This is anopenaccess article undertheCCBY-NC-SAThis Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México. Peer Reviewing under the responsibility of Manuscript November accepted: 5,2020 Corrected manuscript received: October21,2019 Manuscript received: May 2,2019 BSGM2020v72n3a011119 72 (3), A011119.http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/ Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, cap?: or impermeable Republic: Marginal reef Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district, Dominican D., Iturralde-Vinent, Hatillo M., 2020,The Dominguez,H., Proenza, J., Torró, L., Rhys, Nelson, C., Polanco, J.,A., Macassi, How tocitethisarticle: [email protected] * Corresponding author:(C.Nelson) Habana, Cuba. Amargura y Teniente Rey, Habana Vieja, 259, La 7 Drive, Surrey, B.C., V4P1L9,Canada. 6 Peru, 15088,Lima,Peru. versity of Uni Catholic Pontifical Engineering, and ences 5 Spain. ra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Facultatlogia Aplicada, deCienciaslaTier 4 29, SantoDomingo10125,DominicanRepublic. 3 Republic. Vega No. 29, 10125, Santo Domingo, Dominican 2 Boulder, 80304,Colorado, UnitedStates. 1 Lisard Carl E. capa impermeable? La CalizaHatillo,distritodePuebloViejo,RepúblicaDominicana:¿Unarrecifemarginalo or impermeablecap? The HatilloLimestone,PuebloViejodistrict,DominicanRepublic:Marginalreef license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) elgclEgneigPorm aut fSci Geological Engineering Program, Faculty of Barrick International Ltd., Av. International Barrick Lope de Vega No. Departament de Mineralogia, PetrologiaDepartament i Geo Academia deCienciasCuba,No.460 entre Pueblo Viejo Corp.,Dominicano Av. Lope de Panterra14180 Greencrest GeoServicesInc., Recursosdel Caribe, S.A., 236023rd Street Torró Nelson 5 , David 1,* , José Rhys Polanco 6 , Manuel Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín - - - - 2 , Arturo Iturralde-Vinent morphism, arcmorphism, polarityreversal. Ranchos Formation, Cretaceous meta Early Cretaceous unconformity,Los Keywords: Caribbean tectonics, Loma Caribeperidotite. amphibolite near a faulted contact with the district to schistsin the Maimón Formation to in the Pueblo Viejoincipient metamorphism progressed from grade and metamorphic the Late Cretaceous. intensity Deformation during Ranchosand Maimónformations the Hatillo Limestoneaswell as the Los recrystallization affected and metamorphic reverse faulting, penetrative deformation, through themiddleAlbian.Low-angle as Hatillo progressed Limestone deposition gavegradually way to deeper-water facies (basal Hatillo marginal Limestone). The reef (112 Ma) with a marginal fringing reef overlapped boundary at the Aptian–Albian arcvolcanism Ranchos(Los Formation) ing hydrothermal Intra-oceanic fluids. island have cap to ascend acted as an impermeable eralizing event and, consequently, couldnot not overlie the oreduring the min deposits mineralization. Hatillo The Limestone did erosionduring hydrothermal alterationand indicate thatwere theore deposits opento host-rock sectionat the Pueblo Viejo mine eralized sedimentary clasts inthe epiclastic, eralization paleosurface. Altered andmin evidence for an Early Cretaceous, syn-min beds, exposed inthe Moore pit, provide Formation. Volcanogenic massive sulfide overlies the Early Cretaceous Los Ranchos show that the Hatillo Limestone conformably Viejo district and exposures in the open pits ronment. Diamond drilling in the Pueblo envi a near-shore reef bivalves indicative of fossil assemblage including coralsandrudist Viejo district contains a Late Lower Albian the Hatillo Limestone in the Pueblo tion of Republic.Dominican por lowermost The in theeastern 100km east-west distance of RanchosLos Formation are exposed over an HatilloThe Limestone and the underlying ABSTRACT Macassi 2 , Hugo 7 Domínguez ------3 , Joaquín A. /72(3)A011119/2020 fósiles del Albiano inferior tardío incluyendo corales y distrito de Pueblo Viejo contieneunensamblaje de La porción más inferior de la Caliza Hatilloel en de 100 km eneloriente de la República Dominicana. Ranchos sobre están expuestas unadistancia este-oeste La Caliza Hatillo y la subyacente Formación Los RESUMEN polaridad dearco. metamorfismo Cretácico, inversiónde Temprano, Los Ranchos, Formación CretácicoCaribe, inconformidad Palabras clave: Placa tectónica del la peridotitaLomaCaribe. Maimón hasta anfibolita cerca al contacto de falla con distrito de Pueblo Viejo a esquistos en la Formación de metamorfismo morfismo incipiente en el progresó de meta y elgrado La intensidad de la deformación Los Ranchos y Maimón durante el Cretácico Tardio. afectó la Caliza Hatillo además de las formaciones penetrativa bajo ángulo, y metamorfismo deformación de lacaliza. Fallamiento la deposición progresó de más profundasdio mente paso a facies según de aguas gradual marginal de laCaliza Hatillo). El arrecife (la base marginal Albiana arrecife (112 Ma)conun se sobrelapó temporalmente enla frontera Aptiana- arco de isla intraoceanico (la Formación Los Ranchos) a fluidosimpermeable Volcanismo hidrotermales. de consecuencia, no hubiera podido actuar como una capa auríferos durante elproceso de mineralización y, como proceso. La Caliza Hatillo no cubrió los depósitos y mineralización estaban en alteración hidrotermal auríferos estaban abiertos a la erosión mientras la la Formación Los Ranchos indican que los depósitos mineralizados en la encajante secuencia epiclástica de zación del Cretácico Temprano. Clastos alterados y de una paleosuperficie contemporánea a la minerali en el tajo Moore proveen unpunto fijo de referencia Temprano. de sulfuros volcanogénicos Capas masivos blementela Formación Los Ranchos del Cretácico abiertos muestran quela caliza sobreyace conforma distrito de Pueblo los tajos en y exposiciones Viejo cercano a la costa. Perforaciones diamantinas en el ambientearrecifal de un indicativos bivalvos rudistas Proenza 4 , 1 - - - -

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION / Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district THE HATILLO LIMESTONE 1. Introduction along with metallic mineralalong and withmetallic deposits occurrences. Grayboxshows the locationofFigure 2.CLIP; Caribbeanlargeigneous province. (B) Regionalgeologic mapfromEscuder-Viruete Antilles including Cuba, Jamaica,Haiti,theDominicanRepublic and Puerto Rico(PR).The gray boxshows thelocationof Figure 1B. Figure 1 2 2 hlitc nr-cai sadaco Early Creta tholeiitic, intra-oceanic island arc of the Los Ranchos Formation, a margin of southern Republic (Figure 1)where itcropsout alongthe belt for over Dominican across 100km the eastern HatilloThe Limestone extends inaneast–west Pueblo Viejo district(Figure 1). the Au-Ag-Cu of deposits for the development of the Caribbean region as well as ingenetic models tectonic modelsforLimestone in theevolution of theHatillo mapping that bear on therole of holes andnewresults fromdistrict-scale geologic pits, newgeochemical data from diamond-drill ents new observations from the Pueblo Viejo open 2007; Torró ceous age (Kesler / /

Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Location maps. (A) Distribution, in green, of Cretaceous, tholeiitic, intra-oceanic island arc volcanic rocks across the Greater the across rocks volcanic islandarc intra-oceanic tholeiitic, Cretaceous, of in green, Distribution, (A) maps. Location et al ., 2017a, 2017b). This paper pres ., 2017a,2017b).This et al. , 2005;Escuder-Viruete http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 et al . (2007)showing thedistributionof Hatillo LimestoneintheDominican Republic et al. /72(3)A011119/2020 - - /72(3)A011119/2020 , 2. TheHatilloLimestone sandstones andcalcareous sandstones covered by (2005) described “basal conglomerate,Iturralde limestone.” Myczynskiand “typical massive reef finally, by and, fragments fossil marine abundant lowed bycalcareous and mudstone sandstone with a basalconglomerate overlain by sandstonefol described the Hatillo of Limestone ascomposed Early Cretaceous age.” Russell andKesler (1991) and described “a shallow water of marine deposit Hatillo (Figure 2) for exposures nearthe townof middle Albian age. Bowin (1966) named the unit to late Aptian medium-gray, biogeniclimestone of HatilloThe a massive,Limestone is light- to Rio Hatillo Formationhaving as been, “deposited massive biogenic limestone” and referred to the - Figure 2 2.1. LITHOLOGY 7A and 7B.VMS;volcanogenic massivesulfide. Figurelocation of the box showsgrayreservoir; the bycovered is reservoir) Hatillo the of Limestone (west Cañas Las andthe reservoir) basal Hatillo Limestone are shownin Figures 3A the als, andenchinoids. Representative photos of withskeletal rudists,to packstones grainstones cor near-shore to shallow-wateroverlain by 13mof rudist bivalves. corals and Aptian–Albian It is of limestone. basallimestone contains fragments The and interbedded calcareous sandstoneandmarly basal,near-shore calcarenites includes 6.1mof T-82 in the Pueblo Viejo District (Figure 2) that He described a 64.7msectionfrom drill hole Limestone alongitsentirestrike length. 100km Bonilla-Rodríguez (2014) studied the Hatillo Cretaceous volcanic arc sections.” in ashallow, the near-shore environment aspart of

Geologic map showing locations mentioned in the text. A reported contact between the Hatillo Limestone (east of the Hatillo the of Limestone (east Hatillo between the contact reported A text. mentionedshowingin the map locations Geologic Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 - (Bonilla-Rodríguez, 2014). Bonilla-Rodriguez Jamaica, Cuba andthe ProvincialFormation of of Puerto Rico, the Seafield Limestone of Formation Texas,the Glen Rose the Rio Matón Limestone of Mexico, the Encino and Vallecitos of formations rudistassemblage foundis same Aptian-Albian in Hatillo Limestone isshown inFigure 3C. The the deeper-water,representative massive photo of planktic constituentsandscarce macrofossils. A a deeper-water, lime-mudstoneof lithofacies with ifera, gastropods, andspongesoverlain by 38.4m marly limestone with orbitolinid foramin m of and 3B. Abovenear-shore this sectionthere9.9 is Aptian to Albian, Caribbean carbonateAptian platform (2014) assignedtheHatillo Limestone toalatest canic core inresponse tosealevel rise.” vol Ranchos Los the of flank the on “developed /72(3)A011119/2020 / 72(3)A011119/2020 et al 3 3 - - .

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district THE HATILLO LIMESTONE Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district THE HATILLO LIMESTONE 2.2. BASAL CONTACT DPV17-520 near BancoCinco. of BancoCinco.(D) Hydrothermallyaltered basal conglomeratewith hydrothermally fromadepth altered of clasts 11mindrillhole south cavities, karst limestone with Massive (C) photo. the across m 4 Quemados,LosLimestone, Hatillo the of base the near from Figure 3 4 4 Limestone based on field examination and a fossil a and examination field on based Limestone (1997) reported a late Albian age for the Las Cañas the Hatillo Reservoir (Figure 2).Iturralde-Vinent lithologically similar limestones isnow covered by mity reported byBowin (1966) between these two the Las CañasLimestone. Anunconfor stone of HatilloThe Limestone is overlain by massive lime underlyingRanchos Los Formation asconform contact between the Hatillo Limestone and the the 37) described p. 2and 1, figs. (1966, Bowin the Late Cretaceous Las LagunasFormation. lites of Limestone are overlain by argillites and sandy argil Hatillo(1950). The Limestone andthe Las Cañas assemblage described by Koschmann andGordon / /

Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín The HatilloLimestoneinthePueblo Viejomining(A) Basallimestonebeds, LosQuemados. district. (B)Blackbedded limestone http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 /72(3)A011119/2020 - - - - /72(3)A011119/2020 Banco Cincoarea (Figurealso 2),the contact is where (Figure 3Aand3B).Inthe it isconformable (Figure exposed 2) intheQuemadosquarry Los the underlyingRanchos Los Formation locally is Draper the Greater Antilles ( dence for anEarly Cretaceous tectonic event in uplift and erosionhave often been cited as evi of andinferred period proposedThe unconformity theHatillo Limestone. of prior todeposition sion sandy sedimentary rocks reflecting a ero period of paleosurface marked by a basal conglomerate and (1991) described the same contact as a residual able and locally offset by faults. Russell and Kesler opsdo rounded to sub-rounded, hydro composed of and isoccupiedbyconformable aconglomerate h otc fthe Hatillo Limestone with contact of The et al ., 1996;Pindell e . g. , Lebron and Perfit, 1993; and Lebron , et al ., 2005). - - - end of the Monte Negro pit (C, D). (A) Fault breccia with angular limestone fragments, Los Quemados.low-angleLos (B) Slickensided,angularlimestone fragments, fault with breccia Fault (A) D). (C, pit Negro the Monte endof Figure 4 (D) Close-up, showinggouge, faultof low-angleshown reversefault in (C). rockssedimentaryepiclastic (below). carbonaceous with inlow-anglecontact reversefault(above) Schist surfaces, LosQuemados.(C) setting to the epiclastic sedimentary basininthe sedimentary setting to the epiclastic bothage and geologic of but very similarinterms basininthe Bayaguanatary district is much larger carbonaceous siltstone. sedimen epiclastic The where massiveinterbedded limestone is with gray the Pueblo Viejo district (Figure 1), east 60 km of also beobservedcan the Bayaguana in district, typical Hatillo limestone.”A transitional contact Los Ranchos Formation is transitional upward into the that “thecarbonaceoussiltstoneat the top of valleygajita (Figure 2),Sillitoe the Hatillo Limestone. Inthe Rio Mar the base of additional evidence contact at for aconformable the Pueblo Viejo mine area provides outside of hydrothermally altered matrix (Figure 3D). altered clasts inaclast-supported and thermally

Photos of low-angle atthebaseof reversefaults theHatilloLimestone(A,B)and from theLos Ranchos Formationatthesouth Geologic mapping and mineral exploration Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín et al http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 . (2006)reported - - that offset the contact between the Los Ranchos Los the between contact the offset that low-angle reverse faults, includingfaults photos of the Pueblo Viejo district (Figure 2).Representative outcropLoma laCuaba, andin exposures across Pueblo Viejo, at the Quemados quarry,Los on sided fault surfaces canbeobserved inthe pits at by low-angle reverse faults. Low-angle slicken Lime stone andthe underlyingRanchos Los Formation theHatillo between the contact of offset mapping across the Pueblo Viejo district, reported mond-drill holes, open-pit exposures, andoutcrop (2014), and Cardenas al Pueblo Viejo district (Nelson in Figure 4. Formation and the Hatillo Limestone, are shown ., 2017b). Nelson (2000), Borst Nelson (2000), Borst /72(3)A011119/2020 / 72(3)A011119/2020 et al et al . (2018), based ondia . (2012),Evans et al ., 2011;Torró et al. 5 5 et - - -

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district THE HATILLO LIMESTONE Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district THE HATILLO / THE LOS RANCHOS FORMATION / PUEBLO VIEJO ORE DEPOSIT MODELS 3. TheLosRanchosFormation 2.3. AGE 6 6 age based onammonitescollected from the lower (2005) provided evidence for alate early Albian (unrecorded)gle location. Mycynski and Iturralde the Hatillo Limestone based on fossilsfrom a sin Bowin(1966) proposed age for anAptian–Albian ± 0.3Mafor geochemically similar tonalite that from the Bayaguana district (Figure 1) and 115.5 Ranchos Los rhyodacite 0.8 Mafor asample of al subduction at 136 to 130 Ma.Escuder-Viruete Proto-Caribbean 126 to123Ma,after the onsetof arcisland volcanism atCuba andHispaniola in tholeiitic, intra-oceanic placed the initiation of U-Pb radiometric dates from multiple sources, Torró 0.93Ma. of ranging from 112.43 to 113.15 Ma at a precision McArthur the Lowerbased on Cretaceous reference curve of theHatillo Limestone, age for the lower portionof from theHatillo Limestone. derived The mean ( la-Rodríguez (2014) reported strontium isotope the age derived fromanalysis.isotopic Bonil from fossil assemblages with is incloseagreement middle Albian. section indicate that continued deposition into the et al linid foraminifers reported by Bonilla-Rodríguez the Hatillo Limestone. Orbito lower portion of Coalcamana blage. age assignment isbased principally on The ure 1)alsorevealed fossilassem an Aptian–Albian Hatillo Limestone (Fig the belt of end of eastern (Figure 2)andfrom two locationsat the extreme guez Viejo mine. Samples collected byBonilla-Rodrí the Hatillo Limestone at the Pueblo portion of / / 87 20)rpre -bzro gso 116.0± . (2006)reported U-Pb zirconages of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Sr/ h g fthe Hatillo Limestone as derived age of The . (2014) from higher in the Hatillo Limestone et al 86 et al Sr) analyses forSr) analyses rudist shellsamples six . (2014)fromdrill holeT-82diamond . (2016, 2017a), summarizing published - et al Caprinuloidea . (2001), was 112.79 Mawithvalues. (2001),was rudist bivalves from the http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 et /72(3)A011119/2020 ------/72(3)A011119/2020 4. PuebloViejoOreDepositModels o aco omto n h g ffossil assem Los Ranchos Formation andthe age of (~109 to~113Ma). roughly 4millionyears during aperiod of nism that overlapped limestone deposition with volca the Hatillo Limestone, indicate basal portionsof assemblages described above from near-shore reef U-Pb ages,These substantiallyyounger than the both the Moore and Monte Negro pits (Figure 2). from aprominent basaltic andesite dike exposed in 109.6 ±0.6Maand108.41.2Ma,respectively, and Torró ued to~109 Maaccording toMueller Volcanism inthe Los RanchosFormation contin Ranchosintrudes theLos Formation (Figure 2). in ulctosi ao fanEarly Cretaceous, tion. Publications infavor of deposi mineralization andthe environment of of however, widely vary with respect to both the age effectively explore for new ones. Proposed genetic models, to how extension, by and, formed its community how inunderstanding the ore depos the exploration there iskeen interest onthe part of million ouncesperyear. resource. Goldproductioncurrently closetoa is sulfide underlying the processing of capable plant anew and resumed in2012after construction of thenear-surface oxide reserves, exhaustionof in 1975,wassuspended in 1998after began (Borst gold, 185.4 Moz silver, and590.5Mlbcopper 30.8Moz open-pit production plusreserves of PuebloThe Viejo district (Figures 1and 2) boasts Hatillo Limestone at the Pueblo Viejo mine. the pyroclastic basaltic andesite from the base of et al. the Hatillo Limestone. Borst of base the near but within tuff andesitic reported 2), mond drillingat the LomalaMinagossan(Figure Sillitoe evidence. field blages from the Hatillo Limestone issupported by The overlapThe between radiometric dates for the ie h ieo the Pueblo Viejo deposit, Given the size of (2014),andCardenas et al et al ., 2012,Nelson 21a h eotdUP gso . (2017a) who reported U-Pb ages of et al . (2007),based ondia et al et al et al . (2018)reported ., 2015). Mining . (2012), Evans et al . (2008) ------epiclastic siltstone clast hostedsandstone, clastbycarbonaceousepiclastic centralpit.(E) Silicifiedhostedsiltstone epiclastic byaltered clast and mineralized conglomerate, north end of thepit.(C)Silicified clastinamatrixofcarbonaceous epiclasticsandstone, north end of thepit.(D)Silicified from thenorth end of thepit.(B) Hydrothermally altered (silicified) basalticandesite clasthosted bycoarsely fragmental epiclastic Figure 5 basaltic andesite. carbonaceous epiclastic sandstone, centralpit.(F)Bedded carbonaceoussandstone withbedding and siltstone modifiedof byaclast

Outcrop photos from ofepiclastic theMonteNegropit.(A) Coarsely sedimentaryunits fragmental epiclasticconglomerate Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 /72(3)A011119/2020 / 72(3)A011119/2020 7 7

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district PUEBLO VIEJO ORE DEPOSIT MODELS Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district PUEBLO VIEJO ORE DEPOSIT MODELS fault. (B) VMS bed with coarse pyrite. (C) VMS bed with VMS clasts. (D) Close-upbedof offault.clasts. matrix. bed withcoarse bedded aclast (B)VMS with VMS in aVMS pyrite.(C)VMS VMS Figure 6 8 8 age include Hollister (1978, porphyry deposit) deposit) age include Hollister (1978, porphyry a Late Cretaceous or Paleogene tions in favor of Publica field). dome volcanic (2000, Nelson and [VMS]), sulfide massive volcanogenic sulfidation, maar-diatreme), Hannington Russell deposit), epithermal andKesler (1991, syn-volcanic origininclude Kesler Pueblo Viejo mine by Kirk al Sillitoe to a discussion of and Russell (2001)anda reply by Nelson (2001)and Nelson (2000)by Kesler above, to adiscussionof are referred, inaddition to the publications listed the ore at deposits Pueblo Viejo over the originof lithocap). Readers interested in the controversy and Sillitoe / / . (2007)andareply by Sillitoe

Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Re-Os sulfidedating mineralizationof from the Volcanogenic beds massivesulfide from (VMS) theeasternmarginof theMoore pit. (A)VMSbed cutbyalow-angle reverse et al . (2006, high sulfidation, porphyry porphyry sulfidation, high (2006, . et al et al . (2006) by Muntean et al . (2014) yielded an et al http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 et al . (2007). . (1997,high . (1981,1991, et /72(3)A011119/2020 - /72(3)A011119/2020 themselves ( deposits ore the at work field on based deposits reviewed above. according to fossil assemblages and Sr isotope ages the Hatillo Limestone wasalready underway of the basal, near-shore portion time, of deposition (112 Ma). At this boundary at the Aptian-Albian provide strong evidence for a mineralizing event events, thermal subsequent by influenced easily ages,These a robust using dating technique not 0.4 Ma,112.0± 0.4 Ma,and 111.5± 0.4 Ma. laCuaba Loma of byNelson flank east the from denite molyb 111.9± 3.7 Ma.Re-Os dating of age of recent 2012) excavation(since at the Pueblo Viejo along with newevidence, presented below, from ulse ecitoso thePueblo Viejo Publishedof descriptions et al e . g ., Kesler 21)yeddae f112.1± . (2015)yieldedagesof et al ., 1981;Nelson,2000) - same carbonaceous epiclastic sedimentary host sedimentary same carbonaceousepiclastic terrestrial plantfossils (Smiley,of 2002)from the wasshallowdepth asindicated by the presence erosion duringthe mineralization event. Water opposed to replacements, andwere exposed to 6D) demonstrating that they are sediments, as beds contain eroded VMS clasts (Figures 6Cand pit are shown inFigures 6Aand 6B. VMS These the Moore marginVMS beds from of the eastern (Tornos aVMS deposit tive facies of beds, used here exhala to refer tothe stratiform VMS to erosion isprovided by the presence of accumulating. to erosion at sediments were the time epiclastic way andhydrothermally altered rockwas exposed indicate that hydrothermal alteration wasunder rocksexposed inthe open pits. altered The clasts host sedimentary the epiclastic abundant in all of basin. intravolcanic subsiding, seafloor, sedimentary a in at shallow on andimmediately depth, below the mine indicate that the ore were deposits deposited eta g f~112 Mafor the ore deposits. ment anage of et al also conflicts with Re-Os dates, published by Kirk was exposed to erosion duringmineralization. It 5 and6for host rock asedimentary section that model conflicts with evidence presented in Figures seal duringmineralization.” This impermeable Hatillo to have Limestone appears acted asan Paleogene calc-alkaline intrusion, stating that “the ina lithocap aboveformed a Late Cretaceous or et al More copper deposit. recently,porphyry Sillitoe new (post 2012)exposures. iscertainly supported bywith VMSdeposits these characteristics,many a genetic link epithermal Although the ore at deposits Pueblo Viejo exhibit 15 and17g/t Ag, and0.17%0.26%Cu. shown 1.5and1.89g/t Au, inFigure 6,returned rock section. The VMS beds areThe ore bearing. Two samples, Hydrothermally altered clasts (Figure 5) are Hollister (1978)described Pueblo Viejo asa Added support for a hydrothermal system open . (2014)andby Nelson . (2006)described Pueblo Viejo ashaving Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín et al . (2015),that docu http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 et al ., 2015). - - - 5. HydrothermalAlteration ciently iron rich to qualify asa gossan. Represen suffi locally, is and, Limestone Hatillo the affects primarily Imán Piedra at silicification Hematitic outcrops uponwhich the maps are based. tion of alteration in the Hatillo Limestone and the loca hydrothermal maps inFigure 7 show the extent of alteration reported bySillitoe providesgeologic context for thehydrothermal logic mapping (Figures 7Aand7B) supports and (Figuregossan 2).Previously unpublished geo altered at Piedra Imán andat the Loma la Mina the basal Hatillo Limestone ishydrothermally Sillitoe 297 ppm, and barium up to 481 ppm. These data297 ppm,and barium up to 481 ppm.These values reachgets ashigh210ppm, zincupto reach 90ppb, reaches arsenic 674ppm,copper the Hatillo Limestone. Goldvalues of 2 to 22m lowermost the from Ba and Zn Cu, As, Au, alous anom and Ba.Sixdiamond-drill holes returned Zn, Cu, As, Au, anomalous of presence the firm Limestone in the Banco Cincoarea (Figure 2) con core that penetrate the basal Hatillo intervals of 2m altered. Geochemical analyses(ICP-MS) of basal Hatillo Limestone is, locally, hydrothermally Pueblo Viejo minewhere, asat Piedra the Imán, observation is supported by observations at the This Imán. Piedra at Limestone Hatillo basal fied Cu, Pb, Mo, Bi, As, Sb, Hg, Se, Te, andBa in silici geochemical evidence documentinganomalous evidence for hydrothermal alteration, presented Sillitoe below 200ppb. Au357 m total depth) was below 10 ppb and Cu the drill hole (to Throughout the remainder of faulted contact with overlying Hatillo Limestone. 68ppbgoldimmediately below a and 1.5mof copper 1073ppm 1.5mof intersecting 48m, of mally alteredRanchos Los Formation at adepth and 7B), completed in 2011, entered hydrother (2006). shown inFigures 7C and 7D andinSillitoe the tative silicifiedphotos Hatilloof Limestone are Diamond-drill hole APV11-37(Figures 2,7A et al et al . (2006) provide outcrop evidence that /72(3)A011119/2020 / 72(3)A011119/2020 . (2006), in addition to outcrop et al . (2006). The . (2006).The et al 9 9 ------.

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district PUEBLO VIEJO / HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION magnetite replacement inoutcrop;horizontalmagnetite dimensionis25cm. gray. (C)Hematiticsilicified HatilloLimestone from drillhole APV11-37at13.4m;drillcoremeasures 56mmindiameter.(D)Quartz- outcroplocationsareindicatedmap showingunits; ingray.(B)Geologic hydrothermal alteration;outcrop locationsareindicated in Figure 7 10 10 reported by Nelson ages (112.1, 112.0, and 111.5, all± 0.4 Ma) Bayaguana district (Figure 1) isclose to Re-Os 0.4 Ma)reported by Torró addition, aRe-Os age for molybdenite (112.6± 2007; Nelson (Nelson, 2000;Escuder-Viruete rocks carbonaceous sedimentary and epiclastic aprons pyroclastic by mantled fields dome canic (Figure 1)exhibit similargeologic settings –vol Limestone. the Hatillo the basal portion of alteration of hydrothermal anomalous geochemically confirm / /

Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín The PuebloThe Viejo andBayaguana districts Distribution and hydrothermal alteration of the Hatillo Limestone at Piedra Imán (Figure 2). (A) Geologic map showingrock map Geologic (A) ImánPiedra (FigureLimestone2). at Hatillo the alteration ofDistribution andhydrothermal et al ., 2011;Torró et al . (2015) for molybdenite et al . (2017b)from the http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 et al. et al , 2017b).In ., 2006, /72(3)A011119/2020 - /72(3)A011119/2020 Cuba (Figure 1). Islands west across Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and tholeiitic islandarc that stretches from the Virgin Bayaguana orelsewhere inthe Early Cretaceous large Au-Ag-Cu deposits, like Pueblo Viejo, at gests that the LosRanchos Formation may host mineralization sug geologic setting and age of the genetic model invoked, similarity of less of (Torró deposits porphyry natively, systems transitional with to epithermal (Nelson VMS deposits systems transitional with attributed to epithermal in these Early Cretaceous districts hasbeen from the Pueblo Viejo district. Mineralization et al ., 2011,2015)or, alter et al ., 2017b).Regard - - - Fossiliferous (rudist-bearing) limestone at 65.8m.(B)Limestone at90.4m. (C, D)Fine-grained with stylolites banded mylonitictectonite Figure 8 Deformation, andMetamorphism 6. Low-angleReverseFaulting, diameter (topto bottom). with foliation defined bytransposed bedding at99.5(C)and 103.2m (D). Allfour photos areof drillcorethatmeasures 56mmin along the Hatillo thrust it is generally strongly foli and “where the limestone been has deformed stone “almosteverywhereslightly recrystallized” is recrystallization. basal units, exhibits penetrative and deformation by low-angle reverse faults and, especially in its offset been has Limestone Hatillo the that shows However,deformed.” evidence presented below the Hatillo Limestone as“notpenetratively mation event” basedontheir description of to earlyAptian Albian age for a “major defor northeast.” etrative decreases progressively deformation tothe rocks and reported thatfacies metamorphic “pen greenschist andamphibolite and Ozama zones) of et al oped in the Maimón Formation (Figure 2). Draper Schistsand low-angle reverse faultsare well devel td”Bwnsrcgiino foliation andrecrys ated.” Bowin’s recognition of

Bowin (1966)reported that the Hatillo Lime Draper et al. (1996)went on topropose an Progressive increase indeformation withintheHatillo Limestone abovealow-anglein drillhole reversefault LS17-199. (A) . (1996) distinguishedparallel belts (El Altar Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 ------Limestone. thebasalHatillo foliationsandy in beds of to silty recrystallization, andfracturement deformation, reverse fault. Photomicrographs (Figure 9) docu foliation (Figures 8C and 8D) above a low-angle (Figure 8A) give way to a well-developed mylonitic in the Hatillo Limestone.deformation Stylolites (Figure 2)that documents progressive penetrative photos from drill hole near Banco Cinco asingle Pueblo Viejo mine. Figure 8 presents a series of (Sillitoegossan Loma la Mina (Nelson, 2000)andbydiamond drilling at boththe District Viejo Pueblo the in observations field by tallization in the Hatillo Limestone is supported lhuhprpylt sacmo rdc fAlthough pyrophyllite productis acommon of in particular, iswell exposed onLomala Cuaba. faults. Pyrophyllite schist (Figures 10Cto 10F), ticularly well developed above low-angle thrust LomalaCuaba (Figurepar 2)andis of summit Formation schist (Figure 10) extends acrossthe Ranchosorigin. Los metamorphic clearlyof whereMaimón formations recrystallization is developed in the underlying LosRanchos and Deformation andrecrystallization areDeformation well /72(3)A011119/2020 / 72(3)A011119/2020 et al ., 2006)andthe 11 11 - -

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district LOW-ANGLE REVERSE FAULTING, DEFORMATION, AND METAMORPHISM Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district LOW-ANGLE REVERSE FAULTING, DEFORMATION, AND METAMORPHISM (field ofview3.4 mm). (H)Limestone withrecrystallized (twinned) calcite(field of view3.4mm). Recrystallizedlimestone (G) mm). 1.0 view of grain (field quartz behinda pressureforming (arrow) a crystals shadow calcite Prismatic (D) Fibrouscalcitepressure(field ofview8mm).(E)Pressure shadowson astyloliteshadowshown byarrow(field ofview2.0 mm).(F) mm). fill fractureof view4.2 foliation(fieldveinlets (C) Calcite mm). of view4.2 vein byfoliation(field calcite of4.2 mm).(B)Offsets a foliation andrecrystallization. (A)Basallimestonewithabundantfragments including fossil (field disarticulatedview ofvalves ostracod Figure 9 12 12 / /

Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Transmitted lightphotomicrographs fromthebasalportion oftheHatilloLimestone, LosQuemados, showing metamorphic http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 /72(3)A011119/2020 /72(3)A011119/2020 the townofMaimón.(B)Los RanchosFormationschistfrom Loma la Cuaba(Figure 2).(C,D)Pyrophylliteschistfrom theLos Ranchos Figure 10 2012). (F)Photomicrograph ofafter pyrophyllite kaolinite, drill hole APV11-38 (72m),LomalaCuaba(from Torró Formation, Loma la Cuaba.(E)Photomicrograph ofpyrophylliteschist, drillhole APV11-38 (34m),LomalaCuaba(photo from Torró,

Photos of metamorphic foliation (schistosity)intheLos Ranchos and Maimónformations. (A)MaimónFormationschistfrom Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 /72(3)A011119/2020 / 72(3)A011119/2020 et al ., 2013). 13 13

Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district LOW-ANGLE REVERSE FAULTING, DEFORMATION, AND METAMORPHISM Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district LOW-ANGLE REVERSE FAULTING / DISCUSSION / CONCLUSIONS 7. Discussion 14 14 (Figures 10Eand10F),pyrophyllite is the product Cardenas et al certainly existsthe Pueblo in Viejo district(Borst origin. Hydrothermal pyrophyllitemetamorphic phyry ( deposits hydrothermal alteration inlithocapsabove por fringing reef deposition (basalHatillo deposition Limestone) fringing reef arcisland volcanism Ranchos(Los Formation) and uplift and erosion.Aptian-Albian Intra-oceanic ing notime for apreviouslyproposed of episode Ranchos Los Formation volcanismleav stages of overlap with radiometric dates from the waning able regionally. the Hatillo Limestone is alsoconform contact of (fossillocations onFigure 1) indicate that the basal Hatillo Limestone thebelt 100km of endof ern guana district and ameasured section at the east Limestone. A transitional contact in the Baya Ranchos Formation and the overlying Hatillo contact betweendence for the Los a conformable here from the Pueblo Viejo district provide evi Geologic mapping and diamond drilling reported andmetamorphism. ceous deformation America was likely responsible for Late Creta North margin of collided with, the southern Antilles volcanic arc approached, andeventually proto-Caribbean oceaniccrustasthe Greater of event. metamorphic Westerly-dipping subduction kb at 380 °C),presumably subduction-related, Torró by reported first Ferri-winchite, 2017). nication, Maimón Formation (Proenza, written commu the in asamplefrom the Ozama shearzone of age based on chosFormation as well Campanian-Santonian is in presumably,the Hatillo in Ran Limestone andLos hydrothermally altered precursor (Figure 10F). a recrystallization, presumably metamorphic of of / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Fossilassemblages fromthe Hatillo Limestone in the Maimón FormationMetamorphism and, ., 2012;Evans et al et al . (2016),indicates ahigh-pressure (8.2 ., 2018). But, where strongly foliated 40 e Ar/ . g ,Slio,21) tcnas eo ., Sillitoe, 2010),it can alsobeof et al 39 raayi fferri-winchite of Ar analysis ., 2014;Torró http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 et al ., 2017a; /72(3)A011119/2020 ------/72(3)A011119/2020 8. Conclusions exhalative VMS and fix the location of the paleo the of location the fix exhalativeand VMS the MooreVMS bedsin of pitcontainclasts sedimentaccumulation.and epiclastic Exhalative during hydrothermal alteration, ore deposition, the hydrothermalwas subjectto systemerosion Pueblo Viejo. altered These clasts indicate that host rocks ized sedimentary at clastsinepiclastic hydrothermally altered and mineral presence of ~112 MaPueblo Viejo Au-Ag-Cu ore deposits. the same hydrothermal that system gave rise to the basalHatilloMa. The altered Limestone was by to at boundary least 109 112 MaAptian-Albian and extendingning inthe latest across Aptian the were both active in the Pueblo Viejo district begin underlying LosRanchos Formation; there is no contact with the Limestone isinconformable throughAptian middle Albian time. Hatillo The document Hatillo from Limestone deposition late bonate. Fossilassemblages and Sr isotope analyses to a deeper-water car platform near-shore reef Limestone varies, from bottom to top, from a the Hatillo andfossil assemblage lithology of The with theBahamasplatform. the Proto-Caribbean plate prior to collision tion of are likelyrelated to southwesterlydipping subduc the Hatillo Limestone and post-date of deposition recrystallization andmetamorphic deformation overlying Hatillo Limestone. Late Cretaceous andinthe Los Ranchos andMaimónformations penetrative cleavage in the with development of reverse faults. faults are These spatially associated Limestone bysouthwesterly dipping, low-angle Ranchostion, theLos Formation, andtheHatillo Forma Maimón the of offset documents district supported by theevidence presented here. limestone cap isnot tion beneath animpermeable hydrothermally altered locally, ore forma deposit the Hatillo Limestone are Although basal unitsof surface duringthe ~112 Ma mineralizing event. Observationsfrom the pitsdocument Geologic mapping across the Pueblo Viejo ------References Acknowledgements the Hatillo Limestone. Cretaceous tectonic event post-dates of deposition and the Maimón Formation. responsible The Late RanchosLos Formation, the Hatillo Limestone, in intensityfrom northeast to southwest acrossthe recrystallization that increasesand metamorphic evidence for progressive penetrative deformation limestone cap. animpermeable possibility of porphyry-related genetic models, andeliminate the ment ageneticlink to VMSdeposits, cast doubt on marine paleosurface. observations These docu at andimmediately belowformed a shallow sub eralization shows that the Pueblo Viejo ore deposits min (VMS) sulfide massive volcanogenic bedded rock sedimentation. Inaddition, the presence of host mineralization,sedimentary andepiclastic were being eroded during hydrothermal alteration, tem vented to the surface; and (2) the ore deposits Pueblo Viejo indicate that (1)the hydrothermal sys host rocksized sedimentary clasts inepiclastic at erosion. uplift and evidence for anintervening of episode Bonilla-Rodríguez, A.J., and 2014, Depositional reviewer. er-Viruete, Stewart Redwood, andananonymous ted substantially fromreviews by Javier Escud benefit also paper The core. drill and exposures mine availableto use photosof and for permission tion for analyticalresults making from drill holes and GoldQuest Mining Corpora Corporation, Precipitate GoldCorporation, Gold to Barrick the Pueblo Viejo mine. Appreciation is extended to access from substantially benefited paper This Field mapping andpetrographic studiesprovide Abundant hydrothermally altered and mineral limestone in the Greater Antilles: Mayaguez, Cretaceous paleoenvironmental settings of Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Mexicana Mexicana Geológica Geológica Sociedad Sociedad la la de de Boletín Boletín http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 ------Borst, R.,Moore,Borst, C.,Villeneuve, A., 2012, Bonilla-Rodríguez, A.J., González,L.A.,Walker, Escuder-Viruete, J., Díazde Neira, A., Hernaiz Draper, G., Gutierrez, G., Lewis, J.F., 1996,Thrust Cardenas, R.,Miranda,H.,Krutzelmann, H., the Central Bowin,C.O., of 1966,Geology Associates, Inc.,NI43-101technical report Republic: Toronto, Ontario, Roscoe Postle Sanchez Ramirez Province, Dominican Technicalreportthe Pueblo on Viejo Project, cretres.2014.04.008 50, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 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Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district REFERENCES Hatillo Limestone, Pueblo Viejo district REFERENCES 18 18 Torró, L., 2012, Hydrothermal alteration Tornos, F., Peter, J.M., Allen, R.,Conde, C., Torró, L.,Garcia-Casco, A.,Proenza, J.A., Torró, L.,Proenza, J.A., Melgarejo, J.C., Carrasco, / / Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana Geológica Sociedad la de Boletín processes registered inthe “Lomala org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.01.003 Reviews,Geology 68,142-163. https://doi. Ore deposits: sulfide massive volcanogenic 2015, Controls onthe siting andstyle of to blueschist facies transition in the Maimón Lewis, J.F., 2016,Highpressure greenschist Blanco-Quintero, I.F., Gutierrez-Alonso, G., Ore Proceedings, Deposits 2,590-593. to Applied District: 12th Society for Geology the mineralization inthe Pueblo Viejo of Loma laCuaba:new insights asto the origin 2013, Alteration mineral domainsunder Dominguez, H.,Nelson, C.E.,Lewis, J.F., Master inGeology. Barcelona, and Autonomous University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain, University of mineralizationMo porphyry-type style?: Viejo), DominicanRepublic: aCu-Au- Cuaba Lithocap” (AmpliacionPueblo http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/BSGM2020v72n3a011119 /72(3)A011119/2020 /72(3)A011119/2020 Torró, L.,Camprubí,A.,Proenza, J.A., Leon, P., Torró, L.,Proenza, J.A., Camprubí,A.,Nelson, Stein, H.,Lewis, J.F., Nelson, C.E.,Chavez, oregeorev.2017.07.002 89, 463-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Dominican Republic: Reviews, Ore Geology the Au-Ag-Cu Pueblo Viejo district, Central for model genetic Towardsunified 2017a, a Reynoso-Villafaña, R., Melgarejo, J.C., C.E., Dominguez, H.,Carrasco, C., lithos.2016.10.026 267, 309-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Cretaceous Caribbean arc: Lithos, 266- the Early mid-Cretaceous subductionof Formation (DominicanRepublic) suggests econgeo.112.4.829 112(4), 829-853. https://doi.org/10.2113/ the Caribbean: EconomicGeology, series of type mineralization inthe island-arc tholeiitic the Pueblo Viejo- Porphyry Cu-Moroots of Dominican Republic: Lookingdown for the Cerro Kiosko deposits, Bayaguana district, the DonaAmandaand geochronology of C., Melgarejo, J.C., 2017b, Re-Os andU-Pb