JEWISH COMMUNAL STRUCTURES AROUND THE WORLD DANIEL J. ELAZAR President, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Israel
In the postmodern era, all Diaspora Jewish communities are voluntary, and the first task of every Jewish community is to learn to deal with the particular local manifestation of its Jewish population's freedom to choose. Participation in the community actually defines its limits, and each is organized as a series of concentric circles around a central core of Judaism/Jewishness that draws Jews toward it in varying degrees.
orld Jewry is presently at the height of ernments and government-supported Wthe second post-World War II genera through their revenue-raising and distri tion. The first, which lasted more or less from bution powers. the end ofthe war to the late 1970s, witnessed 3. Boards of Deputies pioneered by Great the reconstitution of Jewish communities Britain, government-recognized bodies throughout the world—either because of the in which all the various activifies in the necessity to reconstruct them in war-ravaged Jewish community were represented. countries, the establishment of the State of These Boards served as a central address Israel, or the need to consolidate the gains of for the Jewish community but engaged settling in on the part of Jews in the new primarily in external relations on behalf worlds that had benefited so gready from ofthe coinmunity and were supported by Jewish migration out of the old world during Jewish resources exclusively or almost so. the prior century. 4. Congregational communities, developed That reconstitution involved a series of in smaller countries, which embraced the modifications of the five patterns of Jewish Jewish community as a whole and were communal organization developed during the usually not state-recognized but relied modern epoch to reflect the opening of a new, upon voluntary affiliation and support. then as yet unrecognized, postmodern age. 5. Communities with no formal or official These following five patterns emerged be central address or framing body, no for tween the convening of the Napoleonic mal government recognition, and no gen "Sanhedrin" in 1807 and World War I. eral government support (although some fimctions might receive government aid), 1. The consistorial pattern pioneered by pioneered by the United States. France whereby all those who identified as Jews were officially organized into These models persisted more or less in their hierarchical synagogue-centered bodies original form until World War II. Most were called consistoires or some similar term. restored to some extent after the war with One way or another, all Jewish activities modifications. The central thrust of these had to be subsumed within the consistorial changes was (1) the withdrawal of formal framework. government support and (2) often the broad 2. The kultesgemeindepattem pioneered by ening of the community's framing institu Germany, in which territorial organiza tions to include religious, welfare, and com tions of Jewish communities based on, but munity relations organizations in equivalent stretching beyond, the synagogue were roles in an increasingly open environment in governed by communal boards officially which new institutions and organizations recognized and empowered by host gov could be established with relative ease and
120 Jewish Comwuna! Structures Around the IVoHd / 121 market-like competition could take place 3. Six government-recognized/assisted among them. framing institutions in a very limited That process continued into the 1980s and market situation, where the availability of 1990s as the resuh of further situational government recognition and assistance changes. First and foremost among them was fosters the distinction between recognized the collapse of the Soviet empire and then the and unrecognized organizations and en Soviet Union itself between 1989 and 1991 courages Jews to belong to the former, but and the resulting liberation of the Jews in at the same time allows room for the latter those countries. Jewries that for many years to develop; for example, Germany and had no means of functioning as organized Sweden. entities under Communist rule—at most they 4. Thirty-two communities with recognized were allowed the fiction of maintaining pup framing organizations but with a semi- pet organizations forced on them by the re open market in which one or more orga gime under which they lived—suddenly re nizations are accepted by the vast major gained the opportunity for self-organization. ity of Jews as central addresses for the With the assistance of world Jewry, they community or for specific bundles of com almost immediately reorganized themselves, munal functions or that frame communal even thougli many, if not most, of the indi activity in a manner in which other Jew vidual Jews in those countries left for Israel or ish organizations not only cannot emerge the West. This sudden release of the pent-up but also cannot become strong enough to energies of millions of Jews has had organi compete with those more formally recog zational consequences that have yet to be felt nized bodies; for example, Argentina, fully. Canada, and Great Britain. 5. Twenty-one diffused communities that CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF are either partially framed or unframed, COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION where an open market exists for compet ing Jewish organizations to emerge in Today we still find five types of communities every sphere and in every arena; for ex with five patterns of Jewish communal orga ample. United States, Russia, and Ukraine. nization (Table 1), but they are considerably different from the more rigid patterns of the The first two types are found principally in modern epoch. small communities of 5,000 Jews or less. Examples of the third and fourth types are 1. Thirty-one communities based on a single more likely to be found in medium-sized to local organization or congregation: This relatively large Jewish communities, espe is the simplest pattern and the closest to cially in Europe and the Middle East where its predecessor congregational-commu old patterns of government recognition and nity model. It only exists in the smallest assistance have not entirely disappeared. communities where local Jews find that Communities of the last type other than the they cannot afford the luxury of different United States are to be found where new organizations despite the "Jewish" incen Jewish communities are being developed tives for division; for example, Luxem under market conditions, particularly in the bourg and Monaco. former Soviet Union. 2. Nineteen integrated congregational com In some cases, the categorization of these munities in which several different orga communities has to be considered tentative. nizations or congregations exist but all For example, some of the communities listed are tied together around a single commu as diffused probably still see themselves as nity or congregation and operate within having government-recognized framing or that integrated framework; for example, ganizations. Some of those with govern- Gibraltar and Norway.
IVINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Journal of Jewish Communal Service / 122
Table 1. Types of Contemporary Countrywide Jewish Communities
Government- Government- Single Organization/ Integrated Assisted Framing Recognized Framing Consresation t31) Conereeation tl9) Institutions f 61 Organizations f321 Diffused (211
Afghanistan Bahamas Austria Argentina Australia Algeria Bosnia Germany Belgium Azerbaijan Armenia Bulgaria Iran Bohvia Belai-us Bahiain Croatia Luxembourg Brazil China Barbados Cuba Tunisia Canada Ecuador Bermuda Domincan Republic Turkey Chile Ethiopia Botswana El Salvador Columbia Georgia Burma Finland Czech Rqiublic Himgary Costa Rica Gibraltar Denmark India Egypt Guatemala Estonia Kyrgystan Fiji Honduras France Latvia Guadeloupe Martinique Greece Mexico Guyana Netherlands Antilles Ireland Netherlands Indonesia Norway Italy Russia Iiaq Phihppiues Kazakhstan Tajikistan Jamaica Portugal Lithuania Thailand Japan Singapore Moldova Ukraine Kenya Surinam Morocco Uruguay Lebanon Zambia New Zealand liiited States Malta Panama Uzbekistan Monaco Paraguay Yemen Mo7ambique Peru Namibia Poland New Caledonia Romania Slovenia Slovakia Syria South Afiica Tahiti Spain Taiwan Sweden Turkmeuislau Switzeiiand Yugoslavia Uiited Kingdom Zaire Venezuela Zimbabwe ment-assisted framing institutions are barely Judaism or the Jewish people, is an entirely that, but rather are rudimentary communities voluntary matter. Even in a community such that are government-dominated. So, too, the as Germany, in which those registered as difference between the single organization or Jews pay their share of the government-levied congregational communities and the inte church tax that is then reallocated to the grated congregational communities may vary Jewish community, one can choose to register from time to time since new congregations as Jew or not as one wishes. All of the may come into existence or old ones may communities are increasingly pluralistic; that disappear. Nevertheless, the categorization is to say, there is no establishment to impose can be seen as reasonably accurate. a single pattern, religious or communal, on What is characteristic of these new pat them, but rather people seek a way to express terns is that membership in the community, their Jewishness that they find comfortable, indeed adherence to a formal connection with even if they have to invent new ways to do so.
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Jewish Commurjal Structures Around the World / 123
and sooner or later the community must rec provided or controlled—predominantly or ognize them in some way. exclusively—by governmental authorities. Third, government assistance generally They are responsible for such tasks as exter has ceased to be in the form of general support nal relations, defense, education, social wel and more in the form of assistance for specific fare, and public (communal) finance and functions. Thus, even in the United States include these components: with its strong rules of separation of church and state, federal and state funding is avail • more or less comprehensive fund-raising able for Jewish health and welfare institu and social planning body tions. Elsewhere it may be available prima • representative body for external relations rily for educational institutions. • Jewish education service agency Fourth, there seem to be emerging two • vehicle or vehicles for assisting Israel and integrative sets of institutions in the various other Jewish communities communities regardless of type. One is cos- • various comprehensive religious, health, mopolitan, serving the community as a whole. and welfare institutions These institutions are either formally fram ing, such as a community or countrywide Localistic institutions and organizations federation or a representative board, or de provide a means for attaching individual velop a thick texture of informal relation Jews to Jewish life on the basis of their most ships within the government-like institutions immediate and personal interests and needs. that may even merge into one comprehensive They include (1) congregations organized institution, or they may simply absorb func into one or more synagogue unions, federa tions in the external relations-defense, com tions, or confederations and (2) local cultural munal-welfare, and Israel-world Jewry and recreation centers, often federated or spheres. The other set of institutions are confederated with one another. localistic, reflecting the growing concentra General purpose mass-based organiza tion of individual and family Jewish activities tions, operating countrywide on all planes, within a congregational or local community function to (1) articulate community values, center framework. That framework may be attitudes, and policies; (2) provide the energy very pluralistic, with congregations serving and motive force for crystallizing the com every expressed Jewish orientation, or it may munal consensus that grows out of those be in some more formal religious establish values, attitudes, and policies; and (3) main ment in which individual congregations adapt tain institutionalized channels of communi to different styles in the interests of their cation between the community's leaders and members. However, increasingly if Jews "actives" ("cosmopolitans") and the broad want to be counted, they connect themselves base of the affiliated Jewish population ("lo with a local congregation for lack of any other cals") for dealing with the problems and tasks sure form of connection. facing the community in the liglit of the consensus. They often include a Zionist TYPES OF COMMUNAL federation and its constituent organization ORGANIZATIONS and B'nai B'rith lodges. Special interest organizations, which, by Today there are 109 countries in the word serving specialized interests in the commu with permanent, organized communities. The nity on all planes, mobilize concern and larger ones have four kinds of organizations. support for the programs conducted by the Government-like institutions, whether community and apply pressure for their ex "roof organizations, framing institutions, or pansion, modification, and improvement. separate organizations, provide services on The first two of these types are embodied all planes (countrywide, local, and interme in the institutions that form the structural diate) that under other conditions, would be
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Journal of Jewish Communal Service / 124 foundations of the community and the last VOLUNTARY COMMUNTTBES two in organizations that primarily function By now all Jewish communities in the to activate the institutional structure and give Diaspora are unbounded; that is to say, no it life. Institutions ofthe firsttyp e are easily clear external limits divide who is Jewish identifiable in most communides. They in from who is non-Jewish. Rather, all are clude the boards of deputies foundedby Anglo- organized as a series of concentric circles Jewish communides, the American Jewish around a central core of Judaism/Jewishness community federations and the Council of that draws Jews toward it in varying degrees, Jewish Federations, the Canadian Jewish circles that fade out at the peripheries into a Congress, and the Fonds Social Juif Unifie gray area populated by people whose Jewish in France. self-definition and Jewish status are unclear, The most important localisfic institutions certainly from a halachic and a sociological are the synagogues, which, by their very viewpoint. Thus, every Diaspora community nature, are geared to be relatively intimate today is fully voluntary, and its organization associations of compafible people. Even very reflects its voluntary character. large synagogues that lose their sense of Consequently, the first task of every Jew intimacy are localistic insfitufions in the over ish community is to learn to deal with the all community context. Other important particular local manifestation of Jews' free localisfic organizations are Jewish commu dom to choose. This task is a major factor in nity or sports centers. determining the direction of the reconstitu General purpose mass-based organizations tion of Jewish life in our time. It is increas differ widely from community to community. ingly true that Diaspora Jews, if they feel In the United States, B'nai B'rith and Jewishly committed at all, feel that they are so Hadassah come closest to performing these by choice rather than simply by birth. Not functions, with a number of smaller country that organic ties do not underlie the fact of wide organizations sharing in the task; in their choice, but birth alone is no longer South Africa and much of Latin America the sufficient to keep Jews within the fold in an Zionist federations have assumed that role. environment as highly individualistic and The special-interest organizations are also pluralistic as the contemporary world. No readily identifiable in the various communi one is more conscious of this than are Jews ties. themselves. In the smaller countrywide communities, One result of this freedom to choose is that the four roles maybe met by fewer institutions participation in Jewish life in the Diaspora is and be filled incompletely as a consequence. exceptionally uneven. It was always true that However they are done, the functions must be some Jews participated in the life of their institutionalized for an organized commu community more than others, and what we nity to exist. The mapping of the community's know about humanity leads us to recognize organizational structure along the lines of that some people are more attuned to partici this typology reveals many of the more per pation than others. Nevertheless, the in manent channels into which the community's tensely voluntaristic aspects of participation communications network is set and also ex of all kinds in the contemporary world make poses the ways in which the channels are the differences in willingness to participate used. even more important among Diaspora Jewry. In one way or another all are organized to Perhaps most important of all, participa cope with five spheres of communal activity tion actually defines the limits of the commu (Table 2): (1) religious-congregational, (2) nity. We may portray the Jewish communi educational-cultural, (3) external relations- ties in the Diaspora as a series of concentric defense, (4) communal-welfare, and (5) Is circles radiating outward from the hard core rael-world Jewry. of committed Jews toward areas of semi-
WINTER/SPRIN G 1997/98 Jewish Communal Stmctures Around the World / 125
Table 2. Spheres, Institutions, and Organizations
Sphere Local Countrywide Woriwide Religious- Synagogues Synagogue confederations Israel chief rabbinate congregatioiial Orthodox outposts Seminaries and yeshivot Knesset Rabbinical courts Rabbinical associations World synagogue leagues Kashrut councils Rabbinical courts Agudath Israel Hasidic communities
Educational- Synagogue schools Countrywide Jewish Jewish Agency and World cultiu-al Commimal aud secularist educational bodies Zionist Organization schools Countrywide associations of Memorial Foundation for Day schools Jewish community Jewish Culture Colleges of Jewish studies Jewish colleges & universities Joint Distribution Committee Central agencies of Jewish Scholarly associations Alliance IsraeUte Lhiverselle education Jewish foimdations Israeh govemment Jewish Community Educational services of PubUc affairs centers Centers govemment bodies Jewish studies programs in Educators' associations universities Jewish cultural institutions & Local cultural institutions organization study centers aud groups
Extemal Local commuiuty relations Countrywide community Consultative Council of Jewish relations- councils relations organizations (e.g., Agencies defense Local chapters or offices of CRIF, American Jewish Coordinating board of Jewish countrywide community Committee, Board of organizations relations bodies Deputies) World Jewish Congress Jewish war veterans Israeli govemment associations World Council for Soviet Jewry Professional associations WOJAC Special-piupose groups (e.g., American Jewish Committee Soviet Jewry) Anti-Defamation League Pubhc affairs centers B'nai B'rith
Commimal- Jewish federations Council of Jewish Federations Israeii government welfare Social service agencies Councils of Jewi^ Jewish AgeucyAVZO Jewish Community Community Centers hitemational professional/ Centers Immigrant aid societies functional associations Local Jewish press Boards of Deputies B'nai B'rith Jewish hospitals/health Joint Distribution Committee care institutions PubUc affairs centers
Israel-world Jewish federations Council of Federations Jewish Agency/WZO Jewry Local Zionist chapters UJA/UL\ Jewish National Fimd Local Israel Bond offices Zionist organizations World Zionist Organization Local "friends" of Israel or Israel Bonds Joint Distribution overseas institutions United HL\S Service ORT "Friends" of Israel or Claims conference overseas institutions Keren Hayesod PubUc affairs centers
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Journal of Jewish Communal Service / 126
Figure 1. Tlie Shape of Contemporary Diaspora Communities
1. Integral Jews (living accordingto a Jewish Aythm) 2. Participants (involved in Jewish Ufe on a regular basis) 3. Associated Jews (afl'ihated with Jewish institutions in some concrrte way) 4. Contributors and Ccnsumers (giving money and/or utiUzing the services of Jewish institutions from time to time) 5. Peripherals (recognizably Jewish in some way but completely uninvolved in Jewish life) 6. Repudiators (seeking to deny or repudiate their Jewishness) 7. Quasi-Jews (Jewish status unclear as a result of intermarriage or assimilaticn in some other form)
Jewishness on the other fringes where the is not a fiill-time matter. They are likely to be community phases off into the general soci the mainstays of Jewish organizations of vari ety. This new shape of Diaspora Jewry is ous kinds and make Judaism a major shown in Figure 1. avocational interest. Ten percent is a fair The hard core of the Jewish community estimate of such Jews in the Diaspora today. consists of Jews whose Jewishness is a ftill- A third group, surrounding the partici time concern that informs every aspect of pants, comprises those Jews affiliated with their lives, whether from a traditionally reli Jewish institutions or organizations in some gious point of view, as ethnic nationalists, or concrete way, but who are not particularly because of their involvement in Jewish life active in them. This group includes syna "every day in every way." They and their gogue members whose membership does not families are closely linked in their Jewishness involve them much beyond the periodic use of internally and to others with similar ties, so synagogue facilities at least for the rites of that their Jewish existence tends to be an passage or for the High Holy Days. Also intergenerational and communal affair. Our included are members of some of the mass- best estimate is that between 5 and 10 percent based Jewish organizations, such as Hadassah of the Jewish population in the Diaspora fall and B'nai B'rith, or any of the other chari- into this category. tablegroups that are identifiably Jewish, whose Surrounding this hard core is a second membership reflects primarily private social group consisting of those Jews continuously interests rather than a concern for the public involved in Jewish life and consistently active purposes of Jewish life. This is a large in Jewish affairs, but to whom living Jewishly category because it includes all those who
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Jewish Communal Structures Around the World / 127
recognize the necessity for some kind of The boundaries between these categories associational commitment to Jewish hfe, even as well as their membership are quite fluid, as if it is only for the sake of maintaining a is indicated in Figure 1 by their separation proper front before the non-Jewish commu with broken rather than solid lines. There is nity. It is estimated to include 30 percent of considerable movement in and out of all of the Diaspora Jewish population. them, although more along the edges of each Beyond that circle there is a fourth com than across separated circles. Thus Jews in prising Jews who contribute money to Jewish Circle 2 ("participants") are more likely to causes and use the services of Jewish institu move into the hard core or out into more tions periodically during their lifetiiues, usu casual membership than to drop out alto ally synagogues for the rites of passage. Per gether, whereas Circle 5 Jews ("peripherals) haps another 3 0 percent of Diaspora Jews fall may move into the quasi-Jewish category into this category, some of whom have too- with some ease or, under certain circum limited incomes to develop more formal or stances, will be easily brought into the cat lasting attachments to Jewish life in an asso egory of "contributors and consumers" ciational context that makes the payment of (Circle 4). Moreover, in times of crisis there money a binding factor in the process. will be general tiglitening of the circles. Beyond the circle of contributors and con What this means is that the community is sumers there is a circle of Jews who are built on a fluid, if not on an eroding base, with recognizably Jewish in someway, but who are a high degree of self-selection involved in completely uninvolved in Jewish life. Thougli determining who is even a potential partici they may be married to Jewish spouses and pant in hs public life. In all likelihood, only their children are unquestionably of Jewish 20 percent of the Jewish population fall into descent, they have no desire even to use that category and by no means all of them Jewish institutions for the rites of passage and define their Jewish concerns as public ones. insufficient interest in Jewish causes to con For many—even in the hard core (Hasidic tribute money. Perhaps 15 percent of Diaspora Jews, for example)—the concerns of the Jew Jewry fall into this category. ish community are not their concerns. They There is a small group of born Jews who are more interested in leading private lives actively reject their Jewishness. Once a sig that are intensely Jewish, but do not seek to nificant group, it is a decreasing one, for the channel their Jewishness into the realm of openness of society to Jews today has elimi public affairs. nated the necessity for active hostility on the There is evidence that gaps are developing part of those seeking to escape their between Circles 2 and 3 and between 4 and 5, Jewishness. Active rejection survives as a so that the Jews who remain actively commit pathological syndrome among a handful of ted to Jewish life are growing closer to its born Jews. center and those who are passively committed Finally, there are an unknown number of or less are moving away. "quasi-Jews" who are neither inside the Jew It is clear that even the problem of defining ish community nor entirely out of it. These who is in and who is out of the Jewish are people who have intermarried but have community at any given time is increasingly not lost their own personal Jewish "label" or difficult. With the intermarriage explosion who have otherwise assimilated to a point of recent years, the gray area of Jewishness where Jewish birth is incidental to them in has begun to reach into the more positively every respect. We can assume that between 5 identified Jewish circles througli family rela- and 10 percent of the known Jewish popula fionships. This is particularly problemafic as tion fall into this category, plus an unknown there arises ageneration of semi-Jews who, in number, probably larger, who are simply not a world such as that of the United States, may included in the conventional statistics. associate with Jews and wish to marry Jews as
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Journal of Jewish Communal Service / 128
Figure 2. The "Big Five" and the Other Players
Israeli Zionisl Political Parties
Cour)trywide Zionist Federations
World fraternal Bodies Countrywide Jewish Community Appeals World GOI = Govemment of Israel Synagogue Bodies Community WZO = World Zionist Organization Representative Organizations WJC = World Jewish Congress
Formal rc
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Jewish Communal Structures Around the World / 129
APPENDIX 1. The Organized Jewish World
Jewish Central/Framing Other Prominent Country Population 1996 Organizati on(sl Organizations Afghanistan >100 Charshi Torabazein synagogue Algeiia >100 Consistoiiale Israelite d'Alger Argentina 250.000 Delegation of Argentine Jewish Argaitina Jewish Mutual Aid Associations (DAIA) Association (AMIA), Vaad ha-Kehillol, Zioiist Federations (OSA)
AiTnenia 200 Armenian-Jewish Friendship Society Australia 100,000 Executive Coundl of AustraUan Jewry Zionist Federation of Au.sLralia Austria 10,000 Bimdesverband der Israelitischca Sephardi Federation, Zionist Kultusgemeiuden Fedei'ation Azerbaijan 30,000 Azerbaijan-Israel Friaidship Organization Bahamas 200 United Baliamas Hebrew Congregation Bahrain >100 Barbados >100 Jewish Community Council Belarus 60,000 Belanis Uuiisi of Jewish (!)rganizatious and Communities Belgium 40,000 Conite de Coordination des Organisations Juives de Belgique (CCOJB) Bermuda >100 Jewish Community of Bermuda BoUvia 380 Circulo Israelita de Bolivia Bosnia 600 Federation of .Jewish Communities of Bosnia-Herzegovina Botswana >100 Brazil 130.000 Confederacao la'aeUta do Brasil (CONIB) Bulgaria 3,000 Shalom Organization BiuTua >100 Musmeah Yeshua Synagogue Canada 360,000 Canadian .Tewish Congress Zioiist Federation Chile 15.000 Coinite Represeutalivo de las Entidades Federacion Sionista de Chile Judias de Chile China >100 Columbia 5,650 Coufedeiaciou de Asociaciones Judias de Colombia Costa Rica 2,500 Centre IsraeUta Siouista Croatia 2.000 Fedciatim of .Tewish Communities Cuba 1,000 Casa de la Commuuidad Hebrea de Cuba Comisicm Coordinadoia de las Sociedades ReUgiosas Hebreas de Cuba Czech Rc-public 6.000 Federati
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Journal of Jewish Communal Service / 130
Fiji >100 Fiji Jewish Association Finland 1,200 Central Council of Jewish Commimities in Finland France 600,000 Representative Council of French Jewry Consistoire Central, United (CRIF) Jewish Social Foundation (FSJU) Georgia 17,000 Germany 60,000 Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland Gibraltar 600 Jewish Commumty of Gibraltar Greece 5,000 Kentriko Israehtiko SymvouUo Ellados Guadeloupe >100 Communaute CultueUe Israehte Guatemala 1,200 Consejo Central Guyana >100 Jewish Community Honduras >100 Comimidad Hebrea de Tegucigalpa Hungary 80,000 AlUance ofthe Hungarian Jewish Association of Zionist Communities Organizations India 6,000 Council of Indian Jewry Indonesia >100 Iran 25,000 Coimcil ofthe Jewish Commimity Iraq 120 Ireland 1,000 Jewish Representative Council of Ireland Italy 35,000 Oiione deUe Comunita Ebraiche Itahane Jamaica 300 Uiited Congregation of IsraeUtes Japan 2,000 Jewish Community of Japan Kazakhstan 15,000 Mitzvah Associaticu Kenya 400 Nairobi Hebrew Congregalioin Kyrgystan 4,500 Menorah Socirty of Jewish Culture Latvia 15.000 Latvian Society for Jewish Culture Lebanon >100 Lithuania 6,000 Lithuanian Jewish Commimity Luxembourg 600 Consistoire Israelite de Luxembourg Malta >100 Jewish Commuuity of Malta Maitiuique >100 Association Cultuelle Isiaelite de la Martinique Mexico 40,700 Comite Central IsraeUta de Mexico Tribima Isiaelita, Centro Deportivo IsraeUta (CDI) Moldova 30,000 RepubUcan Socirty for Jewish Culture Monaco 1,000 Assocaticn CultueUe IsraeUte de Monaco Morocco 7,500 Conseil des Commimautes IsraeUtes Mozambique >100 Namibia >100 Windhoek Hebrew Congregation Netherlands 30,000 Federation of Dutch Jewish Commimities Nederlands-IsiaeUtisch Kerkgenootsdbap, Verbcnd van Liberal Religieuze Joden, Portugees-IsraeUtisch Kergenootsdiap Netherlands 400 Lhited Nethalands Portuguese IsraeUtische Gemeente Beth Antilles Congregation Mikve Israel-Emanuel Israel Synagogue New Caledcmia >100 Association CultiueUe IsraeUte de NouveUe Caledonie New Zealand 5,000 New Zealand Jewish Council Zionist Fedaation of New Zealand
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98 Jewish Communal Structures Around the World / 131
Norway 1,500 Mosaiske Trossamftmd Panama 7,000 Consejo Central Comunitario Hebreo de Panama Paraguay 1,200 Consejo Representativo IsraeUta de Paraguay Peru 3,000 Asociacicn Judia del Peru PliiKppines 250 Jewish Association ofthe PhiUppines Poland 8,000 Coordinating Committee of JewiA ReUgious Union of Jewish Organizations in the PoUdi Republic Communities, Social and (KKOZRP) Cultural Organization of PoUsh Jews Portugal 900 Comuuidade IsraeUta de Lisboa Romania 14,000 Federation of Jewish Communities Russia 550,000 Federation of Jewish Organizations and Commimities of Russia (Va'ad) Singapore 300 Jewish Welfare Board Slovakia 6,000 Federation of Jewish Communities in Slovakia Slovenia >100 Jewish Community of Slovenia South Africa 106,000 South African Jewish Board of Deputies Spain 14,000 Federadon de Comunidades IsraeUtas de Espana Surinam 200 Kerkeraad der Nederlauds Portugees IsraeUtische Gemeente in Suriname Sweden 18,000 Official Council of Jewidi Commimities in Sweden Switzerland 18,000 Schweizeiisdiei- Israelitisdier Gemeindebund (SIG) Syria 250 Tahiti 120 Association Culturelle des IsraeUtes et Sympathisants de Polynesie (ACISPO) Taiwan >100 Tajikistan 1,800 Taiwan Jewish Commumty Tliailand 250 Ttmisia 2,000 Jewish Association of Thailand Turkey 25,000 Chief Rabbinate of Turkey Turkmenistan 1,200 Ukraine 400,000 Association f .Jewish Oiganizatious and Jewish Coimcil of Ukraine Communities of Ukraine United Kingdom 300,000 Board of Deputies of Briti^ Jews Uruguay 32,500 Comite Central IsraeUta del Uruguay USA 5,800,000 Coimcil of Jewish Federations (CJF) American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Congress, B'nai B'rith, Hadassah, UJA, AIPAC Uzbekistan 35,000 Venezuela 35,000 Confederacion de Asociaciones IsraeUtas de Venezuela Yemen 800 Yugoslavia 2,500 Fedaation of Jewish Communities in Jewish Commimity of Belgrade Yugoslavia Zaire 320 Communaute IsraeUte du Shaba Zambia >100 Council for Zambian Jewry Zimbabwe 925 Zimbabwe Jewish Board of Deputies
WINTER/SPRING 1997/98