their mother country. They were joined by greater waves of immigrants after the war to help Britain reconstruct its economy and to fill the acute labour shortage that it was facing. All of them came hoping for better lives and recognition, yet all they found was huge racism and hatred. Their disillusionment had been great indeed. They were given jobs with menial functions, low paid and night shifts that white people did not want. They faced daily discrimination in housing, education and work. They were frequently confronted to colour bars in public places and were harassed in the streets. At different occasions, they had been the target of the racist attack performed by white youths in violent riots. Today, black people are an integrant part of the British society. They have completely changed the face of Britain changing it from an exclusively white society to a multiracial one. Over time their communities have largely expanded. The successive waves of afro Caribbean people have brought about irreversible changes to the British culture, geography and society. Their presence has irreversibly altered the meaning of ‘Britishness’. Every aspect of British life, whether political, cultural or social, has been influenced by the black culture. In spite of the challenges that they are still facing, a great improvement has been made since the post war period. A number of them have managed to achieve great fame and success, and most of all recognition and are celebrated worldwide. VI List of Tables and Figures Tables to Chapter One Table 1.1 Slave Imports into British America, 1619-1808…………………………...…114 Table 1.2 Slave Voyages from Liverpool, London and Bristol in War Time 1739-1807. (Number and percentage share of three ports)…………………………………………..115 Tables to Chapter Two Table 2.1 Home office’s estimates of net inward movement of persons from West Indies and East and West Africa, 1955-1962…………………………………………………..116 Table 2.2 National Insurance’s estimates concerning immigrants from West Indies, East Africa, West Africa and South Africa, 1956-1960……………………………………...116 Table 2.3 Immigration vouchers issued under the 1962 Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962-1964……………………………………………………………………………….117 Tables to Chapter Three Table 3.1 Ethnic Composition of the UK, 2001………………………………………...118 Table 3.2 Ethnic Groups by Age (DC210EW) England and Wales…………………….119 Table 3.3 Distribution of Educational Qualifications by Status of Generation and Ethnicity…………………………………………………………………………………120 Table 3.4 Social Class Profile of the White and Ethnic Minority Populations, 1971, Females and Males (%)………………………………………………………………….121 Table 3.5 Labour Market Status of Ethnicity……………………………………………122 Table 3.6 Sources of Total Weekly Household Income: by Ethnic Group of Household Reference Person, 2006/07–2008/09……………………………………………………123 Table 3.7 Decline in UK-Resident Caribbean- Born population, 1981-2001…………..123 Table 3.8 Black African Population: by Region of Birth, April 2001…………………..124 Figures to Chapter One Figure 3.1 Growth of Minority Ethnic Population in Britain 1951-2001…………….…125 VII Figure 3.2 ONS estimates of ethnic population in England and Wales in 2001, 2007 and 2011, consecutively……………………………………………………………………...126 Figure 3.3 Ethnic Groups in England and Wales, 2001-2011…………………………..128 Figure 3.4 The Geographical Distribution of Black Caribbean, Black African and Black Other Groups, 1991……………………………………………………………………..129 Figure 3.5 Ethnic groups by English regions and Wales, 2011………………………..132 Figure 3.6 Number of Pupils Permanently Excluded from School in 2000-2001…….133 Figure 3.7 Rates of Permanent Exclusions by Ethnic Group………………………….133 Figure 3.8 Ethnic Pay Gap, London Residents, 2006 to 2009…………………………134 Figure 3.9 Year of entry to the UK of Black African- Born People, 1960-2007………134 Figure 3.10 Geographical Distribution of Black-African people, 2001………………...135
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Through the Wire: Black British People and the Riot
    Nka THROUGH THE WIRE Black British People and the Riot o one knows why riots occur. Or, perhaps Eddie Chambers more accurately, no one knows when the N precise confluence of factors will occur to spark a riot. After all, almost as a matter of rou- tine, Black people have endured regular, almost mundane, violence and discrimination, both at the hands of society and the police. And yet riots involving Black people protesting against such violence are sporadic, rather than regular, events. Here I explore some of the ways in which press photographs have visualized key episodes of rioting involving Black people in the English cities of Lon- don and Birmingham. These range from the Not- ting Hill riots of 1958 through the riots that took place in Birmingham, Brixton, and Tottenham in 1985. Th s text considers four wire photographs from the Baltimore Sun’s historical photo archive. Wire photos differed from traditional photographic prints insofar as the wire print resulted from breakthrough technology that allowed a photographic image to be scanned, transmitted over “the wire” (telegraph, phone, satellite networks), and printed at the receiv- ing location. Opening here with a press photograph Journal of Contemporary African Art • 36 • May 2015 6 • Nka DOI 10.1215/10757163-2914273 © 2015 by Nka Publications Published by Duke University Press Nka A youth carries a firebomb on the second day of the Handsworth riots in Birmingham. © Press Association Images Chambers Nka • 7 Published by Duke University Press Nka of a group of Black youth overturning a large police of violence and conquest is being played out.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping of Race and Poverty in Birmingham
    MAPPING OF RACE AND POVERTY IN BIRMINGHAM Alessio Cangiano – ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS, University of Oxford) II Table of contents Executive Summary p. 1 1. Introduction p. 3 2. Population characteristics and demographic dynamics p. 3 3. Geographical patterns of deprivation across the city p. 5 4. Socio-economic outcomes of different ethnic groups at ward level p. 7 4.1. Access to and outcomes in the labour market p. 7 4.2. Social and health conditions p. 9 4.3. Housing p.10 5. Public spending for benefits, services and infrastructures p.11 5.1. Benefit recipients p.11 5.2. Strategic planning p.11 6. Summary and discussion p.13 6.1. Data gaps p.13 6.2. Deprivation across Birmingham wards p.14 6.3. Deprivation across ethnic groups p.14 6.4. Relationship between poverty and ethnicity p.15 6.5. Consequences of demographic trends p.15 6.6. Impact of benefits and local government’s spending p.16 References p.17 III List of figures Figure 1 – Population by ethnic group, Birmingham mid-2004 (%) p.18 Figure 2.1 – Population change, Birmingham 2001-2004 (thousand) p.18 Figure 2.2 – Population change, Birmingham 2001-2004 (Index number, 2001=100) p.19 Figure 3 – Foreign-born population by ethnic group, Birmingham 2001 (%) p.19 Figure 4 – Age pyramids of the main ethnic groups in Birmingham, 2001 (%) p.20 Figure 5 – Distribution of the major ethnic groups across Birmingham wards, 2001 (absolute numbers) p.25 Figure 6 – Population by ethnic group in selected Birmingham wards, 2001 (%) p.27 Figure 7 – Indices of Deprivation,
    [Show full text]
  • Black Oppressed People All Over the World Are One’: the British Black Panthers’ Grassroots Internationalism, 1969­1973
    `Black oppressed people all over the world are one': the British Black Panthers' grassroots internationalism, 1969-1973 Article (Accepted Version) Angelo, Anne-Marie (2018) ‘Black oppressed people all over the world are one’: the British Black Panthers’ grassroots internationalism, 1969-1973. Journal of Civil and Human Rights, 4 (1). pp. 64-97. ISSN 2378-4245 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65918/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk ‘Black Oppressed People All Over the World Are One’: The British Black Panthers’ Grassroots Internationalism, 1969-1973 Anne-Marie Angelo University of Sussex Under review with The Journal of Civil and Human Rights August 2016 On March 21, 1971, over 4,500 people opposing a proposed UK government Immigration Bill marched from Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park, London to Whitehall.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Guide Is on Black British Dance After World War II
    Subject Guide Black British Dance EPHEMERA/47 NUBIAN/1 SOE/1/9 Introduction Founded in 1981, Black Cultural Archives’ mission is to collect, preserve and celebrate the heritage and history of Black people in Britain. Our unparalleled and growing archive collection offers insight into the history of people of African and Caribbean descent in Britain and includes personal papers, organisational records, rare books, ephemera, photographs, and a small object collection. The bulk of the material is drawn from the twentieth century to the present day, whilst some material dates as far back as the second century. This is an introductory subject guide to Black British dance in Britain and includes a list of selected sources held by the Black Cultural Archives which relate directly to Black British dance. Though the introduction looks at the historical roots of Black dance in Britain, the focus of this subject guide is on Black British dance after World War II. Background Black dance in Britain1 draws upon the embodied histories and dance traditions of the peoples of the African diaspora whilst also responding to the cultural landscape of the UK. There have been many debates as to how best to title such dancing.2 It can be argued that there is a Black dance aesthetic or qualities specific to the dancing of peoples of the African diaspora3 serving as a thread that weaves throughout dance histories, from traditions established in Africa, to the enslavement period, to dancing in the Caribbean, America, the UK and everywhere that the influences of African diasporic traditions are significant.
    [Show full text]
  • Influential-Black-Britons-Book
    YOUR STORY, OUR HISTORY Inspirational stories exploring the lives of black Britons who have impacted UK laws and equal rights. learning.parliament.uk Contents This resource contains Olaudah Equiano stories of influential Having bought his way out of slavery, Olaudah wrote important black Britons who have letters to parliamentarians influencing the new laws that finally impacted UK laws and ended slavery. equal rights. Launched to mark Black History Mary Prince Month 2020, this Her powerful story of slavery helped to change the views resource can be used of Parliament and those of the British people. throughout the academic year to embed stories of Claudia Jones important black Britons Civil rights activist Claudia Jones, started her own newspaper across the curriculum. to share stories of black British people. She is also the founder of the Notting Hill carnival celebrating Caribbean culture. Lord Learie Constantine Famous cricketer, equal rights champion and the first black member of the House of Lords. Bernie Grant MP One of the first black African MPs ever to be voted into the House of Commons in 1987 and life-long fighter for equal rights. Eniola Aluko Decorated British footballer and trained solicitor who bravely shone a light on racism and bullying in football at a select committee. Tell your own story Students can use the templates to create their own portraits and stories of the inspirational people featured, or of their own local or family black history hero. Activities • Who is your black history hero? • Changing laws Created by Machel Bogues and Holly Greenland Illustrated by Onyinye Iwu Published September 2020 Please share your feedback UK Parliament is committed to producing learning resources that are accurate, high-quality and accessible, your feedback is important to make this happen: [email protected] Olaudah Equiano (around 1745 – 1797) Olaudah Equiano was born in a place he called ‘Eboe’ in what is now southern Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Windrush Day Nathan Bryon
    PUFFIN SCHOOLS WINDRUSH DAY WITH Ages 7+ NATHAN BRYON Educational activities for KS2 Pack written by www.puffinschools.co.uk WINDRUSH DAY with Nathan Bryon Suitable for: Ages 7+ Includes: Fun and engaging educational activities to celebrate Windrush Day on 22nd June Aim: To understand and celebrate the legacy of Windrush Day! Use with: Nathan Bryon’s quick and fun video about Windrush Day Themes: British Caribbean Communities Black British History Identity, Culture and Heritage Mary Seacole Subject Checklist: Literacy PHSE Citizenship Art, Design & Technology History Geography Puffin Books Mentioned in This Resource Clean Up! by Nathan Bryon and Dapo Adeola Join lovable, passionate Rocket as she sets off on a mission to save a Caribbean island from plastic pollution! When Rocket goes for a holiday to visit her grandparents, she’s shocked by the pollution that is spoiling their island home and putting the local sea life at risk. Can she think of a way to save the day? This is a heartwarming, timely and empowering picture book, showing how we ALL can make a difference. The Extraordinary Life of Mary Seacole by Alleanna Harris Mary Seacole is now known for her medical work in the Crimean War, and as a brilliant woman who combated the racial prejudice she experienced in her lifetime. But for a long time her story was lost. From growing up in Kingston, Jamaica, as the daughter of a doctress to helping soldiers in the war, discover the details of the amazing life that Mary Seacole led in this beautifully illustrated book with real-life stories, timelines and facts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Race and Inequality in the UK
    “This is simply a must-read book for all those who want to understand the UK in and Inequality Race Ethnicity, racial inequalities in British society. It provides an up-to-date and convincing case that we have a long way to go in terms of achieving racial justice.” John Solomos, University of Warwick Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Fifty years after the establishment of the Runnymede Trust and the Race Relations Act of 1968, which sought to end discrimination in public life, this accessible book provides commentary by some of the UK’s foremost scholars of race and ethnicity on data relating to a wide range of sectors of society, including employment, health, education, criminal justice, housing and representation in the arts and media. It explores what progress has been made, identifies those areas where inequalities remain stubbornly resistant to change and asks how our thinking around race and ethnicity has changed in an era of Islamophobia, Brexit and an increasingly diverse population. Bridget Byrne is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester and Director of Khan, Nazroo and Shankley Byrne, Alexander, the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). Claire Alexander is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester and Deputy Director of the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). BRIDGET Omar Khan is Director of the Runnymede Trust, the UK’s leading independent race equality think tank. BYRNE ––– James Nazroo is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester, Deputy Director of the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) and co-director CLAIRE of the Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing.
    [Show full text]
  • Olaudah Equiano: African Or American?"
    BRYCCHAN CAREY Introduction to Special Feature "Olaudah Equiano: African or American?" An article appearing in 1650-1850 Ideas, iEsthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era Volume 17 (2008) Vo!. 17 ISBN-10: 0-404-64417-1 Vo!. 17 ISBN-13: 978-0-404-64417-8 Editor Kevin L. Cope Book Review Editor Scan Paul Gordon Contact: cdirorialrearnspressinc.com www.amspressinc.com Copyright © 2010 AMS Press, Inc. New York SPECIAL FEATURE INTRODUCTION OLAUDAH EQUIANO African or American? Brycchan Carey C//he In~resting Narrative ofthe Life ofOlattdah Eqttiano, or Gttstavtts J _~~ssa, the Afiican, published in 1789, is one of a very few texts written in English by a person of African birth (or descent) during the eighteenth century. It is also one of the first accounts of a journey up from slaverywritten by one who had personally experienced enslavement. This, as has been frequently observed, makes it one of the earliest slavenarratives: indeed, it is often cited as the original text of the genre. But The Interesting Narrative is not only an account of what it was like to be enslaved. It is also by turns a voyage narrative, a conversion narrative, an economic treatise, and an abolitionist tract. More famously, in passages that are now routinely quoted in dozens of anthologies and textbooks on both sides of the modern Atlantic Ocean, the book contains a long, detailed, and celebrated account of life in an African village-among the earliest such descriptions in the English lan- guage-as well as an equally celebrated first-person account of the Middle Passage: the journey from Africa to America in a slave ship.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Minstrelsy, Racialization and Redemption in Reggae
    Haynes, J. (2019). Embodied minstrelsy, racialization and redemption in reggae. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(5-6), 996-1012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549419847111 Peer reviewed version Link to published version (if available): 10.1177/1367549419847111 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Sage at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1367549419847111 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Embodied Minstrelsy, Racialization and Redemption in Reggae Abstract This article is a case study1 of a local reggae DJ (Derek) lauded for transgressing musical and ethnic boundaries and produced through discourses of racialized authenticity as flexible and heroic. While DJ Derek’s ethnically stylized performance could be construed as embodied minstrelsy, other aspects of his musical capital were equally significant in the localized context and were drawn into a wider dialogue of sustainability and collective belonging defined by Caribbean migrants. I argue that ambiguous cultural figures such as Derek have an organic, productive role within local music cultures, positioned at intergenerational moments in the process of identification and belonging for ethnically diverse audiences/producers and in this case where the cultural geography of music tastes are becoming embedded within a complex set of relations among local, national and transnational cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Attitudes to Race and Inequality; a Year After George Floyd
    Public attitudes to race and inequality; a year after George Floyd May 2021 © Ipsos | |Doc May Name 2021 | Month Year | Version # | Public | Internal/Client Use Only | Strictly Confidential Three in ten Britons Too little About the right amount Too much say the issue of racism has been discussed Among all 30% 33% 28% too little over the last Among different ethnic groups year – this rises to near People from white half among ethnic ethnic groups 27% 34% 30% minorities People from ethnic minority groups 47% 30% 15% Generally speaking, do you Black people 60% 25% 8% think that the issue of racism has been discussed in Asian people 42% 38% 12% Britain, too much, too little or Among different age groups about the right amount over the last year? 16-34 years old 37% 43% 14% 35-54 years old 31% 28% 29% 55-75 years old 22% 29% 42% Base: 2,600 Online British adults 16-75, including people from white ethnic groups (1894), ethnic minority groups (667), Black people (200), Asian people (316), those aged 16-34 (902), 35-54 (979), 55-75 (719) 7– 13 May 2021 2 © Ipsos | May 2021 Two in five Labour voters think racism is Too little About the right amount Too much discussed too little, whilst half of Among all 30% 33% 28% Conservative voters say it is too much By 2019 General Election vote Generally speaking, do you 2019 Conservative voters 13% 33% 50% think that the issue of racism has been discussed in 2019 Labour voters 43% 36% 16% Britain, too much, too little or about the right amount over the last year? By 2016 EU Referendum vote 2016 Leave voters 15% 33% 46% 2016 Remain voters 41% 34% 19% Base: 2,600 Online British adults 16-75, including 2019 Conservative voters (636), 2019 Labour voters (730), 2016 Leave voters (444), 2016 Remain voters (522), 7– 13 May 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco and Ethnic Minorities
    Tobacco and Ethnic Minorities August 2019 INTRODUCTION Tobacco causes health problems across all ethnicities, but the way people from different ethnic backgrounds use tobacco varies considerably. Some ethnic minorities are substantially more likely to use smokeless tobacco (in particular, South Asian Britons) and shisha pipes (in particular, Middle Eastern and South Asian Britons). However, smoking remains the most common form of tobacco use in all communities. The most recent smoking rate for the UK is 14.7%, and smoking causes 95,600 deaths each year.1 This fact sheet includes the latest data and evidence on tobacco use by ethnic minorities in England, Wales, Great Britain and the UK (differences due to the population covered by each data source). It includes: • Smoking prevalence by ethnicity and nationality • Smokeless tobacco • Shisha • The health impacts of tobacco use among ethnic minorities POPULATION PROFILE Ethnic minorities in England and Wales represent approximately 14% of the total population:2 • Asian/Asian British people are the largest minority ethnic group in England and Wales, accounting for 7.5% of the total population • Black/African/Caribbean/Black British people account for 3.3% of the total population • People of mixed/multiple ethnicities make up 2.2% of the total population • And people of ‘other’ ethnicities make up 1% of the total population. Since 2001, there has also been a shift in the ethnic background of white people living in England and Wales. The proportion of the population classified as White British decreased from 88% in 2001 to 81% in 2011, while the ‘Other White’ group saw an increase in their share of the population, from 2.6% to 4.4%.3 Immigration also has an impact on the use of tobacco in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering the Crack of the Whip: African-Caribbean Artists in the UK Visualise Slavery Eddie Chambers Published Online: 31 May 2013
    This article was downloaded by: [Eddie Chambers] On: 31 May 2013, At: 02:24 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsla20 Remembering the Crack of the Whip: African-Caribbean Artists in the UK Visualise Slavery Eddie Chambers Published online: 31 May 2013. To cite this article: Eddie Chambers (2013): Remembering the Crack of the Whip: African- Caribbean Artists in the UK Visualise Slavery, Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies, 34:2, 293-307 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2013.791179 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]