KEistoricetl Revie^w

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: "Quarter twain! Quarter twain! Mark Twain!" was executed by Thomas Hart Benton to illustrate Mark Twain's classic Life on the Mississippi for the 1944 publication by The Limited Editions Club. The 7" x 4%" watercolor and its companion pieces are presently on display in the State Historical Society's Art Gallery. The watercolors were given to the Society by Benton, Missouri's most famous twentieth-century artist. Also on display in the Art Gallery are selected items from the Society's George Caleb Bingham Collection. Bingham was the state's most famous nineteenth-century artist. The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, excepting legal holidays. Patrons may visit the Art Gallery from 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M.

PARKING FOR SOCIETY PATRONS The University of Missouri-Columbia recently has begun the con­ struction of an addition to Elmer Ellis Library and the State Historical Society. Visitor parking remains in the same block behind the library and the State Historical Society, but it has been moved further south. Patrons still enter the visitor lot off of Hitt Street. The entrance, how­ ever, is now closer to the intersection of Hitt and Rollins streets.

The State Historical Society's quarters now must be entered through the Society's north door (facing Lowry Mall). MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Copyright © 1985 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXXX Current REVIEWS are sent to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri during their term of membership. The Society NUMBER 1 assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. OCTOBER, 1985 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1983-1986 FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood, President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President REVEREND JOHN F. BANNON, St. Louis, Second Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Third Vice President MRS. VIRGINIA YOUNG, Columbia, Fourth Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fifth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1985 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis MRS. MARY BANKS PARRY, Columbia J. J. GRAF, Hermann ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1986 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis MRS. JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1987 ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Committee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ©jrtshtra* dtfte

The giving of gift memberships in the State Historical Society, which includes a subscription to the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, has come to be an established part of Christmas with many members of the Society. The Society invites you to give this distinguished Christmas gift.

The gift membership serves a multiple purpose. It extends interest in Missouri's proud history, adds members to the Society, expands the influence of the REVIEW, and provides the recipient with an esteemed magazine rich in facts about Missouri and Missourians, which conveys pleasure throughout the entire year. With each membership which you designate as a Christmas gift, the Society will send a card to the recipient. The card will give your name as the donor of the Christmas gift membership. Please send names and addresses for membership to: THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, 1020 LOWRY STREET, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI 65201, on or before December 1, with enclosed check. Annual membership dues are $5.00; Contributing, $25.00; Supporting, $50.00; Sustaining, $100.00-$499.00; Patron, $500.00 & over; Life memberships, $100.00. THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD

The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the thirteenth round of compe­ tition for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $300.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year be­ tween the junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students. The 1986 award of $300.00 will be presented for the best article written by a fully enrolled junior classman in a Missouri college or university. The award will be presented at the 1986 annual meeting of the Society in Columbia. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or personali­ ties. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words, and a bibliography must be included. Each college or university must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article. Only one article may be submitted from each college or university. Articles may be submitted from each branch of the University of Missouri. Each article will be judged against other nomi­ nations by the Department of History of the Univer­ sity of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State Histori­ cal Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HIS­ TORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1986. They must be sent to the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. EDITORIAL POLICY The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always interested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bear­ ing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted be­ cause of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in footnoting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. James W. Goodrich MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

THOMAS HART BENTON'S HUCK FINN ILLUSTRATIONS COMMEMORATE MARK TWAIN. By Mary K. Dains 1

THE A.B. CROSS LUMBER COMPANY, 1858-1871. By George Ehrlich and r E. Schrock 14

GENERAL MOSBY M. PARSONS: MISSOURI SECESSIONIST. By Robert E. Miller 33

FIGHTING FOR DEMOCRACY IN ST. LOUIS: CIVIL RIGHTS DURING WORLD WAR II. By Patricia L. Adams 58

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

News in Brief 76

Local Historical Societies 79

Gifts 96

Erratum 100

Missouri History in Newspapers 101

Missouri History in Magazines 107

In Memoriam 115

BOOK REVIEW 116

BOOK NOTES 118

WARREN COUNTY MUSEUM AND HISTORICAL LIBRARY Inside Back Cover

vi Benton executed this lithograph of Huck Finn in 1936, from drawings generated for his mural in the Missouri State Capitol. This 215/s" x WA" lithograph was printed in an edition of 100.

Thomas Hart Benton's Huck Finn Illustrations Commemorate Mark Twain

BY MARY K. DAINS*

This year, 1985, marks several important anniversary events in the life of Missouri author Samuel Langhorne Clemens, popularly known as Mark Twain. One hundred fifty years ago, on November 30, 1835, Twain was born in northeastern Missouri in the little town of Florida, Monroe County. The son of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens, Twain's parents moved their family to Hanni­ bal. Twain was four years old at the time. He spent his boyhood years in Hannibal and later narrated many of his experiences in the noted classics, the Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The latter originally was published in the United States one hundred years ago. Twain died seventy-five years ago, on April 21, 1910, at his residence in Redding, Connecticut. He is buried at Elmira, New

*Mary K. Dains is an associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. 1 2 Missouri Historical Review

York, home of his wife Olivia Langdon, whom he had married in 1870. Missouri-born artist Thomas Hart Benton provided illustrations for the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published by the Limited Editions Club of New York, in 1942. The original wash drawings, done in sepia colored and black inks and white tempera, were given to the State Historical Society of Missouri by the artist. They comprise a portion of the Society's large Benton collection. Writing about his project for Huck Finn, Benton explained that many contemporary illustrators tended to be too positive. They overwhelmed the reader's own imagination. Great illustrators knew the value of lightness, of suggestive rather than downright state­ ments. Thus, Benton sought to explain his illustrative techniques. Regarding Huck Finn, Benton noted that it was his favorite book. He knew its people by intimate acquaintance. He knew its river. He was raised among the people who talked the language of Huck Finn's associates. Benton traveled over the country for many years, sketching the rural scenes and people. He used many of these for the Huck Finn illustrations. Bernard DeVoto said of Huck Finn: "It is an adventure story but beneath the story are stratified layers of recognition and response, national and personal, of memory and of desire. No American book has more of America in it. . . ." Following on page 3 are selections from Benton's original il­ lustrations for the 1942 edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

This Thomas Hart Benton Lith­ ograph Is A Self-Portrait When Huck Finn's father disap- ears, Widow Douglas takes in the Coy and attempts to civilize him. He puts on new clothes, attends school and is not allowed to smoke. Miss Watson, Widow Douglas's old maid sister, helps Huck with his spelling. nY V

Outside in the new snow, Huck sees somebody's tracks. He recognizes his father's boot print which includes a cross in the heel, made of nails to ward off the devil. That evening when Huck goes to his room, there sits his father. He had climbed in the window. Huck's father trades his coat for a jug of whiskey. When the widow tries to run him off, he takes Huck across the river to a hut in the woods. He locks his son in at night, but Huck begins to like the easy life— smoking, fishing and no school.

* T1I,# "s/ Huck's father gets too handy with hickory switches. He drinks too much and once in his delirium, he chases Huck with a knife, calling him the "Angel of Death" and saying he will kill him.

Huck finds a canoe adrift and hides it for his planned get-away. After his father leaves him to go to town, he escapes from the cabin and stages the scene to look like he has been murdered. Then he paddles down the river. Huck stops on an island in the river. There he finds Jim, Miss Wat­ son's runaway slave. They travel on down the river together and exper­ ience many adventures.

Huck and Jim run into two scoun­ drels. One claims to be a duke, the other a rightful heir to the King of France. After several money-making schemes, the two secretly advertise Jim as a runaway slave. Huck discovers Jim is missing and follows him to the farm home of Silas Phelps, where he is being re­ strained awaiting his owner. When Huck arrives, Mrs. Phelps runs to meet him, mistaking him for her long-awaited nephew, Tom Sawyer. After recovering from his surprise at the mention of his good friend back home, Huck plays along. Huck intercepts Tom before he arrives at the Phelps home. Tom, of course, thinks Huck is dead and shows his fear. ^ Tom tells the Phelpses he is Sid Sawyer, Tom's brother and he arrives later just to surprise them. Huck and Tom plan how to help Jim escape. They begin digging a hole under the shed. Sneaking into Jim's quarters, the boys explain their plans. Huck steals food from the cupboard in prepara­ tion for Jim's escape.

QmAm**' Huck, Tom and Jim are nearly caught in the escape. They manage to get to the river where a canoe has been tied. From there, they proceed to an island. But they discover Tom has a bullet in his leg.

Huck goes for the doctor. When the doctor insists the canoe is only large enough for one person, Huck gives directions for reaching Tom. Huck returns to the Phelps farm. Eventually, the doctor and friends bring Tom and Jim home. Tom is very ill and out of his head. The neighbors want to hang Jim, but the doctor explains how Jim had helped care for Tom. J%&*dfo*'r»

Tom's Aunt Polly comes during his illness and the correct identities of Tom and Huck are revealed. Tom admits that Jim is a free man. Miss Watson had died and freed him in her will. Tom had kept it a secret just for the adventure of helping him escape. He then intended to take Jim home as a hero with a brass band and torchlight procession. After Huck learns his father is dead, Aunt Sally Phelps wants to adopt him. But Huck thinks he may run away again. He doesn't want to be civilized. Cross Family Papers, WHMC-KC Asa Beebe Cross The A. B. Cross Lumber Company 1858-1871 BY GEORGE EHRLICH & PEGGY E. SCHROCK*

Asa Beebe Cross, a junior partner in a St. Louis architectural firm, moved to Kansas City in April 1858. Immediately upon his arrival, he established a lumber business, which he would continue until the spring of 1871. Cross, the architect, becoming also a lumberman would not have seemed unusual in Kansas City, for its

* George Ehrlich is professor of Art History at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He has the B.S., M.F.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Peggy E. Schrock is a doctoral student in Art History at the University of Illinois. She has the B.A. and M.S. degrees from the University of Missouri- Columbia, and the M.A. degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Research on this article has been supported by a grant from the University of Missouri's Weldon Spring Endowment Fund, and by a Faculty Research Leave from UMKC.

14 A. B. Cross Lumber Company 15 merchants and professional people often pursued more than one business enterprise in that period. Also, the city already contained men who worked both as builders and as self-proclaimed archi­ tects. In 1858, Kansas City was small and rather primitive in contrast to St. Louis, the largest city in the central-Mississippi basin. In addition, Kansas City grappled with problems stemming from the slavery issue and pending statehood for the nearby Kansas Terri­ tory. Thus, Cross's decision to move and start a lumber business, while attempting to begin a solo architectural practice, prompts curiosity. When he arrived in Kansas City, Cross was thirty-one years old, newly married, and with limited business experience. Never­ theless, Cross became a success, first as a lumberman and then as an architect, managing to continue both enterprises through the difficult years of the Civil War. In the postwar years, as Kansas City prospered, he quickly became the city's leading architect; then Cross ended his lumber business. Focusing all of his efforts on his practice, he became an important personage in the physical transformation of Kansas City from a frontier town into a modern, urban center. Given these circumstances, a fully drawn study of the life and career of Asa Beebe Cross (1826-1894) would naturally concentrate on Cross the architect; the lumberman aspect would deserve men­ tion primarily for the role it played in sustaining Cross until he could depend on a full-time architectural practice. However, others perceived Cross, during his first dozen years in Kansas City, principally as a lumberman, who also happened to be an architect. The fortuitous survival of a group of records from his lumber business1 provides an unusual opportunity to see how such an enterprise operated in the early years of Kansas City, including the period of the Civil War. They also show the importance of this aspect of Cross's career, sustaining him until the city could use him as a full-time architect. The records of the lumber business take on added meaning when something is known about the lumberman-architect. Asa Beebe Cross was born in New Jersey on December 9, 1826,

1 These records make up a portion of the Asa Beebe Cross Family Papers, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Kansas City and the State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts. Research for this article occurred soon after the collection was received, using a preliminary inven­ tory. A key is available at WHMC-SHS, Kansas City to correlate preliminary and final folder numbers. 16 Missouri Historical Review

probably in or near Tuckahoe, in the southern part of the state. The 1850 census listed his father as a house carpenter, along with Asa and his two brothers, one older, the other younger.2 Asa left New Jersey seemingly very early in the 1850s and headed west, eventually arriving in St. Louis. Before his departure, he received at least some rudimentary architectural instruction in addition to his regular schooling. The architectural study likely occurred in Philadelphia and may have consisted of nothing more than some lessons in architectural drawing. Additional training in architecture then occurred in St. Louis.3 The exact date of Cross's arrival in St. Louis remains unknown. Some accounts say as early as 1850. Indirect evidence suggests 1856, and other documentation shows him to be active in the city as an architect in 1857. Most likely he went directly to St. Louis from New Jersey, and did so before 1855. Despite the architectural instruction he received in the East, he probably worked first as a carpenter-builder in St. Louis, a common prior occupation for many architects in that period. If he arrived as early as 1850, it might have been to participate in the reconstruction of a large section of the city after the great fire of 1849. Family tradition claims he worked in Minnesota, near St. Paul, in the mid-1850s, in some phase of the lumber industry. The details of his Minnesota sojourn, however, remain unknown except that while there with a friend he found life too primitive for his liking. He returned to St. Louis. His motivation to go to the Minnesota pineries is not clear. However, in St. Louis, whether working as a carpenter or as an architect's assistant, Cross would have met some of the local lumber dealers. From them he would have learned about the rapidly developing lumber industry of Minnesota, which at the time shipped most of its product to St. Louis.4 The oppor-

2 The birth year of A.B. Cross is based on the age listed for him in U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, "Weymouth Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey," and the date on his tombstone. An entry in a diary kept by daughter Catherine, December 9, 1887, Cross Family Papers, f. 18, confirmed the day and month. Data concerning his father and brothers, compiled from records in the archives section of the State Library in Trenton, New Jersey, included: the 1850 and 1860 census records for Atlantic County; Returns of Deaths, vol. AS, p. 20, for Weymouth, Atlantic County, re the death of the father; Returns of Marriages, vol. H, p. 443, for Maurice River, Cumberland County, re the marriage of brother Edwin, and the names of the parents; and a published index of marriages for Gloucester County, for the marriage of the father. 3 The principal biographical sources re A.B. Cross are: the several obituaries published by Kansas City newspapers; and a brief biography prepared in 1922 by his daughter, Catherine Cross Barnes, Cross Family Papers, f. 8. 4 See Agnes M. Larson, History of the White Pine Industry in Minnesota (New York, 1972), reprint of the 1949 edition by the University of Minnesota Press. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 17

tunities there must have seemed promising. In any case, there he started as a lumberman. Cross's life in St. Louis remains shadowy except for a few facts. Working with the St. Louis architect, John Johnston, he became his partner in 1857 or perhaps a bit earlier. Cross claimed to have studied with the architect Thomas Walsh as well as with Johnston. He also received instruction in double-entry bookkeep­ ing.5 Given the circumstances affecting the profession in Missouri at that time, about a year's experience with established practi­ tioners made him acceptable to others as a qualified architect. Indeed, he received an invitation, in March 1858, to join leading St. Louis architects in an early attempt to organize a local professional society. Despite this recognition, he decided almost immediately thereafter to leave St. Louis and go to Kansas City.6 Little is known about the personal life of A.B. Cross (as he invariably was identified). Thus, no direct evidence suggests the

5 A small account book, with entries dealing with sales, shipments and the like, appears to be an exercise book for lessons in double-entry bookkeeping. The entries indicate the book was used in St. Louis in 1857. Cross saved the book in order to paste clippings in it (now removed and preserved separately). Cross Family Papers, f. 1. 6 John Johnston to Cross, March 16, 1858, extended the invitation to join with Thomas Walsh, George I. Barnett, W. Olmstead and John Johnston "to take into consideration the best means of forming an [architectural] association." Cross Family Papers, f. 5. 18 Missouri Historical Review causes for another move, this time to the frontier. At least once before he had demonstrated a willingness to try his fortunes in the "West." Shortly before departing St. Louis, he finally married. Undoubtedly, this introduced a major change in life-style, especial­ ly since his wife, a recent widow, had an infant son.7 These factors may have encouraged him to consider a deal offered by a St. Louis lumberman, Matthew Rippey. Rippey had arrived in St. Louis in 1828. Beginning first as a carpenter, he became a lumber merchant in 1841.8 How Cross and Rippey got together or who initiated the arrangement the two worked out, remains unknown. Most likely, the idea came from Rippey, who probably knew the potential of the Kansas City market. The first transaction of the newly formed A.B. Cross Company occurred on April 5, 1858, when Cross purchased $600 of merchandise from the Matthew Rippey company. Two days later Cross married Rachael Taylor, and sometime near mid-April he arrived in Kansas City, The arrangement between Cross and Rippey made the latter the principal supplier of merchandise to the Kansas City firm, and in fact, Rippey became a silent partner to Cross. The A.B. Cross Company sold primarily white pine, the kind shipped from the Minnesota pineries to St. Louis. Not only did Rippey supply the product to Cross, but the two had an agree­ ment, at least initially, whereby the Rippey company would guar­ antee a minimum income for Cross, and for a younger junior partner named George W. Rippey.9 The latter remained active in the Kansas City operation until 1860. S.L. Rippey also joined Cross, in 1867, first as an employee and then later as some sort of junior partner. This arrangement ended in 1870, a few months before the lumber business closed its doors.

7 Very little is known about Rachael Cross and her first marriage. According to some data assembled by her grandson, Alfred E. Barnes, Jr., she was born Rachael Genevieve Hughes in 1838, Cross Family Papers, f. 8. An index of St. Louis marriages, available in the Library of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, noted that she married William Ely Taylor, a steamboat captain, on Christmas Day, 1851. A son, William Jr., was born in October 1856, and in 1857 (presumably) she was widowed. 8 Information about Matthew Rippey came from a brief, biographical state­ ment in the Archives of the Missouri Historical Society, which he wrote, and an even briefer newspaper clipping in the History-Genealogy card-file of the St. Louis Public Library. 9 A copy of this agreement, written on page 2 of the General Journal outlines the arrangement, Cross Family Papers, f. 2. The document is datelined, St. Louis, April 19, 1858, which may represent the date Cross expected to set up his operation in Kansas City. How long the agreement remained in effect is not known, though it had provisions to be extended or somewhat modified after January 1, 1859. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 19

Two factors must have persuaded Cross, though newly mar­ ried, to leave St. Louis and return to the lumber trade in Kansas City. First, there was the security implicit in the income-guarantees provided by Matthew Rippey. Second, Rippey, a seasoned lumber merchant, would be a valuable source of support and advice to the A.B. Cross Company. Granted, his architectural work would be secondary, and he would lose direct contact with St. Louis archi­ tects, which would reduce his development in that field. However, the lumber business would bring to him carpenters and builders who might prove to need the aid of an architect, or could provide leads to prospective clients. If the promise of continued growth for the city (as widely advertised) would be realized, both the lumber­ yard and his architectural practice should prosper. Matthew Rip­ pey, in turn, would gain an outlet and an agent in Kansas City. This arrangement would be attractive to both Rippey and Cross, since the depression resulting from the Panic of 1857 had severely reduced construction and lumber sales in St. Louis.10 Kansas City seemed less affected, given its boom status. Kansas City, in 1858, began to rival its larger neighbors on the Missouri River, St. Joseph in Missouri, and Atchison in the Kansas Territory, for primacy as a commercial center serving the West. As the principal transfer point from the Missouri River to the great overland trails, Kansas City had become an important jobbing center. It also functioned as an outfitting station for westward emigration. These enterprises already had brought substantial growth to the community, which had changed from the small, French trading post of the late 1820s into a city of about 4,000 thirty years later. By then, local newspaper accounts regularly featured Kansas City's rapid development, plus the promise of more. In addition, they periodically cited the need for mechanics skilled in the building trades to meet the demand for new build­ ings.11 Presumably, Kansas City would provide a continuing de­ mand for building materials in considerable quantity. 10 The effect of the Panic of 1857 on St. Louis is discussed in Walter Williams and Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri Mother of the West (Chicago, 1930), I, 332-334 and 571; in J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), II, 1377-1379; and in Wyatt W. Belcher, The Economic Rivalry Retween St. Louis and Chicago, 1850-1880 (New York, 1947), especially Chapter 5, "St. Louis and the Railroads/" 11 The Kansas City Enterprise, a weekly newspaper (which later became the Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce) regularly printed notices. For example: "Any number of carpenters, bricklayers, stone-masons, brick makers are wanted immediately. Will our exchanges take notice of this and aid in spreading informa­ tion." Ibid., April 12, 1856. "There is not a tenth part of the number of carpenters, masons and bricklayers in the country necessary to supply the wants of the coming season. . . . We have room for a thousand of such." Ibid., February 7, 1857. 20 Missouri Historical Review

Brick, used extensively in Kansas City starting as early as the mid-1830s, was almost entirely from local sources. In contrast, a good deal of the lumber used in residential and commercial build­ ings was imported pine, coming up the river from St. Louis. Perhaps the Rippey company had been one of the suppliers. Local sawmills furnished the harder woods, such as walnut, oak and elm, as well as large framing timbers. Kansas City lumberyards, in the 1850s, specialized in either pine or local wood, and the Cross company featured pine. It stocked boards, flooring, siding, lath, shingles and some millwork such as doors and window sashes. It did not take Cross very long to become established as a lumber merchant. He soon acquired property and made plans to build a substantial house. The date when Cross's wife, Rachael, joined him permanently in Kansas City is not known. However, until 1863, she apparently spent considerable time in St. Louis, due both to pregnancies and the insecurity of Kansas City in the early years of the Civil War.12 Despite the latter, Cross clearly had come to Kansas City to stay, and stay he did. In Cross's case, the coincidence of his marriage with the move to Kansas City suggests that this change in his status made him willing to gamble on the prospects of the Kansas City arrangement. Architects (in or out of St. Louis) received their pay on a fee or percentage basis, job by job. As a junior partner, even in an established firm, Cross would still have an unpredictable income, especially in a period of economic depression. Furthermore, Johns­ ton & Cross, as an architectual firm, evidently did not receive the kinds of commissions in St. Louis to make their work noteworthy. Nor, for that matter, did Johnston's firm later when he worked alone.13 Add the advantage of a guaranteed minimum income from the lumber business, to which he could supplement occasional architectural fees, and the reasons for Cross's move appear obvious.

12 Rachael's second child by Cross, Mary Emma, was born in St. Louis in early February 1862, and a son was born in 1863, Cross Family Papers, f. 8. As for the troubled conditions in the city during the early years of the Civil War, see Andrew T. Brown, Frontier Community (Columbia, Mo., 1963). 13 Not much has been discovered concerning the life and work of John Johnston. Partly this is due to the inevitable confusion of various John Johnstons and Johnsons, a number of which were carpenters or builders. A brief obituary, dated March 1894, noted that he arrived in St. Louis in 1849 and was 89 years old at the time of his death. It also stated that "many old structures of the city were designed and constructed by him." See "The Hardcastle Scrapbook," Library, Missouri Historical Society. No building by Johnston as yet has been identified. Johnston, according to Cross's obituaries, ran some sort of architectural school in St. Louis in which Cross assisted, and in 1871 he published in St. Louis, The Practical Measurer or Ruilders b- Contractor s Assistant, which can be found in the Missouri Historical Society. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 21

Mechanic's Bank, at Second & Main, Kansas City, was designed by architect A.B. Cross.

Native Sons Coll., Mo. Valley Rm., KC Pub. Lib. When Cross arrived in Kansas City, only one other person in residence seemed capable of matching him in terms of his overall knowledge of architecture and in design capabilities: Percival Gaugh, a little-known, older architect. Cross, therefore, could expect some early attention from those wishing to build residences and business houses. However, most of the work done prior to Cross's arrival, when measured by known examples of antebellum architecture, aimed more to practicality than to elegance. But then most of those acting as architects actually were building contrac­ tors, and probably they knew little about the niceties of archi­ tectural design other than what would be found in the standard builders' handbooks. In this context, Cross's first building in Kansas City, which can be documented with certainty, interestingly is a comparatively splendid, two-story banking facility with a facade of stone and brick. The Mechanic's Bank, on which construction began in 1860, immediately received recognition as being—for Kansas City—a distinguished design.14 14 The newspaper, Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, August 18, 1860, singles out the building, and more particularly its architect, for mention on the basis of the plans and drawings. Usually such notices featured a building's owner rather than its architect. 22 Missouri Historical Review

Skilled as an architect in 1860, Cross would still need time to persuade prospective clients to hire an architect rather than a builder to provide designs. Then (more difficult by far) would be to convince them to opt for the modish styles which would cost more. The comparative high style of the Mechanic's Bank probably stems from it being a branch of a bank in St. Louis. So given the circumstances in the city, the lumberyard operation provided a fairly dependable source of income, while Cross developed his reputation as an architect capable of designing more than just simple, utilitarian structures. Apparently the lumber company rarely, if ever, required a full-time commitment from Cross. For a time he had a junior partner in George W. Rippey and he hired laborers as needed. Thus, the time to devote to his second business readily seemed available, at least until several years after the Civil War. In the early years, the two businesses appear closely intertwined. His lumber dealings with carpenters and builders could easily lead to various small jobs requiring his architectural skills, such as drawing plans, writing specifications or preparing estimates. This early arrangement seems to have worked so well that, in contrast to others who called themselves architects in the city, he avoided the need to advertise himself as such. At least this appeared true during his first nine years in Kansas City, indicating that he had no great difficulty gaining some business as an architect while operating a lumberyard. Another factor contributing to this early, low profile as an architect undoubtedly was the precipitous decline in construction in the city during the first two years of the Civil War. Another factor might have been Cross's perception that being seen in the community as primarily a merchant worked to his advantage. Unquestionably, Cross received respect as a merchant. That image surely gained for him many valuable contacts with prospective clients for his architectural services. Because of his status as a businessman in 1863, he was elected as city treasurer. Supporters encouraged him to run for the post of mayor the following year.15 The Cross lumberyard had its competitors. In 1858, a total of ten yards in the city dealt in pine lumber. Some appeared larger,

15 Cross ran for treasurer and won on the "Unconditional Union Ticket" in 1863, see Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, April 2, and 7, 1863. Data concern­ ing the mayoralty can be found in ibid.: urged to run, March 17, 1864; declined, March 19, 1864; nevertheless, nominated by the "Union Protection Association," March 23, 1864; instead appears as candidate for treasurer on the UPA ticket, March 27, 1864; narrowly defeated by opposing ticket in April 4 election, April 9, 1864. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 23 others smaller; the Cross operation seemed about average in the size of the stock it carried.16 Regrettably, equivalent data for other years have not been uncovered, but his business records suggest that Cross never made an effort to increase significantly his share of the city's lumber trade. Granted, the dollar-amount of lumber he sold in the period 1865-1869 ranged proportionately larger than that of the period 1858-1860. However, this increase resulted from the postwar building boom rather than any special enterprise by Cross. A year-by-year breakdown of his sales figures through the life of the lumber business (Table A) shows that the Cross firm reached a plateau in its third year, 1860. The business then suffered a precipitous decline in 1861 and 1862 before showing some revitalization. The abrupt decline represents the impact of the Civil War on the economy (and political stability) of Kansas City. The plateau immediately preceding that probably reflected the severe

16 An article on lumberyards provided this information, see ibid., April 26,1858.

TABLE A Gross Sales for the Cross Lumber Company, 1858-1871

Year Cash Credit Total 4/58-3/59° $ 6,204.43 65$ $3,326.55 35$ $ 9,530.98 100$ 4/59-12/59° 11,125.70 65$ 6,007.78 35$ 17,133.48 100$ 1860 11,072.16 70$ 4,797.24 30$ 15,869.40 100$ 1861 2,463.95 76$ 785.66 24$ 3,249.61 100$ 1862 2,937.50 91$ 282.68 9$ 3,220.18 100$ 1863 7,371.35 98$ 131.88 2$ 7,503.23 100$ 1864 10,475.45 92$ 935.91 8$ 11,411.36 100$ 1865 28,486.20 99$ 340.07 1$ 28,826.27 100$ 1866 54,383.36 >99$ 79.11 <1$ 54,462.47 100$ 1867 30,617.25 98$ 581.42 2$ 31,198.67 100$ 1868 51,900.40 99$ 516.80 1$ 52,417.20 100$ 1869 38,806.89 100$ 0.00 0$ 38,806.89 100$ 1870 15,318.21 98$ 252.51 2$ 15,570.72 100$ 1/71-3/71° 2,611.91 79$ 678.11 21$ 3,290.02 100$ ° Initially, the business year ran from April 1 to March 31, changing to coincide with the calendar year starting with 1860; 1871 was a partial year, with sales concluded in March. > = greater than; < = less than 24 Missouri Historical Review

drought during the summer of 1860, which depressed economic growth and construction in the Kansas City region. Perhaps this sequence of slowdown and deep decline dampened Cross's interest in significantly expanding the lumberyard operations after peace returned. Regardless, he probably never enjoyed a leadership role in the lumber trade of the city, thus, his lumber business records may be viewed as truly "typical." During the period of reduced lumber sales, Cross's archi­ tectural practice would not have grown enough to pick up the slack, yet he survived the difficult years of the Civil War. While he had income from his post as city treasurer, in 1863, this hardly would have compensated for the significant decline in his regular business operations.17 He must have been sustained somehow by some ancillary activities, or by his St. Louis connection, though the books for the lumber company do not reveal anything special along those lines. Two additional account books contain entries which seemingly record architectural services. Here, the name of a client appears typically with but one entry of a payment. Neatly rounded, the amounts range, for the most part, from $10 and $15 to three-figure sums of $200-$400. A few larger amounts can be tied definitely to building projects, which reinforces the assumption that all in this group refer to architectural work. Primarily for the period 1867- 1871, these entries do not correlate with the ebb and flow of the early years of the lumber business. Indeed, the records do not provide much insight into the relationship of the two operations. The account books of the A.B. Cross Company of Kansas City, though incomplete, nevertheless contain a great deal of informa­ tion about the business. These records confirm, that from the very first, the Rippey company in St. Louis supplied almost all the goods sold by Cross (see Table B). Analysis of the books supports the interpretation that the Rippey company acted as a silent partner.18 The occasional designation, "Cross & Rippey," in ad­ vertisements undoubtedly indicated to Kansas Citians the local association with either George W. Rippey or the later S.L. Rip-

17 The only records concerning these city matters which survive are newspaper reports of City Council sessions. At the time that Cross served as the city treasurer, that official was paid on a commission basis. See relevant article on council expenditures in Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, October 18, 1863. The total amount Cross earned this way is not known, but seems to be only several hundred dollars at best. 18 The detailed analysis of the several account books was done by Peggy Schrock, who in addition to an M.A. in Art History, holds an M.S. in Accountancy. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 25 pey.19 Whatever the arrangement with his junior partners, Cross, without question, remained in charge of the Kansas City operation. The occasional references to him and his business in the local newspaper support this impression. Evidently, Cross did not hire someone specifically to keep the books. His double-entry bookkeeping, for the most part, easily can be interpreted today by someone familiar with the system. Pre­ sumably, he or one of the Rippeys did the books. Or, William E. Taylor, Jr., Cross's stepson, may have assisted when he became old enough.

19 Sorting out the various relationships (and family connections) of the several Rippeys proved difficult. George W. Rippey, listed as 20 years old in the 1860 census, presumably was closely related to Matthew Rippey, perhaps a son. He was guaranteed a minimum income (as junior partner) as was Cross. He also received a share of the profits until 1860, and even withdrew small amounts of cash in 1861 and 1862. His account was closed to the M. Rippey Company's account in December 1867. S.L. Rippey, who appears in Kansas City after the Civil War, was first an employee (1867), and then he received small cash amounts until April 1870, when his account, too, was closed to the M. Rippey Company. Cross Family Papers, folders 1, 2 and 3, and oversize items, A, B and C.

TABLE B Merchandise Purchased: Comparison of Suppliers to the Cross Lumber Company

Year Rippey Other Total 1858 $ 6,343.01 48% $ 6,907.74* 52% $13,250.75 100% 1859 2,353.37 19% 10,336.01* 81% 12,689.38 100% 1860 1,085.19 6% 15,746.30* 94% 16,831.49 100% 1861 707.37 80% 179.70* 20% 887.07 100% 1862 1,821.56 80% 447.10* 20% 2,268.66 100% 1863 4,337.51 60% 2,893.41* 40% 7,230.92 100% 1864 8,001.48 96% 347.70 4% 8,349.18 100% 1865 23,988.01 >99% 148.25 <1% 24,136.26 100% 1866 40,063.14 99% 323.60 1% 40,386.74 100% 1867 22,028.23 98% 371.57 2% 22,399.80 100% 1868 36,313.68 96% 1,568.14 4% 37,881.82 100% 1869 26,282.12 98% 463.25 2% 26,745.37 100% 1870 6,379.65 84% 1,242.98 16% 7,622.63 100% * These figures in the "Other" column (for 1858-1863) are based solely on the General Journal. Lacking the relevant Cash Book, they therefore are overstated since it was impossible to separate out costs, such as all hauling, piling and handling of lumber, as well as Rippey's costs, which are not included after 1863. 26 Missouri Historical Review

Known as Will Taylor, he received architectural training from his father. Undoubtedly he worked at the lumberyard, probably starting around the age of twelve.20 This means Will, born in October 1856, would have joined his father as an "apprentice" late in 1868. An entry in the Cash Book, "1 suit of cloathes Will" for $35, dated November 7, 1868, supports this assumption. Since Cross scrupulously kept the financial aspects of the lumber business independent of his domestic expenses, the purchase of clothes for Will can be linked to apprenticeship costs. Will's assistance, even as an apprentice, would be useful to Cross. Lumber sales had become substantial, and the demand for architectural services increased. Consequently, in early 1867, Cross shifted from retail to wholesale operations in his lumber business.21 This switch permitted a reduction in the number of individual transactions without a loss of revenue. By thus simplifying the lumber operatons, Cross gained time to devote to his architectural practice, undoubtedly increasing in the postwar construction boom. A further indication of his shifting emphasis, Cross finally began to advertise as an architect, in early May 1867.22 By 1869, Cross had several important architectural commis­ sions, including a mansarded office building at "The Junction," where two major commercial streets, Main and Delaware, con­ verged at Ninth Street. That year, Cross served as the architect for the Nelson House at Second and Main, intended to be the largest hotel in the city. By then, Cross felt the city's growth sufficient to permit him to depend solely on his architectural practice, and other such activities as investment in real estate. The account books indicate he decided to start reducing the lumber business in 1869. In March 1871, after thirteen years in the Kansas City lumber trade, operations ceased except for some miscellaneous cash transactions. Cross made closing entries in June 1874. Three account books provide the principal information about the lumber business. One, the General Journal, contains daily entries from April 1858 through March 1871, covering the life of the firm. The second, a Cash Book has daily entries, but covers 20 An article in the Kansas City Daily Mail, October 29, 1878, which referred to the work of Cross & Taylor, noted that Taylor had "plied himself faithfully under the direction of Mr. Cross" for ten years. 21 The notation on a receipt for a special tax levied by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, dated March 27, 1867, plus the nearly total cessation of over-the-counter retail purchases about the same time, provide the evidence for the shift to wholesale operations. Cross Family Papers, f. 70. 22 Cross ran simple "cards" in the newspaper and in the city directory. The first ad simply stated: "A.B. Cross, Architect & Superintendent, Office at Lumber Yard, Main Street, Kansas City, Mo." Kansas City Journal of Commerce, May 3, 1867. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 27

Native Sons Coll., Mo. Valley Rm., KC Pub. Lib. A.B. Cross served as the architect for Vaughan's Diamond (1869) at Ninth & Main, Kansas City. only the period of October 1863 through March 1871. The third, General Ledger, provides the most valuable book of record and covers the entire life of the firm. All three account books include post-March 1871 entries related to the final transactions to close out the books, occurring in June 1874. Other books have not survived. Cross used a straightforward accountancy system, except for coalescence of the costs of goods and the profit margin into a single account, and substitution of a "petty ledger" account for "accrued sales."23 The crediting of profits and losses to the propri­ etorship accounts of A.B. Cross and M. Rippey, show how much support the St. Louis firm provided to the one in Kansas City.

23 The General Ledger, covering the entire life of the firm (April 1858 through March 1871), summarizes all financial information about the company. Though lacking details regarding specific transactions, it provides data on the position of the business at any time and also particular accounts. Cross credited the total sales price directly to his Merchandise Account. He determined his profit by doing a physical inventory, calculating the value of the goods, at cost, and then inserting this into the account balance. The credit amount which was left was the profit. Apparently this became an annual exercise. The debit column in the Merchandise Account repre­ sented the cost of the goods purchased, which included losses due to breakage and theft (since they would not appear on the inventory), and the credit column reflected the gross sales. The difference between the debits and the credits would indicate a profit or loss on goods sold during that year. 28 Missouri Historical Review

Table C summarizes the Gross Margin on Sales, and the distribu­ tion to Cross and his partners. Rather than being the difference between sales and purchases, the gross margin included a factor dealing with changes in the inventory and any change in accrual, from the end of one fiscal year to start of the next. Each partner had an account with the company, thus making it clear that the company represented an entity separate from its owners. Cross appears, therefore, as a client of the company. He did not pay himself a salary, but periodically withdrew cash as needed, noting the transaction in his account. He also occasionally removed merchandise, and in this sense acted like any other credit customer.24 Finally, he made entries in the Profit and Loss account much as if he and the company exchanged IOUs on a running tab. Matthew Rippey, as a partner, tolerated this, since he supplied most of the merchandise and eventually realized his gains.

24 While we can only guess at his purposes in doing this, we have documentary evidence that in his first year in Kansas City he "paid' a contractor in lumber for building a house, presumably for his own use. Cross Family Papers, f. 65. Much later, we learn that Cross owned some developed property in town. Perhaps the arrangement first cited was repeated.

TABLE C Gross Margin on Sales

Gross Mar Admin Net Distribution to: Year on Sales Exp Profit A.B. Cross G.W. Rippey M. Rippey 1859 $3,450 (460) $2,990 $1,750 $1,166 $100 1860 2,638 (500) 2,138 900 600 647 1861 105 (190) (85) 187 (273) 1862 350 (71) 279 500 Real Estate (212) 1863 1,622 (140) 1,482 800 (20) 710 1864 3,145 (332) 2,813 1,200 (200) 1,849 1865 3,715 (588) 3,127 1,200 1,933 1866 6,050 (2,625) 3,425 1,200 (466) 2,765 1867 1,118 (2,140) (1,022) 1,500 (2,350) 1868 3,650 (1,500) 2,150 1,100 1,100 1869 2,860 (2,380) 480 240 240 1870 (800) (1,200) (2,000) (1,000) (1,000) 1871° 730 (1,360) (630) (330) (330) •1D artial year. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 29

The Gross Sales, when compared to the Cost of Goods Sold (Table D), provides a clearer image of the scale of the operation and how much things changed after the Civil War. By then the business finally became truly profitable, so why did Cross decide to close it down? Two factors seem to have influenced him. First, major changes in the Matthew Rippey company in St. Louis began in 1871.25 If Matthew Rippey indeed had been the principal force behind the launching of the A.B. Cross operation in Kansas City, as well as acting as a silent partner, any changes in St. Louis would affect the Kansas City lumber company. Unfortunately, none of the extant documents casts any light on this matter. Second, since growth in the lumber trade directly reflected increases in building construction, Cross as architect faced a choice as to the best use of his time. The architectual opportunities presented by the postwar boom in the growing city undoubtedly tantalized him. Also, as an architect he avoided the complexities of a partnership arrangement. Cross never entered into an architec-

25 For example, a perusal^ of the classified and alpha sections of the St. Louis city directories for citations of the M. Rippey Co. indicate that in 1871 George W. Rippey was associated with Matthew Rippey. In 1872, the listing changes to G.W. Rippey Co. In 1875, George Rippey's wife is listed as a widow, and Rippey's lumber company is no longer listed.

TABLE D Gross Margin on Sales Based On Actual Costs Rather Than Inventory

Year Gross Sales Cost of Goods Sold Margin 1858 $ 9,530 $13,250 ($ 3,720) 1859 17,135 12,690 4,445 1860 15,870 16,830 (960) 1861 3,250 890 2,360 1862 3,220 2,270 950 1863 7,500 7,230 270 1864 11,410 8,350 3,060 1865 28,825 24,135 4,690 1866 54,460 40,385 14,075 1867 31,200 22,400 8,800 1868 52,415 37,880 14,535 1869 38,805 26,745 12,060 1870 15,770 7,660 8,110 Note: all figures rounded. 30 Missouri Historical Review

tural partnership except for an arrangement worked out with his stepson, William E. Taylor. Cross dominated that comparatively short-lived association. Taylor soon became a specialist in railroad architecture and began to move toward an autonomous practice. However, to the railroad clients the Cross & Taylor umbrella remained in effect until Taylor's death, at the age of twenty-seven, providing them the appearance of dealing with a long-established firm despite his youth. Several tables, compiled from company business records, of­ fer interesting insight concerning the rapid decline in the city's economy as armed conflict increased. A reversal began as early as 1863. Considered an important firm in the city, based on the status of its clients, it likely represented no unique pattern for that specific business. Newspaper accounts during the period similarly suggest that many business operations in the city followed a similar decline and recovery. The Cross records particularize the pattern. Recovery seems to have stemmed from the return of compara­ tive calm to western Missouri. With it came hope that Kansas City's future might brighten to equal or surpass its prewar potential. Curiously, QuantriH's Raid, which sacked Lawrence, Kansas, on August 21, 1863, seemingly contributed to the subsequent improve­ ment. That event, as much as all the previous raids, skirmishes and ambushes, led to the issuance of General Order No. 11 on August 25. The order intended to clear, from the Missouri border counties below the river, all sympathizers to the Southern cause. Despite some opposition to the harsh order, even from loyal Unionists, the measure seemed to reduce significantly guerrilla warfare in the area. From then on, only the raid by Confederate forces under General Sterling Price and the Battle of Westport in late October 1864, generated a renewed apprehension for the security of the city. Thus, the records of the Cross Lumber Company support newspaper commentaries that the effects of Order No. 11 pro­ vided a boost to the commerce of Kansas City. With 1865, Kansas City not only impatiently awaited peace, but also the arrival of the railroad. The war effectively had stopped the westward extension of the Pacific Railroad (Missouri Pacific). With the renewal of construction, the line from St. Louis reached Kansas City on September 20, 1865.26 The following year successful efforts secured both federal authority for a bridge over the Missouri River at Kansas City and a commitment for its

26 See Charles N. Glaab, Kansas City and the Railroads (Madison, Wise, 1962), passim, for a full discussion of the early railroad history of Kansas City. A. B. Cross Lumber Company 31

Mo. Valley Rm., KC Pub. Lib. Cross served as architect for the Jackson County Courthouse (1872) at Second & Main, Kansas City. construction by the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. This meant that Kansas City would enjoy direct linkage to both major east- west railroads, and thus to Chicago as well as St. Louis. These events provided a significant impulse for the city's growth in the years immediately after the Civil War. Cross's company sales also reflected this growth. Cross quickly took advantage of the railroad, and his first lumber shipment by rail arrived on October 9, 1865. Riverboat shipments ceased for all practical purposes except for a period in 1868, when both boats and trains transported incoming freight.27 By the time A.B. Cross Company ceased daily operations, in March 1871, the city already recognized Asa Beebe Cross as its

27 Starting in May 1868, Cross received lumber shipments by both rail and riverboat through October 1868, with the exception of June. Other cases of dual shipment were few and minor. Cross clearly preferred rail. Perhaps the interlude in 1868 might have been part of a campaign to influence rail rates. See Cash Book, Cross Family Papers, oversize item A. 32 Missouri Historical Review principal architect.28 While he now had some significant competi­ tion, he had the advantage of thirteen years of work in the city as both architect and merchant, something no other architect could approximate. As an example of the respect he garnered in those years, supporters had encouraged him to run for mayor in 1864. He declined due to the press of his business affairs. In 1871, a news­ paper, reporting on his architectural practice, listed over $450,000 worth of building he had planned and superintended that year.29 His conversion of the Nelson House into the Jackson County Courthouse indicates his capabilities. Long before he died, in August 1894, A.B. Cross was called "the pioneer architect of Kansas City."30 His obituaries noted the lumber business, but understandably concentrated on his accom­ plishments as an architect. However, when first available for study in 1982-1983, the lumber company's records revealed the signifi­ cance of that business to Cross's being accepted by Kansas Citians. The lumber business, therefore, played an integral part in his achievements as an architect. These records document the impor­ tance of ancillary business enterprises for some professional people on the frontier in nineteenth-century America.

28 Evidence for this is based on the way he was referred to in newspaper accounts, e.g. Kansas City Times, November 12, 1871, called him one of "our two most prominent architects." Also, a list of clients developed from a variety of sources shows that many of the leading citizens and businesses in the city patronized him. 29 The newspaper article cited in ibid., provided a building list and costs for that year. 30 In a brief biography in The History of Jackson County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1881), 758.

Signs

Boonville Central Missouri Advertiser, May 30, 1868. When you see a young man and woman walking down the street, leaning against each other like a pair of badly matched oxen, it is a pretty good sign that they are bent on consolidation.

Missouri Mules

Maiden Merit, May 17, 1912. A pair of Missouri mules raised in Platte County, weighing 3,700 pounds, sold for $80.00 this amount being paid to the man who raised them on the farm. They were shipped to San Francisco, where they were later sold for $1,500, probably the record price for a span of mules in this country. General Mosby M. Parsons Missouri Secessionist BY ROBERT E. MILLER*

Mosby Monroe Parsons played a prominent role in the seces­ sionist cause in Missouri, yet he remains a shadowy figure in Missouri history. As the momentous events of 1860-1861 plunged Missouri into civil war, he emerged as the spokesman for the radical, "ultra" proslavery minority which sought to insure that Missouri would stand by the South. He was a zealous, outspoken advocate of slavery and states' rights. As these issues polarized American politics, he became a bitter, uncompromising foe of Northern aggression. Even after he had surrendered the Confed­ erate forces at Shreveport, Louisiana, on May 5, 1865, he remained unreconciled to the Union victory. He wrote his father:

* Robert E. Miller is a retired chemist. He received the B.A. degree from Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, and the Ph.D. from Fordham University, New York, New York. He obtained the M.A. degree in History from the University of Missouri-St. Louis and is currently a doctoral candidate at Washington University, St. Louis.

33 34 Missouri Historical Review

Though beaten, I am not subdued. I intend ever to feel, act and speak as a free man. The parole I must take in a few days will tie my hands and seal my lips against the anarchy and terror while I breathe its polluted air.1 Mosby Parsons relinquished a promising legal career and risked the wrath of his prominent father-in-law, Judge Robert W. Wells, to serve on the side of the South. As a general officer in the Confederate army, he participated in seven major military engage­ ments in the Trans-Mississippi Department during the Civil War. He had enlisted in the Confederacy to save Missouri for the South, yet he spent four and one-half years fighting outside of the state he had chosen to defend. Even in death, he failed to receive recogni­ tion. At the conclusion of the conflict, he fled to Mexico where he died at the hands of guerrillas in August 1865. Compassionate Mexicans buried him in an unmarked grave near China, Mexico. The eldest son of Gustavus Adolphus and Patience Monroe Parsons,2 Mosby Monroe Parsons was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, on May 21, 1822.3 In Mosby's thirteenth year, the Parsons family moved to Cooper County, Missouri.4 By 1840, the family occupied a spacious home overlooking the Missouri River near Capitol and Adams streets in Jefferson City, Missouri.5 Mosby apparently attended St. Charles College in St. Charles, Missouri,

1 M.M. Parsons to father and mother, June 5, 1865, M.M. Parsons Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 2 Albemarle County Marriage Ronds and Consent Papers, 1818-1821, Albemarle County, Virginia, microfilm, 72, in Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia. 3 Undated manuscript in M.M. Parsons Collection; W.V.N. Bay, Reminiscences of the Rench and Rar in Missouri (St. Louis, 1878), 590; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1901),V, 68. In the U.S. Census, 8th Report, 1860, "Cole County, Missouri," 383, M.M. Parsons is listed as a lawyer, age 38. There is evident confusion in the literature regarding General Parsons's correct given name. He has been referred to as Mosby Monroe Parsons and Monroe Mosby Parsons. General Parsons apparently was called Monroe by his family and friends. However, his given name in official documents is recorded as Moseby [sic] M. Parsons in the U.S. Census, 7th Report, 1850, "Cole County, Missouri," 92, and as Mosby M. Parsons in the Marriage Records of Cole County, Missouri, Book A, 300, cited in Guy M. Sona and Ruth W. Sona, Marriage Records of Cole County, 1821- 1900 (Jefferson City, 1964), 208. 4 Bay, Rench and Rar, 590. 5 Myrene Hobbs, typescript note on the Parsons's family history, 1942, in Cole County Historical Society, Jefferson City, Missouri. Gustavus A. Parsons was the clerk of the circuit court of Cole County, Missouri, from 1847 to 1863. He also served as paymaster and adjutant general of the Missouri militia between 1858-1860. Robert M. Stewart to G.A. Parsons, May 31, June 10, 1858, April 5, 1859; G.A. Parsons to R.M. Stewart, December 9 and 21, 1860, all in Robert M. Stewart Papers, 1858-1860, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia and State Historical Society Manuscripts; "Documents Illustrating the Troubles on the Border, 1860," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, II (October, 1907), 61-77. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 35 before studying law in the office of Judge James W. Morrow. He received admittance to the Missouri bar in 1846.6 In May 1846, in response to a call by Governor John C. Edwards to organize mounted volunteers for service in the war with Mexico, Mosby Parsons raised a company of men from Cole County, afterwards designated as Company F, 1st Regiment of Missouri Volunteers. The regiment, commanded by Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan, joined the Sante Fe expedition under Colonel Stephen W. Kearny.7 While the regiment trained at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in June 1846, Parsons secured the senior captaincy. In February 1847, Captain Parsons commanded a company of dragoons charged with the security of the column on the march to Chihuahua, Mexico.8 Parsons's command engaged Ute and Navajo Indians near Albuquerque and the Zuni pueblo and fought the Mexicans at the battles of Brazito and Sacramento.9 For his "gallant conduct" at Sacramento, Captain Parsons received a citation from Colonel Doniphan.10 After the capture of Chihuahua on March 2, 1847, General Zachary Taylor ordered the Missouri Volunteers to New Orleans to be mustered out of service. Mosby Parsons returned to St. Louis on June 30. At this time, Judge W.V.N. Bay described Parsons as "one of the finest men we ever saw . . . straight as an Indian . . . dignified and graceful."11 After the Mexican War, Parsons resumed his legal career. On September 18, 1850, he married Mary Wells, the daughter of District Judge Robert W. Wells, a staunch Unionist and a supporter of Thomas Hart Benton.12 By this time, Parsons had aligned himself with the "Boonslick Democracy," the pro-Southern wing of the 6 Bay, Rench and Rar, 590; Conard, Encyclopedia, Hist, of Mo., V, 68. No extant records confirm Mosby Parsons's attendance at St. Charles College. 7 History of Cole, Moniteau, Morgan . . . Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1889), 251; Vivian K. McLarty, ed., "Letters of William H.H. Gist. A Volunteer from Weston, Missouri, in the War with Mexico," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLVIII (April, 1954), 237. 8 "Journal of Marcellus Ball Edwards, 1846-1847," Marching with the Army of the West, 1846-1848, in Southwest Historical Series (Glendale, Calif., 1936), IV, 237; William E. Connelley, Doniphan's Expedition and the Conquest of New Mexico (Topeka, Kan., 1907), 136-137. 9 William Clark Kennedy, "Recollections of Our War with Mexico. Memoirs of a Missouri Volunteer," in Civil War Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Connelley, Doniphan's Expedition, 284-300; John T. Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition (Cincinnati, 1848), 89, 98, 151-153; "William H. Richardson's Journal of the Doniphan Expedition," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXII (July, 1928), 511-512; "Journal of Edwards," 203; St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, April 20, May 1, 3, 4 and 15, 1847. 10 Alexander W. Doniphan to A. Jones, AG, March 4, 1847, cited in Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition, 159. 11 Bay, Rench and Rar, 591. 12 Marriage Records of Cole County, Missouri, Book A, 300, cited in Sona and Sona, Marriage Records of Cole County, Missouri, 1821-1900, 208. 36 Missouri Historical Review

state Democratic party. In 1856, Mosby Parsons represented Cole County in the lower house of the state assembly. In his only significant legislative actions in this body, he twice cast his vote against the selection of Thomas Hart Benton for one of the two vacant seats in the United States Senate from Missouri; he voted instead for James S. Green and Trusten Polk.13 Serving as the chairman of the Judiciary and Militia committees, he accepted other committee assignments.14 After a single term in the house, in 1858, he successfully campaigned for the state senate. Benjamin F. Massey, the secretary of state of Missouri, considered Senator Parsons as "influential as any in that body."15

13 Journal of the House of Representatives, Mo. 19th General Assembly (Jeffer­ son City, 1857), 83, 90. 14 Conard, Encyclopedia, Hist, of Mo., V, 68; Journal of the Senate, Mo. 20th General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1859), 40-41. 15 B.F. Massey to John F. Snyder, August 25, 1860, in John F. Snyder Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Journal of the Senate, Mo. 21st General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1861), 58. There is no evidence to support the identification of Mosby M. Parsons as the attorney general of the state from 1853 to 1857. Lloyd Hunter, "Missouri Leaders after the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXVII (January, 1973), 374; Ezra Warner, Generals in Gray (Baton Rouge, La., 1959), 228; Jon L. Wakelyn, Rio- Eng. by John Rogers, Diet. Amer. Ports.

Senator Thomas Hart Benton Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 37

Mosby Parsons developed into one of the most strident pro- Southern leaders in the Missouri legislature. His actions consistently supported the efforts of the slaveholding minority in the state to regulate and control the status of black labor. Although he did not own slaves, he defended the right of those who did to expect government protection for their property. As part of his continuing efforts to sustain the interests of the slaveholding minority in the state, Senator Parsons introduced legislation to punish the theft of blacks.16 He also voted against the Free Negro Bill which fixed residence requirements for free blacks in Missouri.17 Presumably, Parsons anticipated that passage of this bill would soon lead to legislation regulating slave property. He also defended the recom­ mendations of the Judiciary Committee to restrict the circulation of abolitionist documents in the state.18 Mosby Parsons's strong opposition to Thomas Hart Benton reflected his proslavery loyalty. Benton's failure to speak out against the prohibition of the extension of slavery in the territories dis­ turbed him. He also viewed with suspicion the efforts of the Bentonites to provide subsidies for the Pacific and North Missouri railroads in which the city and county of St. Louis held the majority of shares.19 To prevent Unionist exploitation of the rail lines which terminated in St. Louis, on March 5, 1860, he voted against a bill introduced by Thomas B. English to assist the state's financially troubled railroads.20 In the election year of 1860, the once-powerful Democratic party had split over the issue of slavery in the territories. A contest developed between regular Democrats led by Stephen A. Douglas and the Southern rightists headed by John C. Breckinridge for control of the national party. When Missouri Democrats met at the state nominating convention in Jefferson City in early April, they divided along the same lines as the national party. In firm control of the party machinery, the proslavery element successfully maneuvered the election of the convention officers from its own graphical Dictionary of the Confederacy (Westport, Conn., 1977), 338. Mosby Parsons's papers do not contain any references to such service. Conard, Encyclo­ pedia, Hist, of Mo., V, 78, places James B. Gardenhire in that post from 1852 to July 1856 while E.B. Ewing served from August 1856 to September 1859. 16 St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, March 13,1860. 17 Ibid., January 14,1860; St. Louis Evening News, December 17, 1859. 18 St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, January 6, 1860. 19 B.F. Massey to J.F. Snyder, February 15, 1860, RJ. Robertson to J.F. Snyder, March 4, 1860, B.F. Walker to J.F. Snyder, March 7, 1860, all in John F. Snyder Collection. 20 St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, March 5, 1860. 38 Missouri Historical Review ranks. Parsons, for example, became a member of the influential Committees on Resolutions and Credentials and an elector from the Seventh Congressional District.21 Senator Parsons took an active part in the convention proceed­ ings. On April 10, he offered a resolution to seat the divided county delegations which sent both Douglas and Breckinridge supporters to the convention. He upheld the "ultra" states' rights position, supporting the resolutions of the convention which denied Con­ gress or the territorial legislatures the power to inhibit or prohibit slavery in the territories. He also called for the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law. Parsons, as a member of the pro-Southern caucus, voted to approve the Jackson resolutions which asserted that Congress did not have the authority to prevent slaveholders from taking their property into the territories and condemned Northern antislavery agitation.22 Meanwhile, Mosby Parsons adamantly opposed the "treason­ able" activities of Senator Douglas. He worked diligently to strengthen the resolve of those Democrats opposed to the Douglas candidacy and announced "I shall not be an elector" if Douglas became the party's nominee for president.23 He explained to John Snyder: I cannot so long as I claim to retain a spark of honor, so stultify and degrade myself as advocate in the same breath the use of Stephen A. Douglass [sic] and the prin­ ciples of our party as laid down in the Missouri platform. I believe his squatter sovereignty and his anti-Supreme Court views, on the Dredd [sic] Scott case are the most dangerous principles against the perpetuity of the govern­ ment, that have ever been maintained.24 Factional infighting within the state party centered on the nomination for governor. Senator Parsons had received some support on the eve of the convention as an opposition candidate to Claiborne Fox Jackson. B.F. Massey wrote to Snyder: "Parsons . . . would like very much to be governor . . . but I don't think his time has come . . . yet."25 James L. Minor of Cole County nominated Parsons for governor at the convention, but he received only 959

21 J.F. Snyder, "The Democratic State Convention of Missouri in 1860," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, II (January, 1908), 126; St. Louis Missouri Daily Democrat, April 11, and 13, 1860. 22 Snyder, "Democratic Convention," 115-116. 23 M.M. Parsons to John F. Snyder, June 1, 1860, John F. Snyder Collection. 24 M.M. Parsons to John F. Snyder, June 12, 1860, in ibid. 25 B.F. Massey to John F. Snyder, February 9, 1860, in ibid. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 39

Claiborne F. Jackson

Walker-Mo. Comm. votes on the first two ballots.26 C.F. Jackson received the nomina­ tion when all other candidates withdrew on the third ballot. As Jackson began to vacillate in his earlier support of John C. Breckinridge on the national ticket, the "ultra" wing of the state Democratic party pressed him to declare his position. Jackson then came out for Senator Douglas, and the pro-Southern Missouri Democrats broke with the regular party. The dissidents selected Hancock Jackson and Mosby Parsons, both unquestionably loyal to the Southern cause, as their standard bearers. Parsons campaigned hard against Claiborne F. Jackson, maintaining that: . . . the effect of electing C.F.J, under the present cir­ cumstances will have the effect to damage the cause of Breck[inridge], both here and in other states ... to give the state to Jackson Douglassism [sic] would be to surrender all hope of success in Nov. Parsons contended that Jackson ". . . bolts our principles" and "our duty to our party and its principles demands that we should discard him without hesitation."27

26 Snyder, "Democratic Convention," 121-122; St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 16, 1860. 27 M.M. Parsons to Colonel J.F. Snyder, July 8, 1860, John F. Snyder Collection. 40 Missouri Historical Review

Despite the fact that James S. Green and Thomas C. Reynolds came out strongly in opposition to the Hancock Jackson-Parsons ticket, the nominees remained optimistic.28 They had solid support in the central counties of the state and took encouragement from events in the southern portion of the state.29 Parsons wrote on July 8, that "the Breckinridge elements are moving down there and all they want is a little encouragement to go almost to a man for us."30 C.J. Corwin, the public printer for Missouri, reported "the news is good from Parsons' candidacy. He will get a large vote in the counties in which he speaks."31 However, when the elections took place in August, Hancock Jackson and Parsons finished a poor third behind C.F. Jackson and Sample Orr, the Constitutional Union candidate.32 On September 20, 1860, Missouri Democrats met in Jefferson City for the second session of the nominating convention to "adopt measures which will insure unity of action" and heal the split in the party. But Senator Parsons's speech the next day, repudiating the Douglas nomination, compelled the session to adjourn without achieving its objective.33 When the 21st Missouri General Assembly met in Jefferson City on December 21, South Carolina already had seceded from the Union and Federal troops had seized the St. Louis arsenal. Mosby Parsons now grasped for the opportunity to organize Missouri's resistance to Federal coercion. When the legislature hesitated to arm the state for its own defense, he introduced, on January 5, 1861, the Military Bill to equip the militia.34 The strongly Unionist German element in St. Louis protested the new army law "whose originator Monroe Parsons is infamous for his plan. . . ,"35 to equip the state militia from state education funds. With the arrival of a Federal detachment in St. Louis on January 11, Parsons offered a resolution directing the governor of

28 Campaign circular in ibid.; Thomas C. Reynolds to C.F. Jackson, July 9, 1860, Thomas C. Reynolds Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 29 C.J. Corwin to Colonel J.F. Snyder, July 24, 1860, John F. Snyder Collection. 30 M.M. Parsons to Colonel J.F. Snyder, July 8, 1860, in ibid. 31 C.J. Corwin to Colonel J.F. Snyder, July 24, 1860, in ibid. 32 William Roed, "Secessionist Strength in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXII (July, 1978), 413-415; Sceva B. Laughlin, "Missouri Politics During the Civil War,"jbid., XXIII (April, 1929) ,423-424. 33 Snyder, "Democratic Convention," 129. 34 Thomas L. Snead, The Fight for Missouri (New York, 1886), 67-68; Thomas L. Snead, "Missouri," 10, manuscript in Thomas L. Snead Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; St. Louis Daily Evening News, February 6, 1861; Robert J. Rombauer, The Union Cause in St. Louis in 1861 (St. Louis, 1909), 139. 35 St. Louis Anzeiger des Western, January 8, 1861. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 41

Missouri to "inquire of the President what has induced him to place the property of the United States within this state in charge of an armed Federal force/'36 M. Jeff Thompson, the former mayor of St. Joseph, Missouri, and soon to become a Confederate general, noted that "Parsons . . . seemed to be the only one whose mind was made up."37 On January 12, Parsons urged Missouri to secede from the Union.38 He rejected the Crittenden Compromise and all other proposals for arbitration of the dispute because, The Union ... is dissolved and the question is simply this[:] Which way should Missouri go[?] Shall she go North or shall she go South [?] I regard any man who is willing to stay in the Union under the present circumstances as a submissivist.39 Mosby Parsons had made his choice: "Missouri should go South at all hazards. Missouri should hold out her hands to the Southern states. . . ."40 Meantime, he engaged in stalling tactics to prevent the election of a new senator from Missouri to replace James S. Green, whose term in Congress would expire on March 3. Rather than vote for a senator to a "Northern Confederacy," Parsons chose to wait for the actions of the upcoming state conven­ tion to determine Missouri's role in the Union. He would vote for a candidate sympathetic to the Southern cause—"otherwise never."41 Contrary to the expectations of the "ultras," however, the popular elections, held on February 18, did not select a single Breckinridge supporter. The convention met in Jefferson City on February 28, 1861. Although not a delegate,42 Parsons expressed opposition to the selection of Sterling Price as the presiding officer of the convention. Thomas C. Reynolds, who would succeed C.F. Jackson as Missouri's Confederate governor in 1863, remarked that "There is considerable intimation (especially by senators [sic] [Robert L.Y.] Peyton, Parson [sic] and [Henry A.] Lyday) of an intention to oppose his confirmation unless he should come out as a

36 Snead, The Fight for Missouri, 103-104; Rombauer, Union Cause, 141. 37 "This is the Story of the War Experiences of Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson written by Himself and edited by his youngest daughter, Marcie A. Bailey," typescript, folder 2, p. 18, Meriwether Jeff Thompson Papers, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia. 38 Snead, "Missouri." 39 Ibid., January 28, 1861. 40 Ibid., January 18,1861. 41 Ibid., January 28, 1861. 42 Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City, March, 1861 (St. Louis, 1861), 9-10; Laughlin, "Missouri Politics During the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXIII (Tuly, 1929), 592. 42 Missouri Historical Review southern rights man. . . ."43 The convention proceedings proved a blow to the secessionists; the Federal Relations Committee held that no adequate cause existed for Missouri to dissolve its connec­ tion with the Union.44 Anxious weeks of waiting came to an end with the fall of Fort Sumter on April 12. On the 17th, Governor Claiborne Jackson issued a stinging refusal to President Lincoln's call for troops. The Missouri legislature passed the Military Bill, on May 10, which provided for the organization of the militia to repel invasion.45 When Governor Jackson activated the Missouri State Guard on May 21, Mosby Parsons received command of the Sixth Division consisting of 530 men.46 The selection of Sterling Price as the commanding officer of the guard was expected to have a stabiliz­ ing influence. Unionist Senator Robert Wilson of Andrew County commented that ". . . if these hot-headed boys who are now commanding are left to themselves, they will carry us to the devil."47 Wilson alluded to Peyton, Parsons and Colton Greene, then taking charge of the volunteers. Judge Robert W. Wells became greatly angered when Parsons, his son-in-law, outwardly joined the Southern opposition.48 In June 1861, General Parsons commanded the secessionist forces defending Jefferson City, but when superior Federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon approached the city, he abandoned it on June 13. After burning the bridges over the Gasconade and Osage rivers, Parsons's force retired to Tipton on the Pacific Railroad.49 When General Lyon took Boonville, General Parsons failed to move promptly to support the state troops in that battle.50 43 Thomas C. Reynolds, "Sterling Price and the Confederacy," 17-18, in Thomas C. Reynolds Papers. 44 William E. Parrish, Turbulent Parntership: Missouri and the Union, 1861-1865 (Columbia, Mo., 1964), 11-12. 45 Laws of the State of Missouri Passed at the 21st General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1861), 43; Snead, The Fight for Missouri, 173; Arthur R. Kirkpatrick, "Missouri in the Early Months of the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LV (April, 1961), 239-240. 46 Robert S. Bevier, The History of the First and Second Missouri Confederate Rrigades, 1861-1865 (St. Louis, 1879), 31; J.C. McNamara, "Historical Sketch of the Sixth Division of the Missouri State Guard," 1-3, in M.M. Parsons Collection. 47 Robert Wilson, May 12, 1861, in Reynolds, "Sterling Price and the Con­ federacy," 23. 48 Roy T. King, "Robert W. Wells, Jurist, Public Servant and Designer of the Missouri State Seal," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXX (January, 1936), 128. 49 McNamara, "Sixth Division, Missouri State Guard," 4-5; Snead, The Fight for Missouri, 208; Henry C. Levens and Nathaniel Drake, The History of Cooper County (St. Louis, 1876), 101; Rombauer, Union Cause, 220. 50 Hans C. Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 1861 (Philadelphia, 1976), 127; John S. Marmaduke to T.L. Snead, September 29, 1885, in Governors Collection, Mis­ souri Historical Society, St. Louis; James Harding to Dr. Snead, August 5, 1885, Thomas L. Snead Papers. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 43

Governor Jackson, assuming personal command of the remnants of the state guard, fled southward toward Cowskin Prairie by way of Lamar. General Parsons supervised the troublesome task of trans­ porting the guard's ammunition supply in an assortment of farm wagons.51 On July 4, a Union force under Colonel Franz Sigel marched north from Neosho and reached Carthage on a direct line with the Confederate retreat. Stung by what he considered unjust criticism of his failure to come to the rescue at Boonville, General Parsons moved to attack SigeFs army. Although present on the field, Governor Jackson left the entire management of the battle to him.52 After a short fight, Sigel broke off the engagement and retreated to Springfield.53 In late July, the state guard, under Sterling Price, marched north to join Arkansas troops under General Ben McCulloch. General McCulloch expressed grave reservations about the ef­ ficiency of the Missouri contingent. "I find," he wrote the War Department on July 18,

51 Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 136. 52 McNamara, "Sixth Division, Missouri State Guard," 12-13. 53 Ward Schrantz, "The Battle of Carthage," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXI (January, 1937), 140-149; The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C., 1880-1901), Series 1, Volume III, 34-37. Hereafter cited as O.R.

This view shows the breastworks thrown up for the defense of Jefferson City. 44 Missouri Historical Review

that his [Price's] force ... is badly organized, badly armed, and now almost entirely out of ammunition. This force was made by the concentration of different commands under their own generals . . . there is no concert of action among them, and will not be until a competent military man is put in command of the entire force.54 General Parsons also aroused the displeasure of General McCulloch when he appropriated the tents and clothing of the 3rd Louisiana Regiment stored at Cassville.55 On August 6, the Confederate army under the command of General McCulloch camped in the Oak Hills along Wilson's Creek, about ten miles southwest of Springfield. When the Federal army, under General Nathaniel Lyon, surprised General James S. Rains's state guard division on the morning of August 10, Parsons was ordered to his assistance. In his official report of the battle, Parsons stated that ". . . the enemy gave'way and sullenly retired toward the summit of the high ridge toward the northwest. ..." after his first assault.56 His command made two more attacks on the Union position before Major Samuel D. Sturgis, who had succeeded to the Union command after the death of General Lyon, ordered a withdrawal. In General McCulloch's action report, he cited Parsons along with other Missouri generals for "gallant conduct."57 After the battle of Wilson's Creek, General Parsons's division found the yet unburied body of General Lyon in the house of John S. Phelps near Springfield. Parsons had the remains buried in the Phelps garden on August 14, with appropriate military honors. Eight days later, a Federal ambulance party proceeded to the Phelps farm when "General Parsons . . . came up, introduced himself . . . and tendered a guard for the body and a team over night. . . ."58

54 Ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 611. 55 Victor M. Rose, The Life and Times of Gen. Ren McCulloch (Austin, Tex., 1958), 185, 191. 56 M.M. Parsons to S. Price, August 14, 1861, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. LIII, 431; Edwin C. Bearss, The Rattle of Wilsons Creek (Bozeman, Mont., 1975), 101-102. The Glasgow Weekly Times, August 15, 1861, erroneously reported that General Parsons had been mortally wounded in the action at Wilson's Creek. 57 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. Ill, 106. 58 J.C. McNamara, "Oak Hills," 15-25, in M.M. Parsons Collection; Return I. Holcombe and—Adams, An Account of the Rattle of Wilsons Creek (Springfield, Mo., 1961), 104. Other versions of Lyon's burial do not emphasize General Parsons's role. See for example, William M. Wherry, "Wilson's Creek, and the Death of Lyon," in Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel, eds., Rattles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1956), I, 297; Hardy A. Kemp, About Nathaniel Lyon, Rrigadier General United States Volunteers and Wilsons Creek (n.p., n.d.), 152-156; John McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri (Washington, D.C., 1909), 186-187. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 45

A painting by Levin & Mulligan depicts the death of General Lyon. General Price now led the state guard north to Lexington, Missouri. Enroute, on September 2, Parsons's command engaged in a sharp skirmish with Jayhawkers under Senator James H. Lane at Dry Wood Creek near Nevada, Missouri.59 By September 18, Confederate forces completely encircled Lexington; Parsons de­ ployed his command on Cedar Street. The next day, he received orders to move his command across the Missouri River to intercept a Federal relief column under General Sturgis. After Sturgis's Union column had been turned back, Parsons's soldiers resumed their position in the siege of the city.60 On the 20th, General Price directed him to move his troops inside of the Union works and receive the surrender.61 Shortly thereafter, Confederate scouts reported a new Federal army at Rolla, and the Confederates hastily fell back to Cross Hollows, Arkansas. During the last week of October, Parsons took leave of his command to attend a special session of the 21st Missouri General 59 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. LIII, 435. 60 James A. Mulligan, "The Siege of Lexington, Mo.," in Johnson and Buel, eds., Rattles and Leaders, I, 311-312; Ephraim Anderson, Memoirs: Historical and Per­ sonal, Including Campaigns of the First Missouri Confederate Rrigade (Dayton, 1972), 72; M.M. Parsons to S. Price, September 23, 1861, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. LIII, 449-450; Harold F. Smith, "The 1861 Struggle for Lexington, Missouri," Civil War History, VII (June, 1961), 162. 61 J.C. McNamara, "Lexington," 30-31, in M.M. Parsons Collection. 46 Missouri Historical Review

Assembly. The remnants of the assembly, still loyal to Governor Jackson, met on October 28, in Neosho, Missouri. The session adjourned and reconvened at Cassville on October 31, where Parsons introduced An Act to Encourage the Reenlistment in the Missouri State Guard.62 The decline in the number of recruits led General Parsons to appeal to the citizens of the Sixth Military District of Missouri for volunteers: Then I ask you in the name of all that we cherish upon this earth, in the name of our honor, our families, and of those who are to come after us, to rally to the call of your gallant old leader, the general-in-chief [Sterling Price].63 On January 10, President Jefferson Davis finally assigned General Earl Van Dorn to weld into an army the substantial numbers of Confederate soldiers in the new Trans-Mississippi District of Department Number 2.64 On March 4, 1862, Van Dorn ordered the newly designated Army of the West to move from Van Buren, Arkansas, to Bentonville for an attack on the Union army

62 Journal of the Senate, Extra Session of the Rebel Legislature, Mo. 21st General Assembly (Jefferson City, 1865), November 2, 1861, 16. 63 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. LIII, 757. 64 Robert G. Hartje, Van Dorn, The Life and Times of a Confederate General (Nashville, 1967), 104.

This old Masonic Hall, in Neosho, once served as the Missouri Confederate Capitol. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 47 under General Samuel R. Curtis. During the ensuing battle of Pea Ridge, Parsons's infantry remained with the northern wing of the Confederate army under Van Dorn and participated in the action around Elkhorn Tavern on March 7 and 8.65 Parsons, however, had been in Richmond at this time on some undisclosed mission and did not rejoin his command in time for the battle of Pea Ridge.66 General M. Jeff Thompson, who went to Richmond in February 1862, declared that "I hurried back to Columbus [Kentucky?] as fast as possible. I had the pleasure of travelling part way with . . . General Monroe Parsons, Col. Kelly and other officers of the Missouri State Guard."67 Late in March, General Albert Sidney Johnston, over-all Con­ federate commander in the West, feared a complete Confederate collapse east of the Mississippi as a result of the loss of Forts Henry and Donelson together with a substantial portion of his army.68 He ordered General Van Dorn to transfer his army to the eastern side of the Mississippi River. Between March 23 and April 8, the Army of the West assembled at Des Arc, Arkansas, to begin the reloca­ tion to Tennessee. Those state guard troops willing to follow Van Dorn out of the Missouri-Arkansas district were consolidated under General Parsons. Parsons had been appointed the commanding officer of the guard by Governor Jackson on April 8, 1862.69 Because the necessary transportation facilities had not been pro­ vided, the reenforcements reached Tennessee too late to participate in the battle of Shiloh.70 Parsons's 2nd Division, 2nd Corps arrived in Corinth, Mississippi, on April 11 and moved into line on May 6.71

65 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. VIII, 260; John W. Noble, "Battle of Pea Ridge or Elkhorn Tavern," in War Papers and Personal Reminiscences 1861-1865, Volume I of Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Missouri Commandery (St. Louis, 1892), 234; Dabney Maury, "Recollections of the Elkhorn Campaign," South­ ern Historical Society Papers, II (July-December, 1876), 180-193. 66 Bevier, History of the First and Second Missouri Confederate Rrigades, 96; Anderson, Memoirs: Historical and Personal, Including Campaigns of the First Missouri Confederate Rrigade, 163, 482. 67 "War Experiences," typescript, folder 5, 61-62, Thompson Papers. 68 Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge, La., 1968), 81-82. 69 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. VIII, 814. 70 A portion of the State Guard under General Parsons, which had not yet enlisted in the regular Confederate service, volunteered to cross the Mississippi River. It did not participate in the battle of Corinth on October 4, 1862, having been released from further service east of the river by order of General Braxton Bragg. Only Sterling Price's Missouri troops, which were a part of the Confederate army, fought at Corinth. Arthur R. Kirkpatrick, "Missouri's Secessionist Government, 1861- 1865," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLV (January, 1951), 129; O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 855; ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XVII, part 2, 610. 71 John C. Moore, "Missouri," in Confederate Military History (Atlanta, 1899), IX, 85-86. 48 Missouri Historical Review

The division saw limited action at Farmington and Rienzi between May 8 and 20.72 Following the Confederate evacuation of Corinth on May 29, Parsons's infantry moved south through Baldwyn to Tupelo, Mississippi, where it halted on June 6. General Parsons briefly assumed command of the Missouri division while Sterling Price travelled to Richmond to confer with President Jefferson Davis.73 After its release from further service in the Mississippi theater, the state guard received orders to report to General Thomas C. Hindman in Arkansas.74 It returned to Des Arc on August 11. In the fall of 1862, Parsons's brigade became a will-o'-the-wisp and caused some concern among the Federal high command in that area. In the period from August to October, Union reports placed the brigade at Laconia, Arkansas,75 along the Missouri- Arkansas border between Yellville and Pocahontas,76 and even in Oregon County, Missouri, preparing for an attack on Rolla.77 On October 26, General Parsons shifted his command across the Boston Mountains to Fayetteville, Arkansas, where he received notification that his troops had been "turned over by Governor Jackson to the Confederacy."78 Shortly thereafter, on November 5, 1862, Mosby Parsons received his commission as a brigadier general in the Army of the Confederate States of America.79 In mid-November 1862, General John M. Schofield, the Union commander in Missouri, undertook an invasion of Confederate Arkansas. Two Union armies under Generals Francis J. Herron and James G. Blunt were sent to crush the Rebels under General Hindman near Cane Hill, Arkansas. General Parsons's infantry, which had engaged the forward elements of Blunt's command at Russellville on December 6, deployed on the left flank of the Confederate line near Prairie Grove church as Hindman attempted

72 Anderson, Memoirs: Historical and Personal, Including Campaigns of the First Missouri Confederate Rrigade, 194-196; Charles E. Hooker, "Mississippi," in Confederate Military History, VII, 53-54; O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. X, part 2, 524. 73 General Orders No. 16, June 8, 1862, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, Collection 2293, folder 10, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, Columbia. 74 John M. Harrell, "Arkansas," Confederate Military History, X, 120; O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 855. 75 Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion (Washington, D.C., 1894-1922), Series 1, Volume 23, 299. 76 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 675, 731, 778. 77 Colonel John M. Glover to General Schofield, September 16, 1862, in ibid., 641-642. 78 Harrell, "Arkansas," Confederate Military History, X, 135; Colonel James Deshler to M.M. Parsons, September 24, 1862, in Civil War Papers, Missouri His­ torical Society. 79 Moore, "Missouri," Confederate Military History, IX, 218. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 49 to concentrate against Herron. However, on December 7, Blunt came up and stormed Parsons's position. Parsons wrote in his report: At this time the enemy made furious assaults on my lines with a galling fire from three batteries, and a concentration of musketry on my center with the evident intention of breaking it. . . . The Federal advance failed, but an enemy force slipped through the woods and struck Parsons's exposed flank a second time. Parsons's report continues: "The enemy was beaten badly in his two attacks . . . when seeing the enemy advance a third time ... I had determined to charge the enemy with the bayonet. . . ."80 After the engagement, General Hindman commended his brigadiers, including Mosby Parsons, noting that ". . . [they] did their duty nobly."81 On February 9, 1863, the Richmond government renewed its efforts to restore Confederate authority in Arkansas by appointing General E. Kirby Smith as the new commander of the Trans- Mississippi Department.82 Sterling Price returned to the District of Arkansas to invigorate that region. When General Price attempted to distribute a number of battle flags which he had received from the ladies of New Orleans, Parsons's men refused to accept them. They believed a red cross on a white background symbolized Catholicism. Price placated their prejudices by reminding them that the colors were those of the Crusaders and they represented the Crusaders of their time.83 When some soldiers of the command robbed farmers near Grand Glaze, Arkansas, Parsons reacted as a stern disciplinarian. He "issued an order threatening pillagers with severe punishment and enjoined officers of his command to make strenuous efforts to detect and arrest all plunderers."84 In June 1863, General Theophilus H. Holmes reluctantly accepted Sterling Price's plan for an attack against Helena, Arkansas, to divert Federal pressure on Vicksburg. Parsons, on

80 Report of Brig. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons, December 17, 1862, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. LIII, 460-461; Stephen B. Oates, Confederate Cavalry West of the River (Austin, Tex., 1961), 88-101; Harrell, "Arkansas," Confederate Military History, X, 109. 81 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, part 1, 143. 82 Ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XV, 948; ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, part 2, 787. 83 Article by J.C. McNamara, St. Louis Missouri Daily Republican, December 5, 1885. 84 R.J. Bell Diary, June 6, 1863, in M.M. Parsons Collection. Surgeon Bell's diary covers the period from June 2, 1863 to August 18, 1863. 50 Missouri Historical Review

General Sterling Price

orders from Holmes, marched his brigade from Jacksonport, Arkansas, on June 22, to rendezvous with the remainder of Price's command at Cotton Plant. The Missourians slogged through a region which torrential rains had turned into "one vast lagoon." Surgeon R.J. Bell, of Parsons's brigade, wrote: "I have walked in mud and water all day and am wet and muddy up to my knees."85 After ten days on the march, Price's columns finally assembled west of Helena. Surgeon Bell felt that "The attack on Helena was a grievous mistake. . . . The natural defenses of Helena . . . were perhaps equal to those around Vicksburg."86 Parsons's infantry assaulted Graveyard Hill on the morning of July 4, and captured Battery C. Holmes now directed Parsons to attack Fort Curtis, a large redoubt west of the city. The Missourians scrambled wildly down the hill, but cannon fire from the Federal gunboat Tyler halted the advance. When further attacks failed to dislodge the Federals from their position, the Confederates slowly

85 Ibid., June 25-30, 1863. 86 Ibid., June 31, 1863. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 51 retreated to Des Arc on the White River. Sterling Price singled out Mosby Parsons in his report: The admirable conduct of Brigadier-General Parsons not only upon the field, but on the march, merits my earnest commendation, while his skill and gallantry, as well as his long and uninterrupted active service as brigadier-gen­ eral . . . , are, in my opinion, worthy of recognition on the part of the Government.87 The Confederate situation in Arkansas continued to worsen in the summer of 1863. When the Rebels abandoned Little Rock on September 10, and fell back to Arkadelphia, several officers under Price—Parsons, James S. Fagan and John S. Marmaduke—con­ demned the evacuation as a mistake.88 Thomas C. Reynolds, who had succeeded C.F. Jackson as the Confederate governor of Mis­ souri, also criticized Price's actions. In the months following, rela­ tions between Price and Reynolds worsened. When Price received support for an appointment to the Confederate Senate, Reynolds considered the selection of Mosby Parsons to the Congress. How­ ever, Governor Reynolds finally appointed Waldo P. Johnson.89 In the winter of 1863-1864, Parsons's brigade operated in the Van Buren-Rockford-Camden triangle. The Missouri brigade re­ tained its elan; General Price reported "a fine appearance they made."90 At this time, General Parsons's health had deteriorated. On December 12, he relinquished command of the brigade to Colonel Simon B. Burns. He was nursed at a plantation near Collinsburg, Louisiana, by a woman to whom he supposedly had been engaged in Jefferson City.91 Union strategy now centered on the capture of Shreveport, Louisiana, the heart of the Confederate military, industrial and commercial network in the trans-Mississippi. A Federal army of 27,000 men under General Nathaniel Banks moved up the Red

87 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, part 1, 415-416. 88 Leo E. Huff, "The Union Expedition Against Little Rock, August-September, 1863," Arkansas Historical Quarterly, XXII (Fall, 1963), 223-237; Harrell, "Arkansas," Confederate Military History, X, 215-222; Reynolds, "Sterling Price and the Con­ federacy," 128. 89 Ibid., 163. 90 William McPheeters Diary, December 24, 1863, in William McPheeters Col­ lection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 91 J.C. McNamara, "Parsons' Brigade in the Red River Campaign," St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 6, 1886. Colonel Austin Standish, Mosby Parsons's brother-in-law, had been taken to the plantation of Dr. Sandages at Collinsburg, Louisiana, when wounded late in the war. It could not be determined whether this was the same plantation at which Mosby Parsons had recuperated. Mildred Parsons to —, n.d., typescript in Cole County Historical Society, Jefferson City, Missouri. 52 Missouri Historical Review

River accompanied by a naval flotilla of 23 vessels. At the same time, General Frederick Steele marched south from Arkadelphia, Arkansas, with a force of 12,000 Union troopers. Banks's column presented the greatest danger. General Smith ordered the divisions of Mosby Parsons (assigned command of the Missouri division on March 25, 186492) and General Thomas C. Churchill to report to General Richard Taylor, the Confederate commander in charge of the District of West Louisiana, at Keatchie, Louisiana.93 After the defeat of the Federal army under Banks at Mansfield (Sabine Crossroads) on April 8, 1864, Parsons and Churchill headed the pursuit of the Union army reeling toward the village of Pleasant Hill. The Missouri and Arkansas troops marched a day and a half to get into position. On the afternoon of April 8, General Taylor directed the Missouri and Arkansas divisions to envelope the Federal left flank.94 The initial Confederate movement succeeded;

92 McNamara, "Parsons' Brigade in the Red River Campaign," St. Louis Mis­ souri Republican, November 6, 1886. 93 Waldo Moore, "The Defense of Shreveport—The Last Confederate Redoubt," in T. Harry Williams, Military Analysis of the Civil War (Millwood, N.Y., 1977), 397-399; Richard B. Irwin, "The Red River Campaign," in Johnson and Buel, eds.^ Rattles and Leaders of the Civil War, IV, 352. 94 Ludwell H. Johnson, The Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War (Baltimore, 1958), 154-162; John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana (Baton Rouge, 1963), 349-352.

Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 53

General Parsons reported: "I ordered the whole line to charge. . . . The enemy's force here was put to flight. . . ." However, as the Missouri soldiers continued to advance on the village, a Union brigade from the Sixteenth Corps struck Parsons's infantry on the flank, driving them across a creek in confusion. General Parsons's report continued: . . . the enemy . . . debouching from the timber on my right in line of battle . . . attacked me on both flanks and threatened annihilation of my gallant but small command. All that could possibly save it from destruction was a speedy retreat, which was well accomplished.95 General Banks then retreated to Grand Ecore, Louisiana. After the battle, General Taylor led the divisions of Parsons, Churchill and John G. Walker into Arkansas to rejoin General Price and destroy the smaller Union command under General Steele. This Union army had suffered stinging defeats at Marks' Mills and Poison Spring before taking refuge in the town of Camden.96 On the night of April 26, Steele's command slipped out of the town and attempted to ford the Saline River at Jenkins' Ferry. The Saline bottoms at Jenkins' Ferry, described as the "worst swamp in Arkansas," appeared a dismal area overgrown with a dense forest.97 It had rained incessantly for eighteen hours before Churchill's Arkansans made contact with the enemy on April 30. Churchill soon notified General Parsons that unless the Missourians supported him, he "would be compelled to retire in a few minutes."98 Parsons dispatched John B. Clark's brigade to Churchill's support, while Simon B. Burns's brigade attempted to turn the Federal left. One of the Arkansas soldiers later observed: This brigade [Burns's] was one of the best the Confederacy ever had. . . .It was the boast of the commander that it had never lost a man except to death. So when it passed ... on the roadside with Parsons . . . riding in front, its members

95 M.M. Parsons to A.H. Sevier, AAG, April 13, 1864, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXXIV, part 1, 602. 96 Mike Fisher, "Remember Poison Spring," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXXIV (April, 1980), 330; Edwin C. Bearss, Steele's Retreat from Camden (Little Rock, 1967), 15-37, 42-79. M.M. Parsons has been identified erroneously as a participant in the battle of Marks' Mills by Mark Boatner, Civil War Dictionary (New York, 1959), 622, and by Ezra Warner, Generals in Gray (Baton Rouge, 1951), 229. This action involved only General James S. Fagan's command. On the day of the battle, April 25, 1864, General Parsons's command approached Camden and occupied the town the next day. 97 Bearss, Steele's Retreat, 135-140; Johnson, The Red River Campaign, 197-198. 98 Ibid., 199-200; Bearss, Steele's Retreat, 137-138. 54 Missouri Historical Review

told our wounded to be of good cheer, for they were going down to "get even."99 But Burns's attack failed; his troops disengaged and moved to the rear. Parsons reorganized his brigade and led it back into action. He failed to link up with Walker's left and his men floundered in the swamp. When Walker's attack collapsed, Parsons directed his men forward. He boasted that this maneuver turned the tide of battle. "The enemy perceiving himself to be flanked on the left immediately ceased firing and retired from the field in disorder."100 Although Steele's army crossed the Saline in safety, Shreveport remained in Confederate hands throughout the war. In 1864, Kirby Smith initiated belated attempts to recognize Mosby Parsons's military accomplishments. His brigade of Mis­ sourians, a superb fighting unit, had been in combat for three years. Parsons's combat leadership and his administrative ability had been acknowledged by his superiors. He had been cited in action reports by each of his area commanders—Price, McCulloch, Hindman and Kirby Smith.101 J.P. Johnson, the inspector-general of the Confederate army, reported on February 16, 1864: "His [Price's] brigadier generals, Parsons, Tappan, Drayton and Churchill are

99 Fordyce [Arkansas] Advocate, April 30, 1935, cited in ibid., 138. 100 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXXIV, part 1, 814-815. 101 For his conduct at Helena, Wilson's Creek, Prairie Grove and Pleasant Hill.

Cen. Kirby Smith Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 55 excellent officers, and take great interest in their commands."102 Sterling Price considered Parsons one of his most efficient field officers. He urged the promotion of Mosby Parsons and asked General Kirby Smith to take action in the matter: By his tact, good sense, skill and military ability he has always kept his brigade in the very highest state of discipline and efficiency, and has at this time, the very best brigade in the service within this district.103 In April 1864, General Kirby Smith recommended the promo­ tion of six officers to the rank of major general, including Mosby Parsons, pending the approval of President Davis.104 The president, however, refused to approve General Parsons's promotion because his small command did not warrant the increased rank.105 Kirby Smith, however, continued his efforts in behalf of those officers he had nominated for promotion. He solicited the assistance of Arkansas Senator R.W. Johnson of the Confederate Congress. He wrote Johnson: "I hope you will urge the appointment of the general officers, as recommended by me at the close of the campaign last spring."106 The Official Records reveal no appoint­ ment of Mosby Parsons to the rank of major general in the Confederate army, either by the War Department or President Davis. However, he apparently acted in that capacity after Sep­ tember 1864, when official correspondence identified him as a major general.107 In a letter to his son, Kearny, on February 16, 1865, he asked him to direct his letters to "Maj. Gen. M.M. Parsons, District of Arkansas."108 Parsons surrendered the 4th Division, C.S.A., at Shreveport in May 1865, and received a parole as major general.109

102 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, part 2, 1130. 103 S. Price to S. Cooper, March 26, 1864, ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. LIII, 976; S. Price to E.K. Smith, April 2, 1864, ibid., 977. 104 Joseph E. Parks, General E. Kirby Smith, C.S.A. (Baton Rouge, 1962), 417; Robert L. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy (New York, 1972), 403-404; E.K. Smith to S. Cooper, October 28, 1864, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, part 4, 1016. 105 E.K. Smith to J. Magruder, December 9, 1864, ibid., 1103-1104; Harrell, "Arkansas," Confederate Military History, X, 277. 106 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XLVIII, part 1, 1429. 107 E.P. Turner, AAG to Maj. Gen. M.M. Parsons, September 16, 1864, ibid., Ser. 1, Vol XLI, part 3, 928-929. A letter from Surgeon R.J. Bell to Colonel S.S. Anderson, AAG, Trans-Mississippi Department, dated January 21, 1865, endorsed by Major General M.M. Parsons, in M.M. Parsons Collection. Marcus Wright, General Officers of the Confederate Army (New York, 1911), 97-98, cites an order of May 13, 1864, which gives the date of Parsons's promotion as April 30, 1864. 108 M.M. Parsons to Stephen K. Parsons, February 16, 1865, M.M. Parsons Collection. 109 J.C. McNamara, "Historical Sketch of the Sixth Division of the Missouri State Guard," 5, in M.M. Parsons Collection; Wright, General Orders of the Confederate Army, 97-98. 56 Missouri Historical Review

Mosby Parsons's last active role in the field came in September 1864. His Missouri division and the Arkansans of General Churchill feinted toward Little Rock from Monticello, Arkansas, as a diver­ sion for Sterling Price's raid into Missouri. General Parsons and his Missourians, however, did not accompany Price on this raid.110 Perhaps because Parsons sent General Price his congratulations for a "successful raid,"111 Price asked Parsons to serve as his counsel on courtmartial charges brought by Missouri's governor-in-exile, Thomas C. Reynolds. Reynolds had accompanied Price's raid into Missouri and determined to destroy him for the "weak and dis­ graceful plundering raid" which had damaged the Confederate cause in Missouri.112 Parsons, however, declined on March 22, 1865, because "we are on the eve of an active campaign."113 As the war drew to a close, General Parsons commanded the District of Arkansas between February 13, and April 19, 1865.114 In the sum­ mer, he remained in command after the Confederate surrender at Shreveport until relieved by Federal troops.115 Mosby Parsons joined the many Southerners who chose to flee to Mexico to recoup their fortunes. His sister, Mildred Standish, tried to dissuade him from attempting this dangerous journey. She recalled that he responded sharply: "Did you ever know me to decide to do a thing and then not do it [?] Do you suppose that we are afraid of a few Mexicans after what we've been thru [sic]?"116 In July 1865, Mosby Parsons, in company with Aaron Conrow, a member of the Confederate Congress from Missouri,117 Colonel Austin Standish, his assistant adjutant general,118 and three Irish

110 Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West, 204; O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, part 3, 919, 922. No mention of General Parsons or his unit is found in ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, part 1, 622-648, which reports the event, or in Ralph R. Rae, Sterling Price: The Lee of the West (Little Rock, 1959), 214-216; R.L. Brown and AT. Irwin, "Army Journal of Price's 1864 Raid," Civil War Papers; George S. Grover, "The Price Campaign of 1864," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, VI (July, 1912), 167-181, or Howard N. Monett, "The Confederate Advance to Lexington, 1864," Missouri Historical Society Rul- letin, XIX (April, 1963), 260-272. 111 M.M. Parsons to S. Price, November 16, 1864, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, part 4, 1054-1055. 112 Trusten Polk to Thomas L. Snead, August 11, 1864, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, part 2, 1060-1061; Castel, Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West, 256-263; Robert E. Shalhope, Sterling Price: Portrait of a Southerner (Columbia, Mo., 1971), 274-276. 113 M.M. Parsons to S. Price, March 22, 1865, O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XLVII, part 1, 1442. 114 Ibid., 1389; ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, part 3, 919, 928. 115 M.M. Parsons to father and mother, June 5, 1865, M.M. Parsons Collection. 116 "Recollections of Mrs. M.P. Standish," 17-18, in ibid. 117 Conard, Encyclopedia, Hist, of Mo., II, 109. 118 Undated manuscript in M.M. Parsons Collection. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons 57 soldiers from his brigade, proceeded south from San Antonio, Texas. Here, other Confederate generals and politicians had gathered to overtake a group led by General Joseph O. Shelby.119 Parsons and his party arrived at Eagle Pass on the Mexican border after Shelby and his followers had departed. On July 16, Parsons and his group reached Monterrey, Mexico, where they joined a wagon train guarded by French Imperialist troops. Juaristas am­ bushed the convoy and turned it back. Parsons and the five members of his party, now anxious to return to the United States, left the escort and returned to Monterrey to arrange transportation. Before the exiles could reach the safety of the city, however, guerrillas captured and executed all five Confederates near China, Mexico, on or about August 17, 1865.120 General Francis J. Herron, who fought against General Parsons at Prairie Grove and accepted his surrender at Shreveport, told his sister, Mildred Standish: "I have never known a braver or better man."121 The enormity of the civil conflict in 1861-1865 has obscured the role of Mosby Parsons. His contributions to the political legacy of Missouri have passed unnoticed. His meritorious service to the Confederacy in the Trans-Mississippi Department has received almost no recognition. He lived brightest in the memories of the valiant members of his brigade who named the United Con­ federate Veterans post in Cole County, Missouri, in his honor.122

119 The details of Parsons's flight to Mexico can be found in John N. Edwards, Shelby and His Men, or War in the West (Cincinnati, 1867), 550-551; John N. Edwards, "Shelby's Expedition to Mexico," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XV (April, 1921), 553-558; L.A. Pindall to Mrs. M.P. Standish, February 3, 1869, M.M. Parsons Collection. 120 Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, 622. 121 Letter written by Mildred Standish, typescript in Cole County Historical Society. 122 Hobbs typescript in ibid.

Dunce Block?

Roonville Weekly Eagle, August 4, 1871. A Schoolmaster tells the following good story: I was once teaching in a quiet country village. The second morning of the session I had time to survey my surroundings, and among the scanty furniture I espied a three-legged stool. "Is this the dunce block?" I asked a little girl of five. The dark eyes sparkled, the curls nodded assent, and the lips rippled out, "I guess so; the teacher always sits on it." Trefts Photo, St. Hist. Soc. Mo. St. Louis Street Scene, 1940s

Fighting For Democracy in St. Louis: Civil Rights During World War II BY PATRICIA L. ADAMS*

The protest activities of black Americans during World War II have been called the "forgotten revolution" in the civil rights movement.1 Many historians have written about the diplomatic and military events of the war, but few have considered the influence of the war on civil rights. At the time, the Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal observed that "an ideological war fought in defense of democracy" would lead to a "redefinition of the Negro's status in America." Myrdal's study of the "American dilemma" convinced him that American blacks appeared better prepared than ever before to fight for their rights.2

"Patricia L. Adams is the archivist of the Saint Louis Art Museum. She has the B.A. and M.A. degrees in American History from the University of Missouri-St. Louis.

1 Richard M. Dalfiume, "The Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution," Journal of American History, LV (June, 1968), 90-106. 2 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, 1944), 1004, 1008.

58 Civil Rights During World War II 59

The development of sustained civil rights organizations during the war seemed to confirm Myrdal's theory. A. Phillip Randolph founded one of the largest and most militant of them, the March on Washington Movement (MOWM), a direct response to the rhetoric and goals of the war. Randolph and older civil rights leaders saw the nation's rationale for war as their basis for equal rights and opportunities. At the beginning of World War II, black leaders demanded defense jobs and integration of the armed forces. By its close, they had increased their demands to include an end to discrimination in all areas of their lives.

St. Louis reflected the national experience. In 1940 blacks in St. Louis could not attend major league baseball games, go to plays and movies at city theatres, eat in white-owned restaurants, swim in city pools, live in restricted covenant neighborhoods, or send their children to St. Louis and Washington universities. A segregated city, it offered few exceptions. Only the city's streetcars and the Union Station restaurant were integrated. Many black St. Louisans called it "just a big Southern city."3 During the war, blacks demon­ strated, marched, picketed, and held rallies and sit-ins to open up jobs in the defense industries and to abolish segregation in public accommodations.

The boom in the defense industry in 1940 and 1941 left blacks behind. The armed services discouraged them from joining, war contractors did not train them and defense plant managers hired blacks only when they exhausted the supply of white employees. The government told defense laborers they worked for democracy. But, the "working for democracy" campaign mocked black Ameri­ cans in both senses. As Roy Wilkins, then the editor of the NAACP's Crisis, noted, "[blacks do] not need the NAACP to show [them] that it sounds pretty foolish to be against park benches marked 'Jude' in Berlin, but to be for park benches marked 'colored' in Tallahassee, Florida."4 Black leaders realized that demands for jobs and an end to segregation had a greater impact during a "war for democracy." They had learned from World War I not to suspend their fight for civil rights. Hitler's Germany differed greatly from

3 Sidney R. Redmond, interview on July 6, 1970, for the Black Community Leaders Oral History Project, Joint Collection, University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection, St. Louis and State Historical Society Manuscripts. Valla Abbington, Nathan B. Young, David Grant, Theodore McNeal and Nathaniel Sweets, also interviewed for the project, all referred to St. Louis as a Southern City. 4 R.W. Logan, ed., What the Negro Wants (Chapel Hill, 1944), 130. 60 Missouri Historical Review

Roosevelt's America, but the war abroad "did not lessen the obligation to preserve and extend civil liberties at home."5 In January 1941, A. Phillip Randolph, president of the Brother­ hood of Sleeping Car Porters, issued an appeal for 10,000 blacks to march on Washington on July l.6 When the NAACP and Urban League supported the march, Randolph claimed that: Negroes by the mobilization and coordination of their mass power, can cause President Roosevelt to issue an executive order abolishing discriminations in all govern­ ment departments, Army, Navy, Air Corps and national defense jobs.7 The black press, including the St. Louis Argus, covered the plans for the upcoming march in May and June 1941.8 Mary McLeod Bethune of the National Council for Negro Women and the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority called conferences for June 30 and July 1 in Washington.9 Just the threat of the march caused the administration to reconsider its position.10 On June 24, the president promised to issue an executive order establishing a commission to end discrimination in defense jobs if protestors would call off the march. Randolph agreed. The next day Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802. On July 19, he appointed the first Fair Employment Practice Commission, known as the FEPC.11 Although the establishment of an FEPC had been a major goal, Randolph decided the movement should continue, to "police" the commission. He and other black leaders did not believe the defense industries would comply without a fight. The threat of a march could keep the FEPC honest.12 After Pearl Harbor, the public considered militant activity by blacks as unpatriotic. Blacks supported the war effort but they would not give up their fight for civil rights. The Pittsburgh Courier started the "Double V for victory campaign." Its goal for victory against fascism abroad and discrmination at home reflected the war aims for most black Americans.13

5 Walter White, NAACP press release, December 12, 1941, quoted in Myrdal, American Dilemma, 850. 6 Pittsburgh [Pennsylvania] Courier, January 25, 1941. 7 The Rlack Worker, VII (May, 1941), 4. 8 St. Louis Argus, June 13, 20, 27, 1941. 9 Herbert Garfinkel, When Negroes March (Glencoe, 111., 1959), 58. 10 New York Amsterdam News and the Chicago Defender reported on May 31, 1941, that as many as 50,000-100,000 blacks would go to Washington, D.C., on July 1. Garfinkel,W/ien Negroes March, 58 11 Ibid., 61. 12 New York Amsterdam News, July 5, 1941. 13 Booker T. Washington Trading Stamp Company, Metropolitan St. Louis Negro Directory (St. Louis, 1943), 18. Civil Rights During World War II 61 HALTS WARCH ON WASHINGTON &III|;:;;:; ;;:lill|l|:;I: fillip :;V^:iiiil^ ' ^j^B^:^^^^:^^:.

Move Against Bios Stays Marchers

Randolph's associates around the country urged him to set up a formal organization.14 Local sympathizers wired him: WE IN ST. LOUIS AND ALTON ILLINOIS HAVE BEEN GIVING THIS MATTER MUCH THOUGHT RECENTLY. SOME SEVERAL RECENT CONFER­ ENCES HAVE BEEN HELD WITH THE NAACP PARTICIPATING. WE FEEL VERY CONFIDENT THAT WE CAN ENLIST THE SUPPORT AND ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF MANY GROUPS AND ORGANI­ ZATIONS IN THIS REGION. . . .WE HERE ARE ANXIOUS TO DO EVERYTHING HUMANLY POS­ SIBLE IN THIS MUCH DESIRED AND LONG OVER­ DUE ACTION.15 Randolph visited St. Louis in May 1942, to start a local unit of the March On Washington Movement (MOWM). He, along with Theodore McNeal, head of the St. Louis Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, and David Grant, an attorney, met at the Pine Street Y with fifteen men and women. They chose an executive committee of fourteen men and eight women.16 Unlike the NAACP or Urban League with sizable white memberships, leaders of the march believed blacks should solve their own problems. Therefore, Randolph restricted membership to blacks only.17 The focus of the new St. Louis MOWM would be getting jobs for blacks in the local defense plants. The MOWM faced a difficult task. Since 1940, the Industrial Committtee of the St. Louis Urban League had visited defense plants, noted the lack of black labor, and recommended to local

14 Garfinkel, When Negroes March, 81. 15 Ibid. 16 Louise Elizabeth Grant, "The St. Louis Unit of the March on Washington Movement: A Study in Conflict" (unpublished Master's thesis, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, 1944), 51-54. 17 March on Washington Movement (MOWM) pamphlet, 1942, Theodore D. McNeal Scrapbook, 1941-1944, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, St. Louis. 62 Missouri Historical Review industry how to increase this work force. They repeatedly urged members of the St. Louis Defense Commission to hire black employees.18 By 1942 the Urban League noted in its annual report that St. Louis defense plants appeared slower in hiring blacks than other cities with large defense contracts. The report suggested this resulted from "deep southern traditions" in St. Louis and memories of the East St. Louis riots in 1917. The league concluded that "St. Louis segregation yielded grudgingly." Besides the memories of the East St. Louis riots, the Urban League blamed the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce for the reluctance to hire blacks. The chamber surveyed labor resources in early 1942. It recommended the use of black labor if segregated in separate buildings with separate toilet and eating facilities. The Urban League believed the report, "unfortunate." Its consequences appeared obvious. Labor unions, except for several CIO locals, resisted the league's attempts to place blacks in higher skilled jobs. Although the FEPC had been in effect for eighteen months, the Urban League failed to place blacks in any St. Louis plants operated solely on government contracts in 1942.19 The St. Louis MOWM organized with little success until the U.S. Cartridge plant laid off black workers in May 1942. The layoffs caused anger and frustration in the black community. By protesting this action, the movement seized the opportunity to gain new members. They planned a march on the plant for June 20. Four hundred men and women marched to the plant at Goodfellow and Bircher. They carried signs including the MOWM slogan, "winning democracy for the Negro is winning the war for democracy."20 The MOWM demanded an increase in wages for black porters, the employment of black women and admittance to training schools for defense jobs. As a result of the march, the plant hired 50 black women as matrons the next week, and both black and white newspapers carried notices for war production jobs for "colored, male workers."21 In August, Randolph visited St. Louis again to plan a mass rally at Kiel Auditorium. The August 21 rally came after successful

18 Annual Reports, St. Louis Urban League, 1940, 1941. 19 Ibid., 1942, 1. 20 Grant, "The St. Louis Unit of the MOWM," 49; St. Louis Argus, Tune 26 1942- MOWM report, 1942, McNeal Scrapbook. ' 21 Ibid.; Grant, "The St. Louis Unit of the MOWM," 9; St. Louis Star-Times and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 26, 1942. 9,000 ATTEND RALLY; 63

TO MARCH ON PLANT The clipping, left, is from The St. Democracy McNeal Says Louis Argus, August 21,1942. Now Theme Demonstrate Of Meeting Is Planned

This cartoon appeared in The St. Louis Argus, July 3, 1942.

«Thv Missouri CmiprzmM viSsa jfy%2

rallies in New York and Chicago.22 Randolph, McNeal, Grant, Walter White of the NAACP, and Milton Webster, a member of the FEPC, served as principal speakers.23 Spurred by the success of the rally, 500 men and women demonstrated two weeks later 22 Garfinkel, When Negroes March, 96. 23 St. Louis Argus, August 21, 1942. 64 Missouri Historical Review against Carter Carburetor, a plant run solely on war contracts. Carter did not hire blacks, although the company claimed not to have any policy against it. Instead, it brought in whites from the South. The MOWM demonstrators walked through white neighbor­ hoods to get to Carter but encountered no hostility. In fact, many of the whites applauded their efforts. Again the demonstrators carried placards, including a revealing one about the effectiveness of the FEPC after one year: "President Roosevelt says 'no dis­ crimination/ St. Louis war industries reply, says you!"24 Unlike the march on the U.S. Cartridge plant, this one produced no jobs for blacks. Because of the MOWM's demonstrations, defense plants grad­ ually hired blacks in St. Louis, but the black community worried about retention rates. The St. Louis Argus speculated that blacks would lose their jobs through carelessness, such as not wearing proper uniforms or hairnets.25 Seventy-five percent of the defense jobs in St. Louis continued to bar blacks. The United States Employment Service sent fewer blacks on interviews, many of the plants practiced hiring freezes and fewer blacks received upgrad- ings.26 Because of these conditions, the MOWM scheduled another rally at Kiel Auditorium for May 9, 1943. Randolph spoke about the national employment scene; Grant discussed the local situation.27 Coincidentally, the next day 30 white women walked off their jobs at the U.S. Cartridge plant because blacks replaced white floormen. Fearing a larger strike and possible racial conflict, the plant backed down and removed the black floormen. Black employees, on May 12, threatened to strike unless the black floor- men were reinstated. After several days of negotiations with workers, managers, union officials and an MOWM representative, the plant managers agreed and promised to open up more skilled jobs and training courses to blacks. On June 3, two weeks later, 3,600 black workers in the plant walked off their jobs because management hired a white foreman, rather than promoting an eligible black. The MOWM opposed this strike, believing the workers acted hastily and should have allowed the plant time to implement the agreements from May. After several days the strike ended and the plant hired and trained more blacks, promoted 32 blacks to foremen in one day, and opened up different types of

24 St. Louis American, September 3, 1942; St. Louis Argus, September 4, 1942. 25 St. Louis Argus, February 5, 1943. 26 MOWM circular, March 25, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook. 27 St. Louis Star-Times and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 10, 1943. Civil Rights During World War II 65 jobs for blacks. The plant, however, continued to segregate the majority of black workers in a separate building.28 The strikes at the U.S. Cartridge plant reveal the underlying racial tension over competition for jobs. Unlike Detroit, which would experience race riots two weeks after the St. Louis strikes, management at the St. Louis plant, the workers, labor and civil rights leaders resolved this conflict without physical violence. During most of 1943, the MOWM concentrated its energies on obtaining jobs at Southwestern Bell and getting black women hired as telephone operators.29 The phone company had advertised for women operators during the spring of 1943.30 Several women applied, including Fannie Pitts and Eleanor Green from the MOWM. Although the personnel interviewer was impressed by their skills, Green recalled: I had the definite impression even from our entrance to the office that they were prepared to handle us with a diplomacy we would find hard to resent. We knew we were being given the run-around but there was no room for any discussion of the real situation since care was exercised to not even mention race.31 Several hundred men and women picketed the phone company on June 12, 1943, carrying signs that read: "where is your con­ science?" and "we are entitled to have negro girls as operators."32 Other tactics included a pay-in. On September 18, two hundred MOWM members went to the downtown phone office and paid their bills, with pennies. By late fall, the phone company agreed to open an office in a black neighborhood, with black employees, as a first step toward integration.33 During the campaign for jobs in the public utilities, the MOWM asked the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) to do an interracial employment survey of whites. The utility companies had stated that public opinion would not permit the hiring of blacks.34 Anna Astroth chaired the committee, and during the fall, twenty-two FOR members canvassed the white wards of the city. Canvassers

28 St. Louis Argus, May 14 and June 4, 1943; Grant, "The St. Louis Unit of the MOWM," 82-86. 29 Ibid., 73. 30 MOWM report on public utilities, April, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook; St. Louis Post-Dispatch and St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April, 1943. 31 Ellen Green to Theodore McNeal, April 14, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook. 32 St. Louis Argus, June 18, 1943. 33 MOWM press release, October, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook; St. Louis Star- Times, September 19, 1943. 34 St. Louis Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) circular to members, Septem­ ber, 1943, St. Louis Regional Fellowship of Reconciliation Records, 1935-1967, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, St. Louis. 66 Missouri Historical Review asked St. Louisans: "Do you favor the employment of blacks in St. Louis public utilities in positions for which they have the necessary qualifications and abilities?" They interviewed 1,405 whites and noted nuances in answers. Six hundred and sixty-two replied "yes>" 488 replied "no," 41 gave qualified answers (such as, "only if they were segregated on the job,'). One hundred and nineteen provided no opinion, and 95 refused to answer. When Astroth reported the results to McNeal, she commented on the impressions of the canvassers. Newly arrived whites from rural areas more likely answered negatively. Many indifferent or opposed persons be­ lieved it "fair, democratic, and Christian" to favor employment, but they could not support it.35 Still, employers could not assume automatically that public opinion in St. Louis prevented the hiring of blacks. The public utilities campaign reflected a similar effort in Chicago and the broadening of Randolph's goals for the MOWM. During the spring of 1943, he planned the first convention of the MOWM. One of the main themes would be nonviolent, direct action.36 FOR sponsored a three-day race relations institute on nonviolent, direct action in April 1943, which 366 St. Louisans attended.37 Randolph hoped to sponsor such institutes across the country. He believed the war provided an ideal time to end

35 Inter-racial Employment Survey Committee (FOR) report to MOWM, Jan­ uary, 1944, in ibid. 36 National MOWM circular to branches, April, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook. 37 Race Relations Institute pamphlet, April, 1943, in ibid.

The St. Louis Argus reported the march on Bell Telephone Building, June 18, 1943. Civil Rights During World War II 67

segregation in all areas of blacks' lives, not just in employment and the armed services.38 Unfortunately, the Detroit race riots, in June 1943, gave Randolph's plan for mass demonstrations a setback. Direct action techniques, although nonviolent, would be seen as explosive by whites.39 The convention, held in Chicago June 30- July 4, 1943, took the theme: "We are Americans, too." Randolph limited the focus on civil disobedience training at the MOWM convention.40 Twelve St. Louis MOWM members attended, includ­ ing McNeal, Grant, four other men and six women. The conference did pass a resolution against segregation: We are uncompromisingly committed to the program to fight to abolish discrimination, segregation, and Jim Crow, now, before the war ends, and herewith condemn all appeasers who counsel closing ranks and forgetting our grievances and call upon the Negro people and all lovers of liberty and democracy to unite and mobilize their forces to bury Jim Crow.41 When the St. Louis delegation returned to St. Louis, they found increased attention to civil rights and race relations in the aftermath of the Detroit riots.42 Motivated by fear of riots in St. Louis, Mayor William Dee Becker announced plans for a race relations commission in July. Becker, however, tragically died in an air glider crash on August 1, before creation of the commission. His successor, Mayor Aloys P. Kaufmann appointed 72 citizens to the commission in September 1943.43 McNeal and Grant served on the commission, but the majority of members were white. A few white members—Fannie Cook, Edna Gellhorn and Bishop William Scarlett—long had been committed to civil rights.44 However, as events would soon show, most of the other white members did not share their commitment. At the same time the mayor appointed his commission, the NAACP organized a committee to end discrimination against blacks

38 National MOWM circular to branches, April, 1943, in ibid. 39 Garfinkel, When Negroes March, 144. 40 "We Are Americans Too," MOWM national convention program, June, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook; Garfinkel, When Negroes March, 144. 41 MOWM national convention proceedings, July, 1943, McNeal Scrapbook. 42 Editorials in St. Louis Post-Dispatch and St. Louis Star-Times, July 15, 1943. 43 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 12, 1943. 44 The Fannie Cook Papers at Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, document her civil rights activities in St. Louis. She also worked with black sharecroppers during the 1939 sharecropper strike in Southeast Missouri. Edna Gellhorn, active in the League of Women Voters civil rights committee, also served as a board member of the Urban League. Another board member of the Urban League, Bishop William Scarlett officiated as its president. League of Women Voters of Missouri Records, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, St. Louis and Annual Reports, St. Louis Urban League. 68 Missouri Historical Review

Christ Church, St. Louis Bishop William Scarlett, detail from a portrait Edna Gellhorn by Mrs. Wilbur H. Seibert at downtown department store lunch counters. Pearl Maddox chaired the committee. She wrote the managers of the stores asking for a meeting. None of the stores replied. This led to a letter campaign by black organizations from December 1943, through January 1944. Again, store management did not respond.45 Black organizations also wrote the stores urging them to hire black women as sales clerks. Two members of a St. Louis chapter of the Eastern Star penned: We are prompted to ask the question as to the reason for this gross discrimination in view of your continued advertis­ ing for help and constant invitation for your customers to eat when shopping in your store. We therefore would ap­ preciate knowing whether or not this condition is an over­ sight on your part or whether you are deliberately dis­ criminating against American citizens because of color.46 Management did not reply to their letter either.

45 St. Louis American, December 30, 1943, January 6, 13, 20, 1944. 46 Laurie Thomas and Rosie Johnson to Famous-Barr, Scruggs-Vandervoort- Barney, and Stix, Baer, & Fuller, January 17, 1944, McNeal Scrapbook. Civil Rights During World War II 69

In January, Jasper Caston introduced a bill to the St. Louis Board of Aldermen to end discrimination in city hall and municipal court lunchrooms. Maddox's committee attended the hearings on this bill.47 On April 6, Maddox, with five other women, all members of the NAACP committee, witnessed the voting on Caston's alder- manic bill to integrate municipal cafeterias. The board voted 22-4 in favor, making it the first law of its kind passed in Missouri.48 With the success of this bill and spurred "by wartime conscious­ ness," Maddox organized the Citizens Civil Rights Committee (CCRC) in May 1944.49 All of the civil rights organizations in the city followed the situation at the department stores. Maddox's group acted in­ dependently of the NAACP, although the women who joined the CCRC belonged to the NAACP, MOWM, FOR, labor union auxiliaries, Civil Liberties Committee and other groups.50 Unlike MOWM, the committee did not limit membership to blacks only, although they comprised the majority.51 According to Maddox: It was decided to expose our grievances to the public with the hope of creating wholesome public sentiment and in the belief that an awakened community conscience would aid in eliminating this discrimination.52 The CCRC would use nonviolent civil disobedience techniques. On Monday, May 15, three black women and one white woman sat at the lunch counter of Stix, Baer and Fuller. Waitresses denied them service and the floor walker and manager soon appeared. The manager asked the women to his office. According to the newspaper, he admitted that "Stix was afraid to pioneer in the matter of permitting its negro customers to eat at the lunch counter."53 He told the women only dissension would come of their efforts, and integration should occur only after years of education. The women suggested that letting blacks eat at the lunch counter would be a good start in education. The manager replied that if other stores integrated, Stix gladly would follow. The women outlined their future action: We shall sit at the lunch counters, not only of Stix but of all stores in St. Louis. We will be there waiting to be served,

47 St. Louis Argus, January 21, 1944. 48 St. Louis Post-Dispatch and St. Louis Star-Times, April 6, 1944. 49 Citizens Civil Rights Committee (CCRC), circular, n.d., Fannie Cook Papers. 50 Ibid. 51 St. Louis American, May 18, 1944. 52 CCRC circular, n.d., Fannie Cook Papers. 53 St. Louis American, May 18, 1944; St. Louis Argus, May 19, 1944. 70 Missouri Historical Review

keeping faith with our sons, and fathers who die to insure us the rights of human beings.54 During May, June and July, the committee demonstrated twice a week at Stix, Famous Barr, and Scruggs, Vandervoort and Barney. Henry Wheeler, columnist for the St. Louis American and long-time civil rights activist, noted that no white customers left before finishing their food or refused to take a seat because of the sit-ins. White customers offered sympathetic expressions in favor of the sit-ins, and letters and phone calls from white citizens encouraged the women to continue. Store management kept insist­ ing white customers would not allow integration.55 The store managment worked behind the scenes to stop the sit-ins. Maddox, who owned property in the city, told McNeal her bank threatened to call in her mortgage. She decided at that point to seek endorsement for the CCRC from the MOWM and the

54 Ibid. 55 St. Louis American, May 25, June 8, 1944.

David Grant

Theodore McNeal Jt. Coll., WHMC-St. Louis ir SHS of Mo. MSS. ]t. Coll., WHMC-St. Louis ir SHS of Mo. MSS. Civil Rights During World War II 71

NAACP.56 The managers also threatened to arrest the women for trespassing. Maddox went to one lawyer who suggested she stop the sit-ins. Not satisfied, she went to David Grant, who told her Missouri law forbade trespassing charges in semipublic places. He thought the women's arrest would prove beneficial because the stores would not like that kind of publicity. Maddox took Grant's advice and continued the sit-ins.57 The St. Louis Argus and St. Louis American, which followed the activities closely, reported that the stores refused to discuss further the situation with the women.58 The Citizens Civil Rights Committee announced a big sit-in for Saturday, July 8. At noon, 40 black women and 15 white women sat at the lunch counters of Stix, Famous and Scruggs. Mrs. Hattie Duvall wore the most poignant sign: "I invested five sons in the invasion." Unlike previous sit-ins, the stores closed the lunch counters. They served neither whites not blacks. White demon­ strators bought food and shared it with the black women. The demonstrators kept their seats until 5:00 P.M., while crowds of people watched. Outside the stores, students from Eden Seminary and St. Louis University passed out several thousand handbills. Maddox wired the stores Saturday evening that their "insistence on Jim Crowing negro customers had forced the negro community to use this technique and [it would] be continued until the issue is settled right."59 The mayor's race relations commission offered to intervene for the women with the stores if the CCRC stopped the sit-ins. Maddox agreed and the commission began negotiations between the CCRC and the department stores.60 The sit-ins represented a part of the "forgotten revolution" in the civil rights movement. The white press paid no attention to the sit-ins in May and June. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch did not report on the sit-ins until July 8. Worried that too much coverage would antagonize white racists, the city editor deliberately played down even the July 8 sit-in, giving it only three inches of space, and mentioned no names. The city editor described the women as well- to-do, educated, and angry because they could buy mink coats at

56 Theodore McNeal, interview on July 22, 1970, and David Grant, interview on August 24, 1970, both for the Black Leaders Oral History Project. 57 Grant interview, August 24, 1970. 58 St. Louis Argus, May 19, 26, 1944; St. Louis American, May 18, 25, June 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,1944. 59 St. Louis American, July 13, 1944. 60 Related to Herman Dreer by Henry Wheeler, in an interview, circa 1953, Herman Dreer Papers, Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, St. Louis. 72 Missouri Historical Review RACE RELATIONS BODY ENTERS CAFE BAN FIGHT m CMt RSGHTJ 8£M0Wn»ATffi(« ®lj* 0i C0nts Slrgtts THE PfiOetrS ¥APW ,p&£2 THg TSAOE mAU.k

VOL 33—NO 5 5 SA!NT LOUtS <3<. MJSSOtx;

the stores but could not sit down and have a bite to eat afterwards.61 Joseph Pulitzer II, the editor, while sympathetic to the women and supportive of civil rights for blacks, displayed the prevailing liberal view: "public demonstrations are not the best way to go about getting . . . their rights" and "since department stores are private business it is presumptuous to tell them how to run their 62 business." 5**er*t> Protests Stoged By toy«l American Cittxem In While the CCRC protested Jim Crow segrega­ Downtown &epartm«»t Stores tion in public accommodations during the spring and summer of 1944, the St. Louis MOWM called attention to the employment situation for black women. David Grant went to Washington, D.C., and testified to the House Committee on Labor that 25,000 black women in the city could not be employed in June 1944.63 War Manpower Com­ mission statistics for the spring of 1944 indicated a "plentiful" labor supply for St. Louis.64 Yet, defense industries continued to run ads for women to do essential war work. McNeal concluded, "we will have to begin raising some more hell to get some jobs for colored women."65 By July 1944, the MOWM estimated that 20,000 black women were available to work, with 70 percent actually needing work. Out of 325 defense plants, only two of the largest, U.S. Cartridge and Curtiss-Wright, employed black women in actual defense production. U.S. Cartridge announced layoffs, and Curtiss-Wright hired slowly. "There is no city in the nation where employment conditions are as bad for colored girls and women," declared the MOWM.66 61 Ferd Gottlieb to Ross Coghlan, July 10, 1944, Joseph Pulitzer II Papers, microfilm edition in Joint Collection, WHMC-SHS, St. Louis. Originals in Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 62 Joseph Pulitzer to Ross Coghlan, July 11, 1944, in ibid. 63 David Grant, testimony before the U.S. House Committee on Labor and Fair Employment Practices, June 6, 1944, McNeal Scrapbook. 64 War Manpower Commission, Manpower Statistics, March, 1944. 65 St. Louis American, May 11, 1944. 66 MOWM press release, "JOD Situation for Women Here Serious," July, 1944, McNeal Scrapbook. Civil Rights During World War II 73

Suggesting pickets and demonstrations as tactics, the MOWM also urged women to apply for jobs in war plants and to document their experiences.67 The MOWM, NAACP and Urban League all campaigned to bring the FEPC to St. Louis to hold hearings on the lack of jobs for black women and the failure to upgrade blacks in present jobs.68 After enough complaints the FEPC agreed to come to St. Louis. The FEPC hearings opened August 1, 1944. Discrimination charges had been filed against Amertorp Corporation, Bussman Manufacturing, Carter Carburetor, McDonnell Aircraft, McQuay- Morris Manufacturing, St. Louis Shipbuilding and Steel, and Wag­ ner Electric. Maddox, along with twelve other women, testified against Amertorp and Carter Carburetor. Many of the women had applied repeatedly and been refused even though the companies continued to run ads.69 According to a newspaper account, the companies defended themselves with the same repetition of excuses: it was not their fault but white women's for refusing to work with black women; they had no separate toilets; they were located too far away from black neighborhoods; and they were just following the pattern of Jim Crow segregation. Bussman frankly admitted it never had considered hiring black women. Particularly miffed, Wagner Electric claimed it already had set the pace by employing 575 black men.70 The hearings did not result in mass hiring of black women, but the FEPC decided to open an office in St. Louis in October. Its case load became one of the heaviest in the nation.71 Many attitudes expressed at the FEPC hearings belied the experiences of the CCRC during the sit-ins. St. Louisans did not object strenuously to integration, but business and public officials feared change. The mayor's commission did not favor much modification either. Commissioners grappled with sit-ins, the CCRC, and the department stores from July 1944 to 1945, and never reached a satisfactory solution.72 Fannie Cook, a member of the executive committee, charged the commission with not knowing its own

67 St. Louis American, June 1, 1944. 68 Ibid., June 8, 1944; MOWM press release, "Job Situation for Women Here Serious," July, 1944, McNeal Scrapbook. 69 St. Louis Post-Dispatch and St. Louis Star-Times, August 1, 1944; St. Louis American, August 3, 1944. 70 St. Louis American, August 3, 1944. 71 Ibid., October 12, 1944. 72 St. Louis Mayor's Race Relations Commission, executive board minutes, August-November, 1944, Fannie Cook Papers. 74 Missouri Historical Review REVEAL VICIOUS BLOCKING OF NEGRO WORKERS They TesHfW at tbe FEPC Hearing z\ !®l)e St. Corns Sirps fa|| ' THE PK>a£'S PA?ER „ •,*_*— • » * „*,,*«t^<» THE TRADE MAKER

SASNT LOUIS (3it MiSSOURl, fRiOAY, AvXJuV l»lil ff mmmmFEPC To Rule «-.*. —«i« - _,,_ QW Injustices Hold policy or philosophy. She tendered her resignation in dis- Pfobe gust but Mayor Kaufmann and another member, R. Walston e—* w« ««* Chubb, persuaded her to stay. Chubb represented the C"r ' "Z*z same view as Pulitzer. He told Cook the stores should , - -v^'Vlv? allow blacks at their lunch counters. But "eating together 'C%?i7.££' was in the realm of social relations and that kind of "Y^™5 integration was a long way off." Unfortunately, Chubb 5v^£H^ would prove correct. He felt the commission should "lead J^J^^^S public opinion not bludgeon it into action."73 Cook re- T" r*\'.v^ mained and during commission meetings repeatedly urged store officials to take a chance, betting they would not lose money or customers. Scruggs opened its downstairs lunch counter and Famous offered to build a separate lunch counter. The CCRC refused to accept separate but equal eating facilities. The CCRC's attempt to desegregate department store lunch counters proved unsuccessful—only one counter in one store. Even then, it did not endorse Scruggs's action since an upstairs dining room remained for "whites only."74 The mayor's race commission, with its white majority, had no authority nor inclination to desegre­ gate the stores. When the CCRC agreed to discontinue the sit-ins, it had relinquished its most effective political tool. After all, the July 8 sit-ins at the stores brought the CCRC to the attention of the commission in the first place. Reminiscing years later, McNeal speculated that the sit-ins of the CCRC represented the first such action anywhere in the nation. He proved wrong, but the sit-ins opened up new tactics that others could use in the fight for democracy and equality.75 The St. Louis

73 R. Walston Chubb to Fannie Cook, August 8, 1944, in ibid. 74 St. Louis Mayor's Race Relations Commission, executive board minutes, October 3 and November 13, 1944, in ibid. 75 James Farmer and CORE held the first sit-in at the Jack Sprat restaurant in Chicago in the spring of 1942 and proved successful in opening the restaurant to blacks. James Farmer, Freedom—When? (New York, 1965), 54-58. Civil Rights During World War II 75 branch of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized in 1948 and also focused on the department stores. In frustration, it ceased activities at the department stores after 18 months, turning its attention instead to smaller downtown stores such as the drug and dime stores. By 1954, CORE had helped bring about the opening of the major drugstores and dime stores, as well as Stix's lunch counter and Famous's basement counter. The efforts of the CCRC and CORE garnered their rewards four years later when all the department stores opened their eating facilities to blacks.76 The sit-ins constituted a watershed for St. Louis World War II civil rights activists. As the war came to an end, Randolph devoted most of his time to the establishment of a permanent FEPC.77 The CCRC disbanded and so did the MOWM. McNeal and Grant decided to continue their work in the NAACP. The MOWM had accomplished much in only three years. McNeal estimated that MOWM activities had resulted in 16,000 jobs for black St. Louisans.78 Sixteen years after the first sit-in, Theodore McNeal won election to the state senate and became Missouri's first black state senator. Six months later, in May 1961, St. Louis passed its first public accommodations bill outlawing segregation in all restaurants, hotels, stores, theatres, pools and playgrounds.

76 August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement (New York, 1973), 55. 77 Garfinkel, When Negroes March, 145. 78 McNeal interview, July 22, 1970.

Pleasant Hope

Resume, Historical Society of Polk County, March, 1984. Wanted, I live six miles east of Pleasant Hope, have four children, two of whom are grown, am prepared to take care of lady who will help to make home happy. If you mean business, write me. Address Box 21, Pleasant Hope, MO. Rolivar Herald

"Billion" Soup

Ozarks Mountaineer, March-April, 1984. "The Way I Heer'd It"—We're old enough to remember when "billion" was always regarded as a misprint for thin soup. 76 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF Mrs. Virginia Young, of Columbia, vice president of the State Historical received the American Library Associa­ Society of Missouri. tion's honorary life membership at its conference in Chicago on July 6. During its 111 years of existence, the Association The Joint Collection, University of has elected only 86 persons to receive Missouri Western Historical Manuscript this award which honors persons who Collection-State Historical Society of have advanced in important and lasting Missouri Manuscripts has issued a new ways the cause of libraries and librarian- microform publication, Guide to Col­ ship. Mrs. Young became the Associa­ lections. The Guide contains classified tion's 87th honorary life member for her subject entries for 3,414 individual manu­ "significant leadership, inspirational script collections found in the combined speaking and excellent writing which holdings of the Joint Collection's four mark her as the most outstanding educa­ local units in Columbia, Kansas City, tor of trustees in modern times." Rolla and St. Louis. Some 38 lists, with Among the many offices held by Mrs. especially defined subject headings, have Young have been the chairmanships/ been reproduced on microfiche and are presidencies of the Missouri Library available for public purchase. Subject Association, the Missouri Coordinating headings such as: Family and Personal Board for Higher Education and the Papers; Genealogy; Local History; Mili­ American Library Trustee Association. tary; Pioneer and Frontier Life; Travel She also has served as president of both and Description; and Women are in­ the Columbia Public Library Board and cluded in the Guide to Collections on the Friends of the University of Mis­ microfiche. To order, make a check or souri-Columbia Libraries and the State money order for $10.00, payable to Historical Society of Missouri Library. A University of Missouri, and send to Joint current member of both those boards, Collection Guide, 23 Ellis Library, Mrs. Young is the fourth vice president University of Missouri-Columbia, Colum­ of the State Historical Society and the bia, Missouri 65201. author of The Library Trustee: a Practi­ cal Guidebook. Chief Justice Andrew Jackson Higgins announced the formal organization of Mrs. Avis Green Tucker, of Center- the Supreme Court of Missouri Histori­ view, received one of four Presidential cal Society. Located in the Supreme Citation Awards in special recognition Court building, Jefferson City, the of alumni service to the University of Society is similar to the Historical Society Missouri. The awards were presented at of the United States Supreme Court in the 11th annual legislative recognition Washington, D.C. The Society's ob­ day, sponsored by the Alumni Alliance. jectives are: to maintain, with the con­ Mrs. Tucker received an A.B. degree sent of the state, the historic Supreme from the University of Missouri-Colum­ Court building; to encourage scholarly bia in 1937. She is editor and publisher research, to acquire memorabilia, to of the Daily Star-Journal and president publish a newsletter and to conduct an of Johnson County Broadcasters/Radio annual meeting in relation to the history Station KOKO, both in Warrensburg. of the judiciary and the legal profession Mrs. Tucker currently serves as the first in Missouri; and to accept contributions Historical Notes and Comments 77 from lawyers and the public in return On June 11, the Missouri Department for membership. of Natural Resources opened the Re­ Officers of the Society are William H. sources Hall in the west wing of the Leedy, chariman of the board; James A. Missouri State Museum, in the Capitol, Finch, Jr., president; Mrs. Sinclair S. Jefferson City. The permanent exhibits Gottlieb, William A.R. Dalton and Paul unveiled at the special ceremony, at­ W. Barrett, vice presidents; David tended by legislators, visitors and the Brydon, secretary-treasurer; and Mrs. museum staff, interpret Missouri's natural D.A. Divilbiss, assistant secretary-trea­ resources. Several themes discuss the six surer. natural divisions of the state. The natural The Society requests the cooperation areas are identified according to their of all other historical societies in the flora and fauna and in terms of their state in identifying and locating informa­ geological makeup. The natural resources tion relating to the Missouri judiciary, section includes four large maps, three including the judges of the supreme and full-scaled dioramas and three miniature appellate courts and the circuit courts of terrain models. The museum is open each of the counties. Those having in­ daily from 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. formation or desiring membership in the The staff of the museum developed Society may contact: D.A. Divilbiss, the exhibit, "Mark Twain Sesquicenten- Assistant Secretary-Treasurer, Supreme nial 1835-1985: Growing up in Missouri" Court of Missouri Historical Society, for viewing in June, July and August. Supreme Court Building, P.O. Box 448, The exhibit was located north of the Jefferson City, Missouri 65102, or call rotunda on the first floor of the Capitol. (314) 751-2636. Composed of photographs, artifacts and Mark Twain quotes, the exhibit illus­ trated Twain's childhood years in Mis­ From May 18 through June 23, the souri. Elizabeth Rozier Gallery at the Union Hotel at Jefferson Landing State Historic Site, Jefferson City, featured a photo­ Missouri Heritage Trust held its annual graphic exhibit relating the accomplish­ meeting and preservation conference, ments of the Civilian Conservation May 24-27, in Hannibal. Members and Corps in Missouri. The Corps, established guests attended the opening and a re­ to do emergency conservation work and ception for the exhibit, "Hannibal As to provide useful work and steady in­ History," and heard commentary by come to the young men of America, Esley Hamilton who arranged the ex­ existed from 1933 to 1942. In Missouri, hibit. The conference included presenta­ the C.C.C. operated 41 camps at a vari­ tions and a community forum on pre­ ety of locations and enrolled 100,000 servation issues, information on the young men. The Corps played a vital Pelster Patron Program, a brief overview role in the development of our state's of Trust activities in 1985 and a meeting young park system and C.C.C. workers of professional preservationists. Helen built many of the buildings, trails, cabins Barnett, executive director, gave a report and water fountains in eleven parks. A and introduced David Denman, field grant from the Missouri Committee for services representative of the Trust. W. the Humanities supported the exhibit. Philip Cotton, Jr., presented the Eliza­ Other exhibit sponsors included the Mis­ beth and George A. Rozier Preservation souri Department of Natural Resources, Award for outstanding achievements in the St. Louis County Department of historic preservation to Gerhardt Kramer Parks and Recreation and the St. Louis of St. Louis. Erie Lionberger, chairman County Historic Buildings Commission. of the State Advisory Council on Historic 78 Missouri Historical Review

Preservation, presented a certificate to east, Kansas City. Speakers included Bud Winter, developer of the Federal Richard Belding, deputy state archivist Building in Hannibal. The certificate and records administrator of the State acknowledged the listing of the building of Kentucky; Tim Ericson, project archi­ on the National Register of Historic vist, State Historical Society of Wiscon­ Places. The Trust met in this structure sin; and Frank Mackaman, executive which is being carefully renovated. The director of the Everett Dirksen Congres­ Hannibal Arts Council sponsored a sional Leadership Research Center. The historic architectural tour which featured speakers and local panelists examined homes in Hannibal and Palmyra. four areas of outreach activities—use of Trust officers elected were Bob Miller, volunteers, media development, school chairman of the board; Scott Meyer, oriented projects and publication pro­ president; Donna Gibbs, vice president; grams. The Missouri Committee for the Osmund Overby, secretary; and Dr. Humanities, Inc., supported the event Joseph Summers, treasurer pro tern. with a grant and the Heritage League of Greater Kansas City and the National Archives, Kansas City Branch provided On June 2, the "New Deal Architecture additional funding. in Missouri" exhibition opened in the Old Ordnance Room of Jefferson Bar­ racks Park in St. Louis County. It On July 5, "Teddy Bears and More, consisted of photographs and text analyz­ the World of Steiff" opened at the ing the historic and architectural signifi­ Eugene Field House and Toy Museum cance of the courthouses, schools, city in St. Louis. The exhibit showcased a halls and bridges produced by the Public wide range of teddy bears, stuffed W'orks Administration and the Works animals and dolls manufactured during Progress Administration in the 1930s. The the past 100 years by the world-re­ exhibition started a series of films, nowned Steiff Company. The display- displays and education programs. The continued through September 29 and series, "The Legacy of the Great Depres­ featured items from Kansas City Minia­ sion," examined the effects of the ture Museum, the Centralia Historical Depression in various aspects of society Society, other museums and private and culture. "New Deal Architecture in collections in addition to the Field Missouri" remained on display through Museum's own collection. Contemporary June 23. It then moved to Greensfelder Steiff bears and animals were available Recreation Center, Queeny Park, in July, for purchase in the museum gift shop. and to the County Government Center, Clayton, in August. St. Louis County Department of Parks and Recreation and the St. Louis County Historic Building The Alexander Majors Historical Trust Commission sponsored "The Legacy of sponsored an "old-fashioned lemonade the Great Depression." The Missouri party," on July 14, at the Majors Home, Committee for the Humanities provided 8201 State Line Road, Kansas City. Guest a grant for funding. artist Ernst Ulmer presented the first showing of a poster print of the original Majors Home. The event also featured tours and presentation of the republished On June 29, the Kansas City Area book, Seventy years on the Frontier, by Archivists sponsored a symposium, "Bridg­ Alexander Majors. ing the Gap: Bringing History to the Community," at the Ramada Inn-South- Historical Notes and Comments 79

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Adair County Historical Society Last winter, the Society erected a new On June 9, the Society sponsored a steel building just across the driveway bus tour to the Hoover Library in West from the museum in the Clasbey Com­ Branch, Iowa, and to the Amana Colon­ munity Center in Savannah. The building ies. The group of 40 persons viewed the provides storage space for items that exhibits in the Hoover Library and Mu­ cannot be exhibited in the museum. The seum and visited the Hoover grave site Society also has the Marx Log Cabin before noon. They proceeded to Amana which is within walking distance of the for a hearty, German family-style dinner. other buildings. Participants spent the afternoon explor­ ing the Amana Museum, furniture and Audrain County Historical Society woolen showrooms and various antique The Society reported that more than and craft shops. Begun by the Church 350 school children toured the museum of True Inspiration, which had its roots in Mexico since January 1. On May 4, in Germany, Amana is historically signifi­ over 25 members attended an orientation cant for its 19th-century communal program for prospective volunteer hosts colony heritage. and hostesses at the museum. Julia Kemp, The Society also reported that it con­ Becky Erdel, Lura Williams, Jan Nesheim tinues to support efforts to establish a and the staff presented information library in Adair County. sheets and detailed guided tours. Dave Lankford and 25 participants in Affton Historical Society the Missouriana Study Tour from Jeffer­ The Ladies of Oakland held their 8th son City visited the Society's museum annual 4th of July breakfast at Oakland. on June 26. The museum staff dressed An antique car show, a sing-a-long with in period costumes and presented a the St. Louis Banjo Club and tours of guided tour with special displays and the home highlighted the event. refreshments for the group of educators. Members met July 25, for their annual On August 10, the Society sponsored July picnic meeting on the lawn at Oak­ a trip to the Arrow Rock Lyceum land. The Society's Education Commit­ Theater for the presentation of Cabaret. tee and the Oakland and Cougar Quilters The event also included lunch at the sponsored the event; the Affton Cham­ Arrow Rock Tavern. ber of Commerce arranged a barbecue, with drinks provided by the Pebble Hills Barton County Historical Society Garden Club. A concert featured the St. The Society met, July 14, at Law Louis Ragtime Trio, which included Bob Chapel, Lamar United Methodist Church Ault, Eric Sager and Trebor Tichenor. with 75 members and guests present. Conducted tours of the home were avail­ President Bob Douglas discussed some able. Society projects. They included plans New caretakers for Oakland are David for an antique display at the Barton and Betsy Tzebaugh. Membership in the County Fair, completion of the Society Society totals 638. Cookbook and progress on the Civil War memorial. Members expressed their Andrew County Historical Society appreciation to Marge Davis and her Officers of the Society for 1985 are committee for their work on the Cook­ Frank W. Shores, president; Dwight book. E.J. Mann presented a program Hall, vice president; Min Davie, secre­ on "Businesses on the North Side of the tary; and Leola Nicholas, treasurer. Lamar Square." He traced various stores 80 Missouri Historical Review

from their beginnings through changes fund-raising event during the Belton in ownership and type of business and Community Days celebration. The group related human interest incidents. Mr. accepted donations and offered a hot- Mann also compiled an album of photos air balloon ride for two as a door prize. pertaining to the businesses. The album Blue Springs Historical Society will be a valuable reference for the The Society held its regular May 7 Society. meeting at the Dillingham-Lewis House Bates County Historical Society Museum in Blue Springs. Special guest On June 13, the society held a regular Lloyd Henderson spoke on icebergs. meeting at the Stagecoach Depot in On May 18, the Society celebrated the Butler. Fern Glassmeyer, Jeanie Thornton annual pancake day at the Chicago and and Lora Grimsley presented the pro­ Alton Hotel. Other fund-raising projects gram on the history of an early Bates have included a yard sale, flea market, County settlement known as the Mul­ garage sale and serving lunch at auctions. berry community. They also shared The July 2 meeting at the museum plans for the forthcoming Amoret centen­ featured Bradford P. Tree, Jr. He chose nial celebration. "July, The National Parks Month" as his The July 11 meeting featured a pro­ subject for the program. gram on the history of the Cumpton Bollinger County Historical Society family, early settlers in the county. A celebration to mark the first 100 Marvin and Quentin Cumpton gave the years of the present Bollinger County presentation. Courthouse occurred, July 14, in Marble Randy Bell of Rich Hill gave the Hill. The Society sponsored the event in Society the contents of an old press cooperation with Bollinger County of­ shop. The Society plans to set up a ficials. Associate Circuit Judge Bill pioneer print shop in one of the buildings Hopkins, of Circuit Court Division V, of the museum complex. gave a history of the three county court­ The Bates County Pioneer Museum is houses. A World War I Service Flag was open to visitors each weekday, from presented by Alma Collins, Society presi­ 1:30 to 4:00 P.M., during the summer and dent, and Mary Reilly, who designed fall months. Other times are available and made the flag. Local musicians by appointment. Admission is $2.50 for provided entertainment and tours of the adults. Children under 12 are admitted courthouse and nearby Massey Log free when accompanied by an adult. House were available. Bellevue Valley Historical Society Boone County Historical Society On September 18, the Society met at Members held the February 17 meet­ the Caledonia Presbyterian Church. A ing at the Daniel Boone Regional Library, program on the Civil War and related Columbia. Dr. Alan Havig, author of historical subjects was given by John From Southern Village to Midwestern Bradbury of the Joint Collection, Uni­ City: Columbia, an Illustrated History, versity of Missouri Western Historical provided the program on early Columbia Manuscript Collection-Rolla and the settlement and development. The pro­ State Historical Society Manuscripts. gram stimulated a discussion and ques­ Belton Historical Society tion session among the members. The July 21 meeting at the museum, The Society met, April 16, for the Belton, featured Sonny Wells from annual meeting at the Flaming Pit in Liberty. He gave a presentation on the Columbia. Phil Gottschalk, historian and Civil War era with some local stories. wire editor for the Columbia Daily The Society earned over $500 from a Tribune, presented an address on "Some Historical Notes and Comments 81

Little Known Confederate Soldiers of provides a narrative account of the Missouri." Francis Pike received the county's history. The reprint sells for president's special award and plaque for $13.95, plus $1.00 if mailed. To order outstanding historical writing and report­ contact Manns Insurance Agency, 414 ing. Members heard reports on progress Poplar, Poplar Bluff, Missouri 63901. for construction and fund-raising for a Cabool History Society new Boone County Historical Museum The Society meets the first Thursday in Nifong Park, Columbia. The Society of each month at the Club Room of the acknowledged the museum gift, by the City Hall, Cabool. Jack Johnson, Society E. Hirst Mendenhalls in honor of their historian, wrote an account of the rail­ family, of a collection of hundreds of road in Cabool from 1882 to 1985. It sadirons. appeared in three installments in the Boonslick Historical Society Cabool Enterprise. On July 14, the Society unveiled and held dedication ceremonies for a historic Carondelet Historical Society marker at Cooper's Fort site, one mile Members discussed Society activities west of Petersburg in Howard County. and progress on the center at the June 9 Bob Priddy, author of Across Our Wide meeting in the Carondelet Historic Missouri, presented the dedication ad­ Center. Ron Bolte presented the pro­ dress. The Grassland Express played gram. He gave a history of gunboats frontier music. Lloyd E. Geiger, Sr., and displayed his model of the gunboat, served as chairman of the Society's com­ Carondelet. mittee for historic preservation. On June 22, the Society sponsored the annual bus tour to Highland, Illinois. Brush and Palette Club The itinerary included the Louis Latzer The Club awarded its annual scholar­ homestead, west Highland, Latzer Li­ ship to Brenda Haeffner, of Gasconade, brary, St. Paul Church, parks and sub­ a 1985 graduate of Gasconade County divisions and the city plaza. Participants R-l High School, Hermann. She will also attended a luncheon and viewed a further her education at the University slide show and mosaic mural. of Missouri-Columbia. On July 7, the Club met at the Deutsch- Carroll County Historical Society heim State Historic Site in Hermann. Members met for a meeting and Members toured the site and noted covered-dish supper at the Senior Center progress in its restoration. at Tina on May 23. Mr. and Mrs. Mike Jenkins, Mrs. Larry Williams, Mrs. Butler County Historical Society Willard Todd and Mrs. R. Grossman, Members met on July 22 at the Jr., presented the musical program. Southern Missouri Savings and Loan Conference Room in Poplar Bluff. Andy Cass County Historical Society Collins gave the program on "Early Area On June 23, area residents and visitors Steamboats." from six states and Italy attended the The Missouri Southern Railroad Club public dedication of the $1.2 million presented the program at the August 26 County Seat Information Center, 400 E. meeting. It related to "Early Railroads Mechanic Street, Harrisonville. The build­ in the Area." ing houses the Harrisonville branch and The Society announced that it spon­ headquarters offices of the Cass County sored the reprinting of the third edition Public Library, the Chamber of Com­ of Deems History of Rutler County, merce of Harrisonville and the Society. Mo. Written by David Bruce Deem, a Special features of the two-level structure probate judge in Butler County, the book include the Pearson Hall Community 82 Missouri Historical Review

Room, the Irene Webster Atrium for ber 11 through October 27. This year's displays and exhibits, a small theater, featured pattern is the "nine-patch." the Margaret Idol Wade Archives Room, Hours were 2-4 P.M. daily, September 11- the Mary B. Crouch Genealogical Room 15, and regular hours, 2-4 P.M., Wednes­ and a Halon-protected area for records. days and Sundays for the remainder of the time. A donated quilt will be raffled Cedar County Historical Society off on October 27. At the April 29 meeting in the Com­ munity Hall, Jerico Springs, Dr. Mark Chariton County Historical Society C. Stauter was the guest speaker. As­ On June 1, the Society sponsored a sociate director at Rolla of the Joint booth at the Salisbury Chamber of Collection, University of Missouri West­ Commerce "Fun Festival," an entertain­ ern Historical Manuscript Collection- ment event for children in the com­ State Historical Society Manuscripts, munity. Dr. Stauter told about his work which The Society sold 275 tickets for the includes the collecting of old manu­ historic Norfolk & Western #611 steam scripts. engine train ride on June 18. The trip The Society held its May 28 meeting had started in Norfolk, Virginia, and in the Savings and Loan Building, El ended in Kansas City. Chariton County Dorado Springs. For the program, Katie residents boarded the train at Salisbury Schmidt provided slides of Colonial and Brunswick. Williamsburg and the site of the battle The July 21 quarterly meeting in the of Yorktown. museum in Salisbury featured a carry-in Twenty-six persons attended the June lunch and slide- program by Euphemia 24 meeting at the old jail building in Zahringer. The slide presentation showed Stockton. The city of Stockton and the the intensive terrace farming practiced Society recently had negotiated and in Indonesia and the ancient temples signed a 50-year lease on the building which have been reclaimed from dense for use as a meeting place and museum. tropical overgrowth. Erected in 1889 from native stone quar­ The Society reported the winners in ried near Stockton, the building served the Aubrey Fellows history scholarship as the county jail until 1939. It later essay contest. The awards included: became an abstract office and the city Bobbie Greenwood, Brunswick, $100; hall until 1984. Mrs. Jean Swaim pre­ Lana Truesdell, Keytesville, $50; and sented the program on historical informa­ Toni Lybarger, Brunswick, $25. tion she had discovered interviewing The Society's museum in Salisbury was older area citizens. She is researching open 2 to 4 P.M., Saturday and Sunday, and writing about all the one-room from June 1 to October 1. Other hours school buildings in the county. were available by appointment.

Centralia Historical Society Civil War Round Table of Kansas City After closing for the months of January The Round Table held its May 28 and February, the Centralia Museum meeting at the Woman's City Club in opened with newly decorated rooms and Kansas City. James I. "Bud" Robertson additional artifacts. A special attraction gave the program on "The Civil War has been the display of wedding dresses Still Lives." He pointed out many of the of yesterday's local brides from 1900 to incredible legacies of that struggle that the present. The wedding dresses appear permeate our lives today. on mannequins. Jay Gunnels, archivist, and Orvis Fitts, The Society sponsored the 12th An­ public relations coordinator, serve as new nual Quilt Show at the Museum, Septem­ appointive officers of the group. Historical Notes and Comments 83

Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical Officers for 1985-1986 are Ralph Society Silversmith, president; Hillory Still, vice A grant from the Missouri Committee president; Frank McGuire, secretary; Bill for the Humanities funded a slide-video­ Winter, assistant secretary; Jack Grothe, tape show on the history of the Chester­ treasurer; and Marshall Hier, assistant field area. Gloria Dalton continues to treasurer. work on completion of the project. The Members met, May 29, at Garavelli's program will feature taped conversations Restaurant, St. Louis, for the program with "old timers" about their recollec­ and ladies night. The program by James tions. The Society plans to make the I. "Bud" Robertson featured the topic, program available for loan to schools "The Civil War Still Lives." The speaker and other community organizations. has written or edited 20 books and over 100 articles on the Civil War period. Dade County Historical Society The Society held the May 7 meeting Clay County Museum Association in the Retirement Homes No. 2 Recrea­ The Association held a picnic, June tion Center, Greenfield. Mrs. Pearl Steen- 29, at Mt. Gilead in Clay County. Tours rod, age 89, entertained the audience of the church and school buildings, ceme­ with her presentation of poetry, memo­ tery and grounds preceded the covered- rized through her lifetime. She began dish meal. The Golden Age Orchestra with the first recitation she had learned. provided music and Jean Ann Neth led The June 4 meeting featured a report group singing. Milton Perry, director of by Mrs. Janet McClanahan. She and historic sites for the Clay County Parks Ruth Rubenstein attended a conference Department, gave a future plans update to obtain information about applying for the Mt. Gilead complex. for a grant to assist with restoring the Cole Camp Area Historical Society Greenfield Opera House. Members Members met for the regular June 10 unanimously approved taking the re­ meeting at the Benton County R-l quired action. School, Cole Camp. The program fea­ Retha Twaddell presented and nar­ tured a film, The Roosevelt Years, 1930- rated a slide program, "A Salute to 1945. Leonard Martens has completed Independence," at the July 2 meeting. the listing of obituaries and marriages as The presentation covered the historic reported in the local papers. The items period from the arrivals at Jamestown which date to the early 1900s will be and Plymouth to the presidency of arranged alphabetically. Emma Kathryn George Washington in 1790. Morrow gave the Society four postcards Dallas County Historical Society which depict early scenes of Cole Camp. Vinita Patterson told the history of the The Society welcomes additional items Red Top Baptist Church at the May 5 of historical interest to the community. meeting there. Musical selections and Crawford County Historical Society readings completed the program. On June 15, the Society sponsored a The Society met at the Bennett Spring bake sale in front of Mace's Town and Christian Church Camp on June 2. The Country Store in Cuba. The event as­ program featured a tour of the camp sisted the fund-raising goal of the South­ and an account of its history by Rev. east Missouri Transportation Service Harold Mayes. A cabin in the camp has Boosters, a volunteer group. been named in honor of Rev. Earl T. The Society meets the 3rd Thursday Sechler, a charter member of the Society. of the month at 304 Smith Street, Cuba. On July 14, members and their guests Visitors are welcome. held an ice cream social at the Buffalo 84 Missouri Historical Review

Head Prairie Historical Park in Buffalo. Franklin County Historical Society The group made plans for participation The Society held its June 23 general in the annual Prairie Days, August 23-25. meeting and carry-in dinner at the museum, located off Bieker Road, DeKalb County Historical Society Washington. Bob Friedel, Steve Luecke, Society members spent several weeks Steve Kubiak and Steve Henroid, mem­ this past summer cleaning, painting and bers of the Tavern Bluff Party, appeared moving into their recently purchased in period dress and gave a demonstration Martin Building on the east side of the of the era from the Revolutionary War square in Maysville. The structure will through 1840. They erected a teepee, be used by the Society for a museum displayed muzzle-loading guns, furs, and genealogical headquarters. Me­ leather clothing and books. The group morial gifts are helping toward the also demonstrated lighting a fire with a purchase of the building. flint rock and the use of a flintlock The June 23 meeting was held in the muzzle-loading gun. new museum building. Ina C. Wachtel Officers elected were Vanita Zehnle, of Savannah presented an informative president; Judith Hunt, vice president; program. She told about setting up the Carol Bell, secretary; and Helen Vogt, Andrew County Museum and research treasurer. center and pointed out pitfalls to be avoided. Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society Eastern Jasper County Historical On September 15, the annual reunion Society service of the former Peace Lutheran The Society's main objective is to Church, Friedenberg, was held in the maintain the Cave Springs Schoolhouse church. Rev. Marvin Bergman, of and grounds, northeast of Sarcoxie. Seward, Nebraska, spoke at the service. Members meet there twice each year. This year marks the 100th anniversary of the dedication of the present building Ferguson Historical Society on September 27, 1885. Glen Brickhaus Members held the Society's annual serves as president of the Society. picnic, June 22, at 315 Darst Road, Ferguson. The Society reported that it Friends of Arrow Rock has received a number of "Ferguson The Friends reported that some 2,000 Recollections" and some have been pub­ students had participated in a variety of lished in the Society's newsletter. educational opportunities in Arrow Rock this past April and May. Students from Florissant Valley Historical Society grades one through six experienced early The July 21 quarterly meeting of the school life, daily home chores and tasks Society featured a tour and family-style of the past and elections based on the dinner at the Lemp Mansion in St. Louis. election laws of the 1840s. The Friends The Society sponsored a bus trip to worked cooperatively with the Missouri Ste. Genevieve and attendance at the Department of Natural Resources and Missouri premiere of The Quilters, on Historic Arrow Rock Council on this September 1. The play depicts the lives project which received a grant from the of early women settlers as they stitch Missouri Arts Council. their quilts and relive their experiences. The 1985 membership drive seeks to Lunch at the Inn St. Gemme Beauvais increase the Friends organization to 1,000 preceded the matinee. Participants also members. Annual single membership could choose between viewing a display dues are $5.00, and should be sent to the of 100 locally made quilts or visiting the Friends of Arrow Rock, Inc., P.O. Box museum and three historic sites. 124, Arrow Rock, Missouri 65320. Several Historical Notes and Comments 85 other membership categories are avail­ On June 9, members met for a basket able. dinner and rededication of the Flintlock On July 19-28, the Friends hosted the Church at Missouri Town. Marion Ship, Missouri Heritage Quilt Display at the who rebuilt the church, attended and Christian Church in Arrow Rock. Silver received recognition for his efforts. Jack Dollar City sponsored the traveling ex­ Hagginson gave a brief address on the hibit of the most outstanding, historical­ history of the church and a dedicatory ly significant quilts made in Missouri prayer. A display featured photographs and still preserved. The event served as of the church at its original location and a fund-raising activity for the Friends. during the reassembly and copies of the The Friends held their fall luncheon, original church roster. A descendant September 21, at the Santa Fe House commented on his family's early con­ Restaurant, Arrow Rock. Antique con­ nection with the church. Traditional sultant Garner Settle presented the hymns were sung. program. Members brought antiques for Graham Historical Society consultant review and comment. Mr. The Society reported that it has been Settle is with the Old House in Rich­ awarded a mini grant from the Missouri mond, Missouri. Committee for the Humanities. The Friends of Historic Boonville grant supports the project titled, "Gra­ On August 16-24, the Friends spon­ ham, Missouri and its Service Organiza­ sored their 10th Annual Missouri River tions." Festival of the Arts at Thespian Hall in Grand River Historical Society Boonville. Events featured the Kansas The Society held a carry-in dinner City Symphony; the New York Harp and quarterly meeting, July 9, at the Ensemble; "You're The Top," a Cole Coburn Building, Chillicothe. Charles E. Porter musical revue from New York; (Chuck) Haney, publisher of the Consti­ the McLain Family Band from Kentucky; tution-Tribune newspaper, gave a pro­ the Lyric Opera of Kansas City; and gram in observance of the newspaper's Fritz the Clown. Several other activities, 125th anniversary. He related the history including an art exhibit, sporting events of newspapers in Livingston County, the and guided neighborhood tours, occur­ merger of two remaining papers in 1928 red during the festival. and showed slides which illustrated the process of putting out the Constitution- Friends of Keytesville Tribune today. The Friends reported that the Sterling Price Museum had been open during Grandview Historical Society the 150th anniversary celebration of the The May 6 meeting at 705 Main Street, Keytesville Methodist Church. Visitors Grandview, featured election of officers. could then tour the museum. The group The following were elected: Ruby Jane also announced that the Keytesville Hall, president; Dick Joyce and Jim cookbook was available for purchase Botts, vice presidents; Mrs. Betty Hart- again. man, secretary; Mrs. Marie Seek, trea­ surer; and Mrs. Arthelia Pritchard, cor­ Friends of Missouri Town-1855 responding secretary. The Friends sponsored the annual On June 1 and 2, the Society partici­ Children's Day on June 8, at Missouri pated in the annual Harry Hay Days Town, Lake Jacomo, near Blue Springs. celebration in Grandview. Society of­ The event provided a sampler of chil­ ficers rode in the parade and the group dren's activities of the 1850s for the served ice cream and cake during the children of today. evening activities. 86 Missouri Historical Review

Ellen Way presented the program at chants over many years and oil paintings the June 3 meeting, 705 Main Street, by Leola Harris. The Society, in co­ Grandview. She talked on the history of operation with the Grundy County the Grandview school system. Council of Clubs, presented an exhibit The Society sponsored two fund-rais­ of historical flags during the July 4th ing events in July to raise money to holiday. Spencer Hawkins, of Chillicothe, finish restoration of the Kansas City answered questions concerning the large Southern Railway station for a museum. display of various flags of the United On July 12, the Society held the 4th States—colonial, military and those of annual old-fashioned ice cream social. early explorers of America. Members worked at a garage sale on Harrison County Historical Society July 17-19. The Society held its June 11 meeting Greene County Historical Society at the museum in Bethany. Members Members met at the Battlefield Heri­ decided on plans to advertise the open­ tage Cafeteria, Springfield, on May 23. ing of the museum and learned about Paul Fredrick gave the program on "Rail new acquisitions for the museum. The Tails or Life as a Frisco Special Agent." Society reported receiving several dona­ The Society arranged items for an tions for the restoration of the Hamilton exhibit, June through August, at the House. Museum of the Ozarks, Springfield. On June 28, Roberta Cuddy Koch, the Members loaned photographs, programs, donor of the house, hosted a luncheon in souvenirs and other mementos for the Kansas City for several Society members. display on the theme, "Celebrations." The group also visited three restored On June 27, the Society held its annual houses. picnic on the grounds of the Johns Henry County Historical Society Chapel Methodist Church near Ash On June 20, members held a meeting Grove. The program featured a history at the museum, Clinton. Dr. Mark C. and tour of the church by Betty Nichol­ Stauter, associate director at Rolla, of son and information on the former town the Joint Collection, University of Mis­ of Haven by Wilma McGilvry. souri Western Historical Manuscript The Society conducted an observance Collection-State Historical Society Manu­ commemorating the 124th anniversary scripts, provided the program. He de­ of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Held scribed the joint collection, outlined its August 10, at Bloody Hill, Wilson's Creek history and future goals. Dr. Stauter also National Battlefield, near Springfield, the gave a slide presentation on the wrought event featured the battle retold by Jim iron and steel truss bridges of Missouri. Allwood, the Civil War Congressional The Society loaned documents to the Medal of Honor recipients by Richard joint collection for copying. Hatcher and a progress report by park The Society's board of directors met superintendent, David Lane. Group sing­ at the museum on June 27. They dis­ ing and musket and cannon firing by cussed and approved recommendations Wilson's Creek living history volunteers for the improvement of the museum concluded the program. and made appointments to each of the Society's committees. Grundy County Historical Society Special exhibits at the museum, Higbee Area Historical Society Trenton, have included a display featur­ The June 4 meeting of the Society ing the Farmers Mutual Insurance on its was held in the Higbee City Auditorium. 90th birthday, an assortment of advertis­ The program featured the history of the ing souvenirs distributed by local mer­ Roanoke area, the old plank road and Historical Notes and Comments 87 the Civil War Battle of Silver Creek. Historical Society of Polk County Society projects include developing a Members held their May 23 meeting slide/narration program on the area and in the North Ward Museum, Bolivar. restoration of area cemeteries. The program featured a seven-act play, depicting scenes from the county's Historic Kansas City Foundation 150-year history. Pupils in the sixth grade The Foundation announced the 1985 from Leonard Elementary School, Boli­ preservation awards. Winners included var, had written and produced the play, Robert Landman and Faye Pincus, resi­ under the supervision of their teacher, dential rehabilitation, for their home at Mrs. Janell Jones. 3022 Oak; Mark Twain Tower, formerly the Continental Hotel, and the Loose The Society participated in the coun­ Mansion, commercial adaptive reuse; ty's sesquicentennial observance, July and the Mahaffie Farmstead, interpreta­ 4-7. Special events included a horse tive restoration. The Historic Garment show, mural unveiling, a historical pag­ District Group, the Mutual Musicians eant, fireworks, an antique-style show, Foundation and Mel Mallin received musical entertainment, horseshoe pitch­ special honor awards. The Foundation ing, chicken barbecue and parade. also presented volunteer awards to Meeting on July 25, Society members Brenda Schifman, Allan Schifman, Elaine viewed slides reproduced from old McNabney, Nancy Whalen, Joe Whalen photographs. These included buildings and Cynde Brookfield. and events from throughout the county. Holt County Historical Society Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau On July 22, members of the Society attended a matinee performance at the The Association held a coffee, May Mule Barn Theatre in Tarkio. 10, at the Glenn House, Cape Girardeau, for volunteers to sign up as guides for Eloise True presented the program at tour work at the house. The Glenn House the August 26 meeting in the Schoolhouse opened on its regular summer schedule, Auditorium, Fortescue. She spoke on 12:30 to 4:30 P.M., Wednesday-Saturday. German folklore. Mrs. T.J. Mulkey and Mrs. James Estes Jasper County Historical Society serve as chairwomen of tours for the Ten members attended the June 30 Association. meeting at the Boatman's Bank Building, On May 19, members of the Associa­ Carthage. Dan Crutcher presented the tion met for the annual meeting and program, "When Webb City was Young." picnic on the grounds of the Glenn He told about buildings built in Webb House. The business session included City, location by street, changes by introduction of new officers and annual street names, the city water system, the reports. Officers of the Association for Flamingo Club of 1892 and the first 1985-1986 are Mrs. James E. Palen, baseball team. president; Mrs. M.G. Lorberg, Jr., first vice president; Dr. Tom H. Gerhardt, Jennings Historical Society executive director; Mrs. Michael L. Past and present members and guests Richey, recording secretary; Mrs. C. attended the Society's annual picnic at Gregory Brune, corresponding secretary; Jennings Lions Park on June 11. and Roy Ludwig, treasurer. The Society reported that the Jennings The Glenn House and the Carriage School District has contributed the use House Craft Shop opened on June 15 in of some cabinets and shelves, as well as conjunction with Riverfest for downtown yearbooks and other material pertaining Cape Girardeau. The event marked the to the now defunct Fairview High 14th anniversary of the craft shop. School for the museum. The schoolhouse Missouri Historical Review committee plans to assemble items for La Brigade a Renault display. The group meets the second Monday of the month at Brigade headquarters Joplin Historical Society next to St. Joachim Church in Old Mines. The Society entertained with a "tea The Brigade's objective is to keep alive party" at the Dorothea B. Hoover the customs and history of the French in Museum, in Schifferdecker Park, Joplin, Missouri's oldest settlement, La Vieille on July 14. Board members served punch Mine (Old Mines), founded in 1723 by and cookies at tea tables decorated with Phillippe Francois Renault. antique dolls. The event featured the Society's doll collection from the estate Laclede County Historical Society of Maude Taylor Johnson. The dolls The Society held the June 24 meeting have been displayed in glass cases lighted at Wyota Restaurant, Lebanon. Larry with crystal chandeliers. George Hein- Oxley, member services director of the bein designed and constructed the new Laclede Electric Cooperative, gave the cases. program. He showed a film on the 50 years of REA and added comments Kansas City Westerners about service in the county and surround­ The Posse held the June 11 meeting at ing area. Homestead Country Club, Prairie Vil­ The Society sponsored its annual ice lage, Kansas. Dr. Allan Perry gave a talk cream supper, August 26, on the lawn of on the development of American Indian the Old Jail Museum in Lebanon. The policy. Members brought books and event also included tours of the museum. artifacts of the American Indian for show-and-tell. Lafayette County Historical Society The July 9 meeting featured a program Officers of the Society are Mrs. by Dr. Henry Adams, curator of the Donald Samuels, president; Mrs. Mattie Nelson Art Gallery, Kansas City. He Bess Ryland, Mrs. James O. Smith and critiqued the George Caleb Bingham Mrs. Norman Haston, vice presidents; painting, Fur Traders Descending the Mrs. Barney J. Brunetti, secretary; and Missouri. Mrs. J. Jim Johnston, treasurer. Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Lawrence County Historical Society The Society met for the June 17 meet­ The Society met on May 19 at the ing at the Community Center, Fulton. Jones Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon. Esther Digh, a former teacher and di­ Members voted for the Society to pur­ etary consultant, presented a program chase a microfilm reader. It will be on "The Early Art of Cookery." placed in the Lawrence County Library, On July 18, the Society held the annual Mt. Vernon, for use by researchers. ice cream social in the Warrene Tuttle Lloyd Garoutte, Jr., of Marionville and Memorial Gardens at the museum, a member of the Missouri Civil War Fulton. Reenactors Association, gave the pro­ gram. Dressed in full uniform, he por­ Kirkwood Historical Society trayed a day in the life of a soldier on The annual picnic and strawberry May 19, 1863. He told about the typical festival occurred on June 11 at History activities of the day and demonstrated House, Kirkwood. The evening also the use of each item of equipment he included a business meeting and the carried. formal dedication of the "Roaring 20's Room" in memory of Virginia Matthews, Lexington Historical Association an active member and worker in the "A Vintage Fashion Show," presented Society for many years. at the Anderson House, July 5, benefited Historical Notes and Comments 89 the Lexington Historical Museum. tage of Potosi. The Society completed Dorothy Levy served as mistress of plans for a marker program for historic ceremony. Musical entertainment was sites. presented by the Sweet Adelines, Pat The July 16 meeting featured the Scott, Pat Cox, the Reverend Charles theme, "The Old Town of Potosi." John Hagee and Paula Peck. L. Boyer, the Society historic sites chair­ On September 14-15, the museum man, led a walking tour through the sponsored a biennial tour of Lexington's original town of Potosi. Moses Austin historic old homes and buildings. Tourists laid out the town in 1814 as the county also enjoyed arts and crafts, delicacies seat for the new Washington County. and farm produce. The town merged in 1826 with the neighboring French mining village of Miller County Historical Society Mine Au Breton to form the present The Society met for a potluck dinner Potosi. and meeting at the courthouse annex in Tuscumbia on July 14. Marilyn Plass- Missouri Historical Society meyer, editor of the Country Circuit The Women's Association held its magazine, the monthly publication of annual meeting and luncheon, June 6, at the Three-Rivers Electric Cooperative the Society, Jefferson Memorial Building, of Linn, gave the program. Her slide Forest Park, St. Louis. Mary Strauss, and lecture presentation featured rural director of special projects at the Fox electrification and the progress electricity Theatre, gave a slide-illustrated lecture provided to America's rural residents on her work coordinating the renovation over the past 50 years. of the landmark theatre. Association On July 20, the Society held a sneak officers elected for 1985-1986 were Mrs. preview of its quilt show at the Stone Richard E. Pinckert, president; Mrs. Crest Mall in Osage Beach. Shoppers Ralph L. Countryman, first vice presi­ viewed a variety of quilts and antique dent; Mrs. Harris Gerhard, second vice items. The quilt show occurred on July president; Mrs. Arthur L. Kniffen III, 27 at the Tuscumbia High School Gym. treasurer; Mrs. Warren L. Moser, assis­ A raffle featured a handmade quilt. tant treasurer; Mrs. A. Charles Hiemenz, recording secretary; and Mrs. Donald Mine Au Breton Historical Society Strominger, corresponding secretary. Members met for the May 21 meeting in the Society's museum quarters in the Morgan County Historical Society Old Presbyterian Church in Potosi. On July 22, the Society held the annual Marjorie McCown and Susan Logie, of ice cream social and square dance at the St. Louis with the speakers bureau of museum on North Monroe Street in Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc., Versailles. presented a slide-illustrated program on The August 26 meeting featured a restoration work on the mansion and its program by Harold and Vivian Elley, furnishings. The Society made plans for former managers of the old Royal opening the museum for its third sum­ Theater in Versailles. They gave a history mer season. of the theater, and Chris Concannon "The French Heritage of Washington told about plans for the continued County" highlighted the June 18 meet­ restoration of the building. ing. Pete "Pierre" Boyer, of Potosi and a On September 1, the Society closed a nationally known French storyteller and successful season at the museum, musician, entertained members and Versailles. guests with a lively presentation of music Members held the annual basket din­ and stories from the early French heri­ ner and business meeting on September 90 Missouri Historical Review

23, in the Women's Civic Club Hall, ficers elected for 1985-1986 were Mrs. Versailles. Walter Piercey presented the Dennis Newby, president; Thomas Car­ program on his shell collection. neal, Mrs. Dale Bird and Edgar William­ son, vice presidents; Clarence Lloyd, Mound City Museum Association secretary; and Edwin Brewer, treasurer. The Association's locally oriented museum is located on South State Street O'Fallon Historical Society in Mound City. It is open to the public On July 4, the Society sponsored a on Sunday afternoons, from 2 to 5 P.M., raffle and a hot dog stand at the Log May 25 through October 15. On Labor Cabin which opened for tours over the Day, September 2, the museum hosted a holiday. large display of small motors. Old Trails Historical Society The Association meets the third Ron Edwards gave the program at Wednesday of each month, usually at the May 15 meeting at Washington First the museum. Federal, Ballwin. An architect, he pre­ sented slides on "Restoring the Absalom Newton County Historical Society Link Log Cabin." The Overland Histori­ On May 5, the museum committee cal Society owns the cabin. hosted an open house at the Newton County Museum, the former sheriff's On June 23, the Society sponsored a house and jail in Neosho. The museum pioneer festival to celebrate the 150th features a parlor, genealogy library and birthday of the Bacon Log Cabin. Held history, tool, clothing and pioneer rooms. on the cabin grounds, the event featured Mary Ellen Dennison serves as hostess birthday cake, craftsmen demonstrating this season. The museum is open from 1 and selling pioneer crafts and tours of to 4 P.M., Sundays. the cabin. The Society held its annual picnic, In June, the Society's newsletter, July 17, at Vlasis Park in Ballwin. Newton County Saga, began a series of Officers of the Society for the 1985- articles on the museum. 1986 term are Harvey Smith, president; Members met for the June 9 meeting Carolyn Schafer, first vice president; at the home of George and Joyce Kelly Janet Hinkebein, second vice president; on North Scenic Route, Neosho. Job Barbara Wilp, secretary; Til Keil, treas­ Ratliff built the 8-room, Federalist-style urer; and Doris Fischer, historian. house probably before the Civil War. Palmyra Heritage Seekers Nodaway County Historical Society The Seekers report that exterior restora­ The Society met, July 17, with 47 tion on the historic Gardner House is persons present for the annual meeting underway. A private donation funded and election of officers at the Cardinal this project. Inn, Maryville. Thomas Carneal gave a Officers for 1985-1986 are William slide presentation on the Lewis and Owsley, president; Katerine Head and Clark Expedition which surveyed the Mary Margaret Zoller, vice presidents; Louisiana Purchase. The Missouri Com­ Mark Hoenes, recording secretary; Ruth mittee for the Humanities, Inc., made Kroeger, treasurer; Dorothy Owsley, cor­ the program available. Mary Wagner pre­ responding secretary; and Adaline King, sented a quilt to the Society. Elizabeth artifact curator. Edwards, a former graduate of the old Harmony High School in the county, Pemiscot County Historical Society made the quilt. Quilt blocks contained The Society presented the Pioneer the name and date of each graduate of Heritage Awards at the April 26 meeting that school as well as each teacher. Of­ at the Colonial Savings and Loan As- Historical Notes and Comments 91 sociation in Caruthersville. Recipients sion in Jefferson City. The museum is included Harold S. Jones, county super­ being restored as it might have looked intendent of schools and county court when Mr. and Mrs. Krause and their six clerk for over 20 years; Josephine Van daughters and one son lived in it. Res­ Cleve, the first woman elected to the toration of the first floor has been com­ Caruthersville City Council; and Gussie pleted. The basement will house a county Tucker Hickman, a teacher in the rural archives and genealogy library room. schools for 45 years. The program fea­ The second floor will be completed tured the biographical sketches of these later. For special tours, phone the mu­ three honorees. seum (816) 431-5121. At the May 24 meeting, members hon­ ored Mrs. Ophelia Wade as the founder Pleasant Hill Historical Society and first president of the Society. An Sonny Wells presented the program at eminent genealogist in the area, Mrs. the July 28 meeting at the museum, Pleas­ Wade spoke briefly about her recent ant Hill. He told about his hobby of research and pointed out that people researching Quantrill and records and make history. She compiled a Political lists of Confederate soldiers. History of Pemiscot County in 1976. Ralls County Historical Society Ralph Clayton, editor and publisher The Ralls and Marion County Histori­ of the Democrat-Argus and another sup­ cal Societies held their annual picnic porter of the Society, was honored at meeting together, July 15, in the new the June 28 meeting. The Society recog­ recreation building in the city park at nized his presentation of bound volumes Center. Ralls Countians hosted the social of the newspaper to the archives. He event for fellowship between the two gave a brief and interesting account of organizations. After the picnic dinner, the county newspapers. Jason Yancy and Greg Powers, young musicians of Perry, presented a program Pike County Historical Society of vocal, guitar and banjo music. The Society held its July 13 quarterly meeting and a carry-in picnic at St. Ray County Historical Society John's Church, Eolia. Prior to the picnic, The Society announced that Mr. and the group visited Ashburton, a beautiful Mrs. Warren Hayes have moved to the country home built in 1840 by John Winn apartment and started their duties as the Davis. The house remained in the family new attendants at the Ray County Mu­ over 100 years. Heath Meriwether, of seum in Richmond. Many additions and Hannibal, spoke on "The Founders of improvements have been made to the St. John's Church." One of the descen­ exhibits and the interior and exterior of dants of the founders, he related many the building. Regular museum visiting interesting facts and anecdotes about hours are 1 to 5 P.M., Wednesday through these early settlers. Sunday. Monday and Tuesday will be volunteer days. Platte County Historical Society The Society held the official ribbon Raytown Historical Society cutting and dedication ceremony, on On June 22, the Society sponsored a June 15, for the Ben Ferrel Platte County bus tour of some renovated historic build­ Museum, at Third and Ferrel streets, ings in Kansas City. Mark Shapiro, ex­ Platte City. Frederick Krause, a promi­ ecutive director of the Historic Kansas nent businessman, built the 1882 Vic­ City Foundation, served as guide. Par­ torian mini-mansion as his city dwelling. ticipants visited the Union Cemetery and The mansion features the same style, on two townhouses in the area. a smaller scale, as the Governor's Man­ Members met for the annual picnic 92 Missouri Historical Review and quarterly meeting on July 24, at St. Louis Westerners Kupfer's Chalet, Raytown. The program The May 17 meeting and ladies' night featured the Kansas City Bluegrass Band. featured dinner and a Mississippi River Special exhibits at the museum in Ray- trip on the excursion boat, Huck Finn. town have included antique tools in Guest speakers were Captain William F. June, handmade patriotic flags from the Carroll and Dr. Sandra L. Meyers. Cap­ collection of Les Pierce in July and stamp tain Carroll, president of Streckfus Steam­ collections in August. ers, gave a historical commentary on the old Mississippi riverfront at St. Louis. St. Charles County Historical Society Dr. Meyers, president of Westerners In­ The Society held its July 25 quarterly ternational and a professor of History at dinner meeting at the Golf View Inn, St. the University of Texas, Arlington, re­ Charles. Members viewed a preview of lated some thoughts about "westering the slide presentation, "From River to women" and Westerners International. Rails." Using old photographs, the program showed changes in St. Charles Saline County Historical Society between 1870 and 1910. The Society The Society held the Buckner Ball received a grant from the Missouri Com­ at 125 North Brunswick, Marshall, on mittee for the Humanities to complete June 8. this slide/tape program and make it available for showing to county-wide Schuyler County Historical Society audiences. The Society met at the Hall House On July 27 and 28, members held a Museum in Lancaster on July 20. A short book fair at the Old City Hall in St. business meeting followed the carry-in Charles. picnic on the wide veranda of the house. The Society reported that it had re­ A representative of Chariton Valley Re­ ceived a grant from the City of St. search told about writing a personal his­ Charles for renovation of the main floor tory for posterity. Some members signed of the Old City Hall. The project will up for a future workshop. Musical enter­ include work on walls, ceilings and floors tainment concluded the meeting. and installation of new electrical wiring Scotland County Historical Society and fixtures. June Kice presented the program at Officers of the Society for 1985-1986 the June 24 meeting at the Downing are Ron Kjar, president; Bob Schultz, House Museum in Memphis. The program first vice president; Paul Scheer, second featured a genealogical history of Jesse vice president; Sue Kurtz, recording sec­ and Frank James and some of their ac­ retary; Jean Baggerman, corresponding tivities and exploits during the Civil War secretary; and Mary Yaeger, treasurer. era. St. Francois County Historical Society Two persons on the work experience Members of the Society met on May training program and volunteers have 22, in the Civic Room of the Ozarks kept the museum open to the public for Federal Savings and Loan Building in tours. Museum hours are 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 Farmington. Al Turley presented the pro­ P.M., daily, and 1 to 4 P.M., Sunday. gram on "St. Francois County Court­ houses." Scott County Historical Society The June 26 meeting featured a discus­ The Society held its June 8 meeting sion of "Rural Schools of St. Francois and a fish fry at the home of Con and County" by Gertrude Zimmer. Mary McArthur in Morley. Members brought items of historical The Society reported that it had pur­ interest for a show-and-tell program at chased from the Benton Jaycees the the July 24 meeting. former Benton bank building. On July Historical Notes and Comments 93

22, members held a clean-up day at the No. 611. The special trains operated building which the Society plans to con­ courtesy of the Norfolk-Southern Rail­ vert to a museum. The indexed Scott road. The Society's tavern-lounge-ob­ County Marriage Record Rook #1 1840- servation car "Hospitality" of Kansas City 1855 is available from the Society. The Southern heritage was added to the train book costs $10.00. Interested persons and provided first-class service. should contact Mildred Lasater, 501 Ben­ Members held the July 12 meeting at ton, Sikeston, Missouri 63801. Capitol Federal, Kansas City. The Kan­ The Society met on August 5 at the sas City Chapter, National Railway and courthouse in Benton. Delecia Huitt, ad­ Historical Society provided the program. ministrator of the Hunter-Dawson Home Harold Henre showed films and slides in New Madrid, related information on on the trolleys in the metropolitan area organizing and starting a museum. of Kansas City from the horse-drawn vehicles to heavy electric operations. Shelby County Historical Society Members of the Society held a regular Sons and Daughters of the Blue and meeting, July 2, at the Mercantile Bank, Gray Civil War Round Table Shelbina. Mrs. Jessie Mae Greenwell The group met on June 16, in the gave a talk on the Statue of Liberty. The Community Room of the American Bank Society reported donations to the museum in Maryville. Dr. Kenneth St. Clair, pro­ and the need for young volunteers to fessor emeritus of Tarkio College, restore the log cabin. Tarkio, presented the program. He spoke On August 17, the Society sponsored on "The Military Commission Trials of the historical exhibit at North Shelby the Civil War." Officers reelected for High School, Shelbyville. This year the 1985-1986 were Tom Lawing, president; exhibit became part of the week-long, James Curram, vice president; and Har- county-wide celebration in honor of the ley Kissinger, secretary-treasurer. county's 150th birthday. South East Missouri Smoky Hill Railway and Civil War Round Table Historical Society Members held a Round Table discus­ The Society met on May 10, at Capitol sion of the Battle of Pilot Knob at the Federal Savings and Loan, 75th and State July 11 meeting at Fort Davidson at Line, in Kansas City. The program in­ Pilot Knob. Jack Mayes distributed lay­ cluded slides of early rolling stock on out drawings of the fort and gave a the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail­ description of the events of the battle at road and some railroad promotional the site. Other members read passages films from the 1940s. written about the battle. This "on the Steve Holmes presented the program scene" type of program was well re­ at the June 14 meeting. He showed slides ceived. he had taken of passenger trains and diesels of Australia, passenger trains on Texas County Missouri Genealogical the Rock Island and a selection of E- and Historical Society and F-units. The Society held its January 25 meet­ The Society and the Kansas City Chap­ ing in the basement of the senior citizens ter of the National Railway and Histori­ building in Houston. The program fea­ cal Society sponsored "Steam Alive in tured the Judge Gladden family and the '85" on June 22 and 23. The historic early history of Turley, Missouri. Sally railroad excursions from North Kansas Ann Gladden, a county court commis­ City to Moberly and return featured the sioner and descendant of Judge Glad­ Norfolk & Western steam locomotive den, gave the presentation. 94 Missouri Historical Review

Wilson Elliott showed slides and gave Vernon County Historical Society the history of the Paddy Creek Wilder­ Some 200 persons attended an open ness area at the February 22 meeting. house in Nevada, June 2, celebrating the The March 22 meeting featured a pro­ Bushwhacker Museum's 20th anniver­ gram by Ellis J. Hart of Mountain Grove. sary. Representative Jerry Burch and Dr. He recounted the days of his childhood James W. Goodrich, associate director when his family left the Mountain Grove of the State Historical Society of Mis­ area to homestead in Nebraska. souri, Columbia, were guest speakers. The Society conducted an all-day President Jean Edwards, Alice Hill and genealogy workshop on May 18. Mildred Patrick Brophy also made brief remarks. Melton gave instruction in basic gene­ On July 9, some 20 persons attended alogy. Millie Preissle reviewed the hold­ the unveiling of a marker at the site of ings of the Missouri State Archives in the Noah Caton cabin. Located four Jefferson City and the resources avail­ miles north of Nevada, the marker desig­ able in Columbia. Jay Lund provided nated the place where the first Vernon the third portion of the workshop. He County court met, July 9, 1855. Mrs. told about the resources and services William H. Allen, a great-granddaughter available through the Latter Day Saints of Caton, financed and unveiled the church facilities. marker. Talbot Wight presided over the The June 28 meeting featured a pro­ ceremony. gram by Mrs. Helen Bequette and guests from Summersville. They gave the early Warren County Historical Society history of Summersville and its pioneer During the summer, a display in the residents. museum and historical library, Warren- ton, featured many old quilts owned by Tri-County Historical and a quilt enthusiast, Dr. John Wehmer, of Museum Society of King City Lindenwood College, St. Charles. On September 21, the Society held a The Society held its July 25 meeting "Living History Day" on the museum in the museum. Members viewed old grounds, Highway 169 North, King City. films taken in the 1930s by the late Wil­ liam Zimmerman. Union Cemetery Historical Society Over 200 people signed the guest reg­ Webster Groves Historical Society ister at the sexton's cottage in Union Members held their annual meeting Cemetery, Kansas City, during an open and celebrated the 20th anniversary of house, May 25-27. Society members the Society on May 28, at the Chris­ showed visitors through the house, served topher Hawken House, Webster Groves. refreshments and checked burial records. On June 15, the Society, with Eden Mark Cockrell, an Eagle scout, pre­ Theological Seminary and the Webster sented the program at the June 29 meet­ Symphony Orchestra, presented a con­ ing at Loose Park Garden Center, Kansas cert under the stars in the Eden Quad­ City. He told about his project of making rangle, Webster Groves. rubbings of memorial plaques all over The Society and the Herb Society spon­ the city. He displayed the book of rub­ sored a booth at community days, July bings he compiled and gave advice on 3-6, at Memorial Park. Volunteers sold materials and methods for rubbings. cookbooks, T-shirts and plants and ac­ The July 27 meeting featured a talk cepted contributions toward the 1985 on the sexton's cottage by Mrs. Anna quilt called "St. Louis Square." Proceeds Mae Hodge. She headed the effort which were added to the building fund for the resulted in the restoration and dedication heritage center to be built at the Hawken of the cottage in 1973. House. Historical Notes and Comments 95

Wentzville Historical Society over $2,500 to support the Society's Officers of the Society for 1985 are museum within the past year. Gerry Matlock, president; Ruby Men- Weston Historical Museum scher, vice president; John Denny, sec­ ond vice president; Barb Mittelbuscher, The Museum and the Weston com­ secretary; Erna Brakensiek, treasurer; munity experienced a great loss in the Janet Scott, archivist; and Tillie Pitman, recent death of Dr. Raymond J. Felling. historian. One of the Museum's founders, Dr. Fell­ ing had served as its only director since The Society held the March 18 general it opened in 1960. membership meeting at Crossroads Cafe­ teria in Wentzville. Dr. Adolf Schroeder, Westport Historical Society of the University of Missouri-Columbia, The Society held its quarterly dinner spoke on the topic, "German Settlement meeting, May 17, at St. Paul's Episcopal In Missouri." Church, 40th & Main streets, Kansas Barb Mittelbuscher, of Flint Hill, Mis­ City. David Dary, professor of Journalism souri, gave a slide presentation on the at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, history of Josephville and Flint Hill for presented the program. He spoke on the June 17 meeting. It included recently "Westport: From The Eastern End of obtained photographs of tobacco giants, The Trail," which included comments George S. Myers of Liggett and Myers about Westport, the Santa Fe Trail and and Paul Brown. These men started in the surrounding area in general. Profes­ the tobacco business in the Flint Hill/ sor Dary is the author of several books Wentzville area. and articles about the West. Work continues on the Society's one- room museum located in the Green Lan­ On June 9, members participated in tern Adult Center in Wentzville. Four an all-day trip to historic Nevada and mannequins and many historical artifacts Vernon County. They viewed Cottey and photographs have been added. College, Radio Springs Park, the home The Society presented a plaque to the of the Frank Jones family, the Bush­ Wentzville Community Club for outstand­ whacker Museum and the old Ball Town ing contributions. The Club donated Cemetery.

Billiard Business Rolling Along

Saint Louis Commerce, March, 1985. Abraham Lincoln, Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, and King James I of England and King Louis XV of France all had one thing in common—a strong interest in billiards. The game's roots in St. Louis trace from the city's founding in 1764. One of the first log cabins built here by Auguste Chouteau's band of traders housed a billiard table. The cabin stood near where the south leg of the Gateway Arch now rises. In 1850 Ernest Schmidt, an immigrant from Germany, formed the country's second billiard business. ... He named his firm the A.E. Schmidt Co. in honor of his wife, Anna Elizabeth. At the outset, ivory balls turned from elephant tusks were the firm's only products. Through the ensuing 134 years the firm has diversified. 96 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS Rev. and Mrs. W.E. Aldworth, Stratford, Ontario, Canada, donors: Western Sunset; An Aldworth Family Followed the Setting Sun From London, England to Upper Canada, compiled by donors. R°

Ruth Ayers, Canton, donor: A History of the Robert Alexander Moore and Mary Ann Moore Family, by Mary Elizabeth Alderton Morris. R

Thomas S. Baskett, Sr., Columbia, donor: Publications of the Missouri Baptist General Association, Mount Zion Baptist Association and Southern Baptist Convention, various dates. R William G. Beard, Hermann, donor, through Charles van Ravenswaay, Wilmington, Delaware: Over 100 black and white photographic postcards of people and activities, circa 1910-1930s, taken by Michael Gabler of Stony Hill, Mo. E

Homer C. Beck, Wichita, Kansas, donor: "McCracken Cemetery, Hickory County, Missouri," gathered by donor and Willis Milligan. R

William H. Becker, Kansas City, donor: Copies of Frank James Trial Records. M

Harry M. Bennett, Los Angeles, California, donor: Copy of 1858 letter from the postmaster general concerning the Overland Mail Route to California. R

Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Pamphlets on Arrow Rock, Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson City and St. Joseph. R

Frances Bradbury Bonney, Mooresville, North Carolina, donor: Knapheide—Hilgedick—Rotert—Miller Families, 1985, compiled by donor. R

Boone Electric Cooperative, donor, through Ruth Anne Decker, Columbia: Our First Fifty Years: Roone Electric Cooperative. R

Mrs. Virginia Botts, Columbia, donor: Annual reports, directories, periodicals and misc. items relating to businesses, churches, events and towns in Missouri. R

Virginia S. Brizendine, Jefferson City, donor: "The Sneads From Gentry County, Missouri; A Report to the Snead Reunion Held in Bethany, Mo., on June 24, 1984." R

Maurice L. Burd, Jefferson City, donor: Missouri Rurds; The Ancestors and Descendants of Daniel Rird or Rurd (1808- 1863) and Margaret Lawson (1815-1861) of Osage County, Missouri. R

°These letters indicate where materials are filed at Society headquarters: R refers to Reference Library; RFC, Reference Fitzgerald Collection; E, Editorial Office; N, Newspaper Library; M, Manuscripts; B, Bay Room; and A, Art Room. Historical Notes and Comments 97

Roy Burgess, Venice, Florida, donor, through Ray Burgess: Early Missourians and Kin; A Genealogical Compilation of "Missouri Cousins," compiled by donor. R

Cape Girardeau Public Library, Cape Girardeau, donor: Southeast Missourian Index, January 1, 1984-December 31, 1984, by Mary M. Kempe. N

Vickie Cravens, Columbia, donor: Bittersweet—Ten Year Index, Volumes 1 through 10, compiled by Kinderhook Regional Library staff. R

W.T. Cotten, Mesquite, Texas, donor: Copies of Cotten family Bible records. R

Mr. and Mrs. James L. Darling, Borrego Springs, California, donors: "Dunklyn—Dunklin (The Dunklin Family of North Carolina)." R

Lawrence and Helen Davenport, Springfield, donors: George Says I Must Write "Woot Has Twelve Pigs," compiled by donors. R

Onez Stump Davis, Hannibal, donor: "Marion County, Missouri, Cemetery Records," recorded by donor. R

Arnold H. Dreyer, Sr., Warrenton, donor: Index, errata and addenda to Dreyer family material, compiled by donor. R

Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri, donor through Reverend William E. Lusk, Harrison ville: Journal of the 1984 annual convention of the Diocese. R

Homer L. Ferguson, Jefferson City, donor: Material on Jefferson City and Missouri agencies and organizations, R; composite photograph from First Christian Church, Jefferson City. E

Minnie M. Frese, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, donor: "Waller Genealogy," compiled by donor. R

Michael Gilley, Duncan ville, Texas, donor: Material on the Summer family. R

James W. Goodrich, Columbia, donor: "1984 Statistical Profile of Columbia and Boone County." R

Ella Gungoll, Waukomis, Oklahoma, donor, through Mrs. John Willis, Gerald: The Gungoll Family History, In Loving Memory and In Living Tribute to My Family, compiled by donor. R

William Kearney Hall, St Louis, donor: Abstracts and Index of Items of Genealogical Interest in the Springfield, Missouri, Republican for the Year 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, all compiled by donor. N Claude Halstead, Danville, Virginia, donor: Material on the Halstead and Shelhorse families. R 98 Missouri Historical Review

Mrs. H. Hashbarger, St Louis, donor, through Dr. Adolf Schroeder, Columbia: Material on the Saeger and Goebel families, loaned for copying. R

Mrs. Michael J. Havener, Columbia, donor: "Strawn School, 1951-1956," a research paper, by donor. R

Joyce Sewell Henry, Tucson, Arizona, donor: The Henrys From Our Point of View, 1720-1983 (with 1985 Update), written for the descendants of William Jones Henry, Boone County, Missouri, by donor. R

Mrs. Veryl D. Hoenig, Columbia, donor: Several genealogical publications and material on the Alfred Head family. R

Edward P. Isham, Glenview, Illinois, donor: An Index of the Ishams in England and America; Nine Hundred Years of History and Genealogy, compiled by donor. R

Susan Elizabeth (Dubbert) Jenkins, donor, through Dr. Adolf E. Schroeder, Columbia: From Westfalen to Missouri: A Time lourney in the Dubbert Family, 1836- 1984, compiled by donor. R

Linda D. Johnston, Prairie Village, Kansas, donor: The Johnson Family in America: The Descendants of Joseph Asa Johnson, 1814-1906, and Sarah Lucy Toby, 1819-1908, by James Melvin Johnson. R

Melvin E. Kirkpatrick, Bloomington, Minnesota, donor: Samuel Cotter Kirkpatrick Papers. M

Frederick R. Klinge, Jr., M. Jeanette Klinge, Heinrich Klinge and Mary Klinge Lenz, Marshall, donors: Henry Klinge Papers. M

Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic, Department of Missouri, donor, through Eugenia Reese, St Louis: Proceedings, annual convention, 1984. R

Sidney Larson, Columbia, donor: Painting, Traces. A

Mrs. Laura M. Lee, Lincoln, Nebraska, donor: Squire-Brown-Burton, compiled by donor. R

Howard C. Litton, Festus, donor: Announcement of auction, leaflets on Jefferson College and Elephant Rocks State Park, New Scottish Rite Mason, Summer, 1985. R

Lela Lillian Lones, Perry, Iowa, donor: Edwards; Progenitors, Siblings, Descendants of Andrew Edwards, compiled by donor. R

Jean M. Machens, Portage Des Sioux, donor: The Family Tree From Magthersheim to Machens, 1149-1978, compiled by Dr. Andreas Machens and donor, loaned for copying. R Historical Notes and Comments 99

Mrs. Elizabeth W. McNamara, Arlington, Virginia, donor: Weakley, Scearce, Arnold Families of Kentucky and Descendants of Thomas Crutcher, both compiled by donor. R

Mrs. Margaret W. McNaull and Helen McNaull Stone, Greensboro, North Carolina, donors: Framed oil portrait of Stonewall Jackson Singleton. A

Frances Maupin, Columbia, donor: Taney Titbits From Forsyth High Students. R

Ruth Minner, Columbia, donor: "Harrisburg Cemetery" and "Perche Church Cemetery," Boone County, both canvassed by donor. R

Missouri State Library, donor, through Patt Behler, Jefferson City: Over 40 volumes for the Fitzgerald Collection. RFC

Thomas S. Nichols, Arnold, donor: Over 20 black and white photographs relating to the Carr family. E William B. No well, Columbia, donor: Photographs of Columbia Round Table Club, loaned for copying. E

Marian M. Ohman, Columbia, donor: Photocopy of lithograph, drawn by A. Ruger, 1868, of Independence, A; aerial photograph of West Plains. R Louise T. Ottenville, Nashville, Tennessee, donor: Over 150 photographs of Kemper, Toll, German and related families, E; Toll- German-Kemper Family Papers. M Stanley Owen, Columbia, donor: 14 postcards of views of Columbia, the University of Missouri and City Hall, St. Louis. E Mrs. Authorene Phillips and English II Classes, Marshall High School, Marshall, donors: Booklets relating to local history compiled by students. R R.L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Harrisonville, 1981, Kansas City, 1982, Brookfield and St. Joseph, 1983, and The City Directory as a Unit of Study. R Ruby M. Robins, Gainesville, donor: Headstone Inscriptions from 25 Ozark County Cemeteries, reprinted from the Ozark County Times. R Rock Island County Historical Society, donor, through N. Lucille Sampson, Moline, Illinois: Kansas City Musical Club, Yearbook, 1911-12, 1912-13 and 1934-35. R Rohrbach Foundation, donor, through Lewis Bunker Rohrbach, Rockport, Maine: The Palatine Families of New York, 2 volumes, by Henry Z. Jones, Jr. R Vearl Rowe, Mountain Grove, donor: Sketches of Wright County, Part One: General History, compiled by donor. R 100 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis Genealogical Society, donor, through Vera Watson Eaklor, St Louis: Old Cemeteries, St. Louis County, Mo., Vol. II; Catholic Cemetery Inscriptions of Jefferson County, Missouri and St. Louis and St. Louis County, Missouri Probate Records, Vol. 1,1804-1849. R

J. William Schiermeier, New Melle, donor: Material on New Melle, the Callaway family and Germany, by donor. R

Donald A. Seibert, Fayetteville, North Carolina, donor: Donald A. Seibert Collection. M

Miss Leo Jane Shore, Lone Jack, donor: Ancestors and Descendants of Frederick Shore, Switzerland, 1570—Surry County, North Carolina, 1750 . . . , compiled by donor, edited by Doris J. Stump. R Show-Me Regional Planning Commission, donor, through Roger Maserang, War- rensburg: Show-Me Through the Years and Links To The Past; An Architectural History of Sedalia, Missouri, Vol. 2. R Sons of the Revolution, General Society, donor, through Frank L. Root, Clayton: Membership Roster of the Missouri Society, Sons of the Revolution . . . Through April 1985. R Lois Stanley, George F. and Maryhelen Wilson, St. Louis, donors: More Death Records From Missouri Newspapers, 1810-1857, compiled by donors. N Stephens College, donor, through Florence Anderson, Columbia: Stephens Life, 1984-1985. R Annette Swetnam, Columbia, for Missouri Congress of Parents and Teachers, donor: Missouri Congress of Parents and Teachers Papers. M

Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Tisdel, Columbia, donors: Periodicals from Columbia and Missouri agencies and organizations. R Sharon Wilson, Almont, Michigan, donor: "John Waddell, The Immigrant," and additional family data, compiled by donor. R Winston Churchill Memorial and Library, Fulton, donor: The Words and the Man, by Bill Nunn. R

ERRATUM

In the July 1985 issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, the title of the article by Jack B. Ridley, which begins on page 439, was inadvertently transposed by the printer before publication. The title should read "Stepchild of the University: The Separationist Controversy at the Missouri School of Mines, 1937-1949." The printer regrets the error. Historical Notes and Comments 101

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Archie News May 16, July 4, 1985—A series on the history of Cass County in observance of its sesquicentennial. Bolivar Herald-Free Press May 8,15, June 5,12,19, 26, July 3,1985—Old area photographs. June 5—"After 90 years Corner business [Blue's variety store] building now has a new family."

Boonville Daily News May 1, 29, June 5, 19, July 10, 24, 1985—"Remembrances From the Friends of Historic Boonville," a series, featured historic sites, old photos and personalities of the area.

Boonville Penny Post May 29,1985—Old area photograph. Bowling Green Times July 3,17,1985—Old area photographs. Brunswick Brunswicker June 13, 1985—"Brunswick History Recorded in 1911 Account By Riverboat Pilot [D.C.] Basey." July 18—"Old Home History Remains A Secret," by Nancy Schnare.

Cabool Enterprise June 13, 20, 27, 1985—"The Cabool Railway Station 1882-1985," by Jack E. Johnson. Canton Press-News Journal May 30,1985—Old area photograph. Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian June 20, 1985—A special section, "Area Business and History," featured several historical articles. Carrollton Daily Democrat May 3,10,17, 31, June 7, 21, 28, July 5,12,1985—Old area photographs. Carthage Press June 27, 1985—"The Carthage [courthouse] Square . . . Place of History and Hope," by Marvin VanGilder. June 28—Old area photograph. July 15—"[Jasper County] Youth Fair's Roots Deep In History Of Carthage," by Marvin VanGilder. Centralia Fireside Guard June 5, 1985—"Main Street, Mid Missouri, Harrisburg: a small town changes with the times," by Donna Finch. Chillicothe Constitution- Tribune June 24, July 23,1985—Old area photographs. July 18—" 'Red Fox' [Chula, Mo.] ready to celebrate its 100th birthday." 102 Missouri Historical Review

Clinton Daily Democrat May 6, 8,10,16, 29, 31, June 4, 7,17,18,19, 21, 27, 28, July 1, 5, 9,10,12,15, 22, 29,1985—"Remember When," a series, featured old area photographs.

Dexter Statesman May 8,1985—Old area photograph.

Edina Sentinel June 5,19, 26, July 3, 24,1985—Old area photographs.

Fairfax Forum July 25, 1985—"125 Years Old [St. John's Lutheran Church at Corning]."

Farmington Green Sheet June 4, 1985—"The early history of St. Francois County." This, and the articles below, by J. Tom Miles, reprinted. June 18—"The history of the St. Francois County Courthouses." July 2—"The Railroads of St. Francois County." July 9—"The St. Francois County Electric Railroad Company." Fayette Advertiser May 22, 1985—"First Settler's [Lt. Col. Benjamin A. Cooper] Tombstone Is Virtually Intact." May 29—"Richland [Christian] Church Used Log Building When Founded, 1816 [in Howard County]," by Martha Rowland. July 10—"Unveiling Plans Recall Lively Days at Cooper's Fort." Fayette Democrat-Leader April 20, 1985—"400-ft.-long Indian Mound [in Howard County] Is Mystery." April 27—"Writer Recalls Howard County Ties of [George Caleb] Bingham, Famed Artist." May 4—"Some Historic Sites to Be Viewed by Tour Group Here." June 22—"Old Stone Building May Have Been First Private Jail [in Howard County]." July 20—"Moniteau Chapel [Methodist Church] Centennial Recalls Church History," by Martha Rowland. Fulton Sun June 19, 1985—"Kingdom Days Callaway [Mo.] Postoffice featured." Gainesville Ozark County Times May 1, 8, 15, 1985—"Ozark Reader," a series, featured the history of Southern Missouri, reprinted. Grandview Jackson County Advocate May 16, 1985—"[Hickman Mills Community Christian] Church with Warm Heart Celebrates 140 Years of Service to Community." Hannibal Courier-Post May 1, 4, 11, 15, 18, June 1, 15, 19, 22, July 6, 10, 13, 20, 27, 1985—Old area photographs. May 11—"Streetcar rides once favorite local pastime," by Mary Lou Mont­ gomery. July 6—"[St. Elizabeth's] Hospital has 70th birthday," by Mary Lou Mont­ gomery. Historical Notes and Comments 103

Harrisonville Cass County Democrat-Missourian May 3, 1985—"Land was fertile for Indians, settlers [of Cass County]," by Dorothy Stephens Smith. Hayti Missouri Herald June 20, 1985—"Hayti Landmark ['Little Red School House'] Now In Jeo­ pardy ..." Hermitage Index May 23, June 6, 13, July 18, 15, 1985—"Hickory County History," a series, featured old area photographs. Holden Progress July 18, 1985—"Baptist Church At Elm Spring 125 Years Old," by Hester Shafer. Hopkins Journal May 29, 1985—"On one afternoon [in 1933] in Hopkins, an outlaw [Harold Thornbrugh] came to town." Humansville Star-Leader June 6,1985—"The Leaky Roof [Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield Railway] Humansville lost its railroad 50 years ago." Ironton Mountain Echo May 8, 15, 29, June 5, 12, 19, 26, July 3, 17, 24, 1985—"Focus on Iron Coun­ ty ..." a series, featured old area photographs. Jefferson City News & Tribune July 14, 1985—"The Civil War: Jefferson City, a city divided," by Dino A. Brugioni. Jefferson City Post-Tribune July 17,1985—"Guerrillas stage reign of terror in Missouri [in Civil War]." Joplin Globe May 17, 31, June 7, 21, July 5,12, 26,1985—Old area photographs. June 21—"Asbury [Mo.] to hold first reunion," by Gina Williams. Kansas City Star May 5, 12, 19, 26, June 23, 30, July 14, 21, 28, 1985—A pictorial album, a series by John J. Doohan, featured events and scenes from Kansas City's past. May 5—"General Hospital awaits wrecking ball," by Steve Nicely. May 12—"A saga of Kansas City: rags to riches to rags [Walter S. Dickey and W.S. Dickey Clay Manufacturing Co.]," by Mike Hendricks. June 23—"Surveying firm [started by Frank W. Tuttle and Daniel W. Pike, now known as Tuttle-Ayers-Woodward] celebrating its 100th anniversary in KC [Kansas City]," by Sonya Stinson. July 3—"The Kansas City Speedway: Sept. 16, 1922-July 4, 1924, KC's wooden race track passed into oblivion 61 years ago," by Tom Hutcherson. Kansas City Times May 3,17,31, June 14, 28, July 12, 26,1985—"Postcard From Old Kansas City," by Mrs. Sam Ray, featured respectively: Lake Paseo, New City (General) Hospital, 12th and Main streets, Ezra Meeker's Ox Team, Kansas City in 1855, Scarritt Building and fountain in Meyer Circle, all in Kansas City. 104 Missouri Historical Review

Kimberling City Southwest Missourian June 27,1985—"Hollister Chamber of Commerce to renovate historic American House," by Laura J. Gallagher.

Linn Unterrified Democrat June 12,1985—"Osage County families formed portion of Belle [Saint Alexander Catholic Church] Parish," by Joe Welschmeyer. luly 3—" 'First Hundred Years' [of St. John's United Church of Christ, Chamois] to be celebrated," by Barbara Maxwell. luly 10—Old area photograph. July 24—"St. Joseph [Catholic] Parish [in Westphalia] to celebrate 150 years," by Rick Buersmeyer.

Marshall Democrat-News April 19, May 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,15,16,17, 20, 24, June 3, 4, 5, 7,10,13,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, July 1, 5, 9,10,12,16,18,19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29,1985—Old area photographs. Mary ville Daily Forum May 28, June 5, 27, July 6, 24, 27,1985—Old area photographs. July 6—"History of Maryville black school," by Martha Cooper. luly 6—"A brief history of town of Quitman," by Harold Hoyt. Memphis Democrat June 6, 1985—"Plans Being Made To Rebuild Historic [Camp Ground] Church [in Scotland County]," by Glenna McVeigh.

Mexico Ledger May 2,1985—"Move Afoot To Protect Audrain [County]'s Prairie," by Christine Link.

Neosho Daily News June 3,1985—"Lone Star community is 100," by Bill Ball. June 30—Old area photograph. Nevada Daily Mail June 12, 1985—"Town rebuilt Moore Building following 1882 fire," by Betty Sterett. June 26—"Important dates, events form Vernon County Story," by Bill Gray. Nevada Sunday Herald June 2, 1985—"Historic homes capture flavor of Nevada's past," by Simon McCaffery with assistance by Keri James, photographs by Chad Stebbins. lune 2—"Noah Caton cabin site of first [Vernon] county court," by Patrick Brophy. New Madrid Weekly Record May 17, 1985—Old area photograph. Palmyra Spectator May 15, 1985—"historic Palmyra The legend of the Big Spring," by Corbyn Jacobs. Perryville Perry County Republic June 4,1985—"Perry County Album" featured the flood of 1943. Historical Notes and Comments 105

Pierce City Leader-Journal May 9,1985—"Pierce City Baptist Church Celebrates 145th Birthday." Platte City Platte County Citizen July 18,1985—"Historic Weston Methodist Church: since 1859." Pleasant Hill Times June 19,1985—"Civil War affects Cass [County] Sharps [family]." July 10—"Rough road for early settlers [in Cass County]." Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic July 15,1985—Old area photograph.

Richmond Daily News May 3, 31, July 3,1985—Old area photographs. June 14—"Hey-Day of [J.P. Johnson] Blacksmith Shop [at Dockery, Mo.] Remembered: Anvil, Forge, Checkers." This, and the article below, by Mary Ann Lowary. July 3—"1915 [Missouri] River Change Left Camden High and Dry." Rock Port Atchison County Mail July 25, 1985—"St. John's Lutheran Church [at Corning] celebrates 125th anniversary." Roll a Daily News May 29, 1985—" 'Substantial' Find Uncovered at Fort Wyman [Civil War site]," by Julie Anderson and Andrew Careaga. St. Joseph Gazette lune 7,1985—Old area photographs. St Louis Globe-Democrat April 24, 1985—"Rohan Woods [School] founder [Mrs. Helen Towles Rohan] has her day," by Lucyann Boston and Mary Louise Maechling. May 4-5—"[St. Thomas] Romanian [Orthodox] church marking its 50th year." May 11-12—"The man who made the Chase[-Park Plaza] Harold Koplar's genius put hotel in national light," by Chris Condon. St. Louis Northwest County Journal luly 17, 1985—"Not Just Colorful Cardboard, Antique Bus Passes [of St. Louis Public Service Co.] Tell The History Of St. Louis," by John Lenger.

St Louis Post-Dispatch June 16, 1985—"Fledgling Muny [Municipal Theatre Association] Almost Washed Away In 1919."

Sedalia Democrat lune 7, 1985—"Georgetown recalls glory days when it was center of activity [founded in 1835]," by Charles Phillips. luly 28—A special section, "The 'Queen City of the Prairies,' Sedalia remembers its past 125 Years of Growth," featured numerous historical articles.

Shelby ville Shelby County Herald May 1,1985—"Shelby [County]'s [Civil] war." lune 19—"Hardy Germans played key role in development of Missouri." 106 Missouri Historical Review

Sikeston Daily Standard May 6, 1985—"Memorabilia gives insight to past [of Hilleman family]," by Edison Shrum. May 20—"Women brave trials of the Civil War [recollections of Lena Dawson Howard]." June 24—"Company K [of the Missouri National Guard] was formed in 1913," reprinted. July 8—"Existing log cabin [on Albert Hilleman farm near Scott City] dates to the 1840s," by Edison Shrum. July 22—Old area photograph.

Smith ville Lake Democrat-Herald May 2, 1985—"Thriving resort existed in upper Lake area [Walker Springs and Plattsburg Mineral Springs]," by Kimberly Wilkinson.

Springfield Daily News June 18,1985—"Boom Town [Conway] memories," by Sarah Overstreet. Stockton Cedar County Republican May 1, 8, 15, 22, June 12, 26, July 3, 10, 1985—"Cedar County yesterday," a series, featured old area photographs. Trenton Republican-Times July 26,1985—"Grundy County Museum To Present Program On Local Orphan Trains," by Teresa Oyler.

Union ville Republican May 8,1985—Old area photograph. Washington Missourian May 11,1985—"Fire Department Will Restore Its First Motor-Driven Truck." May 22—"Founding of a Town at Washington Landing Was Beginning of This City [in 1829]," by Ralph Gregory. June 12—"Washington, Yesterday and Today," a pictorial article.

Before and After

Boonville Weekly Eagle, November 10, 1871. A young man generally gives a lock of his hair to his sweetheart before he marries her. After marriage she sometimes helps herself, and don't use scissors.

Roosevelt's Recreation

Springfield, Mo., Policy Holder, April, 1903. At this writing President Roosevelt is hunting recreation—or bear—in the solitudes of the Yellowstone National Park, and it is hoped he will come out refreshed and with fresh bear skins enough to carpet a few rooms in the presidential residence at Washington. Historical Notes and Comments 107

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES Annals of Wyoming, Fall, 1984: "The Salt Lake [John M.] Hockaday Mail, Part I," by John S. Gray.

Appier Family Newsletter, July, 1985: "Data Gleaned From United Daughters of Confederacy [about Mary Catherine (Appier) League]."

Area Footprints, Genealogical Society of Butler County, February and May, 1985: "The Dr. Enoch Dennis Family of Doniphan, Mo.," by D.F. Magruder.

Bear Facts, May, 1985: "[Missouri] Militia responds to Indian conflicts," by Orval Henderson; "Kremer: A Joe who will be remembered," by Kenneth MacNevin.

, June, 1985: "Missourians [of First Missouri Brigade] command border conflict [1916-1917]," by Orval Henderson; "From St. Louis to Haiti, [Joe] Delia keeps on giving," by William Hobbs.

, July, 1985: " 'Can-do' Attitude [of 2nd Battalion of the 139th Infantry Regiment] wins battle [in World War I]," by Orval Henderson.

Bluebird, June, 1985: "[John James] Audubon—At Age 200," by Joel Vance.

Boone Electric Member Contact, May, 1985: "Reflections on our past [Boone County Cooperative Electrical Association]," by Jacki Gray.

, June, 1985: "Part II . . . Reflections on our Past [Boone Electric Cooperative]," by Jacki Gray.

_, July, 1985: "Members [Elgin and Marie Ballew] are loyal to Annual Meetings," by Julie Goff.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, June, 1985: "Society Honors Two Local Businesses [Hammel Real Estate Company and Franz Sheet Metal Works]."

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, July, 1985: "Locust Hill Farm A piece of the past," by Bobbi Greenwood; "The Hill Homestead [in Keytes­ ville]," by Lana Truesdell; "A man [James Keyte] and his town [Brunswick]," by Toni Lybarger.

Chart, May 2, 1985: "Area Architecture, Houses provide a genuine flavor of Nevada's past," by Simon McCaffery; "Artist helps keep heritage alive Jack Dawson creates memorials for Webb City," by Tammy Coleman.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, Spring, 1985: "Youthful Remembrances [of Paul W. Umbach]," translated by Walter O. Umbach.

DeKalb County Heritage, April, 1985: "1885-Weatherby-1985"; "I remember. . . ," by Bernice Scurlock, reprinted; "Henry & Josephine Gottschall and De­ scendants," submitted by Wilma Lindley; "Stories Concerning Three Stewarts- ville Structures [Joseph H. Snow house, Snow business building on Main Street and William D. and Anna McDonald Snow house]. . . ," by Mrs. Beulah Winger. 108 Missouri Historical Review

Douglas County Historical 6- Genealogical Society Journal, May, 1985: "Spotlight on an Ancestor [Van Lou Criswell Neiman]," submitted by Nancy Lee Neiman Long; "Nora [Edith Tellie Jennings Turner] and her Lantern," by Dr. Ann W. Turner; "1939 [at Pansy, Mo.]," by Maxine (Hall) Lirley; "Rev. Madison (Matt) Daniel Coy My Great-Grandfather," by Barbara DeVore and Sharon Sanders; "My Father, Elijah Tipton McPherson," by Gladys McPherson Norman; "Vera Cruz: Our First County Seat," by Barbara DeVore and Sharon Sanders; "The Family of Simon Lakey"; "Robert Morris Norman."

Electric Sparks, May, 1985: "Looking back over 50 years of the rural electric program, Ozark Electric Cooperative, Inc., Mt. Vernon," a pictorial article.

Express, July, 1985: "The Old Rock House [in St. Louis]." Exxon USA, Second quarter, 1985: "The Oregon Trail Lives," by Howard Peacock.

Ferguson Historical Society Newsletter, May, 1985: "Ferguson—In the 20's," by Charles Cunningham; "Memories of 1923," by Curt Owen. Florissant Valley Quarterly, July, 1985: "Citizen's Bank [of Florissant]"; "Little Creek," by Kelly Fitzmaurice; "Mildred Meyer," an interview by Patrick Beckmann and Suzanne Buechert.

Freemason, Summer, 1985: "History of the Eastern Star Chapel at the Masonic Home [of Missouri]," by Mrs. Geraldine Molander.

Gateway Heritage, Spring, 1985: "Steamboats on Western Rivers," by William B. Whitham; "A New Way of Doing Black History: The Cultural Resource Survey," by Gary R. Kremer; "Daniel Boone: Trailblazer to a nation," by Jo Tice Bloom.

Gone West! Spring, 1985: "Rediscovering Old Ste. Genevieve," by Charles E. Peterson; "Architectural Treasures of Sainte Genevieve," by Osmund Overby; "Ste. Genevieve's French Legacy," by Carl J. Ekberg. Graceland Gazette, Audrain County Historical Society, July, 1985: An article on the Kabrich Opera House in Mexico, by Leta Hodge. Greyhound Express, April 29, 1985: "Mark Twain: A Man; A Legend," by Tom Kussman. Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette, May/June, 1985: "In $135 million renova­ tion St. Louis Union Station brought back to life"; "Focus on Ivanhoe Masonic Temple," by Ellen Uguccioni. Historic Preservation, June, 1985: "Biggest Project in the USA, At vast Union Station in St. Louis . . . adaptive use to save a treasured landmark," by Roger Hahn. Imprint, Autumn, 1984: "The West Illustrated: Meyer's Views of Missouri River Towns," by David Boutros. James Farm Journal, May, 1985: "Why the James Brothers [Frank and Jesse] Became Outlaws"; "Jesse Woodson James—A Profile"; Frank James—A Profile (Alexander Franklin)."

Kansas History, Winter, 1984/85: "Mrs. [Carry] Nation," by Robert Smith Bader; "Kate Richards O'Hare: Progression toward Feminism," by Sally M. Miller. Historical Notes and Comments 109

Kirkwood Historical Beview, June, 1984 [published 1985]: "Who Originally Owned Your Property [in Kirkwood]?" by R.T. Bamber; "Et Cetera [about Kirkwood in 1895]," reprinted.

Laclede County Historical Society Newsletter, Summer, 1985: "Bygone Days at Southard," by Kirk Pearce.

Landmarks Letter, May, 1985: "St. Louis Architects: Famous and Not So Famous [Harry G. Clymer] (part 5)"; "Who Designed Union Station? [Edward A. Cameron and Theodore C. Link]."

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, July, 1985: "The Alfred Moore Family," by Mrs. Marilyn Peterson; " 'The Strawberry Letters' [from Iola LeGrand]"; "Turnback Trails, The Spring River Academy," by Fred G. Mieswinkel. Midwest Motorist, May/June, 1985: "Hannibal is celebrating the birth of its most famous son [Mark Twain]"; "St. Charles relives The Lewis & Clark [Expedition] Rendezvous 1804"; "Ste. Genevieve: Its French heritage lives on after 250 years," by David Fogarty.

, July/August, 1985: "Discover Hermann's Heritage," by Ellen Buntin.

Missouri Alumnus, May-June, 1985: "Welcome Home, Woody [Widenhofer to the University of Missouri football team]," by Bill Callahan.

Missouri Conservationist, July, 1985: "[John James] Audubon, After 200 Years," by Joel M. Vance. Missouri Engineer, June/July, 1985: "The First Department of Electrical Engineering [at University of Missouri at Columbia in 1885]," reprinted. Missouri Farm Bureau News, May-June, 1985: "Help needed to restore [Pelster] housebarn [in Franklin County]."

Missouri Highway &• Transportation Department News, May, 1985: "Potpourri Of Past, Present and Future National Museum of Transport," by Carol Rinne. Missouri Medicine, May, 1985: "Music Man Wilfred E. Wooldridge, M.D.," by Laurel Ellison.

Missouri Municipal Beview, May, 1985: "Ste. Genevieve Community Profile," by Phillip S. Vawter. , June, 1985: "Independence, In Love with the Past In focus with the Future," by Keith Wilson, Jr. _, July, 1985: "St. Joseph blending nature into an urban setting," by Jim DiGiovanni. Missouri Preservation News, Winter, 1985: "The Federal Building, Hannibal"; "Historic Architectural Tour . . . Hannibal and Palmyra"; "Wholesale/Garment Historic District [in Kansas City]," by Jane Flynn; "Cote Sans Dessein History Republished," by Ralph Bryant. Missouri Speleology, January-June, 1984: "Caves of Oregon County." 110 Missouri Historical Review

News b- Views of Culver-Stockton College, Summer, 1985: "[George W.] Barry, [Larry] Moore, [David] Little, [Theresa] Totsch tapped for Athletic Greats [Kenneth E. (Gus)] Williams, [Paul] Scott in Hall of Fame."

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society, May, 1985: "Stories about First Settler John Webber and His Family," by Clair Mann, reprinted; "More On Missouri Place Names"; "A True Story of the 'Old West' The Death of Samuel A. Strawhun," by Mark C. Stauter; "Additional Information on Fort Dette—A Confirming Note From William Nolte," reported by John Bradbury; "History of the Rolla [Frisco Railroad] Depot," by Earl Strebeck.

Newton County Saga, June, 1985: "The Newton County Museum [former sheriff's house in Neosho]"; "Neosho City Government Reorganizes after the Civil War."

Old n Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society, March, 1985: "Johannes Goetze," by Anna Margaret Stroud; "Renick," reprinted; "An Old Settler [Liberty Noble]," reprinted.

Omnibus, May 3, 1985: "Historical gallery preserves treasures and memories [of Southwest Baptist University, Bolivar]," by Amy Schwartz.

Ozarks Mountaineer, May-June, 1985: "Ozark Boys of Summer [Ark.-Mo. League, semipro baseball]," by Kay Hively; "That Somewhat Different Southern Belle [Starr, Myra Belle Shirley]," by Fern Nance Shumate; "Those dear old white lyes [soap and pioneer laundry methods]," by Fern Nance Shumate; "Remem­ bering School of the Ozarks," by Emmett Adams; "Hearth Tales of the Ozarks: Bonnie [Parker] & Clyde [Barrow] in Joplin," by Phillip W. Steele; "The Warden [George Cline] on Horseback," by Dan Saults.

P.A.S.T., Pioneer America Society Transactions, Volume VIII, 1985: "Early Southern Domestic Architecture in Missouri, 1810-1840: The 'Georgianization' of the trans-Mississippi West," by James M. Denny; "Influences on County Court­ house Styles in the Central Mississippi Valley," by Albert J. Larson. Past Times Saint Charles, First Quarter, 1985: "O'Fallon It Might Have Been 'Krekelville' "; "Fort Zumwalt O'Fallon's Oldest Historic Site, Dating To 1798," reprinted; "Winemaking . . . Part Of Our German Heritage," by William F. Baggerman.

Perry County Heritage, April, 1985: "The Importance of Land Records! [Spanish land grant Survey No. 1193]"; "A Birthday Celebration [100 years for The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church at Belgique, Mo.]"; "Continuing With Perry County Court Proceedings."

Pioneer, May-June, 1985: "Brigham [Young] and [Jim] Bridger: The men and the Fort," by Darel P. Bartschi. Pioneer Times, April, 1985: "Letters & Diaries, Burrus/Martin [family] History/ Diary," submitted by James L. Martin; "An Olden-Times Missouri Cottonwood Log Cabin [near Lone Jack, Jackson County]," reprinted; "Captain and Mrs. Joseph Kinney," by Lew Larkin, reprinted. , July, 1985: "Pilot Knob, Mo.—The Battle Fought There, September 1864," by Robert L. Lindsay, reprinted; "[William G.] Phelan's Historical Notes and Comments 111

Regiment Missouri Confederates," transcribed by Roger Baker; "First Governor [of Missouri, Alexander McNair]," by Lew Larkin, reprinted; "Early-1900 Notes on the Williams Family," submitted by Ms. Gene Marie Williams.

Pioneer Wagon, Volume V, Number 1, 1985: "The Published Records of Jackson County, Missouri," compiled by Carolyn Tillman; "History of Blue Springs First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)," by Narcissus Chronister.

Platte County Missouri Historical &• Genealogical Society Bulletin, Spring, 1985: "Larkin Cemetery—1985," by Dustin Durand; "Tales of an Old Texan—John H. Trockmorton About Platte County, Missouri," by Col. J. Richard Hopkins.

Prairie Gleaner, June, 1985: "Milestones in Missouri's Past [Boone's Lick Road]"; "Jackson County, The Family of Abraham Hendricks," compiled by John Allen Rider II; "Saline County, History of Zoar Baptist Church at Napton, Mo."

Bay County Mirror, July, 1985: "70th Anniversary for [Missouri] River Channel Change," by Mary Ann Lowary; "Some Revolutionary War Vets [Abram Hill, James Wills and John Wallace] Settled in Ray County," by Tom Bogdon; "Many Honors for Soldier [Pvt. John Wallace]," by Tom Bogdon.

Beporter, January 10, 1985: "Touring Old New Melle."

, February 7, 1985: "Landmark Tour To Cappeln."

March 7, 1985: "Fire! Fire! Fire! [New Melle Fire Protection District]."

April 4, 1985: "First Settlers [in New Melle area]."

May 2, 1985: "Centennial Farms [residential area near New Melle]."

Beporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, Volume 5, Number 1, 1985: "First Records of Boone County Court, February 19, 1821."

Bestoration, July, 1985: "About the Seer Stone and David Whitmer," by B.C. Flint.

Bural Missouri, May, 1985: This issue marked the 50-year history of the Rural Electrification Administration and the establishment of rural electric co­ operatives.

, June, 1985: "Blind [John William] Boone: man of music," by Mary K. Dains.

St. Louis, June, 1985: "The Pick of the Litter [the best baseball Cardinals players of the last 25 years]," by Tom Barnidge.

, July, 1985: "Thy Parents' [Bette and Ted Pappas] House, Living in a Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece," by Cynthia Pappas.

St. Louis Bar Journal, Summer, 1985: "A History of Legal Education in St. Louis, 1843-1984: Part III—The Second Century," by Joseph Fred Benson, edited by Keltner W. Locke. 112 Missouri Historical Review

Saint Louis Commerce, May, 1985: "Cardinals [Lou Brock and Enos Slaughter] roost in Cooperstown [in baseball's Hall of Fame]," by Bob Broeg; "opera theatre [of St. Louis] scales new heights"; "[William Evans Douthit] defender of the downtrodden," by Mary Kimbrough; "specializing on the spine [Logan College of Chiropractic in Chesterfield]," by John Phillip Peecher.

, June, 1985: "[Lambert-St. Louis International] airport girds for further growth," by Ted Schafers, photos by Denny Silverstein; "RCGA [Regional Commerce and Growth Association] to honor three U.S. judges [Roy W. Harper, James H. Meredith and John K. Regan]"; "[Peter Messineo] he traded singing for sewing," by Sue Mathias, photo by Steve Dolan; "Little-known organization [Metropolitan Association for Philanthropy] is important resource for corporate philanthropy."

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly, Summer, 1985: "Some Notes on the De La Chaumette, Delashmutt, Shumate, Etc. Families," compiled by Virgil D. Close. School and Community, May, 1985: This issue featured "One-Room Schools Myths & Memories." Show-Me Libraries, May, 1985: "An Ionic Testament to Culture [the old public library in Kansas City]," by Donald Hoffmann, reprinted. , June, 1985: "[Photographs in] 'The Old Album' of James Memorial Library [in St. James]," by Ann Sampson; "The Library of St. Louis Society for Medical and Scientific Education," by Audrey L. Berkley. Show-Me Postmaster, March-April, 1985: "Missouri Chapter—National Association of Postmasters of the United States, The First 25 Of The First 50 Years"; "Early Missouri Postmasters Carried Mail in Their Hats"; "How Are Post Offices Named? How Peculiar Can You Get? How The Post Office at Rat, Mo., Got Its Name."

Soulard Bestorationist, June 1, 1985: "Remember When, May 10, 1861 [Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and the capture of Camp Jackson]," by John Soderberg.

South Dakota History, Winter, 1984: "Dakota Resources: The Rose Wilder Lane Papers at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library," by Nancy DeHamer.

Southwest Missourian, July, 1985: "Women's Hall of Fame gains four inductees [Karen Bethurem, Kolleen Casey, Dr. Nancy Curry and Sue Schuble]"; "School's out Long-time Teacher [Dr. Mildred Fortner] leaves influence on southwest Missouri counselors," by Teri Woods.

Springfield! Magazine, May, 1985: "When TV [Channel 10] Was Young, TV Classroom Demonstrated What Was Taught & How It Was Taught"; "Your Neighbor's Faith, Enigmatic Christ Church Unity Is Growing Fast," by Sherlu Walpole; "Neil C. Wortley the kind of boss who loves 'em all," by Sherlu Walpole; "Shirley Murray, Back Home For May 19 Show At Springfield Art Museum," by Lloyd Purves; "Nola Culbertson, She's Opening Windows In Her Own Hometown," by Margaret Norris; "The Gus Wickman Chronicles, Fifty Years in Springfield Part I," by Gustav Wickman; "A Place Called Palmetto [in Greene County]," by Annabelle Scott Whobrey; "Wanda Gray: Looking Back Historical Notes and Comments 113

on 44 Years of Service to Children," by Lee Ann Russell; "Survival Secrets of a Neighborhood Market [Brigance Food Lane in Springfield]," by Judson Howell.

, June, 1985: "Springfield: City of Trees," by Robert C. Glazier; "Minnie Lee Lemons: Founder of City's Oldest [Springfield Demonstra­ tion] Kindergarten Celebrates Its 50th Anniversary," by Marcia Lemons; "Aunt Rose's Kewpie Doll Inspiration Paul O'Neill," by Edie Lockett; "Home Again At Last!" by Elizabeth Stanfill; "Springfield! Nostalgia Quiz," a pictorial article; "The Gus Wickman Chronicles, Fifty Years in Springfield, Part II," by Gustav Wickman; "The O'Reilly Automotive Story," by Judson Howell; "Your Neighbor's Faith, Long Struggle Brings Trinity Lutheran [Church] Here," by Gil Dudley; "When TV Was Young, Early Springfield Public Schools TV [KTTS-TV, Channel 10] Series Interpreted Solar System."

, July, 1985: "Don Handley: His Pioneering Leadership in Job Training Program Leads to Lakes Country Private Industry Council," by Lillian Hicks; "York Johnson, A Man For Others," by Theresa A. Bade; "In Its First 50 Years: Springfield Symphony Sends Talent To 214 Orchestras From Joplin to Jerusalem," by Robert C. Glazier; "The Gus Wickman Chronicles, Fifty Years in Springfield, Part III," by Gustav Wickman; "Minnie Lee Lemons: Founder of City's Oldest Kindergarten Celebrates Its 50th Anniversary (Part II)," by Marcia Lemons; "The O'Reilly Automotive Story," Part 2, by Judson Howell; "When TV Was Young, No Recess for Early Springfield Public Schools Video Series [on KTTS-TV, Channel 10]"; "Your Neighbor's Faith, [Knights of Malta] Historic Order Knights Local Businessman [Jack Edward Brown]," by Michelle Mason. Town Squire, May, 1985: "A Dramatic Victory Celebration [V-E Day, May 8, 1945, in Kansas City]," by Keith Wilson, Jr. Universitas, Spring, 1985: "Mary Bruemmer," by Jeannette Batz. Washington University alumni news, Spring, 1985: "Professor, If You Please. Performer, teacher, scholar, Trebor Tichenor makes ragtime music come alive," by Robert Brock.

Waterways Journal, April 29, 1985: "[Tow] Boat Named for Mark Twain Character The Huck Finn Was Converted from Steam to Diesel," by James V. Swift. , June 17, 1985: "Self-Propelled Barges Built for the Warrior The Gulfport Was One of Four Federal Barge Express Boats," by James V. Swift. , July 8, 1985: "President [excursion boat] Is Back In St. Louis." We Proceeded On, May, 1985: "A [Thomas] Jefferson Monument (Tombstone) On the University of Missouri Campus [in Columbia]," by Jean Tyree Hamilton. Webster Groves Historical Society Newsletter, May, 1985: "Leaves From Tuxedo [Park in 1890]," reprinted. , June-July, 1985: An article on the Eden-Webster Library which serves Eden Theological Seminary and Webster University, reprinted. 114 Missouri Historical Review

Western Campaigner, May, 1985: "Skirmishes Prior to the Fall of New Madrid, Missouri—1862"; "The Siege of New Madrid." , June, 1985: "The Fight at Coon Creek [in Jasper County in 1862]," reprinted. Westporter, May, 1985: "James W. Parker, Pioneer Westport Physician," by Hubert Feuerborn. Whistle Stop, Volume 13, Number 2, 1985: "Building Jackson County [during Harry S. Truman's term on the county court]," by Lenore K. Bradley.

Pony Express Trail

American West, March/April, 1985. The Pony Express Trail—stretching from Saint Joseph, Missouri, through Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada to Sacramento, Cali­ fornia—is being studied for inclusion in the National Trails System under a bill passed last May by the U.S. Congress. The study will determine whether or not this 2,000-mile trail "merits special national recognition," and in the process will docu­ ment its historic background and locate various segments of that trail. If, at the end of the two-year study, the Pony Express Trail is added to the National Trails System, those sections passing over federal lands may be marked for hiking or riding and would be managed by the National Park Service.

Gue$$ What I Need Mo$t

Show-Me Postmaster, May-June, 1984. A father received this letter from his son at college: "Dear Dad, I mi$$ you. Gue$$ what I need mo$t? Plea$e $end it $oon. Love, your $on Curti$." The father got the message and quickly sent this reply: "Dear Curtis, We kNOw you love college. We were talking about you at NOon. Write aNOther letter soon. Goodbye NOw. Love, your Dad."

Sportsmen's Welcome

Besume, Historical Society of Polk County, November, 1984. From the Bolivar Herald, 1905. A rather uncommon sign is posted 2/2 miles north of Bolivar on the corner of Uncle Rankin Milliken's farm. It reads thus: "Sportsmen, hunt all you please on my 500 acres of land and when the bell rines. come to dinner." Historical Notes and Comments 115

IN MEMORIAM ATKINS, BURLW., Seymour: December JOHNSON, RICHARD S., Springfield: Au­ 1, 1911-February22, 1985. gust 2, 1901-March 24, 1985. AYRES, CORNELIA, Kansas City: Janu­ MAGERS, MRS. MAE W., Phoenix, Ari­ ary 31, 1915-March 23, 1985. zona: December 24, 1897-March 4, 1985. BITTNER, WILLIAM, Columbia: August MILLER, EDGAR J., Perryville: Septem­ 2, 1922-October 29, 1984. ber 30, 1907-April 23, 1985. BROWNE, A.B., West Lafayette, In­ MILLER, MRS. JOSEPH C, St. Louis: Feb­ diana: May 29, 1900-May 15, 1985. ruary 5, 1901-May 20, 1985. MINER, EVA, Windsor, Illinois: Septem­ BURRUSS, JOHN E., Jefferson City: Feb­ ber 24, 1911-July 7,1985. ruary 13, 1933-February 24, 1985. MOORE, WILLIAM F., Salisbury: April 6, CLARK, CHARLIE E., Excelsior Springs: 1908-April 8, 1985. October 9, 1897-May 21, 1985. NANGLE, MRS. JAMES F., St. Louis: June COFFMAN, R.R., Lawson: Died Novem­ 22, 1907-May 9, 1981. ber 10, 1984. NIXON, DON, Annapolis: January 19, COLEMAN, EARLE P., Jefferson City: 1921-May 19, 1984. May 31, 1918-March 8, 1985. PETREE, C.E., Niles, Michigan: Novem­ EVANS, MRS. C.A., Encinitas, Cali­ ber 15, 1894-December 20, 1984. fornia: April 27, 1886-May 3, 1985. SCHWERDIMAN, ROBERT C, Sunset Hills: FELLING, DR. RAYMOND J., Weston: April January 26, 1897-January 7, 1985. 17, 1908-July 5, 1985. SMICK, MRS. CAROLINE B., Mobile, Ala­ FRITZ, WILLIAM E., Kansas City: Au­ bama: October 24, 1912-October 11,1984. gust 6, 1916-April 26, 1985. WALKER, PRICE, Sierra Madre, Cali­ GEORGE, MRS. FLOY F., Marshfield: fornia: December 4, 1906-November 23, April 1905-November 26, 1984. 1984. GRUBBS, ROBERT M., Decatur, Georgia: WATERS, SENATOR WILLIAM B., Liberty: September 28, 1930-June 29, 1985. April 26, 1916-May 13, 1985. IRWIN, RAY W., Brumley: December WEAR, WILLIAM, Barnett: May 8, 1911- 28, 1896-January 6, 1985. Januray 5, 1985. 116 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEW One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn: The Boy, His Book, and American Culture. Centennial Essays edited by Robert Sattel- meyer and J. Donald Crowley (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1985). 428 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. $29.00. To commemorate the centennial of Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, two members of the University of Missouri- Columbia's English Department have assembled twenty-five orig­ inal, scholarly essays on a masterpiece of American literature. Few residents of Missouri can be unaware that their state has some special relationship to the author and his book, but the nature of that relationship is vague in many minds. Missourians, on this 100th anniversary, might make a special effort to understand this famous son and his finest book, and the Sattelmeyer-Crowley volume can assist them. Samuel Clemens was born into a family with Virginia roots in Florida, Monroe County, Missouri, in November 1835, and moved to Hannibal with his parents in the fall of 1839. He spent his boyhood in that river town—an "uncomplicated Missouri boy­ hood/' Alan Gribben calls it (p. 152)—but it was an abbreviated youth. At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed to a printer and in 1853, already an aspiring writer at the age of seventeen, he left Hannibal for good. Although few, his years in Missouri were formative. Distilled by his genius, early influences appear in Twain's work: the southwestern style of frontier humor; the small town and river settings (the St. Petersburg of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn is Hannibal); the personal observation of slavery, among others. Twain spent his most productive years as a writer in New York and Connecticut, and thus created Tom, Becky and Huck while living hundreds of miles from the Mississinni's hanks Mis- Historical Notes and Comments 117 souri cannot claim Twain's gravesite, his adult home or the study where he worked, or possession of the manuscript pages of his books. Lacking these authentic monuments, Missouri's late twen­ tieth-century memorials to Twain are commercially inspired office buildings, a cave, motels, and other shrines of business and popular culture which flash neon "Tom Sawyers" or billboard "Huck Finns" at tourists. During the 1970s, Hollywood even distorted the popular understanding of Twainian geography within Missouri, as Arrow Rock near the Missouri River became Hannibal on the Mississippi in an on-location film rendition of Tom Sawyer. Missouri historians might ask what light the present volume throws on the Twain-Missouri relationship. The answer: very little, in the literal sense of illuminating the author's Missouri heritage or examinating the local setting of Huck Finn or other books. Most of the contributions to this collection reflect the preoccupations of literary criticism, and therefore are more concerned with the text itself—uses of language, for example—than with Twain's early biography or the novel's historical context. Yet such an approach can be of real interest to the historian of nineteenth-century Ameri­ can ideas, values and modes of expression. Several of the essays deserve mention here either for their originality of approach or for their successful attempts to place the novel in its historical/cultural context. Among the authors who make original contributions are Nancy Walker, who discusses from a feminist viewpoint Twain's use of nineteenth-century female stereotypes; Allison R. Ensor, whose analysis of the illustrators of Huck Finn includes a discussion of Missouri artist Thomas Hart Benton; Jan B. Gordon, who reports the reception and cultural meaning accorded Twain's novel in Japan; and Jay Martin's psychoanalytic treatment of Twain and Huck. Several essays consider Huckleberry Finn as a document of American culture, including all of those in Part V. Excellent pieces by Robert Sattelmeyer on biblical allusions; Robert Shulman on individualism, the family, and social cohesion; and James M. Cox on slavery and racism in the novel make this section of the collection the most satisfying to one who is not engaged in literary criticism. A final piece of advice: the general Missouri reader, historian or otherwise, ought to return to Huck Finn itself during this centennial year, to do his or her own interpreting of the masterwork which Mark Twain created. Each of us will find something different in those pages, to be sure, but we will share an experience which the late twentieth century has all too often aban­ doned to academic specialists: the experience of reading. Stephens College Alan Havig 118 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES History of Saline County, Missouri, 1983. By the Saline County Historical Society (Marshall, Missouri: Marshall Publishing Com­ pany, 1983). 616 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $80.00. Compilation of this new History of Saline County has been a major undertaking of the Saline County Historical Society. The largest portion of the book, over 400 pages, contains area "Families Then and Now." Another large section of over 150 pages, primarily pictorial, highlights the communities of the county. Other topics in this hard-bound volume include sites on the National Register, the county courthouse, early farm scenes and memorials. All persons interested in Saline County will find the history particularly enjoyable. It sells for $80.00, plus $3.00 for postage, and may be ordered from the Saline County Historical Society, P.O. Box 428, Marshall, Missouri 65340.

History of the Marshfield United Methodist Church [1984]. 104 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $12.00. In 1968, the Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren de­ nominations merged to form the United Methodist Church. The Marshfield Methodist congregation also includes members from the former Methodist Episcopal (North), Methodist Episcopal South and Methodist Protestant denominations. This hardback volume traces its history from the appointment of John Travis to the Missouri Circuit in 1806. Methodism was not formally launched in Southwest Missouri until 1831. Thirty-four years later the Marsh­ field Circuit was organized. The book reflects on the contributions of each of the Methodist denominations in that area, as well as the Sunday Schools; black churches; youth, women's and men's organizations; missionary efforts; and the first electric organ. Lists of pastors, various church rolls and the membership since 1939 provide valuable historical references. Many excellent photographs enhance the volume, which sells for $12.00. It may be ordered from the United Methodist Church, 302 South Clay, Marshfield, Missouri 65706.

Nathan Boone, the neglected hero. Compiled and edited by Carole Bills (Republic, Missouri: Western Printing Co. Inc., 1984). 85 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. Bibliography. $7.50. Historical Notes and Comments 119

Carole Bills compiled this paperback booklet from the writings of Lucile Morris Upton and John K. Hulston, both noted Greene County historians. Although the volume features Nathan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, the contributions of the Boone family in Missouri also are noted. Nathan Boone was one of 41 delegates in the Constitutional Convention of 1820 to frame Missouri's first state constitution. He sought the temporary capital at St. Charles, fought in the Black Hawk War and served in a force of U.S. Dragoons for 20 years. In 1837, he moved to Ash Grove in Greene County. His home, still standing, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Nathan Boone, the neglected hero may be ordered from Ms. Carole Bills, Box 15, Ash Grove, Missouri 65604. It sells for $7.50, plus $1.00 for mailing.

Our Story: The people of the Diocese of Jefferson City, 1956- 1984. Published by the Catholic Missourian (Jefferson City: Jeff- City Printing, 1984). 135 pp. Illustrated. Map. Not indexed. $15.00. The diocese of Jefferson City was 25 years old on July 2, 1981. To mark the occasion, the Catholic Missourian, official newspaper of the diocese, began to publish a series of articles entitled "Our Story." These focused on the parishes of the diocese, including the history of the parish, characteristics and personalities of today and a look at its programs and outreach for education and service. The series was concluded on August 26, 1983. To mark the 15th anniversary of Bishop Michael F. McAuliffe's ordination as bishop, the historical series was published in book form. Special sections of the paperback volume highlight the deaneries of Brookfield, Columbia, Hannibal, Hermann, Jefferson City, Kirksville, Lake Ozark, Marshall, Mexico, Osage and Rolla. Other features note special ministries, milestones, pictorial mem­ ories of 25 years, and "They remember," shared by the senior priests of the diocese. These priests were serving when the decision to create the new dioceses of Jefferson City and Springfield-Cape Girardeau was announced on July 2, 1956. Father Hugh Behan prepared the overview of the history of the diocese since its formation in 1956. The diocese of Jefferson City includes roughly the area from the Iowa line, with Putnam County in the northwest and Clark County in the northeast, south to Hickory County in the west and Crawford County in the east. 120 Missouri Historical Review

Our Story may be ordered for $15.00 from the Catholic Missourian, P.O. Box 1107, 609 Clark Avenue, Jefferson City, Missouri 65102.

The Front Row: Missouri's Grand Theatres. By Mary Bagley (St. Louis, Missouri: Gateway Publishing, 1984). 176 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. $26.95. Some of the largest, most ornate and lavish theatres have been built in Missouri. These unique structures include the Fox in St. Louis, the Midland in Kansas City and the 1857 Thespian Hall in Boonville. But this book presents a large assortment of opera houses, vaudeville houses, legitimate theatres, movie palaces, show boats and outdoor theatres and amphitheatres. They range in age from antique to modern. To be included in the book, the theatre had to meet one or more criteria: have historical or community significance; have been built in the 20th century or have existed for 50 years in the 20th century; seat over 1,000; and/or have architecturally outstanding characteristics. Author Mary Bagley teaches composition and writing and is a freelance writer and photographer. She spent many years research­ ing theatres in all parts of the state. The hardback, 9" x 12"-size volume contains nearly 200 photo­ graphs, many of which are in color. A photograph and historical sketch highlight each theatre, located in such cities as Springfield, Columbia, St. Joseph, St. Charles, Hannibal, Kirksville, Boonville, Branson, Arrow Rock, Richmond, Canton and Tarkio, as well as Kansas City and St. Louis. The Front Row may be purchased from most bookstores for $26.95, or from the publisher, Gateway Publishing, 4121 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63108.

George Frederick Burckhartt and the Origin of the Missouri State "Seal and Burckhartts in Missouri History. By Mary Miller Smiser (1982). 81 pp. Illustrated. Bibliography. Not indexed. $25.00. Over the years, a controversy has arisen whether the Missouri State Seal was designed by George Frederick Burckhartt or Judge Robert William Wells. Author Mary Miller Smiser, the great-grand­ daughter of Burckhartt, has gathered a great amount of research and presents documented evidence to prove that Burckhartt indeed designed the seal. She believes he chose the emblems and devices Historical Notes and Comments 121 and assisted with framing the law that created the seal. Judge Wells may have actually drawn the seal and thus caused the long-debated controversy. In this volume, Mrs. Smiser also relates the Burckhartt family's contributions to Missouri history and biographical information about George Frederick Burckhartt. The hardback book is available for $25.00 from Mid America Press, Inc., c/o 113 Vamo Road, Warrensburg, Missouri 64093.

A History of the Missouri National Guard Association: 35 Years of Progress, 1948-1983, Volume One. Prepared by Clyde Lear [1984]. 85 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. Appendix. $3.00. Author Clyde Lear, at one time or another during the past 35 years, held all offices in the Missouri National Guard Association. He was present at the association's organizational meeting in January 1948. Mr. Lear prepared this paperback history to acquaint the readers with past and present accomplishments of the associa­ tion and events of historical significance. The book presents chapters on pre-World War II events; the Missouri National Guard Association, 1947-1983; the National Guard Association of the United States; and the Missouri National Guard Association Auxiliary. It examines special programs, activities, con­ ferences, awards and retired life members. The appendix lists annual conferences with years, places and specific dates; past presidents; past officers of the board of directors; and honorary life members. Numerous photographs illustrate the volume showing scenes from the past, the office staff and past presidents. Bylaws for both the Missouri National Guard Association and Auxiliary help make this a valuable reference work. The book sells for $3.00, and may be ordered from Missouri National Guard Association, 1717 Industrial Drive, Jefferson City, Missouri 65101.

The History of Scott County, Missouri Up To The Year 1880. By Edison Shrum (Sikeston, Missouri: Standard Printing Company, 1984). 319 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. $25.00. The history of Scott County as a political entity dates back 161 years. Previous area histories allocated only minimal space to this southeast county, perhaps due to the loss or destruction of its early records during the Civil War. This limitation made research time- consuming and difficult. County records, newspaper files and field investigations filled in many gaps in the early history. 122 Missouri Historical Review

The narrative in this hardback volume begins with the geologi­ cal history and prehistoric man, and includes sketches on early settlers, Spanish land grants, the territorial period, New Madrid earthquakes, histories of Commerce, Benton, Sikeston and other early settlements, Civil War, transportation and a number of other various subjects. Of interest to scholars and historians, as well as the general public, the book sells for $25.00, plus $2.00 for mailing. Checks should be made payable to the Scott County Historical Society, and mailed to Edison Shrum, 509 Ruth Avenue, Scott City, Missouri 63780.

In Days Gone By

Hannibal Courier-Post, May 10, 1985. 1935 More than 200 people attended the annual banquet of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The banquet was held at the Mark Twain Hotel and marked the first time in its history the historical society had held its annual meeting outside of Columbia where the bylaws stated the meeting must take place. (A meeting was held there earlier in the day.) The Hannibal event was held in conjunction with the Mark Twain Centennial celebration. George Mahan was local president of the society.

Free-For-All

Pipeline, Campbell Area Genealogical & Historical Society, April, 1985. Kennett proposes to have a free-for-all picnic and barbecue the last of August, at which no person will be permitted to spend a cent. Free barbecued meat, gallons of free coffee, cords of free bread, barrels of free lemonade and ice water, free sports and amusements, free music and speaking by the freest-lunged and glibbest- tongued orators that can be secured would be the attractions.

Drunk Walnut

Arcadian Life, April, 1937. Near the Williams still stood a giant walnut Tree. The dumpings of mash over the roots of this tree had a peculiar effect. The old walnut got gloriously drunk and stayed that way, year after year. Its leaves had a peculiar shape and even the limbs of the old veteran seemed a bit tipsy. A few years ago, the old soak of a tree was cut down but oldtimers in the Cape Fair community still talk about the "drunk walnut." WARREN COUNTY MUSEUM AND HISTORICAL LIBRARY

The Warren County Museum and Historical Library occupy a new brick building, officially opened and dedicated on October 24, 1982. Located in Warrenton, the county seat, it faces the courthouse square. Donations from present and former Warren Countians entirely financed the building. An endowment fund has been created, and in time the interest from this fund will support the museum. Designed by architect Gerhardt Kramer of St. Louis, the building is 48' x 61', with air conditioning, humidity control and an acoustic ceiling. In addition to a large exhibit hall, it includes a historical library, a Central Wesleyan College room, a memorial nook and large vault. The historical library was dedicated to honor Neal and Margaret Schowengerdt, who played a major role in organizing the historical society in 1970 and in making the museum possible. In this room are housed books, magazines and records of general historic interest concerning Warren County. The Central Wesleyan College room displays yearbooks, publications, records, pictures and memorabilia from the college. Located in Warrenton in 1864, the college closed in 1941, after a long and important history. In the memorial nook is exhibited a record book which notes all life members, memorial gifts and the names of those who donated to the building fund. Plaques, on the walls of the nook, feature the names of donors contributing $500 or more. The museum portrays the county's rich heritage in its exhibits. Daniel Boone, universal symbol of the American frontier, came to the Missouri Territory with his wife and family in 1799. The Spanish government granted him land in eastern Missouri, but he and his wife lived the remainder of their lives with their children. Their daughter and son-in-law, the Flanders Callaways, lived in present-day Warren County. Both Daniel and Rebecca Boone were buried in the county near Marthasville, but later, their bodies were removed to Kentucky. The route to the salt licks in Howard County became known as the Boon's Lick Trail. Originating in St. Charles, the trail passed through Warren County and alongside of the courthouse square. German scholar and promoter Gottfried Duden also lived in Warren County for a short time in the 1820s. His book about the country inspired the large German immigration to the area in subsequent years. Organized January 5, 1833, the county was named for Revolutionary War General Joseph Warren. Warrenton became the county seat in 1835. The Warren County Museum's display area is changed periodically. Old county newspapers from 1864 to 1914, a safe from the first bank in the county, and an immigrant chest brought from Germany to Warren County in 1839 are major items currently on exhibit. Interested volunteers staff the museum, open on Saturdays from 10 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., and Sundays from 1 to 4:30 P.M., mid-April through mid-November. A visit to the museum and historical library should provide insight into the area's significant role in Missouri history.