AP Latin Summer Assignment One of the Requirements of the AP Syllabus
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1 Gallo-Roman Relations Under the Early Empire by Ryan Walsh A
Gallo-Roman Relations under the Early Empire By Ryan Walsh A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Ancient Mediterranean Cultures Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Ryan Walsh 2013 1 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them. -
DBG Book 1 Outline
Caesar’s De Bello Gallico BOOK I OUTLINE Chapter I 1-4 Gaul has three parts, inhabited by three tribes (Belgae, Aquitaini, and Celtae/Galli) who are different in language, institutions, and laws. 4-5. The rivers that separate the three areas. 6-11. Three reasons why the Belgae are the bravest. 11-15. The final reason explains why the Helvetians surpass the other Gauls in courage, because they fight regularly with the Germans, either in Germania or in their own land. 15-18. The boundaries of the land the Gauls occupy. 18-21. The boundaries of the land the Belgae occupy. 21-24. The boundaries of the land the Aquitani occupy. Chapter II 1-6. The richest and noblest Helvetian made a conspiracy among the nobility because of a desire for power and persuaded his people to leave their land with the argument that because of their surpassing courage they would easily get control of all Gaul. 6-12. He easily swayed them because the Helvetians were hemmed in on all sides by natural barriers. 12-15. As a result they had less freedom of movement and were less able to wage war against their neighbors, and thus their warriors were afflicted with great sorrow. 15-18. They considered their land, 240 miles by 180 miles, too small in comparison with their numbers and their glory in war. Chapter III 1-6 Persuaded by their situation and the authority of Orgetorix, the Helvetians decide to get ready for departure: they buy all the wagons and pack animals they can; plant as many crops as possible for supplies on the trip, and make alliances with the nearest states. -
Oratio Recta and Oratio Obliqua in Caesar's De Bello
VOICES OF THE ENEMY: ORATIO RECTA AND ORATIO OBLIQUA IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO by RANDY FIELDS (Under the Direction of James C. Anderson, jr.) ABSTRACT According to his contemporaries and critics, Julius Caesar was an eminent orator. Despite the lack of any extant orations written by Caesar, however, one may gain insight into Caesar’s rhetorical ability in his highly literary commentaries, especially the De Bello Gallico. Throughout this work, Caesar employs oratio obliqua (and less frequently oratio recta) to animate his characters and give them “voices.” Moreover, the individuals to whom he most frequently assigns such vivid speeches are his opponents. By endowing his adversaries in his Commentarii with the power of speech (with exquisite rhetorical form, no less), Caesar develops consistent characterizations throughout the work. Consequently, the portrait of self-assured, unification-minded Gauls emerges. Serving as foils to Caesar’s own character, these Gauls sharpen the contrast between themselves and Caesar and therefore serve to elevate Caesar’s status in the minds of his reader. INDEX WORDS: Caesar, rhetoric, oratory, De Bello Gallico, historiography, propaganda, opponent, oratio obliqua, oratio recta VOICES OF THE ENEMY: ORATIO RECTA AND ORATIO OBLIQUA IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO by RANDY FIELDS B.S., Vanderbilt University, 1992 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005 © 2005 Randy Fields All Rights Reserved VOICES OF THE ENEMY: ORATIO RECTA AND ORATIO OBLIQUA IN CAESAR’S DE BELLO GALLICO by RANDY FIELDS Major Professor: James C. -
That's the Question
Romanization or not Romanization – that’s the Question Indisier på romanisering i den første boken av Caesars De Bello Gallico Master i Historie – HI320S Vår 2011 Universitetet i Nordland Fakultet for Samfunnsvitenskap Michèle Gabathuler Takk… …til veilederen min Per-Bjarne Ravnå, som har vært uendelig tålmodig og som har ledet meg tilbake på veien igjen når jeg har gått meg vill så mange ganger. Takk for gode råd, tipps og ideer, og ikke minst for at du tok imot utfordringen med å veilede en sveitser som skriver som Yoda snakker og som er glad i å finne opp egne norske ord som ingen andre enn meg forstår. …til dere alle som måtte tåle mitt åndsfravær når vi var sammen, som måtte høre på meg legge ut om hvor artig og spennende det er å skrive om dette temaet, som måtte svare på alle slags rare spørsmål i forbindelse med oppgava mi, og som måtte oppleve entusiasmen min om dere ville eller ikke. …til dere alle som også måtte høre på sytingen min når berg- og dalbanen hadde nådd et lavpunkt igjen, der jeg syntes at det her aldri kommer til å gå bra. Takk for at dere sa “jo, det her kommer til å gå bra. Stå på.” Merci villmol allna eu! Michèle Gabathuler Bodø, 15.05.2011 1 ::ruuus::fUU'U6:n.n..tLtS C ...."SA~".~SA~ \4oI\R~ Pf!R1E5PeRIESPeReS f.G1lSKeRf.4IER6K1iR'1-4ER6~~. R\AI\Al. 1b9'PEN~1tWÆN AV SfNstNSI'N KA~I'GRGKAR'1IZ~KA~~" PRØMT"5~M'T'5ORØM1li irj ARET 50 F. -
From Caesar to Tacitus: Changes in Early Germanic Governance Circa 50 BC-50 AD
From Caesar to Tacitus: Changes in Early Germanic Governance circa 50 BC-50 AD Andrew T. Young College of Business and Economics West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 26506-6025 ph: 304 293 4526 em: [email protected] Latest Version: November 2014 JEL Codes: D72, N43, N93, P16, Keywords: governance institutions, constitutional exchange, antiquity, early Germanic peoples, the Roman Empire, political economy, Julius Caesar, Tacitus, roving versus stationary bandits, ancient economic history 0 From Caesar to Tacitus: Changes in Early Germanic Governance circa 50 BC-50 AD Abstract: Julius Caesar and Cornelius Tacitus provide characterizations of early Germanic (barbarian) society around, respectively, 50 BC and 50 AD. The earlier date corresponds to expansion of Rome to the Rhine and Danube. During the subsequent century Germanic governance institutions changed in a number of ways. In particular, (1) temporary military commanders elected from the nobility gave way to standing retinues under the leadership of professional commanders, (2) public assemblies met more frequently and regularly, (3) councils made up of nobility gained agenda control in the assemblies, and (4) these councils relinquished their control over the allocations of land. I account for these constitutional exchanges in light of Rome’s encroachment upon Germania. In particular, it brought new sources of wealth and also constraints on the expansion of Germans into new lands. Incentives favored a reallocation of resources away from pastoralism and towards both sedentary farming and raids across the frontier. JEL Codes: D72, N43, N93, P16, Keywords: governance institutions, constitutional exchange, antiquity, early Germanic peoples, the Roman Empire, political economy, Julius Caesar, Tacitus, roving versus stationary bandits, ancient economic history 1 1. -
Julius Caesar's System Understanding
JULIUS CAESAR’S SYSTEM UNDERSTANDING OF THE GALLIC CRISIS: A PEEK IN THE MIND OF A HISTORY MAKER Armenia S.(1), De Angelis A.(2) (1) DIAG, Sapienza University of Rome, V.le Ariosto, 25 - 00185 Rome, Italy, - [email protected] President of the System Dynamics Italian Chapter (SYDIC) – www.systemdynamics.it (2) Col. It.A.F. – Teacher of Operations Planning - Joint Services Staff College of the Italian Armed Forces, Piazza della Rovere, 83, 00165 Rome, Italy - [email protected] ABSTRACT When studying history, it usually through the accounts of the achievements of some outstanding leaders, who were capable of grasping the defining elements of the complexity of situations they faced, like Julius Caesar, whose political career was a collection of successes that were the result of his deep understanding of the Roman society and of his sensitivity in appreciating the complex situations in the lands under his control. In this work we will focus on the early stages of Caesar’s campaign in the Gallic war. By a Systems Thinking approach, we will retrace Caesar’s thought process, thus showing that what Caesars faced in those years is no different from many situations that today’s policy makers are required to manage. It is striking to see how many similarities there are between then and now, and how many lessons could be learned (re-learned?) and applied by our policy makers. Caesar’s decisions and following actions were, in fact, the consequence of his deep and thorough understanding of the environment, and because of such systemic comprehension, he could achieve Rome’s desired end-state: securing the northwestern borders. -
On the Roman Frontier1
Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
Caesar De Bello Gallico
Caesar De Bello Gallico 1 Inhoudsopgave Levensloop ................................................................................................... 6 De Bello Gallico ............................................................................................ 9 onder het consulaat van .................................................................................... 12 Lucius Calpurnius Piso ....................................................................................... 12 Beschrijving van Gallia ....................................................................................... 14 De oorlog tegen de Helvetii ....................................................................... 21 caput 2 -29 ................................................................................................. 21 Oorlog met Ariovistus en de Germanen ........................................... 119 caput 30-54 ............................................................................................. 119 2 3 4 5 Inleiding. Levensloop Vanaf het eind van de 2e eeuw voor Chr. was het in Rome politiek onrustig. Steeds kwamen mannen, die machtswellustig waren. Die tendens zette zich in de eerste eeuw voor Chr. voort. In dit rijtje hoort ook Caesar. In Rome probeerden eind jaren 60 v. Chr. twee mannen van de volkspartij de macht tot zich te trekken: Crassus, een rijke handelsman en Caesar, een begaafd politicus. Crassus Pompeius Toen Pompeius, de grote generaal, terugkwam uit het oosten, waar hij de opstandige koning Mithridates mores had geleerd -
Geoffrey Steadman 16Feb13 Crude Outline of Caesar's Rhetoric During the Helvetian Campaign in Book 1 I.1 “All of Gaul Is Divid
Geoffrey Steadman 16Feb13 Crude Outline of Caesar's Rhetoric during the Helvetian Campaign in Book 1 I.1 “All of Gaul is divided into three parts” (Gallia…trēs) Caesar suggests that Gaul will not unite against the Romans. All these differ from one another in language, institutions, and laws C. suggests that the Gauls cannot not unite against the Romans. Helvetians surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor (virtūte) C. suggests that the Helvetians are a worthy opponent, that he as victor is more valorous, and that he will be able to defeat the less valorous Gauls Helvetians contend in almost daily battles with the Germans Caesar does not mention the Germans as a cause for the migration. I.2: Orgetorix, attracted by desire of kingship, made a conspiracy Caesar suggests that the Helvetian leader is motivated by self-interest to encourage the Helvetians to migrate into Gaul. How does Caesar read minds and know Orgetorix’ motives? How is Caesar aware of the secret conspiracy? The Helvetians, greedy for warring, (bellandī cupidī) chose to migrate on account of overpopulation (prō multitūdine) and glory of war (glōriā bellī) ….Caesar suggests that the Helvetians are aggressive and that the reason for the migration is to expand Helvetian power in Gaul. …..Why doesn’t Caesar mention the constant threat of the Germans? (see I.1) I.3: Sent by the Helvetians to strengthen ties (amicītiam confirmāre) with neighbors, Orgetorix persuades Casticus, the Sequanian, to seize the kingship (regnum…occupāret) Likewise, Orgetorix persuades Dumnorix, the Aeduan, to attempt the same (ut idem conārētur) and marries his daughter to him. -
The Role of Battle Narrative in the Bellum Gallicum
The Role of Battle Narrative in the Bellum Gallicum by David Jonathon Nolan [email protected] School of Humanities --------------------------------------------------------------------- David Nolan Word Count: 93,060 (excluding Latin passages) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania November 2014 Abstract of the Dissertation The Role of Battle Narrative in the Bellum Gallicum By David Jonathon Nolan Supervisor Dr. Geoffrey Adams This thesis examines the role of battle narrative in the Bellum Gallicum, to show that these passages, including contextual information, are fundamentally persuasive in nature as they are integrated into Caesarʼs various self-promotional aims. To date a comprehensive analysis has not been undertaken of battle, and where it has been examined by military historians, investigations have often relied on the idea that these passages are primarily designed to reconstruct the details of the historical event. The thesis instead uses case studies to show these passages are not merely an attempt to describe historical events, but are fundamentally influenced by the desire to influence the audience. This can be a simple matter of reception, whether through the building of tension in the narrative, or the creation of a compelling account of a particular battle. More often however battle is used in conjunction with the campaign narrative to create an impression, or support an argument regarding Caesarʼs interpretation of the episode, as battles are part of the interpretive structure of the text, where information conveys his self-promotional objectives. Furthermore, a major objective of these accounts is to support Caesarʼs view of the various characters portrayed, and the narrative is used to create or encourage views of the individuals and peoples involved. -
Constructing Caesar: Julius Caesar’S Caesar and the Creation of the Myth of Caesar in History and Space
CONSTRUCTING CAESAR: JULIUS CAESAR’S CAESAR AND THE CREATION OF THE MYTH OF CAESAR IN HISTORY AND SPACE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bradley G. Potter, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Erik Gunderson, Adviser Professor Fritz Graf ______________________ Professor Ellen O’Gorman Advisor Department of Greek & Latin ABSTRACT Authors since antiquity have constructed the persona of Caesar to satisfy their views of Julius Caesar and his role in Roman history. I contend that Julius Caesar was the first to construct Caesar, and he did so through his commentaries, written in the third person to distance himself from the protagonist of his work, and through his building projects at Rome. Both the war commentaries and the building projects are performative in that they perform “Caesar,” for example the dramatically staged speeches in Bellum Gallicum 7 or the performance platform in front of the temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum Iulium. Through the performing of Caesar, the texts construct Caesar. My reading aims to distinguish Julius Caesar as author from Caesar the protagonist and persona the texts work to construct. The narrative of Roman camps under siege in Bellum Gallicum 5 constructs Caesar as savior while pointing to problems of Republican oligarchic government, offering Caesar as the solution. Bellum Civile 1 then presents the savior Caesar to the Roman people as the alternative to the very oligarchy that threatens the libertas of the people. -
The Portrayal of the Germani in German Latin Textbooks
The Portrayal of the Germani in German Latin Textbooks James McNamara Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Classics Victoria University of Wellington 2008 For Angharad. 2 Acknowledgements Thanks are due to a large number of people who have made it possible to produce this thesis. First of all I would like to thank the Classics Department at Victoria University, who have helped me in innumerable ways leading up to and during this research. In particular I thank my supervisors, Professor Arthur Pomeroy and Dr. Babette Pütz, who were generous with their time and offered invaluable guidance and countless helpful suggestions along the way. During the time I spent in Germany in 2007 I received generous help from a number of people. Without the friendly guidance of Professor Stefan Kipf of the Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität in Berlin, this topic would never have taken shape as it did. It was Professor Kipf who alerted me to the possibility of making textbooks the focus of my research. I would like to thank him and the curators of the excellent textbook collections of FU and HU. Thanks also to Professor Andreas Fritsch of FU, whom I did not meet but who allowed me to access some books in his own collection. Thanks also to Dr. Josef Rabl, Chair of the Deutscher Altphilologenverband in Berlin and Brandenburg, who provided me with contacts among Latin teachers in Berlin and offered numerous helpful suggestions through e-mail correspondence and in person. I appreciate the information and personal reflexions that a number of Latin teachers have shared with me.