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Menyelisik-Keadilan-Yang-Rentan.Pdf Menyelisik Keadilan yang Rentan: Hukuman Mati dan Penerapan Fair Trial di Indonesia Penyusun: Zainal Abidin Wahyu Wagiman Wahyudi Djafar Syahrial M. Wiryawan Riesta Aldila Benanda Muhamad Eka Ari Pramuditya Erasmus A. T. Napitupulu Adhigama A. Budiman Asisten Peneliti: Iftitahsari Genoveva Alicia K. S. Maya Editor: Fathan Qorib Anggara Desain Cover: Antyo Rentjoko Ilustrasi: Tur-illustration/Shutterstock oleh Beritagar.id ISBN: 978-602-6909-86-2 Lisensi Hak Cipta This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Diterbitkan oleh: Institute for Criminal Justice Reform Jl. Komplek Departemen Kesehatan Nomor B-4, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan – 12520 Phone/Fax: 021-27807065 Dipublikasikan pertama kali pada: Januari 2019 2 Kami memahami, tidak semua orang memiliki kesempatan untuk menjadi pendukung dari ICJR. Namun jika anda memiliki kesamaan pandangan dengan kami, maka anda akan menjadi bagian dari misi kami untuk membuat Indonesia memiliki sistem hukum yang adil, akuntabel, dan transparan untuk semua warga di Indonesia tanpa membeda-bedakan status sosial, pandangan politik, warna kulit, jenis kelamin, asal-usul, dan kebangsaan. Hanya dengan 15 ribu rupiah, anda dapat menjadi bagian dari misi kami dan mendukung ICJR untuk tetap dapat bekerja memastikan sistem hukum Indonesia menjadi lebih adil, transparan, dan akuntabel. Klik taut berikut ini bit.ly/15untukkeadilan 3 KATA PENGANTAR “Indonesia ensures that due process of law is fully observed in the imposition of death penalty” (Mr. Dicky Komar, Director for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia; Statement by the Delegation of the Republic of Indonesia*) High Level Panel Discussion on the Question of the Death Penalty “Regional Efforts Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty and Challenges Faced in that Reagard” – 28th Session of the Human Rights Council Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat internasional, Indonesia telah menyadari pentingnya jaminan perlindungan hak asasi manusia dalam sistem peradilan pidana. Pada Seminar Hukum Nasional II yang diadakan pada 1968 oleh Lembaga Pembinaan Hukum Nasional telah dicanangkan pembentukan hukum acara pidana yang bersesuaian dengan hak asasi manusia. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil seminar hukum nasional tersebut, kemudian naskah Rancangan KUHAP dihasilkan. Dalam suasana transisi pemerintahan tersebut, maka tak heran jika hak asasi manusia menjadi nilai dasar dari pembentukan hukum baru yang akan menjadi dasar dari sistem peradilan pidana yang akan dibentuk di masa depan. Kelahiran UU No. 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana atau yang lebih dikenal dengan KUHAP diglorifikasi sebagai karya monumental yang bernafaskan perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Glorifikasi pada masa itu memang dapat diterima mengingat politik hukum pemerintah Orde Baru yang otoriter menjadikan KUHAP selayaknya oase di tengah dahaga minimnya perlindungan hak asasi manusia pada saat itu. Terbukti, politik hukum yang otoriter juga mempengaruhi tidak hanya isi dari KUHAP namun juga bagaimana KUHAP akhirnya bekerja dan mengoperasionalkan perlindungan hak asasi manusia dalam praktik penegakan hukum pidana. Pada 2014, ICJR telah mencatat bahwa praperadilan –lembaga kontrol yang dibentuk oleh KUHAP– ternyata tidak lagi mampu untuk mengartikulasikan perlindungan hak asasi manusia terutama bagi orang-orang yang sedang berhadapan dengan hukum pidana. Selepas jatuhnya pemerintahan Orde Baru, Indonesia kembali mengalami transisi demokratik yang ditandai perubahan pada politik hukum yang lebih membuka ruang bagi kebebasan sipil dan politik. Transisi demokrasi ini juga ditandai dengan perubahan Konstitusi yang membuka jalan bagi munculnya perlindungan hak asasi manusia yang lebih lengkap dalam Konstitusi Indonesia. Namun transisi demokratik ini justru tidak menyentuh persoalan 4 yang lebih mendasar yaitu perubahan pada kebijakan pidana; baik pada hukum pidana ataupun pada sistem peradilan pidana. Pembentukan kebijakan pidana yang punitive juga didorong oleh orientasi pada pilihan elektoral dengan asumsi untuk memastikan tertib hukum tetap terjaga dan nalar emosional masyarakat bisa dipenuhi dahaganya. Tak heran, bila kebijakan pidana yang punitive dan abai terhadap perlindungan hak asasi manusia menjadi ditoleransi tanpa ada kehendak untuk menyempurnakan kebijakan pidana dengan sejumlah instrumen hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Hasil penelitian yang sedang Anda baca ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian yang terlebih dahulu telah diluncurkan oleh ICJR pada Desember 2017. Dalam penelitian sebelumnya, ICJR mengungkap fakta bagaimana hukuman mati telah menjadi alat bagi negara untuk melakukan konsolidasi kekuasaan atas nama keamanan negara. Dalam penelitian ini, ICJR juga mengungkapkan sejumlah fakta di mana proses hukum terhadap orang-orang yang menghadapi ancaman hukuman mati telah dimanipulasi demi mantra efek jera dan keamanan negara. Meski dikritik oleh banyak kalangan, namun pemerintah Indonesia tetap pada pandangannya bahwa proses hukum telah sesuai dengan prinsip due process of law dan telah final. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa berbagai permasalahan muncul pada penerapan prinsip-prinsip fair trial dalam proses peradilan di Indonesia. Meski Indonesia telah meratifikasi dan membuat berbagai kerangka hukum HAM pada level nasional, namun pada praktiknya sampai saat ini belum diikuti dengan perbaikan regulasi yang sesuai dengan standar norma-norma hak asasi manusia, termasuk perubahan hukum acara yang lebih memperkuat prinsip-prinsip fair trial. Berbagai contoh yang dipaparkan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bagaimana regulasi yang tersedia belum mampu untuk mengoperasionalkan prinsip fair trial dalam penegakan hukum pidana. Dengan menggambarkan praktik penerapan prinsip-prinsip fair trial di Indonesia, penelitian ini juga memberikan analisa tentang faktor-faktor penyebab pelanggaran fair trial dalam kasus-kasus hukuman mati. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga memberikan berbagai rekomendasi perbaikan untuk memperkuat jaminan perlindungan fair trial bagi para tertuduh, dan secara khusus terhadap orang-orang yang menghadapi ancaman hukuman mati. Selamat membaca! Jakarta, Januari 2019 Anggara Direktur Eksekutif ICJR 5 DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... 4 DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................. 6 DAFTAR BAGAN ..................................................................................... 10 DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................... 13 DAFTAR SINGKATAN .............................................................................. 14 BAB I: PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................... 15 1.1. Latar Belakang ............................................................................................. 15 1.2. Pertanyaan Penelitian ................................................................................. 21 1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 21 1.4. Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................... 22 1.5. Penggunaan Istilah ...................................................................................... 27 1.6. Struktur Penelitian ...................................................................................... 29 BAB II: FAIR TRIAL DAN PENGATURANNYA DALAM HUKUM HAM INTERNASIONAL .................................................................................... 30 2.1. Sejarah dan Konsepsi Fair Trial .................................................................. 30 2.1.1. Sejarah Pengaturan Fair Trial ................................................................... 30 2.1.2. Fair Trial dan Rule of Law ......................................................................... 32 2.2. Fair Trial dalam Instrumen Hukum HAM Internasional ............................. 33 2.2.1. Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia .................................................... 34 2.2.2. Kovenan Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik ............................................................ 36 2.3. Pengaturan Fair Trial dalam Berbagai Instrumen HAM Regional ............. 53 2.4. Perlindungan Prinsip Fair trial untuk Kasus Pidana Mati .......................... 56 2.4.1. Hak untuk Mendapat Penasihat Hukum yang Efektif ............................... 58 2.4.2. Hak untuk Mendapat Waktu dan Fasilitas yang Cukup untuk Mempersiapkan Pembelaan ............................................................................... 59 2.4.3. Hak untuk Segera Diadili Tanpa Penundaan ............................................. 59 2.4.4. Hak untuk Mengajukan Banding ............................................................... 60 2.4.5. Hak Warga Negara Asing .......................................................................... 60 2.4.6. Hak untuk Meminta Grasi ......................................................................... 61 6 2.4.7. Hak untuk Mendapatkan Waktu yang Cukup Antara Putusan dan Eksekusi .............................................................................................................. 62 2.4.8. Hak atas Keterbukaan Informasi ............................................................... 62 2.4.9. Hak Kondisi Tempat Penahanan yang Baik ............................................... 63 2.4.10. Hak-Hak
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