Ocean Ocean Characteristics Characteristics and Habitats ● Salinity ● Depth ● Temperature ● Pressure

Ocean Characteristics - Salinity Ocean Characteristics - Salinity

● The ocean is the largest source of ______on Earth ● Salinity is the ______amount of ______salts in water. ● The salt in oceans comes from: ○ Eroding land ○ Volcanic emissions ○ Chemical reactions on the ocean floor ○ The atmosphere

Ocean Characteristics - Pressure Ocean Characteristics - Temperature ● Water pressure is the ______of the water ● Temperature: the temperature ______at above a specific depth of water different depths ● Pressure ______as depth ______. ○ Deep ocean is ______than shallower ● Pressure on the ocean floor is areas because ______doesn’t reach ___ greater than pressure at deep areas. sea level. ○ Warm water is less ______than cold ● A diver can safely withstand water and tends to stay at the surface pressure at 40m below sea level Life in the Ocean Ocean Habitats • Organisms that live in the ocean are • Life in the Ocean classified into three main groups based on – Examples of organisms: how the organisms ______and where they generally make their home in the ocean. • ______are organisms that live on or near the ocean bottom, sometimes attached to surfaces. • ______are tiny organisms that are moved by ocean currents. • ______are free-swimming organisms that can move independently of currents.

Ocean Zones and Conditions Ocean Ecosystems

• You can think of the ocean as a huge • Ocean Ecosystems ______that includes living and – Conditions of the ocean change greatly nonliving things. In some ways, the ocean with distance from the ______. For community resembles a human city or town. example, ______easily penetrates the • Typically, cities and towns are divided into shallow ocean waters near the shoreline to several ______. Some zones consist light the ocean floor. mostly of houses and apartment buildings. Other zones have stores and shops or factories and office buildings.

Ocean Ecosystems Ocean Ecosystems • The ocean is divided into three ______life zones: intertidal zone, neritic zone, and • Water depth generally______with the oceanic zone. distance from the shoreline. • The main factors that determine the location of each life zone are water ______and • Changes in depth are accompanied by distance from the shoreline. changes in conditions such as pressure, • Each life zone differs in conditions such as sunlight, and temperature. temperature, pressure, and the amount of • As the environment changes, the organisms sunlight it receives. able to ______in each environment also • Organisms living in each zone are ______to that region’s conditions. change. Ocean Habitats - Intertidal Zone Ocean Habitats - Zones • The intertidal zone is the • Ocean zones include the intertidal zone, the ______area that falls neritic zone, and the open-ocean zone. between the high tidemark and the low tide mark.

● Most organisms living here are adapted to being ______at high tide and exposed to air at low tide. ● Some, such as sea anemones and sea stars make their homes in tide ______, low areas that remain filled water at low tide.

Ocean Habitats - Intertidal Zone • Many organisms of the Ocean Habitats - Intertidal Zone intertidal zone have ______to prevent them from being washed into the ocean by waves.

● Crabs and clams, for example, burrow into sand. Seaweeds have structures called holdfasts that help them stay rooted. Barnacles create tough shells that they cement to rock in order to withstand waves.

Ocean Habitats - Neritic Zone Ocean Habitats - Neritic Zone • Water depth ranges from a few meters to about ______. • The shallow waters of the neritic zone allow light to penetrate almost to the ocean floor. • Temperatures and salinity also stay fairly • The ______zone is the ocean area that ______. extends from the intertidal zone to the edge • These conditions allow the neritic zone to of the continental ______. provide home to ______of organisms than either of the other life zones. Ocean Habitats - Oceanic Zone Ocean Habitats - Neritic Zone ∙ The ______zone is made up of the • Two major ecosystems within the neritic zone ______waters of the ocean. ∙ This zone extends from the ocean’s are: ______to its deepest waters. – Coral reefs – Kelp forests

Ocean Habitats - Oceanic Zone ∙ Sunlight can penetrate only the top ______Ocean Habitats - Oceanic Zone of the oceanic zone. ∙ Some organisms, ∙ Thus, all ______, such as phytoplankton, such as hatchet fish and most consumers live in these surface waters. and krill, ______∙ Whales, dolphins, squids, jellyfish, and fish between the surface live in the oceanic zone. and deep waters of this zone.

∙ Krill are tiny, shrimp-like animals that are an important food source for whales and other ocean animals.

Ocean Habitats - Abyss Ocean Habitats - Abyss

∙ The floor of the deep ∙ Worms, bacteria, sea urchins, and some fish ocean is called the live in this zone. Many of these organisms survive by eating ______material that ______. High rains down from the surface. Whole pressure, low ecosystems also survive on dead whales and temperature, and the other marine life that ______to the ocean absence of floor. ______characterize this area. Ocean Habitats - Abyss Upwelling • In some parts of the abyss are deep-sea • In most parts of the ocean, surface waters do ______vent communities. not usually ______with deep ocean • Hydrothermal vents are cracks in the ocean waters. However, mixing sometimes occurs crust that release mineral-rich water that has when winds cause upwelling. been heated by Earth’s interior. – Upwelling is the movement of cold water • Water temperatures near hydrothermal vents upward from the deep ocean. As can reach up to 360oC (______). ______blow away the warm surface • Bacteria near the vents make food using water, cold water ______to replace it. chemicals in the vent water. • Tubeworms and clams near the vents use these bacteria for food.

Upwelling Where River Meets Ocean • Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, • Other important environments along the ______, and other nutrients from the ocean’s edge are estuaries. ______deeper layers of the water. Without this are coastal inlets or bays where freshwater motion, the surface waters of the open ocean from rivers mixes with the salty ocean water. would be very scarce in ______. • Water that is partly salty and partly fresh is ______. • Coastal ______are found in and around estuaries.

Where River Meets Ocean • Along the coasts of the United States, most wetlands are either ______forests or salt marshes. • Mangrove swamps are found in southern Florida and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. • Salt marshes are especially abundant along the east coast from Massachusetts to Florida.