Virtue Ethics, Precautionary Principle, Environmental Policy, Environmental Ethics

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Virtue Ethics, Precautionary Principle, Environmental Policy, Environmental Ethics UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFIA Circumstances of responsibility. Contributions from virtue thinking in the realm of the environmental crisis Sofia de Azevedo Guedes Vaz Doutoramento em Filosofia da Natureza e do Ambiente 2007 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFIA Circumstances of responsibility. Contributions from virtue thinking in the realm of the environmental crisis Sofia de Azevedo Guedes Vaz Doutoramento em Filosofia da Natureza e do Ambiente Tese orientada pelos Professores Doutores Viriato Soromenho-Marques e Timothy O’Riordan (University of East Anglia) 2007 Ao Martim e André que nasceram e cresceram com esta tese. Sinopse O ambiente coloca problemas complexos a nível científico, filosófico, social, económico e político. Soluções não são fáceis e muitas vezes não há soluções certas ou erradas. A política ambiental assenta essencialmente em motivações externas como instrumentos económicos ou legistativos. A política ambiental deveria dar mais atenção à filosofia ambiental e os seus esforços em compreender as raízes dos problemas e em propôr justificações filosóficas para a sua resolução. A política ambiental ganharia em investir também em motivações internas, trabalhando mais com as pessoas, como consumidoras, cidadãs, poluidoras, como alguém com um papel importante na relação com o ambiente. Sugeri que desenvolver responsabilidade em relação ao ambiente como uma virtude a nível individual poderia contribuir para a formação de carácter, para eudaimonia e para um melhor ambiente. Propus um processo trifásico de educação e habituação, empowerment ambiental (literacia, sensibilização e consciencialização ambientais) e a promoção de uma cidadania ambiental activa. A nível politico, responsabilidade deveria ser a primeira virtude das instituições que tratam directa ou indirectamente da relação entre homem e a natureza. Pensar em termos de virtude poderá contribuir para um alargar das questões políticas dando mais espaço para se pensar e agir de um modo mais inovador, onde melhores soluções poderão ser encontradas. A proposta passa por uma política da virtude em relação ao ambiente baseada na importância da noção de virtude, que inclui um ser e agir bem (e responsavelmente em relação à natureza) em relação a si próprio, aos outros, ao futuro, ao planeta e a noção de eudaimonia acoplada à ideia de prazer em agir como cidadão ambiental. Assim, usar a responsibilidade em relação à natureza como uma virtude, a nível individual e político permite que se atinjam dois objectivos ao mesmo tempo, nomeadamente melhorar o ambiente e ajudar-nos a sentir que fazemos mais sentido e em última instância, mais felizes. Palavras-chave: Responsabilidade, virtude, política de ambiente, ética ambiental e princípio da precaução. Abstract Environmental issues pose complex problems, at scientific, philosophical, social, economic and political levels. Often solutions are not straightforward and sometimes there isn’t even a right or a wrong solution. Environmental policy relies mostly on external motivations such as economic and legislative instruments to protect the environment. Environmental policy should pay more attention to environmental philosophy, its efforts in understanding the roots of problems and in proposing a philosophical justification for the rationale to tackle them. Environmental policy might profit from investing also on internal motivations by working more with people, people as consumers, as citizens, as polluters and as someone with a role in our relation with the environment. I suggested that to develop responsibility towards nature as a virtue at the individual level would contribute to eudaimonia and ultimately to a better environment. I proposed a three phase process, education and habituation, environmental empowerment (environmental literacy, awareness and consciousness) and the promotion of an active environmental citizenship. Regarding the political level, responsibility should be the first virtue of institutions that deal directly or indirectly with the relationship between man and nature. Virtue thinking is believed to contribute to a broadening of the political and to give more room to think about possibilities of changing a mode of thinking and acting towards more encompassing solutions. Environmental virtue politics, a political philosophy based on the importance of the notion of virtue which includes a mix of being and acting good (and responsibly towards nature), for the self, for the other, for the future and for the planet and of eudaimonia coupled to the notion of pleasure of acting as an environmental citizen was the main proposal. Using responsibility towards nature as a virtue attains two objectives at the same time, improving the environment and eventually helping us feel more meaningful and ultimately happier persons. Key-words: Responsibility, virtue ethics, precautionary principle, environmental policy, environmental ethics Circumstâncias de responsabilidade. Contribuições de uma ética e política da virtude no contexto da crise ambiental. O contexto desta tese situa-se na filosofia ambiental, política ambiental e ciência ambiental e nas relações entre estas disciplinas. Compreender o modo como estas disciplinas pensam e conceptualizam a crise ambiental, perceber se o conceito de responsabilidade poderá contribuir para um melhor ambiente e como o poderemos desenvolver a nível individual e político são as grandes tarefas a que me proponho. Caso esta responsabilidade fosse desenvolvida como uma virtude será que poderia contribuir para melhorar a crise ambiental e ao mesmo tempo para sentir que a nossa vida faz mais sentido e em última instância, para sermos mais felizes? A tese principia por dois capítulos que descrevem analiticamente, na perspectiva da sua compreensão da crise ambiental, quer a política quer a ética ambiental. Entre estas duas disciplinas, tem havido pouca interacção e, apesar de terem evoluido significativamente ao longo dos últimos quarenta anos, o seu sucesso ainda está longe de ser alcançado. A ética ambiental tem procurado compreender as causas primeiras da crise ambiental e em propor valores que possam sustentar possíveis respostas políticas. Por outro lado, a política ambiental tem investido em solucionar os problemas, à medida que estes surgem, apostando numa atitude preventiva e socorrendo-se essencialmente da ciência, da tecnologia e de instrumentos económicos e legais. A responsabilidade é proposta como uma possível plataforma de entendimento entre ambas as disciplinas. No capítulo quatro investiga-se este conceito, procedendo-se a uma breve genealogia e análise do que tem sido pensado sobre responsabilidade quer no âmbito da crise ambiental quer apenas na filosofia e na política. A expressão de Hume “circumstâncias de justiça” expõe as razões pelas quais a humanidade tinha e precisava de justiça. Hume argumentou que a justiça, assim como tudo o que leva as sociedades não só a manterem-se, mas a manterem-se com felicidade, faz parte da moralidade. O título da tese, “Circumstâncias de Responsabilidade” transpõe a preocupação de Hume, para a responsabilidade em relação à natureza. A dimensão aretaica do conceito de responsabilidade conduzà análise da ideia de responsabilidade em relação à natureza como uma virtude. Para tal o capítulo cinco investiga a ética da virtude e em especial as as razões do renovado interesse por esta corrente da ética que originariamente advém de Aristóteles. A ética normativa focou-se ultimamente em responder à questão “o que devo eu fazer?”, e a re- emergência da ética da virtude despoletou perguntas tais como: “Quem é que eu quero ser?” e “Como é que eu devo viver?” que teriam sido descuradas, quer pela deontologia quer pelo utilitarismo. A importância da formação do carácter e o conceito de eudaimonia dominam o qaurto capítulo, onde se propõe, com o fim de desenvolver a responsabilidade em relação à natureza como uma virtude, um processo trifásico de educação e habituação, empowerment ambiental (literacia, sensibilização e consciencialização ambientais) e a promoção de uma cidadania ambiental activa. O conceito de eudaimonia, fundamental na ética Aristotélica, é também neste contexto potencialmente importante, pois permite que a natureza e a sua defesa contribuam para dar algum sentido à vida e em última instância para sermos mais felizes. A justificação “porque me faz sentir bem” dada por pessoas que agem de forma ambiental (por exemplo, promovendo a separação de resíduos e utilizando transportes públicos) cada vez mais presente em estudos de cariz prático suporta esta linha de investigação. Poderia esta virtude, aparte do seu benefício para o ambiente e para nós próprios ser também transposta para um contexto político? Os capítulos seis e sete exploram esta questão, discutindo a relação entre ética e política, o cosmopolitanismo, uma possível política da virtude e a questão controversa de poder haver um bem comum orientador-mor da política. O liberalismo, o sistema político que domina todo o mundo ocidental, acredita que o papel do Estado, nunca deveria ser o de impor uma concepção de bem comum, mas sim promover condições para que os indivíduos possam prosseguir o seu bem individualmente definido. Há no entanto diferentes propostas que consideram diferentes concepções de bem comum como passíveis de serem adoptadas por um estado liberal. A teoria das capabilidades de Sen e Nussbaum é um exemplo que é investigado nestes capítulos, com vista a tentar justificar que um bom ambiente
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