Glossary–Index

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81248-1 - The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5 Part One: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907-1279 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith Index More information

GLOSSARY–INDEX

A-chu , 928, 931, 932, 938 administration, financial, Southern A-ku-ta. See Wan-yen A-ku-ta Sung, 33. See also specific ruler or (Ch’in T’ai-tsu, r. 1115–23) administrator A-pao-chi (Liao T’ai-tsu, Administrative Reform Commission 916–26), 60, 61, 64, 72, 80 (Hsiang-ting kuan-chih so), A-tz’u-han , 938, 939, 940, 942, 460 949 Administrator for Public Order (ssu-k’ou abdication (shan-jang; nei-ch’an, ts’an-chün), 231 abdicate), 57, 329, 752–754 adopted son, nephew, or relative. See Hsiao-tsung’s, 754, 757 adoption Kao-tsung’s, 707 adoption, 45, 50, 58, 113, 148, 159, Kuang-tsung’s, 754, 771, 772 207, 691, 872, 913–915. See also absolutism heir apparent (t’ai-tzu); “sons,” defined, 14 imperial (huang-tzu) Hsiao-tsung’s, 737–747, 755 Chao Ch’i’s, 912 imperial, 229–233, 237 Chao Hsun’s,¨ 834 imperial and ministerial, 13–14, 341 Chao Hung’s, 835 ministerial, 540 Chao Yen-shou’s, 88 Sung mode of, 229 Chao Yuan’s,¨ 707 T’ai-tsung’s, 246–247 Chi’in Hsi’s, 690 Academy of Worthies (Chi-hsien yüan), Chu Yu-jang’s, 166 361 Chu Yu-wen’s, 61 Accounting Bureau (Tu-chih ssu), 458 Hsu¨ Chih-kao’s, 161, 166 activism (yu-wei), 24, 28, 353, 360, Kuo Jung’s, 118 455 Kuo Wei’s, 111 statecraft (ta yu-wei chih cheng), 383 Li Jung’s, 148 flaws of (ta yu-wei chih pi), 420 and Li Ssu-yuan¨ , 76, 85 student, 897–898 Li Ssu-yuan’s,¨ 72 under Hui-tsung, 906 Li T’an’s, 851, 872, 896 under Li-tsung, 898–899 and Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , 67, 70 acts of grace (ta-she), 283 by Li-tsung, 914–915 adjutant (hsing-chünssu-ma), 154 Li Ts’ung-k’o’s, 85

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81248-1 - The Cambridge History of China, Volume 5 Part One: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907-1279 Edited by Denis Twitchett and Paul Jakov Smith Index More information

1012 glossary–index

adoption (cont.) Li Ssu-yuan’s¨ dependence on, Liu Yun’s¨ , 111 74–86 Shih Ching-t’ang’s, 87 Li Ts’un-hsu’s dependence on, 58, and the Sung emperors, 835 62–63, 64, 65 Tu-tsung’s, 873 Li Ts’ung-k’o’s dependence on, Ying-tsung’s, 340, 342 84, 89 “advance and fortify” (chin-chu) strategy, Liu Ch’eng-yu’s dependence 548, 549, 551, 616, 619 on, 110 adventurers, outlaw, and southern Liu Ch’ung’s dependence on, 113 state-building, 5–10. See also and military strength, 44, 111, 123 specific actor Shih Ch’ung-kuei’s dependence advice, soliciting public, 324–325 on, 102 Advisory Office (Chiang-i ssu), 589–590, significance of, 44 593, 597, 600 Southern T’ang dependence on, 104 affection, fraternal, 842 and Sun Fang-chien , 101 agrarian projects, 10. See also agricultural and the Sung dynasty, 131 lands and water conservancy in the tenth century T’ang empire, 38 policy (nung-t’ien shui-li fa); alliances agriculture through adoption. See adoption Agricultural Colony Offices, 312 against Chu Wen , 146 agricultural lands and water conservancy “classic,” 78 policy (nung-t’ien shui-li fa), 370, fraternal, 50 379. See also agrarian projects of Kuan-chung governors, 108 agriculture, 128, 171–177, 193, 318 Kuo Jung-Wu-Yueh,¨ 124 Ai-ti , 51, 52 Later Shu-Northern Han-Southern Ai-tsung (r. 1223–34), 856, 858 T’ang, 124 alcohol. See wine Liao-Later Chin (936–42), 87–97 “all-under-Heaven” (t’ien-hsia), 99, 243 marriage, 45, 50, 195, 196, 217, 230, allegiance, 5, 11, 39–132. See also loyalty 451, 583 A-pao-chi’s dependence on, 64 Chang Yueh’s¨ , 764 An Ch’ung-jung’s dependence Chao Hsu’s¨ , 346 on, 96 on Chao Hung’s , 835 with autonomy, 112 Chao K’uo’s , 773 Chu Wen’s dependence on, 48, Ch’in Kuei’s , 672 49, 50, 51, 53, 54–55, 58, 62 Chu Wen’s , 59 Chu Yu-chen’s dependence on, Ch’ung-tsung’s, 619 66 Empress Liu’s, 277 Chu Yu-ch’ien’s change of, 65 Han Ch’eng’s , 762 gubernatorial, 112 Han Ch’ung-yun’s¨ , 217 Kuang-tsung’s dependence on, 107 Han T’o-chou’s , 772, 782 Kuo Jung’s dependence on, 120, 121, Huang-fu Yu’s¨ , 95 123 Li Chi-ch’ien’s , 252 Kuo Wei’s dependence on, 109, Li Ch’ung-chu’s¨ , 236 117 Liu Ch’ien’s, 153–154

glossary–index 1013

Li Ch’uan’s¨ , 824 Anhwei modern province, 49, 138 Li Ssu-yuan’s¨ , 76 Annam (An-nam, Annan, An-nan), Liu Yen’s , 183 170–171, 247, 468–469 Liu Yin’s , 154 annual payments and taxes. See Lu¨ Chia-wen’s , 406 payments, annual (sui-pi) Meng Chih-hsiang’s , 165 Anthology of literature (Wen-hsüan), 255 Wang Chi-chung’s, 266 anti-reform. See conservatives; Wei Chou’s, 154 factionalism; Hsuan-jen¨ (r. Yang Hsing-mi’s , 50 1085–93); Hui-tsung Yang Kuang-yuan’s¨ , 91 (1082–1135,r.1100–26); Yang Miao-chen and Li Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–86); Ts’ai Ch’uan’s¨ , 824 Ching (1047–1126) northern, 59–60 appeasement. See specific actor Southern T’ang, 189 archery, 312, 413, 689, 740 Southern T’ang-Liao, 131 Arigh Boke,¨ 872 allies. See adoption; allegiance; alliances; aristocrat. See privilege, hereditary (yin2) loyalty; specific actors, countries, armed forces, 190. See also archery; army; dynasties, or groups cavalry (jen-hsia); crossbow; amnesty, 100, 116, 126, 228, 318, 528, horses; infantry; navy; ships 579, 580, 937 armor, 117 An-chi (Wu-hsing), 940 army. See military An-chi fang (Security and Relief Army of Eight Characters (pa-tzu chün), Clinics), 597 663 An-chiang , 548, 551 “Army of the Wu House,” 798 An-ch’ing , 932, 933 aromatics, 186 An Ch’ung-hui , 76 asafoetida, 184 An Ch’ung-jung , 95–96 “Ascending the Carriage Canopy an-fu ta-shih . See Pacification Pavilion in Summer,” 522 Commissioner-in-chief assassination, 207, 210, 808–810, 855 An-hua county , 329 of Chang Ching-ta , 88 An-i . See Chao Yun-jang¨ (Prince of of Chia Ssu-tao , 936 P’u, 995–1059) of Chu Wen , 61, 206 An Lu-shan , 39 of Chu Yu-kuei , 61 rebellions (755–63), 38, 43, 134, of Chung Hsiang, 665 607 of Duong Dinh Nghe , 171 An Ping (d. 1221), 801, 802, 803, of Fan Ju-wei , 665 804–805, 822, 828–829 of Han Chen2 , 934, 935 An T’ao, 507, 533 of Ho-she-li Chih-chung An-te, 331 (d. 1213), 819 An Ts’ung-chin , 95, 96 of Khubilai’s peace envoys, 939 An Tun, 540–541, 542 of Kuo Ch’ung-t’ao , 71–72 An-yan, 307 of Liu Ch’eng-yu , 110 Analects , 514, 815, 902 of Liu Chien-feng , 150 ancestral temples. See specific instances of Liu Yun¨ , 112

1014 glossary–index

assassination (cont.) along Huai River border, 822 of Lo Shih-ch’uan , 832 and Jen-tsung, 325, 326 of Min Hsu¨ , 149 under Kao-tsung, 662–666 of Prince Wei , 819 and the pao-chia, 351, 407, 446 of Shih Kuei , 826 in rebel provinces, 39 of T’ai-tsu, 242 and “Righteous Armies,” 663 of Wang Yen-hsi , 168 and southern rebels, 664–666 assembly, elected (khuriltai). See and Wang Chien and Chin Hui, 156 klaghan and Yang Hsing-mi , 145 assignment, duty (ch’ai-ch’ien), 233, bandits, 104–105, 134–135, 137, 158, 237, 238–240 160, 235, 328, 388, 818 astrology. See portents, astronomical; army, 149 portents, cosmological chieftains. See banditry; outlaw Attendent Censor (shih yü-shih), 540 adventurers. See also specific actor attendants from the gang of Fang La, 624 “close” (chin-hsi), 726–728, 744–746 “leader” (tsei-shuai), 137, 207 palace, 726, 727, 760, 944 banishment (an-chih), 521–525, 532, authority 537–538, 539, 542–543, 566, to appoint and dismiss (yü-tuochih 571, 574, 576–577, 639, 889 ch’üan), 365 of Chang Tun , 565 central, 122 of Chia I , 543 centralization of military, 668 of Ch’in Kuan, 543 imperial, and Hsiao-tsung, 711–712 of Han Kung , 811 ministerial of Hu Chuan,¨ 680 curtailed, 721–723 of Li Ju-i, 806 under Hsiao-tsung, 721 of Lu To-hsun¨ , 259 and tenure, 721 of Lu¨ Tsu-chien , 789 restoration of central government’s, of Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , 536 653 of Wang Ta-chieh , 806 autocracy, 31 bankruptcy. See debt from 1127-c.1260, 28–33 “barbarians,” 95, 103, 195, 251–254, autonomy, 188–189 267, 465, 628 gubernatorial, 39–40, 112, 130 Barin tribe, 928 regional, 44, 229 battles. See specific location auxiliaries to the local guards (chiu-chin Batu, 868 fu-pao), 408 Bayan , 928, 932, 937, 938, 939–940, 941–944, 945, 947, Bandit Wang Eight (Tsei Wang Ba), 156. 961 See also Wang Chien belles lettres, 319 banditry, 412, 495, 791, 823, 881, belvedere (kuan), 271 910–912 blacklist, partisan (tang-chi), 541, 566, by army deserters, 662 575–577, 578, 580. See also and the depletion of cattle, 116 factionalism; proscriptions; and famine, 100 purges

glossary–index 1015

Board of Personnel, 460 and An Ch’ung-hui , 76 Bureau of Executory Personnel and Chen-tsung , 261 (Liu-nei ch’üan), 460 and Ch’ung-cheng Hall , 56, boats. See ships 68 bodyguard, personal, 114, 121, 234 concurrent appointments in the, 722 Bol, Peter, 583, 585 and the Council of State, 368 bonds, familial, 49 and Court of Agricultural Supervision Book of documents (Shu-ching), 286, 294, (Ssu-nung ssu), 413 689 by eighth century, 457 Book of filial piety (Hsiao-ching), 697 and Feng-chi, 110 Book of poetry (Shih-ching), 360, 520 and Hsiao-tsung, 716 Book of rites (Li-chi), 678 and imperial orders of Hsiao-tsung, bookkeepers (tien-li), 398, 403. See also 723 scribes and Jen-tsung, 306 books, forbidden. See censorship and Kuo Ch’ung-t’ao , 69 border, 343 and military administration, 218 Chin reinforcement of Sung, 792 and Ministry of War, 461 conflicts, 308 and pao-chia , 409 general, 246–247 and the Secretariat-Chancellery, 240, markets, 684 264, 275, 276 policies of Hsuan-jen¨ regency, 549 after Shan-yuan¨ , 21 security, 359, 855–856, 917–923 and T’ai-tsu, 12, 241, 246, 250 situation, ban on discussion of, 890 and T’ai-tsung, 246 trade, 927 Bureau of Monopoly Goods (Ch’üeh-huo bowmen (kung-shou), 425, 427, 437. See wu), 405, 430 also conscripts Bureau of Personnel Evaluation bribery, 84, 85, 100, 180–181, 277, 591 (Shen-kuan yüan), 240, 352, brocade, 256 460 brotherhood, sworn, 207, 219 Bureau of State Expenditure (Kuo-yung Buddhism, 612–613, 787 fang), 730 Indian texts of, 253 bureaucracy, 55–58, 115, 122, temples and monastaries of (ssu2, 190–191, 254, 290, 345–346, yüan), 613 360. See also specific agency, bureau, Buddhist Canon, 301 commission, kingdom, office, reign bureau. See specific entity difference between the 1250’s Bureau for the Interpretation of the Northern and Southern Sung, Classics (Ching-i chü), 364 908 Bureau of Astronomy, 581 after the Shan-yuan¨ settlement, 20–21 Bureau of Military Affairs (Shu-mi yüan), two administrative systems of the 460 Sung, 457–459 abolished by Shih Ching-t’ang, 92, burial. See specific actor or location 99, 313 and administrative control, 235–237, cadastral survey. See survey, cadastral 239 caitiff, 268. See also “barbarians”

1016 glossary–index

Calamity of Ching-k’ang (ching-k’ang central government. See centralization chih-nan), 559, 607, 642, 646 “Central Kingdom,” 181 calendar, 188, 227 Central Plains (chung-yüan), 4, 30, 53, A-pao-chi’s , 64 104, 106, 714 Kuo Jung’s , 126 Liao invasion of (1004), 20 Li Ching’s , 127 Liao occupation of (947), 102–103 Li Ssu-yuan’s¨ , 75 revolts across, 105 T’ang dynasty’s, 59 centralization, ceramics, 176–177, 184 Wang Chien’s , 55 certificate of verification (t’ieh-she), 284 calligraphy, 254, 283, 287, 575, 689 cha-tzu (memoranda), 246 Cambridge History of China. Volume 6: ch’a-fang shih . See commissioners, Alien regimes and border states, investigative 907–1368, 1 Ch’a-ko , Hsi Hsia prince, 621 camphor, 184 Ch’a-p’u . See Monograph on tea canal. See specific entity. See also waterways ch’a-yin (tea certificates), 594 cannibalism, 855, 858, 881, 902. See also Chaffee, John W., 585, 597, 602 famine Chai Hsing (1073–1133), 664 canton (hsiang), 407 Chai Ssu, 535 Canton (Kuang-chou), xi Chai Ts’ung , 664 canton scribe (hsiang shu-shou), 397 ch’ai-ch’ien . See duty assignment capital, 106, 155. See also specific location ch’ai-i . See drafted service and Kao-tsung, 661–662, 696–697 ch’ai-i fa . See Drafted Service location of, 933, 934, 958 policy temporary (hsing-tsai), 661, 662 Ch’ai Jung (Chou Shih-tsung, r. Capital Security Office (Huang-ch’eng 954–59), 5, 11, 197, 208–211, ssu), 219, 234 220, 244. See also Kuo Jung sustenance (hsin-ts’ai ch’ien), 410 contributions of, in strengthening catchment basins. See dikes (yen). See also bureaucratic governance, 11 specific waterway. recentralization of military authority catties, 179 by, 5 cattle, 116, 684 Chancellery (Men-hsia sheng), 462, cavalry, 195, 218, 253, 308, 477, 819, 652 920. See also horses imperial recorder of, 724 Celestial Heart (T’ien-hsin), 611 Chang, Lady (Wen-ch’eng Empress), censor (yü-shih), 21, 30, 32, 288, 567 292, 335 Censorate (Yü-shiht’ai), 25, 274, Chang An-kuo , 376 373–376, 490, 513, 747. See also Chang Ch’eng-yeh , 66 Census Bureau (Hu-pu ssu) Chang Chi , 282, 290 censorship, 277, 692 Chang Chieh , 549 Census Bureau (Hu-pu ssu), 261, 458 Chang Chieh2 , 670 Central Collateralized Loan Bureau Chang Chien , 374, 375 (Ti-tang so), 430, 432–433 Chang Chien2 , 931, 935 Central Commercial Tax Bureau (Tu Chang Chih-pai (?-1028), 277 shang-shui yüan), 430 Chang Chih-po (?-1028), 281

glossary–index 1017

Chang Ching-ta , 86, 88 Chang Shih-hsun¨ (964–1049), Chang-chou , 133, 151, 169, 910 281, 284, 285, 290, 291–292, Chang Ch’u-wei, 690 300, 928 Chang-Ch’uan¨ , 14, 133, 204, 220, Chang Shu-yeh , 627 223, 228, 248 Chang Shun-min , 517–518 Chang Chueh¨ , 633, 634 Chang So, 648, 649 Chang Chun¨ (1097–1164), 651, Chang T’ang-ying (1029–71), 659–660, 670, 671, 680, 682, 156 703, 713, 714, 715, 716–717, Chang T’ao , 681 718–719, 899 Chang Te-hsiang , 300, 313, 318 Chang Chun¨ 2 (1086–1154), xi, Chang T’ien-i , 830 651, 669 Chang Tsai , 374, 877, 902 Chang Fang-p’ing (1007–91), Chang-tsung (r. 1189–1208), 792 299, 313, 323, 345, 346, 387 Chang Tun (1094–1100), 26, 30, on deﬂation, 441 453, 478, 481, 491, 521, 528 on hired-service, 421 and the abolition of the Yuan-feng¨ and prefecture schools, 318 reforms, 544 and service-exemption fees, 439 “advance and fortify” strategy of, and Shen-tsung, 355 548–549 on Ying-t’ien-fu, 421, 438 and censorial post nominees, 493–494 Chang Fu (d. 1219), 832 and crimes against the state, 565 Chang Hsuan,¨ 183 and elimination of New Policies, 496 Chang Hung-fan (d. 1280), and the hired service exemption, 955–956 501–502 Chang Jung , 664 and Hui-tsung, 565 Chang K’o-kung, 581 and Lu¨ Ta-fang , 538 Chang Kuan , 294, 299, 300, 307 opposition to amnesty for Lu¨ Ta-fang Chang Lin , 172 , 539 Chang Lin2 , 826, 830, 850 plot to depose Chao Hsu¨2 , 486 Chang Ling-to , 217 and Prince of Chien, 553–554 Chang Mu , 185 stripped of honorary rank, 566 Chang Pang-ch’ang (1081–1127), and Su Ch’e , 499 637, 638, 639, 640, 643, 645, supporting Chao Ssu , 562–566 646–647, 649 and Ts’ai Ching , 577 Chang P’u , 754 and Tseng Pu, 553 Chang Shang-ying (1043–1122), 535, Chang Tzu-yen , 739 538, 582, 598 Chang Wan-chin , 60, 64 Chang Shao (1096–1156), 687 Chang Wen Piao, 224 Chang Sheng , 323, 337 Chang Yao-tso , 335 Chang Shih (1133–80), 728 Chang Yen , 793, 806 Chang Shih2 , 899 Chang Yen-lang , 77, 84 Chang Shih-chieh (d. 1279), 922, Chang Yen-te (927–1000), 102, 210 934, 937, 941, 947, 948, 949, Chang Yung (946–1015), 272 950, 952, 955, 956, 957 Chang Yu,¨ 297

1018 glossary–index

Chang Yuan-te¨ , 62 Chao Chen2 , 290 Chang Yueh¨ (d.1180), 727–728, Chao Chi (Hui-tsung, 1082–1135, 764, 765 r. 1100–26). 553, 562. See also ch’ang . See tax stations Hui-tsung; T’ai-tsung Ch’ang-an Chao Ch’i (Tu-tsung, 1240–74, and the An Lu-shan rebellion, r. 1264–74), 912, 914, 916. See 38 also Tu-tsung assaulted by Huang Ch’ao , 146 Chao-chou , 59, 60 and Chao-tsung , 47, 48 Chao Chung-chen (Chao Hsu,¨ and Chu Wen , 43, 47, 48 1048–85), 338. See also P’u, as cultural center, 134 Prince of; Sung Shen-tsung demoted to a province, 52 Chao Fan , 848, 850, 882 by 895, 42–43 Chao Fang (d. 1221), 805, 823, Garrison, 940 827, 828, 848, 860 and Huang Ch’ao , 39, 42, 66 Chao Fu, 653 under Liu Ch’eng-yu , 107 Chao Hao , 486 and the rebellion of Wang Hsien-chih Chao Heng (Chen-tsung, and Huang Ch’ao, 138 968–1022,r.997–1022), 259. as T’ang capital, 207, 222 See also Chen-tsung Ch’ang An-min, 539 (r. 977–1022); Chen-tsung Ch’ang-chih , 47 (r. 997–1022) Ch’ang-chou , 140, 933, 937, 938, Chao Hsieh , 477 940 Chao Hsien (Ying-kuo kung, ch’ang ch¨un-tzu,hsiao hsiao-jen Kung-ti, Kung-tsung, (“strengthening the 1271–1323,r.1274–76), 928, superior men and illuminating 929–930, 945 the petty ones”), 363 Chao Hsiung , 736 Ch’ang Mao (d. 1282), 940 Chao Hsu¨ (Chao Chung-chen, ch’ang-ming ya-ch’ien . See supply Shen-tsung, 1064–85, masters, volunteer r. 1067–85), 346, 347, 351. See Ch’ang-p’ing shih-i ssu . See also Chao Chung-chen; Ever-normal state trade agency Shen-tsung Ch’ang-p’ing ts’ang . See Chao Hsu¨2 (Che-tsung, Ever-normal Graneries 1077–1100,r.1085–1100), Ch’ang-sha , 148 480, 486. See also Che-tsung Ch’ang-sheng kuo, 331 (Chao Hsu¨2, 1077–1100, Ch’ang-sheng ta-ti. See Great Emperor of r. 1085–1100) Everlasting Life plot to depose, 486 Chao , 65 Chao Hsun¨ (1192–1220), 809, 811, Chao An-jen (958–1018), 276 813, 834–835 Chao Chan , 341–343 Chao Huan (Ch’in-tsung, 1100–61, Chao Chen (Jen-tsung, 1010–63, r. 1126–27), 637. See also r. 1022–63), 279. See also Ch’in-tsung (1100–61, Jen-tsung r. 1126–27))

glossary–index 1019

Chao Hung (d. 1225), 834–835, Chao-ming, Prince. See Hsiao T’ung 836, 839–844, 861, 875, 876, Chao Pi (Prince of Shen), 562 915 Chao Pien , 369, 372, 374 Chao Hung-yin , 210 Chao Ping (Ti-ping, 1272–79, Chao Ju-yu¨ (1140–96), 32, 761, r. 1278–79), 929, 946, 952, 764–766, 768, 770, 773, 956 775–782, 783, 787, 788, 793, Chao Po-chiu , 708 814, 877, 897, 914–915 Chao Po-ts’ung (Prince of P’u-an, and the accession of Ning-tsung, 774 Hsiao-tsung, 1127–94, calls for dismissal of, 781 r. 1162-), 708–709. See also Chao and ﬁlial obligations, 770 Shen (Hsiao-tsung, 1127–94, and Kuang-tsung’s abdication, r. 1162–69); Chao Yuan;¨ 771–772 Hsiao-tsung (1127–94,r. P’eng Kuei-nien (1142–1206), 1162–89) 798 Chao Pu-ti , 730 reinstated, 790 Chao P’u (924–92), 220–221, 229, and Tao-hs¨ueh, 781 236, 243–244, 245, 254, 258 Chao Kai , 323, 337, 345, 346 Chao Shan-hsiang , 860 Chao K’ai2 (1146–80), 758 Chao Shen (Hsiao-tsung, 1127–94, Chao Kou (Kao-tsung, 1107–87, r. 1162–69). See Hsiao-tsung r. 1127–62), 641, 643, 644, (1127–94,r.1162–89) 645, 647. See also Kao-tsung Chao Shih (Tuan-tsung, c. (Chao Kou, 1107–87,r. 1268–78,r.1276–78), 1127–62) 929–930, 946, 948. See also Chao K’uang-i (T’ai-tsung, Tuan-tsung 939–97,r.977–97), 11, Chao Shu (Ying-tsung, 1032–67, 131–132, 212, 228. See also r. 1063–67), 351. See also T’ai-tsung Ying-tsung (1032–67, Chao K’uang-ning , 50–51 r. 1063–67) Chao K’uang-tsan , 107 Chao Ssu , Prince of Chien, 562 Chao K’uang-yin (T’ai-tsu, Chao Te-chao (950–79), 242, 927–76,r.960–76), 1, 5, 245, 914 11–12, 126, 131, 132, 197, 201, Chao Te-chun¨ , 85, 88, 98 210–213, 457. See also T’ai-tsu Chao Te-fang (959–81), 242, 914 Chao K’uei (1186–1266), 848, 850, Chao Ting (1085–1147), 674, 675–676, 860–861, 862, 882, 891, 904 677, 680, 693, 703 Chao Kuo. See K’ang, Prince Chao Ting2, 341 Chao K’uo (Ning-tsung, Chao T’ing-chih , 520, 579, 580 1168–1224,r.1194–1224), Chao T’ing-mei (947–84), 762, 771, 773. See also Chia, 257–259 Prince Chao Tsai-li , 72 Chao Li , 659 Chao Tsung-shih (Ying-tsung, Chao Liang-ssu , 628, 629. See also r. 1063–67), 335–346. See also Ma Chih Ying-tsung

1020 glossary–index

Chao Ts’ung-ku, 336 837, 842, 843, 852, 854, 876, Chao Tun (Kuang-tsung, 898, 901 1147–1200,r.1189–94), 753, Chen-ting, 636 756–758, 765 Chen-ting fu , 310, 641 Chao Tzu-chi , 408 Chen-tsung (Chao Heng, Chao Yen-jo , 539 968–1022,r.997–1022), 31, Chao Yen-na , 879 279, 285, 291, 609. See also Chao Yen-shou , 88, 98, 101–102, Chao Heng (Chen-tsung, 103 968–1022,r.997–1022) Chao Yu-jui¨ , 936, 945 tomb of, 280–281 chao-y¨ushih. See envoy, investiture Ch’en Tz’u-sheng , 567 Chao Yuan¨ . See also Chao Po-ts’ung; Chen-wu , 621, 622 Hsiao-tsung (1127–94, ch’en . See subject r. 1162–89) Ch’en, Lady, 293 Chao Yuan-fen¨ , 297, 336 Ch’en Ch’ao-lao, 581 Chao Yuan-tso,¨ 764 Ch’en-ch’iao , 210–213, 244 Chao Yuan-yen¨ (Prince of Ching), Ch’en Chien , 375 289 Ch’en Chih-chung , 300, 307 Chao Yun¨ (Li-tsung, 1205–64, Ch’en Ching-hsuan¨ , 155 r. 1224–64), 836–837 Ch’en Chiu (Ch’en Sheng-chih), 323, Chao Yun-jang¨ (Prince of P’u, 344. See also Ch’en Sheng-chih 995–1059), 297, 335, 336 Ch’en Chun-ch’ing¨ (1113–86), Chao Yun-pi,¨ 336 723, 725, 726–727, 728, ch’ao-t’ing . See court 735 Che-hsi (T’ang province), 143 Ch’en Embankment, 173 Che-tsung (Chao Hsu¨2, Ch’en Fu-liang (1137–1203), 1077–1100,r.1085–1100), 429, 770, 777, 780, 788, 790 25–553, 560, 928 Ch’en Hsiang , 372 political culture of, 535 Ch’en Hsun¨ , 848 reformist takeover of 1094, under, Ch’en Hua, 883, 910–911 533 Ch’en Hung-chin (914–85, Che-tung (T’ang province, modern r. 964–78), 173, 205, 228 Chekiang), 136 Ch’en I-chung , 905, 924, 926, Chekiang , 177 930–931, 934, 935–937, 940, chen. See constellation 941, 946, 948–949, 957 Chen-chiang , 933 Ch’en K’ang-po (1097–1165), Chen-chou , 44, 47, 59, 65, 66, 102, 715, 716 106, 211 Ch’en Kuan (1057–1122), 554, Chen-chou2 , 865, 938, 949 564, 616 chen-fu shih . See commissioners, Ch’en Kuei-i (1183–1234), military 859 Chen-jung chun¨ , 308 Ch’en K’uei (1128–1203), 781 Chen Te-hsiu (1178–1235), 34, Ch’en Liang , 899 812, 816–817, 820, 825, 835, Ch’en Liang-yu , 730, 734

glossary–index 1021

Ch’en P’eng-nien (961–1017), Ch’eng Hao , 379, 454, 479, 481, 272, 274, 275 487, 877. See also Ch’eng Ch’en san-ch’iang . See brothers “Three-Spear” Ch’en ch’eng-hsiang . See counselor, chief Ch’en She , 743 Ch’eng I (1033–1107), 510–511, Ch’en Sheng-chih , 370, 371, 372, 512–513, 518, 519–520, 521, 374, 447. See Ch’en Chiu 530, 575, 693, 877. See also Ch’en Shu , 332, 333 Ch’eng brothers Ch’en Ssu-kung, 655 banishment of, 543 Ch’en Tung , 638, 645, 649, 651 on the factionalism of the Hsuan-jen¨ Ch’en Tzu-ch’iang , 782, 811 regency, 530 Ch’en Wen-lung (1232–77), 925, as imperial tutor, 516 940, 948, 949, 950, 958 rehabilitation of, 564 Ch’en Yao-tso , 290, 298, and Su Shih , 514 299–300 Ch’eng Ju , 147–148 Ch’en Yen , 150, 151 Ch’eng K’an , 299 Ch’en Yen-hsiao , 722 Ch’eng Kuang-hsu¨ , 904 Ch’en Yuan¨ , 760–761, 765 Ch’eng Lin (988–1056), 285–289 Cheng Ch’ing-chih (1176–1251), Ch’eng-p’ing-chai, 305 836, 850, 854, 858–859, 876, Ch’eng Sung , 793, 794, 799–800, 877, 878, 884, 898, 901, 904 801–802 greatest shortcoming of, 885–886, Ch’eng-te , 44 910 ch’eng-t’ieh jen . See messenger successors, 886 Ch’eng-tu , 72, 134, 157, 195, 223, Cheng Chu-cheng,¨ 580, 582 798, 869, 920, 953 Cheng-ho (1111–18), 583 Ch’eng Yuan-feng¨ , 889–890, Cheng-ho wan-shou Tao-tsang. See Taoist 892 canon of the longevity of the Chi-chih ssu (ad hoc agency to Cheng-ho Reign audit and adjust spending), 284 Cheng Hsia (1040–1119), 387, Chi-chou , 87, 632 435, 444, 448–449, 450 Chi-chou2 , 122 Cheng I-nien , 681, 690 Chi-chou3 , 925 Cheng Jen-hui , 122 Chi Feng , 444 cheng kuan-ming . See titles, Chi Hsien (d. 1220), 826, 827 rectification of office chi-lu kuan . See offices, stipendiary Cheng Ts’ai (d. 1249), 885 chi-shih-chung . See Supervising Cheng Yung, 528–529 Secretary Cheng Yuan-pi¨ , 179–180 Chi-su fang . See Office for Ch’eng brothers , 902. See also Emergencies Ch’eng Hao; Ch’eng I chi-t’ien mu-ma . See horses, land Ch’eng Chien , 830 in return for Ch’eng-chou (T’ung-ku), 660 ch’i (life force), 844 Ch’eng Fang , 366, 393 Ch’i (proxy state, 1130–37), 29, ch’eng-fu . See messengers, office 708

1022 glossary–index

Ch’i-chou , 627 Chiang-ning (Nanking), 652. See Ch’i-chou2 , 928, 933 also Chien-k’ang; Chin-ling; ch’i-chang . See elder Nanking Ch’i-chüchu . See Court Diary of Chiang-ning fu (Nanking), 358 Activity and Repose Chiang-pei , 123 Ch’i Fang , 727 Chiang T’e-li , 763, 764, 768–769 Ch’i-kou Pass , 250 Chiang-tung , 178 Ch’i-li era (Annunciatory Calendar), 331 Chiang Wan-li (1188–1275), Ch’i-tan . See Khitan 923 Ch’i-ying, 182 Chiang-yin , 939 Chia, Consort (d. 1247), 874, 891, 892, ch’iang-kan jo-chih . See 913–914, 930 strengthening the tree trunk and Chia, Prince, 759, 760, 767. See also weakening the branches Chao K’uo (Ning-tsung, r. Chiao-chih , 468. See also Ly dynasty 1194–1224) Chiao-fang . See Imperial Bureau of and Hsiao-tsung, 768 Music and Kuang-tsung, 768 Chiao-shan, 937, 939 Chia Ch’ang-ch’ao , 294, 318, chiao-t’ou (drill chiefs), 413 323 chiao-yin . See vouchers, exchange and Shih Chieh , 321 chiao-yüeh . See military drill and chia-fa . See household regulations review Chia-hsing , 940 Ch’iao Hsing-chien (1156–1241), Chia I , 510–511, 515, 518, 519 821, 843, 848, 859, 877, 880 Chia-lu , 548, 551 chief Chia She (d. 1223), 825, 826, drill (chiao-t’ou), 413 847–848, 874, 891, 896 household (hu-ma), 397, 427 Chia Ssu-tao (1213–75, small guard (pao-chang), 408 1259–75), 26, 31, 33, 890–892, Chief Deployment Commands (tu-pu 905, 912, 915 shu), 247 and foreign policy, 895 Chief Office of Imperial Clan Affairs (Ta lack of good judgment by, 926–927 tsung-cheng ssu), 297 chia-tou . See tax-pressing chieftain, hereditary, 153 Chia Yu-ch’ing¨ (d. 1276), 941 Chieh-chou , 660, 853 chiang. See military, mixed battalion chieh-kuan . See titles, prestige Chiang-chou , 932, 933 chieh-tu shih . See governors, Chiang Fei , 724 military Chiang Hsuan-hui¨ , 51 Chien, Prince of, 553. See also Chao Ssu Chiang-Huai , 4, 133, 143, 160, chien-ch’a yü-shih . See 163, 165–167, 200 Investigating Censor Chiang-i ssu . See Advisory Office chien-ch’en . See “treacherous minister” Chiang-ling , 147, 196 chien-cheng chung-shu wu-fang kung-shih Chiang-ling fu, 10 . See Secretariat Chiang-nan, 28, 144, 152 examiners East, 624, 626 Chien-chou . See Chien-ning

glossary–index 1023

Chien-chou , 10–11, 168, 169 tribute to, 179 Chien-chou2, , 803 and Tung Ch’ang , 140–143 Chien-chung ching-kuo . See and Yang Hsing-mi , 146 Establishing Centrality and and Yueh-chou¨ , 142 Balancing the State, 1101–02 Ch’ien Neng , 155 chien-i ta-fu . See remonstrance, Ch’ien Shu (r. 948–78), 182, 186, grand master of 205 Chien-k’ang (Nan-ching), 652, Ch’ien-tao era (Supernal Way, 696, 933, 938. See also 1165–74), 712, 720–737 Chiang-ning (Nanking); Ch’ien Wei-yen (962–1034), 277 Nanking Ch’ien Yu¨ , 571 chien-kuan . See critics, policy chih-chiang fa . See local defense, chien-kuo . See regent training command system Chien-men Pass , 226 Chih-chien, 153 Chien-ning . See Chien-chou chih-chih-kao . See officials, drafting chien pang-chia . See state Chih-chih san-ssu t’iao-li ssu chien-pi ch’ing yeh . See . See Finance “strengthening the walls and Planning Commission clearing out the countryside” chih chün-fushih . See Military chien-ping . See “engrossers” and Civil Affairs, Director of chien-ping chih chia . See chih-hui . See military command “monopolists” Chih-k’ao, 166 chien-ssu . See intendants, circuit chih kuo-yung shih . See controller Chien-yen (1127–31), 652 of national finance Chien-yüan . See Remonstrance Chih-p’ing (Ordered Tranquility, Bureau 1064–68), 338 Ch’ien-chou, 147, 178. See also Kan-chou chih shu-mi yüanshih . See Ch’ien Ch’u (r. 947–78), 228 Bureau of Military Affairs, ch’ien-chung huo-ch’ing . See administrator of “money became dear and goods chih-ta wang . See grain, direct cheap” networking ch’ien-hsia . See commander, zone chih-ts’ai . See finance, public Ch’ien Hsiang-tsu , 808, 811, Ch’ih-chou , 939 812, 813, 814, 816 ch’ih-hsin pao-kuo, shih-sha Chin tsei ch’ien-huang . See famine, cash , . See “Serve the Ch’ien Hung-tsou , 169 country with passion; swear to Ch’ien I , 374 kill the Chin bandits” Ch’ien Liu (r. 907–31) Child Benevolence Service (Tz’u-yu chü illegal behavior of, 145 ), 872 and the Khitan court, 185 Chin (1115–1234), 16–17, 29, 33, as King of Wu-Yanu,¨ 157 34–35, 250, 615, 622, 818 as King of Yueh,¨ 157 invasion on the Khitan frontier, loyalty of, to T’ang, 188 27–30 reign period of, 188 rebellion, 628–643

1024 glossary–index

Chin, Prince of, 43 r. 1115–23); Wan-yen A-ku-ta Chin-an-chai , 88 (Ch’in T’ai-tsu, r. 1115–23) Chin-cheng pass, 551 Chin T’ai-tsung (1075–1135, Chin-chou , 113 r. 1123–35), 633, 675. See also chin-chu . See advance and fortify Wan-yen; Wu-chi-mai; chin-ch¨un . See army, imperial Wu-ch’i-mai (Chin T’ai-tsungin, Chin Chun-ch’ing,¨ 424 1075–1135,r.1123–) Chin dynastic history (chin shih), 706 Chin Yuan,¨ 903 Chin dynasty (1115–1234), 628–643, ch’in . See parent 644, 818–830. See also Jurchen Ch’in , 43 chin-hsi . See attendants, “close” Ch’in , Prince of. See Li Shou-chen Chin-Hsi Hsia peace treaty (1124), (Prince of Ch’in ) 634 Ch’in-ai , Dowager Empress chin-hsing . See Venus (huang t’ai-hou , Chin Hsuan-tsung¨ (r. 1213–23), r. 1032–39), 288 819, 822, 829 Ch’in-chou , 104, 123–124, 312, Chin Hui, 156, 158 800, 828 Chin Kao-tsu (r. 936–42), 179. Ch’in dynasty (221–06 bce), 134 See Shih Ching-t’ang Ch’in Erh-shih huang-ti (r. 210–207 (Chin Kao-tsu ,r.936–42) bce), 743 Chin-ling (Nanking), 124, 166, Ch’in-feng, 23, 312, 314, 393, 549, 167, 220. See also Chiang-ning 619 chin-lu chiao. See Rites of the Golden Ch’in Hsi (d. 1161), 690, 691, 703 Register Ch’in Kuei (1090–1155, 1128–55), Chin-ming, 306, 307 26, 30, 32, 672–673, 676, 677, Chin Shao-ti (r. 942–47). See Shih 679, 680, 703, 721, 786, 793 Ch’ung-kuei death of, 703 chin-shih degree and degree holders, and the monopoly of power, 690–693 115, 122, 137, 161–162, 190, tampering with the dynastic record, 238, 254, 300, 358, 586, 587, 691–693 672, 691, 695–696, 757, 765, and Treaty of 1141, 711 767, 778, 783, 803, 816, 831, Ch’in-ling Mountains , 4, 10, 23 842, 844, 858, 859, 860, 864, Ch’in-sheng , Dowager Empress 879, 880, 882, 883, 884, 885, (huang t’ai-hou ,r. 886, 888, 889, 891, 893, 897, 1045–1101), 553–554, 561, 903, 904, 905, 911, 924, 925, 616. See also Ch’in-sheng 944 Regency Chin Shih-tsung (r. 1161–89). See and the anti-reform policies of Wan-yen; Wan-yen Wu-lu Hsuan-jen,¨ 562 (Emperor Chin Shih-tsung and the New Policies, 561 ,r.1161–89); Wu-lu rehabilitating anti-reformists, 563 Chin T’ai-tsu (r. 1115–23). See Ch’in-sheng Regency. See Dowager A-ku-ta (Chin T’ai-tsu , Empress Ch’in-sheng

glossary–index 1025

Ch’in-tsung (Chao Huan, 1100–61, and Kao Chi-ch’ang , 173 r. 1126–27), 29, 615, 637, 644, and Li Shou-chen , 109 645. See also Chao Huan (Sung as part of Min kingdom, 220 Ch’in-tsung, 1100–61,r. and T’ai-tsu , 14, 224 1126–27) trade revenues of, 181 death of, in captivity, 643 tribute relation to north, 179 stripped of imperial status, 642 Ching T’ang (1138–1200), 778, used as political leverage by Chin, 687 781, 782, 789, 807 Ch’in Tsung-ch’uan¨ , 43, 55, 135, “Ching-tung rebel” (Sung Chiang), 145, 146, 149, 151, 156 588 ch’in-wang . See “rally on behalf of ching-yen . See Imperial Seminar the emperor” Ching Yen-kuang , 91, 97–99, Ching (Liao Mu-tsung , 951–69), 101, 102 113 Ching-yuan¨ , 23, 307, 312, 314 Ching, Prince of, 335 Ch’ing-ch’i county, 624, 626 Ching-ch’ao fu . See Hsi-an Ch’ing-chou , 627 ching-ch’ao kuan . See civil service, Ch’ing-chou2 , 300, 312, 470 senior, or the administrative Ch’ing dynasty (1644–1911), 754 civil service division Ch’ing-hai (Kokonor) Lake, 252, 352 ching-chieh fa . See land survey Ch’ing-i lu, 182 policy Ch’ing-li era (Felicitous Ching-chou2 , 180, 918 Chronometry, 1041–49), 312 Ching-chou3 , 632 Ch’ing-li reform movement Ching-hsi, 307 (1043–45), 22, 25, 316–334, Ching-hsia, 621 350 Ching Hsiang , 56 ch’ing-miao . See Green Sprouts Ching-hu circuits ch’ing-miao ch’ien . See Green North, 329 Sprouts cash South, 328–329 ch’ing-miao fa . See Green Sprouts Ching-k’ang (1126–27), 637 rural credit act ching-k’ang chih-nan . See Calamity of Ch’ing-t’ang , 26, 616, 617–619 Ching-k’ang Ch’ing-yuan¨ (1195–1201), 169 ching-lüehan-fu shih (military Chinggis khan (Temujin,¨ r. 1206–27), commissioner, pacification 818, 845, 853 commissioner) chiu-chin fu-pao . See auxiliaries ching-lüeh-ssu. See military affairs to the local guards commission Chiu-lung River , 173 Ching-nan , 10, 158. See also Chiu Wu-tai shih , 145, 183, Nan-p’ing 184 campaign, 50–51 Ch’iu Ch’ung (1135–1208), 793, and Chu Wen , 50, 195–196 794, 805, 806 diplomatic skill in, 133 on Wu family influence in Szechwan, importance of, 147–148 798

1026 glossary–index

Ch’iu Fu , 136–137, 153 Chu Hsi (1130–1200), 28, 31, 353, Ch’iu Yueh¨ , 865 455, 745, 746, 758, 769, 775, chivalry (jen-hsia ), 141–142, 777, 783, 784, 785, 788, 789, 144 790, 814, 815, 877, 899 Cho-chou , 87, 632 commentaries of, 902 Chou , Duke of, 608 Chu Hsuan¨ , 50 Chou-ch’en Princess chu-hu . See household, resident (Supreme Princess of Chu Hung-chao , 82 Chou-ch’en), 334 chu-i ch’ien . See service-assistance Chou Chih, 535, 538 fee Chou Hang, 334 Chu Kuang-t’ing , 493, 510–511, Chou Hsing-feng , 201 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 528, chou-hs¨ueh . See schools, prefectural 543 Chou Huai-cheng (?–1020), Chu Mien (1075–1126), 604, 605, 624, 277 638 Chou Kou (Prince K’ang), 643 Chu Ming-chih , 451 Chou K’uei , 729 Chu Sheng-fei (1082–1144), 651, Chou Kung-ti (r. 956), 961. See 673 also Kuo Tsung-hsun¨ Chu Shou-yin , 75 Chou-li . See Rites of Chou Chu Wen (Liang T’ai-tsu , Chou Mi (1239–98), 810, r. 907–12), 4–5. See also Chu 960 Ch’uan-chung¨ ; Liang Chou Pao-ch’uan¨ , 201 T’ai-tsu Chou Pi-ta (1126–1204), 754, and Chao-tsung , 188 757, 764, 766, 769, 787, 788, and Ch’eng Ju , 147–148 790, 793 and Ch’in Tsung-chuan,¨ 151 Chou Shih-tsung (r. 954–59), and Chu Yu-jang, 148 201, 202–203. See also Ch’ai claims to imperial authority of, Jung; Kuo Jung 188 Chou T’ai-tsu . See Kuo Wei conquests of (by 901), 49 (Chou T’ai-tsu ,r.951–54) ﬁnancial administration under, 57 Chou Te-wei , 61, 64 and Huang Ch’ao , 43, 206 Chou Tun-i , 877, 902 and the Later Liang dynasty, 52–61 Chou Wei-te, 301 rise to dominance through military Chou Yin , 429 expansion (c. 895–907), 45–61 Chu, Lady, 335 and Sun Ju , 146–147 Chu Chen, 49 Chu Wen-chin , 168 Chu Ch’ung, 604 Chu Yu-chen (Liang Mo-ti , Chu Ch’uan-chung¨ . See Chu Wen 913–23), 61, 67 (r. 907–12) Chu Yu-ch’ien , 65 Chu Ch’uan-y¨ u¨ , 52 Chu Yu-jang, 148 Chu-ho-lo Kuo-le-ch’i Chu Yu-kuei (r. 912–13), 61 (d. 1219), 822–823 Chu Yu-wen , 61

glossary–index 1027

Ch’u , 109, 133, 148–150, 173, Ch’ung-cheng tien . See Hall for the 174–175, 179, 193, 195–196, Veneration of Governance 223, 224 Ch’ung-ch’ing, 954 Ch’u , King of (Ch’u wang ), 158, Ch’ung-hua Palace, 754, 757, 761, 767, 197 785 Ch’u , Prince of, 54 chung-i-chün . See army, loyal and Ch’u-chou , 126, 625, 795, righteous 933 Ch’ung-hui , 78 Ch’u wang . See Ch’u , King of Ch’ung-ning era (Revering the chuan-men hsüeh . See learning, Hsi-ning era, 1102–07), 554, specialist 569 chuan yung hsiao-jen . See Ch’ung O , 23, 354, 469, 470, “employing mean and petty 473–476 men” ch’ung-san tie-ssu . See offices, chuan-yünshih . See intendents, redundant fiscal Ch’ung-tsung, Emperor (Wei-ming ch’uan-fa sha-men . See Ch’ien-shun), 619, 620 Propagating Abbot ch’ung-wen ch’ing-wu . See chuang-t’ien . See estates, manorial emphasizing the civil and chuang-ting . See stalwart de-emphasizing the military chuang-yüan . See estates, large chü . See purchase station Ch’un-ch’iu . See Spring and Autumn chü-lien . See fiscalism annals chü-yangfa . See Poorhouse policy Ch’un-hsi era (Pure Serenity, Ch’u-chou¨ , 625, 949 1174–89), 712, 737–755 Ch’u-fu¨ , 927 Chung Ch’i , 142 Ch’u-pu-fan¨ , 329 Chung Chuan, 147 Ch’u¨ Tuan , 659, 660 Chung Hsiang, 665 Ch’uan,¨ Dowager Empress (huang chung-i-chün . See army, “loyal and t’ai-hou ), 945. See also righteous” Ch’uan,¨ Empress Chung-shan , 636, 637, 641 Ch’uan,¨ Empress (1241–1309), 928, Ch’ung Shih-tao , 638, 640 929. See also Ch’uan,¨ Dowager Chung-shu ling . See Secretariat, Empress (huang t’ai-hou ) Director of Ch’uan-chou¨ , 133, 151–152, 163, Chung-shu men-hsia . See 168, 169, 177, 184–185, 950 Secretariat-Chancellery Ch’uan-chou¨ 2 , 940 Chung-shu sheng . See Secretariat Ch’uan¨ Han-sheng, 908 Chung-tu , 818, 819 Ch’üanSung wen,xi Chung-wu , army , 157, 158 Ch’uan¨ Tzu-ts’ai , 860, 861, 864 chung-yüan . See Central Plains Chüeh-iyüan . See Trade Monopoly Chung-yung , 815, 902 Office Ch’ung-cheng Hall . See Hall for Ch’üeh-huowu. See Bureau of Monopoly the Veneration of Governance Goods

1028 glossary–index

chün-chiang . See militia, officials clerics (li2), 241 chün-shufa . See tribute, “equalized clinics, charitable, 596 tribute measure”; Tribute clique (ssu tang), 258, 261, 451. See also Transport and Distribution factionalism measure cloth, 223 Chun-tzu¨ Pass , 250 coinage. See currency, coinage circuit, regional (lu), 231–233, 748. See comet, 579, 580, 581. See also portents, also specific circuit cosmological cities, frontier, 20. See also border command, garrison (tu-t’ung ssu), 29 civil councilor, assistant (chih-cheng ), commandant (liu-hou), 146, 147 368 supreme (k’ai-fu i-t’ung san-ssu civil service, 35, 237–241. See also ), 782 bureaucracy; military families, commander hereditary district (tu-chien ), 301 administrative level (ching-ch’ao kuan military (pu-shu ), 305, 312 ), 349, 460, 461 zone (ch’ien-hsia ), 302 examinations, 324, 787 Commander-in-chief (Tu-tu ), 667, abolished by Ts’ai Ching , 669 585 Commander of the Eight Encampments consequences of, 22 of Infantry and Cavalry, 145 and HsuWen¨ , 161 Commander of the Palace Army, 11 and Kuo Jung , 121 commission, functional (ch’ai-ch’ien) or in the Later Chou, 236 office (chih), 458 and Li Ching , 200 Commission for State Revenue, 70 reform of, proposed by Fan commissioner, 68–69 Chung-yen and Fu Pi for the consideration of benefit and , 318–319 harm (hsiang-tuli-hai kuan), replaced by state educational 379 system, 571 defense, grand (shou-yüshih ), restoration of, under Kao-tsung 646 , 660 finance (san-ssu shih ). See in the Sung dynasty, 295 Finance Commission and T’ai-tsu, 13, 237–238 investigative (ch’a-fang shih ), and T’ai-tsung , 246, 254 382 and Wang An-shih , 364 military (chieh-tu-shih), 669 and Wu-Yueh¨ , 190 palace, 56, 92, 97 and Ying-tsung, 345, 346 regional (chieh-tu shih ), 230, executory level (hsüan-jen ), 349, 233, 782 460, 461 regional surveillance (kuan-ch’a shih military servitors, 460 ), 782 titular offices in, 458 surveillance (kuan-ch’a shih ), clansmen, imperial, 296, 776, 781 150, 321 Clark, Hugh R., 5, 10 of waterways and agriculture (tu-shih Classics Mat, 126, 377 ying-t’ien shih),

glossary–index 1029

Commissioner for State Revenue controller-general (t’ung-p’an ), (tsu-yung shih ), 69, 76 231 Commissioner of Military Affairs, 666, Controller of National Finance (chih 671 kuo-yung shih ), 722 Commissioner of the Imperial conventionalists (liu-su ch’un-tang Encampment (yü-yingshih ), 365, 371 ), 648, 653, 666 conventionality, slavish (yin-hsünmo-su commodities. See specific commodity chih-pi ), 362 community defense system. See mutual copper, 122, 223, 225, 441, security system (pao-chia ) 608 Compendium of rituals and paraphernalia coral, 186 of the Dowager Empress corruption, 113, 116, 121, 208, 245, (Huang-t’ai-hou i-chih 588, 590, 591, 592, 598, 599, ), 288 600, 910 Compendium of the institutions of the corvee´ labor dynasty (hui-yao ), 256 amnesty from, under T’ai-tsu, 228 Comprehensive mirror to aid in government demands for (Tzu-chih t’ung-chien , under Kuo Jung , 121 1067–84), 80, 158, 182, 256, under Liu Ch’ung , 113 487, 900 and fiscal intendants, 232 conciliation (t’iao-t’ing), 526, 527 and Han Ch’i , 318 Confucian and Hua-chou2 , 283 Classics, 237 and Jen-tsung, 291 ideals, 873 and prefectural armies, 235 values. See affection, fraternal; duty, cosmology, correlative, 608, 609. See also filial; virtue portents, cosmological Confucianism (Ju-hsüeh ), 783, 787. cotton, 684 See also Neo-Confucianism; Council of State (tu-t’ang ), 21, 25, Tao-hsüeh 368–373, 513 conscripts, 223, 333, 400, 475, 605, Councilor of State 866, 911 Assistant (ts’an-chih cheng-shih bowmen (kung-shou ), 407 ), 246, 281 labor, 743 Chief (ch’eng-hsiang; tsai-hsiang), 26, military, 743 236, 237, 368, 462, 725 conservatives, 487–514. See also de facto, 462 memorials; Shen-tsung (Chao counterfeiting, 327 Hsu¨ , 1048–85,r. county (hsien), 230. See specific county 1067–85); Ssu-ma Kuang coup, xi fn1 (1019–86); Wu Ch’ung court (ch’ao-t’ing) Conspectus of border region defense inner (nei), 887 preparedness (Pei-pien yao-lan outlaw (wei-t’ing ), 188 ), 307 Court calendar (chü-ch’ilu), 339 constellation (chen). See portents, Court Diary of Activity and Repose cosmological (Ch’i-chüchu), 691

1030 glossary–index

Court Mentor (shao-fu ), 713 daughters, imperial (huang-nü), 258 Court of Agricultural Supervision Davis, Richard L., 31, 32, 33, 34, 36 (Ssu-nung ssu ), 381–382, death sentence, 543 393, 401, 409, 413, 434, 460, debate, suppression of, 1070s–1207, 32 463 debt, 395, 416, 431 Court of Judicial Review (Ta-li ssu “deceased father,” imperial (huang-k’ao), ), 456 342 Court of Palace Attendants (Hsüan-hui “deceased imperial paternal uncle” yüan ), 56–57 (huang-po), 342 Court of State Ceremonial (Hung-lu ssu decrees, imperial (yü-pi), 285, 723 ), 269 defection. See individual actors Court of the Imperial Clan (Tsung-cheng defendants (yü-hou), 398 ssu), 297 defense, local Court of the Imperial Treasury (T’ai-fu community arms (or mutual ssu), 405 security) system of (pao chia), courtier. See specific actor 218 cowhides, 117 training command system credit. See debt (chih-chiang fa) of, 218 criminals. See bandits deferrals, payment (i-ko), 416 critics, policy (chien-kuan), 21, 288. demotion. See specific actor See also memorials; remonstrance Department of Ministries crop failures, 879 Left and Right Councilors (tso-yu crossbow, 413 ch’eng-hsiang) of the, 725 cult. See specific cult Left and Right Executives (shang-shu cultivation, ritual grain-, 729 tso-yu p’u-yeh) of the, 725 culture, refinements of (wen), 513, 556 Department of State Affairs (Shang-shu currency, 186, 388. See also money; sheng), 65, 462, 652 taxation, taxes Assistant Director of the Left coinage, 92, 127, 130, 177, 208, (shang-shu tso-ch’eng), 481, 491 224–229, 684 Assistant Director of the Right, copper, 187, 327, 441, 749, 908 553 iron, 187, 202, 312, 327 assisting civil councilor (ts’an-chih iron and tin, 77 cheng-shih ) of the, lead, 187 463 of lead and iron, 181 chief councilor of the left, tin, 187 vice-director of (Shang-shu hui-tzu (paper currency), 749 tso-p’u-yeh t’ung chung-shu paper money, 327, 748–749, men-hsia p’ing-chang-shih), 652 908–909 chief councilor of the right, Sung new issue, 909 vice-director of (Shang-shu “current funds” (hsien-tsai), 426 yu-p’u-yeh t’ung chung-shu men-hsia p’ing-chang-shih), 652 Daily Calendar (jih-li), 691 Director of, 59, 65

glossary–index 1031

Left Co-director of (shang-shu tso drought, 84, 100, 118, 174, 291, 325, p’u-yeh) of the, 463 447, 452, 470, 818, 830, 868, Right Co-director (yu p’u-yeh) of the, 872, 906 463 drugs, 684. See also medicinals; medicine detached service (shang-fan), 410–412 dual administration empires, 16 Di Cosmo, Nicola, 15–16, 17, 33 dual appointments, 458–459 dikes (yen), 862. See also irrigation; Duke of State (kuo-kung), 708 specific location; water Duong Dinh Nghe, 170–171 conservancy networks; duty, filial, 340–343, 764 waterways dynasty-building, 711 diplomacy. See specific actor founding (ch’uang-yeh), 711 directives, council (t’ang-t’ien), 246 preserving (shou-ch’eng), 711 Directorate of Armaments, 471, reviving (chung-hsing), 711 472 Directorate of Education (Kuo-tzu chien), Earth Deity, 271 364, 588, 924 earthquakes, 298, 325, 844, 907 Directorate of Waterways (tu-shui chien), Eastern Capital, 52 393 Eastern Han dynasty (25–220), 648 Disasters, natural, 39, 820, 830, 844, eclipse, solar. See portents, cosmological 874, 881, 902 economy. See specific actor measure, actor, and economic stability, 830 event, reform under Li-tsung, 906–907 edicts. See specific edict “discourteous wrangling,” 277 imperial, 780 disease. See epidemics education distribution, 171 reform, 318–319 Divine Empyrean (Shen-hsiao). See by Sung Jen-tsung , Taoism, Divine Empyrean sect of 294–296 “Divine Protector” (hu-fa shan-shen by Ts’ai Ching , 585, 586–587, , Tseng Pu ), 450 589 division (fang), 382 state support for, 694–695 divorce, 292. See also specific actors Eight Battalions of Hang-chou documents (shu), 41 (Hang-chou pa-tu ), 140, “Documents from Heaven,” 270–273 142 Dowager Consort (huang t’ai-fei), Eight Conduct (pa-hsing ) policy, 280 580, 587, 611 Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou eight punishments (pa-hsing2 ), ), 280. See also specific actors 587 drafted service policy or system Eight Tombs, 861 (ch’ai-i fa), 397, 500, 544, 545, “eight treasures” or “eight imperial 592 seals” (pa-pao ), 697 drill measure (t’uan chiao-fa), team, 413, elder (ch’i-chang ), 397, 407, 427 495 elder/stalwart township plan (ti-fen drill “teams” (t’uan), 413 ch’i-chuang lin-li), local, 408

1032 glossary–index

elephant, war, 227 equilibrium, geopolitical, in the post elite Shan-yuan¨ era (1005–67), literocentric political, 13–14, 37 20–24 and court factionalism, 575 “era of change” (keng-hua ), 875 exam-based, 14 erh-fu . See Two Administrations and separation from the state, erudite literatus (po-hsüehhung-tz’u 35–36 ), 757, 816, 924 scholarly (shih-ta-fu ), 13, 21, Essential regulations of the Sung (Sung 28, 253, 256, 350, 360, 419, hui-yao ), 414, 557, 558 450, 458, 729 Essentials of the military classics (Wu-ching emissary. See specific actor tsung-yao ), 307 emoluments. See specific emolument Establishing Centrality and Balancing emperor (huang, huang-ti), 143, the State era (1101–02, 342 Chien-chung ching-kuo ), Emperor Emeritus (t’ai-shang huang-ti 554, 566, 567 ), 637 estates emphasizing the civil and large (chuang-yüan ), 191 de-emphasizing the military large, owned by temples, 700 (ch’ung-wen ch’ing-wu ), manorial (chuang-t’ien ), 121, 326 12 ethnic group. See specific ethnic group “employing mean and petty men” (chuan eunuchs yung hsiao-jen ), 376 as army supervisors, 72, 76, 307, 473 empress (hou), 342 and the Capital Security Office en-shih , (benevolenced promotion), (Huang-ch’eng ssu ), 234 412 under Chu Wen , 48, 56 Encyclopedia of the Yung-lo era and consorts, 772 (Yung-lo ta-tien , 1408), controlling agencies, 591 255 and Dowager Empress Liu, 282 “engrossers” (chien-ping ), 389–393, end of domination of inner court by, 396, 397, 401, 406, 417, 419, 639 442, 496, 590, 703 after fall of Lin-an , 944 anti-, 404–406 and Jen-tsung, 290, 313 early Southern Sung, 700 and Kuang-tsung , 760 government acting like, 443 and Kuo Ch’ung-t’ao , 71 Shao-sheng restraint of, 547 in the Later Liang, 69 “smashing the” (ts’ui chien-ping under Li Mao-chen , 42 ), 392 and Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , 70 and state trade act, 444 and Li-tsung, 887–888 “enriching the nation and strengthening under Liu Ch’ang, 227 its military power” (fu-kuo prohibition against, meddling in ch’iang-ping), 384 court affairs, 652 envoy, 763. See specific actor residing in inner palace, 56 epidemics, 316, 907, 951 after Shih Mi-yuan¨ , 33

glossary–index 1033

and Ts’ui Yin , 47 and Fan Chung-yen , 297 and Wu-yu¨ , 105 and Hsia Sung , 321–323 evaluation, reports, annual, 748 and Hsiao-tsung , 721 Ever-normal Graneries (ch’ang-p’ing of the Hsuan-jen¨ regency, 530 ts’ang ), 380, 396, 418, in the late eleventh century, 35 426 Lo, in Yuan-yu¨ era, 510–511, restoration of, 579 518–521 Ever-normal State Trade Agency after Shan-yuan¨ , 21 (Ch’ang-p’ing shih-i ssu and Shen-tsung, 28, 365 ), 405 Shu ,inYuan-yu¨ era, 510, Ever Victorious Army (Wen-sheng chün), 511, 518–521 309 Shuo, in Yuan-yu¨ era, 510 examination and Tseng Pu , 554 metropolitan, 238 and Wang An-shih , 376 palace, 238 and Ying-tsung, 324, 340, 351 preliminary, 238 Yuan-yu¨ era (1086–93), examiner, chief (tu chien-cheng ), 509–514 382 factions (p’eng-tang ), 297, 299, 512, exchange 680. See also factionalism “provisioning” (ju-chung) method of Lo, 509–514, 518–521 grain, 284 reform, 485 ratios of (ch’ing-chung ), 390 Shu , 509–514, 516, 518 execution, 67, 83, 102, 107, 108, 110, Shuo, 509–514, 516 111, 926 Szechwanese, 520 exile. See banishment (an-chih ) Yuan-yu¨ , 552–553, 573, 578, expansionism 582 between 951–54, 112–119 “factions (tang) and cliques (p’eng-tang between 954–58, 119–132 )”, 511–512 10th century, in the north, 4–10 families of great officials (i-kuan chih Extensive records of the T’ai-p’ing hsing-kuo tsu ), 162 era (T’ai-p’ing kuang-chi famine, 99, 100, 299, 307, 308, 316, ), 175, 185, 255 324, 325, 452, 818, 855, 881, 907. See also cannibalism Fabrication Bureaus (Tsao-tso chü ), cash (ch’ien-huang ), 441, 442 603 Fan Chen , 341, 373, 387 factionalism, 543, 747, 770, 783. See Fan-ch’eng , 922–923 also factions (p’eng-tang ) Fan Ch’eng-ta (1126–93), 728, and Che-tsung, 26–27 735 and the conservative coalition, 574 Fan Chih , 115 detente,´ under Liu Chih , Fan Ch’iung, 663 526–529 Fan Ch’un-jen (1027–1101), 479, and elite orientation, 575 491, 493, 512, 523, 524–525, and “factional treachery,” 528, 537 529, 536, 563

1034 glossary–index

Fan Ch’un-jen (cont.) fang-cheng . See headman, banishment of, 543 neighborhood and Dowager Empress Ch’in-sheng Fang Hsin-ju (1177–1222), , 563 806 on drafted service, 503 Fang La, rebellions (1120), 605, 615, on hired service, 545 622–626, 636 pleading clemency for anti-reform Fang-shan Plain , 800 coalition, 539 Fang-shan yuan,¨ 660 rehabilitated by Tseng Pu , 554 fang-shih . See occult master and Ying-tsung, 341–342 fang-t’ien . See survey, square-fields Fan Chung , 883, 884 land Fan Chung-yen (989–1052), 23, fang-t’ien chün-shuifa . See Land 205, 316, 505, 563 Survey and Equitable Tax policy on adult male salt cash, 194 farmer-soldiers (fu-ping ), 318 on agriculture, 174 farmers, 124. See also agriculture; mutual and the Ch’ing-li reforms security system (pao-chia ); (1043–45), 317–318, 321, 350 schools, land for on compulsory drill, 445 farming. See agriculture and Jen-tsung, 290, 291, 292, 299, favorites 306, 308, 309, 314 Ming-chou , 875–886 and Li Yuan-hao¨ , 311, 312 palace, 31, 33, 72, 744–746, 769, and Lu¨ I-chien , 297–298 788, 888 memorials, 287 Felicitous Chronometry. See Ch’ing-li and prefecture schools, 318 era and Shih Chieh, 321 “felonious ministers,” 557. See also Six on the Treaty of Shan-yuan¨ , 267 Felons (liu tsei ) and tribute grain, 320–323 Feng Cheng , 281, 282 Fan Feng , 292 Feng Chi (d. 1152), 679 Fan Ju-wei , 665 Feng Ching , 373, 377, 430 fan-ping . See army of frontier tribal Feng-chou (Liang-ch’uan), 124, troops 660, 853 Fan T’ang (1097–1134), 671 Feng-chou2 , 153, 154, 332 Fan Tsu-yu¨ , 491, 492, 493, 512, Feng-chuang k’u . See Sealed 523, 530, 536, 539, 542, 575 Treasury (Storehouse for the banishment of, 543 Reserves of the State Treasury) on reformists, 532 Feng Chuan¨ , 161–162 Fan Tsung-yin (1098–1136), Feng-hsiang , 48, 53, 54, 107, 108, 653, 664, 667, 669, 672, 800, 852 673 by 895, 42 Fan Wen-hu , 922, 931, 942 Feng Hsing-hsi , 55 Fan Yen-kuang , 89, 90–92 feng-shan. See sacrifices Fan Yung , 286, 290, 303, 306 Feng Su , 161 fang. See division (fang); offices, staff Feng Tao , 61, 77, 83–86, 92, 97, fang2. See ward 99, 115

glossary–index 1035

Feng-tz’u Temple , 291 “flower and rock network” (hua-shih Feng Yu¨ , 100 wang ), 604–606, 622, Feng Yuan¨ (975–1037), 282 625, 626, 636 ferry crossings (ho-tu ), government, forbidden books. See censorship 398, 423 foreclosures. See credit, rural; debt; fiefdom, insignificant (pi-i ), 684 Green Sprouts; loans, forced “Filial Ancestor” (Hsiao-tsung ), (i-p’ei ) 754 foreign policy and foreign relations. filial piety, 291, 336 See specific actor, issue, or finance. See also Finance Commission location (San-ssu ); Finance Planning Former Shu dynasty (907–33), 10, 53, Commission (Chih-chih san-ssu 54, 55, 134, 155–158, 160, t’iaoli ssu ); Wang 163–167 An-shih (1021–86) fort. See specific location men skilled at (shan li-ts’ai che fortifications, defensive, 121. See also ), 25, 77, 389 specific location finance, public (chih-ts’ai ), 388 foundation, dynastic, 57 Finance Commission (San-ssu ), 21, Four Books, 815 77, 239, 241, 261, 274, 457, Four Circuit Supervisorates, 231 463 four garrisons (of the early Southern Finance Planning Commission Sung), 669 (Chih-chih san-ssu t’iaoli ssu), Four great compendia of the Sung dynasty 369, 378–381, 390, 392, 393, (Sung ssu ta shu ), 397, 400, 459, 464, 589 254 and Court of Agricultural “four great generals,” 29 Supervision, 401 “four perils,” 500 Finest blossoms from the garden of elegant franchise, 400 writing (Wen-yüanying-hua Franke, Herbert, 891, 896 ), 255 frankincense, 184, 186 fires, 831, 844, 906 frontier. See also border fiscalism (chü-lien ), 419 northern, 253 fish, 225 region, in ninth century north China, “Fish-head Minister.” See Lu Tsung-tao 41 (966–1029) southern, 328–334 five circles of mourning (wu-fu), frugality. See specific actor 600–602 fruit, 182, 431 “Five Devils,” 272, 274 Fu-ch’a-chen , 795 Five Dynasties (907–60), 1, 4, 5, 206, fu-ch’iang . See prosperous and 213 strong Flessel, Klaus, 326 Fu-chien, xi, 955 flogging, 790, 792, 810 in the Ch’ing-li period, 328 flooding, 99, 100, 118, 173, 174, 226, controlled by the Min kingdom, 283, 325, 326, 830, 844, 879, 133 906 and Huang Ch’ao , 150–152

1036 glossary–index

Fu-chien (cont.) Fu Yao-yu,¨ 341–343, 515, 517–518 and Li Ching , 200 Fu-yen, 23, 307, 312, 314, 551 after the Min kingdom collapse, 163, Fukien modern province, xi, 5, 133 168–170 funeral. See specific actor on an overland trade route, 182 population movement to, 134 gardens, pleasure, 604 population of (978), 135 garrison. See specific location as a Shu state, 196 Gate of Rectified Ritual, 576 tea growing in, 175 general. See specific actor and the Wang family, 190 General Sales and General Purchase water projects in, 173 Markets (Tsa-mai ch’ang, Fu-chou , 10, 138, 151–152, 168, Tsa-mai wu), 430 177, 184, 950 gentleman (lang), 460 Fu-chou2 , 120, 122, 300, 309 true (chün-tzu ), 514 Fu-chou3 , 180, 928 gift, annual, 314 Fu-chou4 , 55, 954 ginseng, 684 Fu-chou5 , 358 Glorifying the tradition of Yao (kuang fu-i . See service, labor Yao), 709 fu-jen . See specific consort “gods of soil and grain” (she-chi ), fu-jen ta-hsing . See rich men and 942 great families gold, 87, 280 fu-kuo ch’iang-ping . See enriching Gong Wei Ai, 31 the nation and strengthening governance, good, 121 its military power “the way of” (chih-tao ), 724 Fu-li , 717, 754, 755 governors. See also specific actors Fu Liang, 648 civil (kuan-ch’a shih ), 40 fu pao-cheng (assistant pao-chia guard (ya-chün ), 110 leader), 408 military (chieh-tu shih ), 667 Fu Pi (1004–83) after the An Lu-shan and the Ch’ing-li reforms rebellions, 39 (1043–45), 316, 317–318, 321 appointed initially by their armies, and Han Ch’i , 339–340 207 and Hsiao T’e-mo , 310–311 as honorifics, 303 after Jen-tsung, 337 and Kao-tsung , 29 and Jen-tsung, 291, 350 after the Khitan invasion, 215 and the reorganzation of military under Kuo Wei , 115 affairs reform, 313 and the Metropolitan Command, and Shen-tsung, 353, 356, 465 217 and Shih Chieh , 321–323 in north China, 40 and Wang An-shih , 368, 369, provincial, 109 373, 378 regional, 229 fu-ping . See farmer-soldiers replaced by fiscal intendants, 232 Fu-t’u , 548 separatist regional, 206–207

glossary–index 1037

and T’ai-tsu , 12–13, large guard chiefs (ta-pao-chang 216–217, 229–230, 233, 241 ), 408, 410, 413, 428 and T’ai-tsung , 246 personal. See retainers, personal T’ang , 4–5, 13, 39–41 military (pu-ch’ü ). See also grace, special, 318, 325 bodyguard grain, 43, 57, 118, 222, 223, 252, 284, guardsmen, stalwart (chuang-ting ), 302, 325, 326, 334 397 direct networking (chih-ta wang guardsmen (pao-ting ), 408 ) transport system, 593 guardsmen, property-owning (chu-hu and the Huai-nan campaign, ), 410 granary, 222, 326, 881 guild-exemption fee (mien-hang ch’ien prefectural, 126 ), 430, 443, 449 state, 92 revival of, under the Shao-sheng , Granary System (ts’ang-fa), 383 547 Grand Canal, 178, 222 Guy¨ uk¨ (r. 1246–48), 868 grandee (ta-fu ), 460 grave. See specific actor or location Hai-chou , 627, 713, 714, 718 Great Centrality and Auspicious Hai-ling , Prince (r. 1150–61), 31, Talisman (Ta-chung hsiang-fu 709. See also Wan-yen Liang , 1008–17), 271 Great Emperor of Everlasting Life and battle of Ts’ai-shih, 706 (Ch’ang-sheng ta-ti), 612 1161 war of, 32 Great Heavenly Sage and King of Ch’u, hai-po hsiang-yao . See ships, 665 overseas trade Great Hsia empire, 21 Hall for the Veneration of Governance Great Liao (Ta Liao), 343 (Ch’ung-cheng tien ), 56, Great Yen dynasty, 60 68, 377 Great Yin, 168 Hall of Enlightenment (Ming-t’ang Greater Shan-hsi circuit , 23 ), 609, 696 Green Sprouts. See also rural credit rituals, 874, 916 (ch’ing-miao ) Halls of Extended Clanship (Tun-tsung cash (ch’ing-miao ch’ien ), 395 yüan), 601–602 disruptive effect of, 436 Han , Empress (d. 1200), 779, 783, policy (ch’ing-miao ch’ing-miao fa), 809 414–418 Han , Lady, 773 revival under the Shao-sheng , Han Chao-yin , 84 546 Han Chen , 493 rural credit act (ch’ing-miao fa ), Han Chen2 , 934, 935 370, 371–372, 374, 379, Han Ch’eng , 762, 764 394–397, 400, 441–442, 449, Han Ch’i (1008–75), 23, 323, 345, 468, 471, 491, 504–505 353, 564, 762, 805 guard and annual tribute, 344–346 large (ta-pao ), 408 and Chao Tsung-chih, 337–339

1038 glossary–index

Han Ch’i (cont.) Han-lin hsüeh-shih . See Han-lin and the Ch’ing-li reforms Academedian (1043–45), 316, 317–318, Han Ling-k’un (923–68), 214, 321 216 denouncing the Green Sprouts policy, Han River , 4, 10, 29, 33, 922–923, 370 928 on the “engrossers,” 417–418 Han Shih-chung (1089–1151), and government usury, 414 651, 654, 659, 665, 666, 669, and Jen-tsung, 299, 307, 350 671, 675, 679, 682–684, 686 and Li Yuan-hao¨ , 315 Han Shih-tsu (r. 951–95). See Liu and Lu¨ I-chien , 299 Ch’ung and Shan-hsi, 311–312 Han Shih-tsung, 678 and Shen-tsung, 353, 357, 361 Han T’o-chou (1152–1207, and Shih Chieh , 321 1194–1207), 26, 31–32, and Ts’ai Hsiang , 298 762–764, 772, 773, 776–777, and Wei-chou4 , 308 778, 793, 844, 897, 905 and Ying-tsung, 323, 341 as antithesis of Sung civil servant Han Chiang (1012–88), 372, 373, ideal, 783 374, 375, 378–379, 386, 399, assassination of, 808–810, 836 450, 453, 469–470 Chin demand for the head of, 806, Han Chien , 47 811–812 Han Chinese, 5, 823 and foreign policy, 790–795 Han Chung-yen (1038–1109), Han T’ung (?–960), 211, 212 554, 563–564, 569, 570 Han Wei (1017–98), 355, 361, Han Ch’ung-yeh (960–1001), 365, 424, 448, 449, 493, 520 217 and Shen-tsung, 454 Han Ch’ung-yun¨ (?–974), Han Wen-ti, 690 217 Han Wo , 162 Han Hsiao-ho-ti . See Liu Han Wu-ti (r. 141–87 bce), 731, Ch’eng-chun¨ (Han 740 Hsiao-ho-ti , 955–68) Han-yang , 928. See also Wu-han Han I , 299 Han Kao-tsu (r. 947–48). See Liu Han Yin-ti (r. 948–50). See Liu Chih-yuan¨ Ch’eng-yu Han-k’ou , 928 Han Yuan-ching¨ , 805 Han Kuang-wu-ti (r. 25–57), handicraft, 174. See also specific craft 647, 689 Hang-chou , 28, 29, 140, 142, 173, Han Kung , 811 182, 625, 654, 696. See also Han-lin Lin-an Academedian (Han-lin hsüeh-shih Hang-chou pa-tu . See Eight ), 340, 341, 343, 371, Battalions of Hang-chou 515, 527, 669, 757 Hao Ching , 870, 895–896, Academy, 361, 520 926–927, 939

glossary–index 1039

Hao-chou , 126, 146, 813 Ho-chien , 637, 641 Hao Ch’u-chun¨ , 522–523 Ho Chih-chung, 582 Hao-shui-ch’uan , 308–309, 420, Ho-chou ,xi 550 Ho-chou2 ,xi Harmonious Grain (ho-ti ) levy, 893, Ho-chou3 , 706 895 Ho-chou4 , 869–870, 918, 920, Hartwell, Robert M., 33, 35, 954 589 Ho-chung , 47, 61, 65, 108 headman, neighborhood (fang-cheng Ho Hsien , 677 ), 427 Ho-huang, 23 Heavenly Texts, 271, 273, 275, 277, Ho-pei 279 drill and review (chiao-yüeh ) in, heaven’s mandate. See Mandate of 412 Heaven emergency spending in, during Liao heir and heir apparent (t’ai-tzu ), threat, 311 279, 336, 338, 753–754, 760, independent governors of, 39, 43–44, 767, 771, 811, 834, 835, 836, 59 915. See also adoption; “sons,” invaded by the Liao army, 262 imperial (huang-tzu ) Investigation Commissioner, 60 Heng-chou2 , 331 and Kuo Jung , 122 Heng-shan , 475, 620 land tax remission in, 250 Heng-shan Fort , 331 and Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , 70 hides, 684 and Liao cavalry, 222, 249 Highest Purity sect (Shang-ch’ing), 610, and Liao Mu-tsung , 220 611 redistributive reform in, 393 Hino Kaisaburo,¯ 178, 187 in the second Sung-Chin war, 642, hired service (service exemption, mu-i 643 fu), 419–429, 437, 500–504 service-exemption policy in, fees (mu-i ). See service-exemption Sung concern with, 315 fees (mein-i ch’ien) Sung defense of, 309–310 policy (mu-i ), 591–593. See also Ho-shan yuan,¨ 660 service-exemption policy (mien-i Ho-shang Plain (Ho-shang yüan), 795, fa ) 800 revived, 544–546 Ho-she-li Chih-chung historian. See specific actor (d. 1213), 795, 819 histories (shih), 41 Ho-shih-lieh Chih-ning , 716, dynastic, 41, 793 717, 718 private writing of, 692 Ho Tan , 766, 778 Historiography Institute (kuo-shih kuan Ho Te-lun , 62 ), 254, 276, 538 ho-ti . See Harmonious Grain levy Ho Ch’eng-chu¨ (946–1006), ho-tu . See ferry crossings, 263 government Ho-chi chü . See Public Pharmacies Ho-t’u . See Yellow River chart

1040 glossary–index

Ho-tung hou (empress). See specific actor army defeated by Later Liang, 59 Hou Shu-hsien , 393 and Chu Wen , 48, 51, 53 household, 227, 232, 409 drill and review (chiao-yüeh ) in, on duty (ying-tang men-hu ), 412 437 and Feng Tao , 61 grading system, 402, 416, 419–421, fortified, 551 500, 544–545, 546. See also and Han Ch’i , 307 service-exemption fees (mein-i independent governors of, 44 ch’ien) and Li K’o-ning , 53–54 self-registration (shou-shih and Li K’o-yung , 39 fa ), 452 and Li Shou-chen , 109 guest (k’o-hu ), 394 and Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , 58, 70 lower-grade (hsia-hu ), 501 and Liu Chih-yuan¨ , 104 regulations (chia-fa), 461 and Liu Ch’ung , 112–114 resident (chu-hu ), 394 and Liu Jen-kung , 47 tenant (tien-hu), 191, 192 and Liu Shou-kuang , 60 upper-grade (shang-hu ), 501 North, 818 Hsi-an , 47, 551. See also plundered by A-pao-chi , 64 Ching-ch’ao fu recovered, 551 Hsi-ch’eng so . See Western Wall redistributive reform in, 393 Bureau in the second Sung-Chin war, 640, hsi-ch’ien (net returns), 433 642 Hsi-ching , 818 strategic importance of, 42–43 Hsi-chou (Hui-chou ), 61, Sung concern with, 315 625 Ho-tung circuit , 11, 14 Hsi-ho , 23, 468, 549 holiday, national, 282 Hsi-ho-chou , 795, 853. See also Honan , 34, 42, 43, 46, 47, 60, 63, Min-chou 66 Hsi Hsia , 4, 16, 17, 22, 27, 33, Hopei , 48, 284 206, 251–254, 268, 272, 352, horses and horsemen, 77, 95, 221, 251, 354–355, 818 252, 253, 351, 471, 684, 792, Duke of, 251 862, 864, 928. See also cavalry Hui-tsung’s campaigns against, household (hu-ma ), 471 614 land in return for (chi-t’ien rapproachment with, 505–508 mu-ma ), 471 Shao-sheng offensives against, pao-chia , 471 548–551 pao-ma (mutual security horse 1081–83 war with, 505 pasturage), 471, 494 war with, 300–316, 348 procuring, 27 Hsi-ning2 , Tsinghai province, 26, hospital network, state-funded, 597 466 hostages. See specific actor Hsi-p’ing, Prince of, 251 Hostel for Imperial Clansmen (Mu-ch’in Hsi-tsung (r. 1135–49), 677, 682, chai ), 296 688, 704

glossary–index 1041

Hsia administrative and financial control Emperor of the Great (Ta Hsia of, 747 huang-ti ), 302 ambition to secure former territory, King of, 251 736 Hsia Chen , 808, 836, 922 crisis over burial site for, 775–776 Hsia-chou , 251, 473 and defensive foreign policy, 732–737 rebellion at (910), 54 devotion to his father, 752 Hsia-hsi-chou , 329 effect of death of Kao-tsung on, Hsia Hui-tsung (r. 1068–86). See 756 Wei-ming Ping-ch’ang 1163 campaign of, 32 Hsia Shih-lin , 940 favorites of, 726–728 Hsia Sung (985–1051), 282, 285, financial administration of, 728–731, 290, 303, 321 748–752 hsiang. See canton and financial reform, 730–731 Hsiang-chou , 54, 95, 180, 268, 298 and foreign relations after 1174, Hsiang-chou2 , 104–105 738–755 hsiang-chün . See army, prefectual frugality of, 712, 730–731, 749 troops inner court of, 726–728 hsiang-hu ya-ch’ien . See supply and his ministers, 721–725 master posts and Kao-tsung after abdication, Hsiang Min-chung , 346 711 hsiang-ping . See militia, local Hsiao T’ung (Prince Chao-ming Hsiang River , 5, 178 , 501–53), 255. See also Hsiang-shan , on an overland trade Prince Chao-ming route, 182 Hsieh, Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou hsiang shu-shou . See canton scribe ), 928, 929–930, Hsiang-yang , 674, 795, 827, 865, 934–936, 941, 945, 946, 957. 866, 918, 920, 921, 922–923, See also Hsieh Ch’iao 927, 928 Hsieh, Empress, 771. See also Hsieh Hsiao, Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou Ch’iao ; Hsieh, Dowager ), 249, 262–266, 270 Empress (huang t’ai-hou ) Hsiao-ching . See Book of filial piety Hsieh2, Dowager Empress (huang Hsiao Han , 103, 105 t’ai-hou ), 809 hsiao-hsing . See names, small Hsieh Ch’iao , Empress (1210–83), Hsiao T’a-lan (?-1004), 266. See 873. See also Hsieh, Dowager also Hsiao, Dowager Empress Empress (huang t’ai-hou ); Hsiao T’e-mo , 310 Hsieh, Empress Hsiao-tsung (Chao Shen, 1127–94, Hsieh Ching-wen , 371, 377 r. 1162–89), 31, 708, 913. See Hsieh Fang-shu , 880, 886–887, also Chao Po-ts’ung; Chao Shen 888, 892, 893, 904 (Hsiao-tsung , 1127–94, Hsieh Kuo-jan , 742 r. 1162–69); Chao Yuan-fen¨ Hsieh Liang , 659 abdication of, 737 Hsieh Shen-fu , 778, 781, 789, accomplishments of, 710, 754–755 930

1042 glossary–index

hsien . See county HsuI¨ (1170–1219), 803, 811, Hsien-jen, Dowager Empress (huang 817 t’ai-hou ), 687, 688, Hsu¨ Kuo (d. 1225), 826, 847–848 708 Hsu¨ Meng-hsin (1126–1207), Hsien-t’ung era (860–73), 153 558 Hsin, Prince (d. 1140), 663 HsuPu¨ , 833 Hsin-ch’eng, 928 HsüTzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien Hsin Ch’i-chi (1140–1207), 792, , 526, 558 793, 899 HsuWen¨ , 66, 161, 165–167 Hsin-chou , 87 HsuWen¨ 2, 666 Hsin-chou2 , 625 Hsu¨ Ying-lung , 911 Hsin-chou3 , 298, 299 Hsu¨ Ying-piao , 945 hsin-fa . See New Policies HsuY¨ uan-chieh¨ , 883 Hsin-hsiang , 63 Hsuan-chou¨ , 138 Hsin T’ang-shu (New T’ang hsüan-fushih . See Pacification documents), 153 Commissioner (ching-lüehan-fu hsin-ts’ai ch’ien . See cash, shih ) sustenance Hsüan-huiyüan . See Court of Hsing, Empress, 687 Palace Attendants Hsing-ch’ing, 551 Hsuan-jen¨ , Dowager Empress Hsing-chou , 72 (huang t’ai-hou , r. Hsing-chou2 , 473 1085–93), 25, 480–482, 519, Hsing-chou3 , 803 522–524. See also Kao, Empress; hsing-chünssu-ma . See adjutant Kao, Lady Hsing-mi, 147–148 opposition to reforms, 484 Hsing Shu , 377, 479–480, 565 and the New Policies, 561 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, Hsuan-jen¨ regency (1085–93), 542 484–531 plot to depose Chao Hsu¨2 , 486 Hsuan-te¨ Gate incident (1073), 455 Hsing-yuan¨ , 157 Hsuan¨ Tseng , 898 Hsiu-chou (Chia-hsing ), Hsueh¨ Ch’ing, 664 626 Hsueh¨ Hsiang (1016–81), 354, Hsiung Pen , 456 377, 403, 449 Hsu¨ Chi-chih (d. 1201), 778 Hsueh¨ Wen-yu¨ , 84 Hsu¨ Chih-hsun¨ , 166 hsün-chien . See inspector, military Hsu¨ Chih-kao , 161, 163, Hsun-tzu¨ (fl. 298–238 bce), 166–167, 189, 200. See also 389 Li Pien hu-chang . See household chief Hsu¨ Ching-t’ung , 167 Hu Chin-ch’en (d. 1193), 766 Hsu-chou¨ , 795 Hu-chou , 939 Hsu-chou¨ 2 , 55 Chao Hung’s exile to, 839 Hsu¨ Hsi , 476–477 1225 rebellion at, 840–843 Hsu¨ Huai-te , 305 Hu Ch’uan,¨ 679, 680

glossary–index 1043

Hu Ch’un,¨ 713 Huan-chou , 87 hu-fa shan-shen . See “Divine Huan-sh’ing, 549 Protector” Huang Ch’ao , 134–135, 138–140, Hu Hung , 784 147, 148, 150, 156–157, 172 hu-ma . See horses, household and Ch’ang-an , 42, 66 Hu Meng-yu¨ , 843 in Ch’ang-n, 39 Hu-pu . See Ministry of Finance and Ch’in Tsung-chuan,¨ 43 Hu-pu ssu . See Census Bureau and Chu Wen , 43, 49, 55 Hu San-hsing , 182, 196 defeated by Li K’o-yung , 39 Hu Shun-chih (1083–1143), 446 and the Eight Battalions, 142 Hu Su , after Jen-tsung, 337 and Kao P’ien , 144 Hu Tan (chin shih 978), 260 rebellion (875–84), 40, 146, 206, Hu Tsai-hsing , 827, 829 251 Hu Tsung-yu (1029–94), 375 and the Southern Han, 153 Hua-chou , 47 and Szechwan, 155 Hua-chou2 , 66, 91, 283 Huang-ch’eng ssu . See Capital Hua-chou3 , 542 Security Office Hua-hsüeh. See School of Painting Huang Ch’ien-shan (d. 1129), Hua-shih wang . See “flower and 649 rock network” huang-chih (imperial nephews). See Huai , Chia Ssu-tao and defense adoption of, 918 Huang-chou , 928, 933 huai-jou . See “way of softness” Huang-chou2 , 617 Huai-nan Huang-fu Pin , 806 campaign, 127–128 Huang-fu Yu¨ , 95 and Chao K’uang-ning , 50 Huang Hsia-fu (?-c. 1006), 183 and Chou Shih-tsung , 201 huang-k’ao . See “imperial deceased drought in, 118 father” and Kuo Jung , 125 Huang K’uang-chung, 11, 12, 13 and the Later Shu, 124 Huang Lu¨ , 463, 537 local emperors in, 53 huang-nü (imperial daughters). See on an overland trade route, 182 specific actor and P’ang Hsun¨ , 137 huang-po . See “deceased imperial part of Chiang-Huai , 143 paternal uncle” and Sun Ju , 149 Huang Shang (1146–94), 761, 774, and Yang Hsing-mi , 43, 48, 777, 779 50, 53, 134, 146–147, 178 Huang Shih-mi , 331 Huai River , 4, 10, 29, 43, 124, Huang Shih-yung , 882 222 Huang-shui Valley Huai-te Army , 126 huang t’ai-fei (imperial mother, Huai-yuan,¨ 308 dowager consort). See specific actor Huan-ch’ing, 23, 301, 312, 314, 469, huang t’ai-hou (dowager empress). 551 See specific actor

1044 glossary–index

Huang-t’ai-hou i-chih . See Hung-ao tsei . See Red-jacket Compendium of rituals and bandits paraphernalia of the Dowager Hung-chin . See Red Turbans Empress Hung-chou , 130, 147 Huang Ti, 798 Hung-lu ssu . See Court of State Huang T’ing-chien , 575 Ceremonial Huang Ts’ung , 951 Hung Mai (1123–1202), 723 Huang Tu (1138–1213), 777, 780, Hung-shou2, 549 812 Hung T’ien-hsi , 888, 904, huang-tzu . See “sons,” imperial 905 Huang Wei , 331 Hupei , migration to, 700 Huang Yung , 940 Hupei modern province, 10, 48, 54 hui-fu (recovery or reconquest of Hymes, Robert P., 35, 589, 612 lost territory). See irredentism Hui-ling, Prince, 704–706. See also I-chin-kuan , 129 Wan-yen Liang (Prince I-chou , 632 Hai-ling ,r.1149–61) I-chou2 , 223, 257 Hui-tsung (Chao Chi , I-chou3 , 329 1082–1135,r.1100–26), 26, i-chün . See army, “Righteous” 27, 29, 30, 551, 575, 644, 677. I-hsüeh . See School of Medicine See also Chao Chi i-i chih-i . See playing barbarians (Hui-tsung, 1282–1135,r. off against each other 1100–1126) i-ko . See deferrals, payment abdication of, 636 i-kuan chih tsu . See families of death of, in captivity, 643 great officials enthronement controversy of, i-p’ei . See loans, forced 561–562 I-shih t’ang . See Policy expansionist border policies of, 617 Deliberation Hall extravagance of, 602–606 I-Ting, 47, 59, 60, 65 historiographic issues surrounding, independent governors of, 44 556–637 I-tu , 848 popular uprisings during the reign of, i-yung . See army, of righteous braves 622–627 illness. See specific actor or malady promoting Taoist religion and ritual, impeachment. See specific actor 583, 606–614 Imperial Ancestral Temple (T’ai-miao stripped of imperial status, 642 ), 697, 887 and Taoism, 602 Imperial Bodyguard (shih-wei ch’in-chün traditional historiography of, 602 ), 75, 82 hui-tzu . See currency, paper Imperial Bureau of Music (Chiao-fang hui-yao . See Compendium of the ), 697 institutions of the dynasty Imperial Clan, expanding institutions of Hunan , 10, 133, 148, 150, 154, the, 600–602 178, 180, 199–200, 227, 466 Imperial Clan Academy (Tsung-hsüeh migration to, 700 ), 883, 889

glossary–index 1045

Imperial Elite (Pan-chih ), 234 (Ch’in-ting ku-chin yu-shu Imperial encyclopedia of the T’ai-p’ing chi-cheng, 1726–28), 255 hsing-kuo era (T’ai-ping impiety, filial, 784 yü-lan), 254–255 imports. See specific commodity “imperial father,” 94. See also adoption incense, commercial permits for sale of, Imperial Guard 430 and Ching Yen-kuang , 97 infantry, 218 and Fan Yen-kuang , 90 infidelity. See specific actor and Kao Wei, 114 informants, 219 and Kuo Jung , 120–121 Inner Asia and Kuo Wei , 118 marker of state formation in, 16 and Li Ssu-chao , 87 state building in, 10th to 13th and Liu Ch’eng-yu , 107 centuries, 15–19 and Liu Chih-yuan¨ , 107 insanity. See specific actor and Li Ssu-yuan¨ , 75 insignia, T’ang imperial dynasty, 65 and Shih Ching-t’ang , 91, inspector (hsün-chien ), prefectural 92 military, 410 and Te-kuang , 102, 104 Institute for the Veneration of Literature and Tu Ch’ung-wei and Li (Ch’ung-wen yüan ), 376 Shou-chen , 101 insurrections. See rebellions. See also Imperial Library, 254, 294 specific incident, instigator, or Imperial Provisioning Bureau (Ying-feng location chü), 604, 624, 625, 626 integrity. See specific actor Imperial Seminar (ching-yen ), intendants 282 circuit (chien-ssu ), 383, 748 Imperial Tomb, commissioner of the, fiscal (chuan-yünshih ), 280 231–233, 312, 379, 424 Imperial Treasury, 749 judicial (t’i tien hsing-yü), 380 Imperial Treasury of Awards (yü-ch’ien military (shuai-ch’en ), 232, 748, chuang-kuan chi-shang k’u 752 ), 751 for military drill and review (t’i-chü Imperial University (T’ai-hsüeh ), chiao-yüeh-shih), 413 319, 694 interest, 396, 432, 497, 504. See also curricula under Northern and Green Sprouts Southern Sung, 901 Green Sprouts, 546 demonstration at, protesting Chao Ju and the guild exemption fees, 547 Yu’s¨ dismissal, 781 hired service, 592 pacificism among students at, 829 on State Trade loans, 547 student demands for Ch’iao surplus emergency fee surtax Hsing-chien’s execution, 821 (k’uan-sheng ch’ien ), and Tao-hsüeh , 897–906 592 and Ting Ta-ch’uan,¨ 889 interregnum. See specific actor or event Imperially approved synthesis of books and Investigating Censor (chien-ch’a yü-shih illustrations past and present ), 495, 517, 680

1046 glossary–index

Investigation and Prosecution Bureau Jurchen Chin. See Chin (1115–1234) (Su-li so), 540–541. See also Su-li so K’ai feng, 30, 55, 90, 105, 264, 682, iron, 202, 225 820, 852, 855, 858, 862, 879. Iron Hawks (t’ie-yao), 477 See also Pien-chou irredentism, 23, 24–25, 26, 28, 263, as capital, 94 353, 457, 464, 549, 858 and the Chin, 646 irrigation, 172–174, 208, 729. See also drought in, as portent, 499 water control by 895, 42 ivory, 184, 186 fall of (1127), 28 during the Five Dynasties, 38 Jao-chou , 920, 933, 937 fortifications of, 234 Japan, 253 and Han Ch’i , 307 jen-chu chih ch’üan . See imperial hired service policy in, 440 perogative and the Khitan , 20 Jen Fu , 308–309 and Kuo Jung , 121 jen-hsia . See chivalry and Kuo Wei , 110, 118 Jen Huan , 73, 75, 77, 78 as Later Chou capital, 209 Jen-to-ch’uan¨ , 621 and Li Shou-chen , 108 Jen-tsung (Chao Shou-i, Chao Chen and Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , 65, 67 , 1010–63,r.1022–3), 25, and Liu Ch’eng-yu , 107 31, 279, 338, 342, 347, and the Mongols, 34 350–351, 354, 689 mutiny at (c. 916), 63 administration problems during reign pao-chia regulations for, of, 326–328 408–414 imperial women of, 334–335 and Pien-chou , 52 southern conflicts during the reign of, sacked by Jurchen , 615 329 in the second Sung-Chin war, 641 Jen-tsung shih-lu . See Jen-tsung seige of, 637 veritable record service-exemption policy in, 402 Jen-tsung veritable record (Jen-tsung shih-lu state trade bureau in, 430–431 ), 339 state trade in, 405, 406 jewels, 303 as the Sung capital, 203 jih-li . See Daily Calendar surrendered by Chin, 677 Ju-chou , 87 and T’ai-tsu , 219 ju-chung fa . 302. See also exchange as T’ai-tsu’s capital, 222 “provisioning,” grain and Te-kuang , 102, 104 Ju-hsüeh . See Confucianism and Wang Yen-chang , 66 Judicial Control Office (Shen-hsing yüan water control in, 283 ), 240 K’ai-hsi war (1206–07), 32, jujube, 440 789–795, 824, 852, 908 Jung-chou , 328 k’ai yen-lu . See remonstrance, jung-kuan . See officials, “opening channels of supernumerary K’ai-yüanssu-pu lu, 294

glossary–index 1047

Kan-chou , 147. See also Ch’ien-chou Kao Ts’ung-hui , 104, 106 Kao Ts’ung-mei (r. 929–48), 183, Kan-chou2 , 300 196 Kan River , 5, 178 Kao Ying-sun , 944 Kang-chou , 951 Kao Yu¨ , 174, 176, 180, 181 K’ang, Prince, 29, 637, 639. See also k’ao . See “deceased father” Chao Kou; Chou Kou (Prince kei-t’ien mu-jen . See land, in K’ang); Sung Kao-tsung return for service K’ang-chou , 332 Ken-yüeh . See Northeast K’ang I-ch’eng , 82, 83 Marchmount K’ang Lu,¨ 651 keng-hsüfa . See system, rotation Kansu Corridor, 17, 22, 301 Keng Nan-chung, 641 Kansu modern province, xi, 79, 252, khagden. See khan 300, 352, 354, 466 khan, 15 Kansu-Tsinghai Highlands, 22 Khitan (Ch’i-tan), 4, 10, 20, Kao, Empress, 480. See also Hsuan-jen¨ 27–28, 44, 60, 61, 103, 206, Kao, Lady, 338. See also Hsuan-jen¨ 209, 221, 226, 354, 465 Kao Chi-ch’ang , 148, 173, 181, Khitan Liao empire, 12, 14, 16 183, 198 Hui-tsung’s campaigns against, 615 Kao Chi-chung (r. 948–60), 202 Khubilai khan (Hu-pi-lieh, r. Kao Chi-hsing (Kao Chi-ch’ang 126–94), 17, 869, 870, 872, , Prince of Nan-p’ing ), 895, 896, 897, 920, 927–928, 67, 79 937, 938, 939, 942, 954, 955 Kao Ch’i (d. 1220), 830 Kiangsi modern province, 130, 143, Kao Huai-cheng, 331 149, 178 Kao Huai-te , 217 Kiangsu modern province, xi, 34 Kao Jo-na , 323 king Kao-liang River , 248 commandery (chün-wang ), Kao P’ien , 144, 145, 170 158 Kao-p’ing , 120, 208, 211, 220–221 nation (kuo-wang ), 158, 189 Khitan-Northern Han invasions of kinsman. See clansmen (954 and 960), 11 klaghan, 870 Kao-t’ing Mountain , 940 Ko Huai-min , 314 Kao Ts’un-yu,¨ 473–476 Ko-men ssu . See Office of Audience Kao-tsung (Chao Kou, 1107–87, Ceremonies r. 1127–62), 29–30, 644–709, Ko Pi , 766 762. See also K’ang, Prince k’o-hu . See household, guest abdication of, 707, 708 Ko T’ien-ssu , 945 admiration of past emperors, 689–690 Kokonor Lake. See Ch’ing-hai (Kokonor) and court ceremonies, 697 Lake effect of death on Hsiao-tsung , 752 Korea, 33 and his councilors, 672 Korean Relations Institute (T’ung-wen and medicine, 707 kuan ), 541–543 restoration of (1129), 652 Kory (Korea), 863, 866

1048 glossary–index

Koryo, 250, 253 Kuang-nan circuits , 955 Kou-lung Ju-yuan¨ East, 5, 328–329 (1093–1154), 679, 680, 681 West, 5, 328, 329, 331 K’ou Chun (961–1023), 264, 269, Kuang-te , 933, 937 270, 277, 278, 280 Kuang-tsung (Chao Tun, Koch¨ u¨ , 863–864 1147–1200,r.1189–94), 31, Koten¨ (K’u-tuan), 863–864 913. See also Chao Tun Kracke, Edward A., Jr., 374 abdication of, 772 Ku Fan, 420 and Hsiao-tsung , 760, 767–768, ku-i-fa . See mu-i 785 Ku-ku-lung, 620 and medications, 759 Ku Lin , 516 reasons for opposition to, 769–771 Ku-ssu-lo (997–1065), 300, 303 reign of, 757–772 ku-wen (ancient style of writing), Kuang-tung, xi 319 Kuang-yuan-chou¨ , 331 Ku Yen-hui , 157 kuei-ching jen. See refugees Kua-chou , 948 Kuei-chou , 10, 147 K’uai-chi . See Shao-hsing Kuei-chou2 , 87 kuan-ch’a shih . See governors, civil; Kuei-chou3 (Kuei-lin ), 153, surveillance commissioner 332 Kuan-chung , 47, 50, 54, 107, 108 Kuei-lin , 153. See also Kuei-yang kuan-k’o shih . See scholars in residence Kuei-yang , 940. See also Kuei-lin Kuan Li , 772 Kuan-nan (south of the passes), Kuei-yang chien , 329 263, 266, 267, 268 K’uei-chou, 147, 328 Kuan Yu,¨ 686 K’uei-chou2 , 954 k’uan-sheng ch’ien . See surplus K’un-lun Pass , 333 emergency fee surtax kung2 . See tribute, annual Kuang-ch’in chai . See Hostel for kung3 . See Taoism, temples and Imperial Clansmen monastaries of Kuang-chou , 134, 153, 154, 177, Kung-chou , 331 184, 185, 227, 332. See also Kung Kuai , 564, 565 Canton; Canton (Kuang-chou Kung Mao-liang , 741–742 ) kung-shou . See yamen police for the Kuang-chou (modern Canton), 949, arrest of thieves 950, 951 Kung-ti , 947. See Chao Hsien Kuang-chou2 , 124, 448 (1271–1323) Kuang-hua , 795 kung-t’ien . See Public Fields measure kuang-hui ts’ang . See Universal Kung-t’ien so . See Public Lands Charity Graneries Bureau Kuang-i (T’ai-tsung ), 242–260 Kung-tsung (Chao Hsien , Kuang-ling , 165–166. See also 1271–1323,r.1274–76). See Yang-chou Chao Hsien (Ying-kuo

glossary–index 1049

kung, Kung-ti , 197, 200, 207, 210–211. See also Kung-tsung, 1271–1323, Chou T’ai-tsu (r. 951–54) r.1274–76) ancestral shrine of, 118 kung-wu ssu-shang . See “tributary contributions of, in strengthening goods and private merchandise” bureaucratic governance, 11 K’ung Ch’ien , 69, 70, 76 Kuo Yao-shih , 636 K’ung Tao-fu , 292 Kuo-yung fang . See Bureau of State K’ung Wen-chung (1038–88), Expenditure 365, 511, 519 Kwangtung modern province, 5, 133, banishment of, 543 209, 224, 226 K’ung Wu-chung, 365 Kweichow modern province, 226 K’ung Yen-chih, 365 K’ung Yen-chou (1107–61), labor service (fu-i ), 393 665 lady, palace. See women, palace Kuo, Empress, 289, 294, 334 Lai-chou , 178 Kuo2, Empress (1126–56), 758, 759 on an overland trade route, 182 Kuo, Lady, 292–293 Lake T’ai , 174 Kuo, Pure Consort, 293 Lan-chou , 473 Kuo Chih-chang, 549 land, 136, 208. See also “engrossers” and Kuo Ch’ung (908–65), 214, engrossment (chien-ping ) 215 accumulation, by the wealthy, 892 Kuo Ch’ung-t’ao , 69, 71–72 development and irrigation. See Kuo Jung (Ch’ai Jung , Chou agricultural lands and water Shih-tsung , 954–59), conservancy policy (nung-t’ien 118. See also Ch’ai Jung shui-li fa ) Kuo Kao (d. 1200), 798 distribution, 128 Kuo K’uei , 345 government (kuan-t’ien), 601, kuo-kung . See Duke of State 699 Kuo-le-chi (d. 1219), 822 government, ﬁscal rights to, 424 kuo-shih . See state history, dynastic government-leased (ying-t’ien ), history 798 Kuo-shih kuan . See Historiography grants of, 699 Institute “in return for service” policy (kai-t’ien Kuo Tsung-hsun¨ (Chou Kung-ti mu-jen), 423, 451 , 959), 130, 211. See also increasing arable, 699–701 Chou Kung-ti (r. 956) management (ying-t’ien ), 699 Kuo-tzu chien . See Directorate of owned by government schools, Education 700 Kuo Tzu-i , 69 public (kung-t’ien ), 627 kuo-wang . See king, nation; nation reclamation, 318 king, prince of the state; prince recovery of lost (hui-fu ), 720 of state state-run farms (t’un-t’ien ), Kuo Wei (Chou T’ai-tsu , 699 r. 951–54), 5, 109–112, 119, survey, 128, 893

1050 glossary–index

land (cont.) “Learning of the Way” (Tao-hsüeh ). “survey measure” (ching-chieh See Tao-hsüeh fa ), 701 leather, 117 tax. See tax, land legal system, 116, 123. See also law codes Land of Heavenly Abundance, 223 legitimacy, 52–55, 64, 81, 189, Land Survey and Equitable Tax policy 900–901, 949 (fang-t’ien chün-shuifa and Chao Yun,¨ 837 ), 393, 496–497 dynastic, 772 abolition of, 579, 582 and the Hsi Hsia , 619 restoration of, under Ts’ai Ching , of the Hsuan-jen¨ regency, 523 590–591 importance of Lao Tzu , 271 to Chang Pang-ch’ang , 647 Later Chin dynasty (936–47), 4, 38 to Chao Ch’i , 914–915 Later Chou dynasty (951–59), 4–5, 38, to Chu Wan, 52–55, 188 112, 207 to Kao-tsung , 650, 687 armies of the, 219 to Kuang-i , 243–244 assault on the north (958–59), to T’ai-tsu , 213 129–132 and Shih Ching-t’ang , 89–92 increase in prefectures of, 12 symbolic, 57, 65–66, 116, 128 and Northern Han (951–54), Lei Yun-kung¨ (?–1022), 112–119 280–281 Later Han dynasty (947–50), 38, letters of state, Chin, 738, 739 689 Levine, Ari D., 24 Later Liang dynasty (907–23), 5, 38, Li , Dowager Empress (huang 188, 206 t’ai-hou ), 291 between 907–15, 52–61 Li , Empress (960–1004), 260 Later Shu dynasty (934–65), 10, 123, Li2 , Empress (1145–1200), 759–760, 134, 160, 163, 209, 220 761–762, 767, 771, 772, 773 965 campaign against, 14 Li , Lady, 279, 289 prefectures in, 12 Li Ch’ang , 434 Later T’ang dynasty (923–36), 38, 66, Li Ch’ang-ling (937–1008), 260 164 Li Chen , 48, 57 establishment of, 67–74 Li Ch’eng , 665–666, 674 first challenge to authority of, 79 Li-chi . See Book of rites Lau Nap-yin, 11, 12, 13 Li Chi , 452, 475, 477 law. See specific law or measure Li Chi-chi , 71, 73 law codes, 57, 128 Li Chi-ch’ien (?-1004), 252 of Chu Wen (910), 68 Li Chi-p’eng , 251–252 of the T’ang dynasty, of Chu Wen Li-chih chü . See Department of (910), 68 State Affairs, Ritual Regulations Law Codes of the Great Chou (Ta Chou Office hsing-t’ung ), 126 Li Chin-ch’uan¨ , 95 leaders, patrol (hsün-chien ), 301 Li Ching (r. 943–61), 124–125, learning, Szechwanese, 512 127, 198–200, 201

glossary–index 1051

Li Ch’ing-ch’en, 533 and Li Mao-chen , 54 and palace examination, 533 and Liu Jen-kung , 43 Li Ch’ing-ling, 260 and Lu-chou , 53 Li Ch’iung , 670, 676, 677 and Yang Hsing-mi , 146 Li-chou2 , 157 Li Ku, 115, 124 Li-chou3 , 833 Li Kuang (1077–1155), 680–681, Li-chou4 , 657 693 Li Ch’un-nien (d. 1159), 701 Li Kuei , 802 Li Ch’ung-chin (?–960), 114, Li Liang-tso (r. 1048–67), 22 118, 124, 131, 214–215, 216, Li Mao-chen , 42, 46–47, 48, 53, 229, 245 54, 67, 157, 164 Li Ch’ung-chu¨ , 236 Li Ming-fu , 882, 903 Li Ch’uan¨ (d. 1231), 34–35, Li Mu , 781 824–827, 829, 840, 841, Li O-tu, 620 847–852, 853, 872, 896 Li Pang-yen, 637, 638, 640 and Mongols, 848–849 Li Pi (1159–1222), 792, 808, 811, Li Fu2 , 827, 849 814 Li Hao-i (d. 1207), 802, 803 Li Pien (r. 937–42). See Hsu¨ Li Heng , 949, 950, 955 Chih-kao Li Hsiang , 897 Li Shao-jung , 73 Li Hsien , 473–476, 507 Li Shih-ning, 451 Li Hsien-chung , 717 Li Shou-chen (Prince of Ch’in), Li Hsin-ch’uan (1167–1244), 101, 108–109 664, 810, 883 Li Shuang , 806 Li Hung , 298 Li Shun (?-c. 994), 257 Li I-ch’ao , 81 Li Shun-ch’en, 72 Li I-yin (King of Hsia, r. 935–67), Li Shun-chu¨ , 477 251 Li Ssu-chao , 54, 58, 65, 67 Li Jang , 148 Li Ssu-yuan¨ (T’ang Ming-tsung Li Jen-fu , 54 , 926–33), 71, 72–82, 87, Li Jen-ta, 169 165 Li Jo-ku , 300 Li Sung , 97, 100, 108 Li Ju-i, 806 Li T’ai-tsung (r. 1028–54), 333 Li Kang (1083–1140), 637, 638, Li T’an , 851, 872, 896–897 639, 640, 645, 646, 648–649, Li Tao , 759 663, 666, 667 Li Tao-ch’uan , 893 Li K’o-jui (d. 978), 251 Li T’ao (1115–84), 526, 558 Li K’o-ning , 53 Li Te-ming , 300 Li K’o-yung (Prince of Chin, Li Ti , 280, 290 895–908), 58, 72, 165 Li Ting (1028–87), 365, 375 and Ch’ang-an , 43 Li T’ing-chih (d. 1276), 922, and Chu Wen , 46–48, 49, 51, 927, 934, 937, 947, 948, 949 52, 53 li-ts’ai . See resources, management defeated Huang Ch’ao , 39 of

1052 glossary–index

Li Ts’an , 395 Liang-che circuit , 133, 143, 419, Li Ts’un-hsu¨ (T’ang 421, 622–626 Chuang-tsung ,r. East, 143 923–26), 53–54, 58, 59, 62–74, West, 143 164, 165 Liang-chou , 79, 300 military reorganization of (908), 70 liang fu . See “two authorities” southern offensive of (918–19), 64 Liang Keng-yao , 444 Li-tsung (Chao Yun,¨ 1205–64,r. liang-ku . See merchants, worthy 1224–64), 33, 34, 905. See also Liang Mo-ti (r. 913–23), 179. See Chao Yun¨ (Li-tsung, 1205–64, also Chu Yu-chen r. 1224–64) Liang Shih , 311, 313 and Chia Ssu-tao , 916 Liang Shih-ch’eng (d. 1126), 605, compassionate endeavors of, 872 638 and Confucian ideals, 873 liang-shui . See tax, double and domestic concerns, 906 Liang T’ai-tsu (r. 907–12). See and public opinion, 872 Chu Wen sexual intemperance of, 874, Liang T’ao , 510, 516, 518, 913 537 and Tao-hs¨ueh , 874 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, Li Tsung-mien , 859, 865, 880 542 Li Tsung-o (964–1012), 276 banishment of, 542 Li Ts’ung-chang , 84 and Chang Shun-min , 517 Li Ts’ung-hou (T’ang Min-ti and Teng Wen-po, 527 , 933–34), 82, 83 Liang-tso (1046–67), 4, 343, 352–353, Li Ts’ung-i (Han Kao-tsu , 354 r. 947–48), 105 Liao , 20, 22, 23, 27–28, 221–222, Li Ts’ung-k’o (T’ang Fei-ti , 247, 262, 627 934–36), 82 imperial cavalry of, 221, 222 Li Ts’ung-min , 84 Liao dynastic history (Liao shih) , 103, Li Tzu (d. 1036), 284, 290 242, 249 Li Wei , 334 Liao dynasty (907–1125), 131 Li-yang , 63 Liao Hsing-tsung (r. 1031–55), Li Yen, 591, 627, 638 311. See Tsung-chen Li Yin-heng , 162 Liao Kang (1071–1143), 670 Li Yung-ho, 289 Liao-Later Chin alliances (936–42), Li Yu¨ (r. 960–75), 204–205, 87–97 227 Liao-Later Chin war (c. 943–47), 97, Li Yuan-hao¨ (r. 1032–48), 21, 22, 103 300, 314–315, 352 Liao Mu-tsung (r. 951–69), 220. Li Yuan-li¨ (d. 1210), 831–832 See also Ching Li Yun¨ (?–960), 214, 215, 229, Liao Sheng-tsung (r. 982–1031), 245 249, 288 Liang, Dowager Empress (huang Liao Shih-tsung (r. 947–51). See t’ai-hou) , 472, 475, 551 Wu-yu¨

glossary–index 1053

Liao Southern Capital (Yu-chou ), Liu, Empress (969–1033), 277, 279. See 98, 99, 129 also Liu, Dowager Empress Liao T’ai-tsu (r. 916–26). See (huang t’ai-hou) A-pao-chi Liu, James T. C. (Liu Tzu-chien), 784, Liao T’ai-tsung (r. 926–47). 902 See Te-kuang Liu An-shih (1048–1125), 350, Liao T’ien-tso (r. 1101–25), 630, 510, 521, 523, 537 634 banishment of, 542 Liao-yang , 628 rehabilitation of, 564 Liao Yen-jou , 151 and Teng Wen-po, 527 library. See specific library Liu ancestral temple, 111 Lieh Harbor , on an overland trade Liu Ch’ang (r. 958–71), 203–204, route, 182 227 lieh-hsiao. See military officer Liu Ch’ang-kuo , 803 Lien Chung-yu¨ , 168 Liu Ch’ang-lu , 162 Lien Heng-fu , 453–454 Liu Ch’ang-tso , 473–476 Lin-an , 28, 643, 654, 937–942, Liu Cheng (1129–1206), 754, 757, 946, 948. See also Hang-chou 762, 765, 766–776, 787, 788, 790, 897 coup in, 805–812 and Kuang-tsung’s abdication, Lin-chiang , 933 771 Lin-chou , 309 140-day protest of, 767, 769, 770 lin-chü-hsiang-pao . See mutual and Tao-hsüeh , 770 guarantee group, neighorhood Liu Cheng2, 535 Lin Hsi , 536 Liu Cheng-fu, 580 Lin Hsien-k’o , 287, 290 Liu Cheng-yen , 650–651 Lin-huang , 629 Liu Ch’eng-chun¨ (Han Lin Ling-su , 611–612, 613 Hsiao-ho-ti , 955–68), Lin Ta-chung (1131–1208), 761, 129 777, 780, 788, 814, 815 Liu Ch’eng-kuei , 272 Lin Te-yang , 960 Liu Ch’eng-yu (Han Yin-ti, Lin T’e , 272 948–50), 107, 110, 210. See also Lin Yen-yu¨ , 183 Han Yin-ti (r. 948–50) Ling-chou , 473, 475, 477 Liu Ch’i , 374 Ling-nan , 5, 10, 152, 153, 155, Liu Ch’i2 , 682 170, 182, 189 Liu Chien-feng , 149–150 Ling-pao. See Taoism , Ling-pao Liu Ch’ien (Chih-chien), 153–154, 210, (sect), 611, 1080 320 Ling-p’ing, 551 Liu Chih , 376, 420, 440, 491, 493, liquor, Southern Sung tax on, 698 510, 515, 524, 525–526, 538 literati (shih), 13 accused of factional treachery, Liu, Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou 528–529 , 969–1033), 285–291, and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung 292. See also Liu, Empress , 542

1054 glossary–index

Liu Chih (cont.) Liu Meng-yen , 936, 940 and amnesty for Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , Liu-nei chüan. See Bureau of Executory 528 Personel banishment of, 542 Liu P’ing , 301 censoral indictments of, 537 liu-pu . See six ministries and Chang Tun , 529 Liu Shen-chiao , 92 on drafted service, 503 liu-shen chin-shou. See conferences, illicit and “engrossers,” 442 private on fifth column, 522 liu-shou . See Resident Defender on hired-service, 437 liu-shou (regent). See specific actor and Hsing Shu , 529 Liu Shou-kuang (r. 911–13), and Liang T’ao , 518 59–61, 65 stripped of prestige titles, 574 Liu Shu , 374 and Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , 499 liu-su chiao-hsing chih jen . See and Tseng Pu , opportunist, vulgar Liu Chih-yuan¨ , 91, 96, 101, 112. liu-su ch’un-tang . See See also Han Kao-tsu conventionalists, party of (r. 947–48) Liu Sui, 287 and the Later Han (947–50), Liu Te-hsiu , 793 103–112 Liu Ts’an , 51 Liu Cho (d. 1227), 849 liu tsei . See Six Felons Liu Ch’u-jang , 91 Liu Ts’ung-hsiao , 169–170, Liu Chung-wu , 620, 621 757 Liu Ch’ung (Han Shih-tsu , Liu Ts’ung-te , 288 r. 951–95), 112–113, 120, 129 Liu Yen (r. 917–42), 155, 183, 185, Liu Chun¨ , 162 188, 195, 203 Liu clan, ancestral temples for, 286 Liu Yin , 153, 154–155, 170, 203 Liu Fa , 620, 621 Liu Ying-ch’i , 882 Liu Fu (b. 1217), 310, 905 Liu Yu¨ (1073–1143), 657–658, Liu Han-hung , 142 674 Liu Han-pi (d. 1244), 883, 884 Liu Yueh¨ , 287 Liu-ho , 125 Liu Yueh¨ 2 (1144–1216), 788 liu-hou . See commandant Liu Yun¨ , 111 Liu Hun-k’ang (1035–1108), 610 livestock. See cattle Liu I , 421, 438 Lo Chih-hsiang , 161 Liu Jen-kung , 43–44, 47, 48, 51, Lo Ch’ung-hsun¨ , 290 61 Lo faction . See factionalism; factions Liu Kuang-shih (1142–1222), Lo Hung-hsin , 47 654, 669, 676, 777, 780 Lo Jih-yuan¨ (d. 1209), 832–833 Liu Kuang-tsu , 785, 786, 788, Lo River text (Lo-shu) , 270 790, 794, 814, 820–821 Lo Shao-wei , 47, 51, 57 Liu K’uei, 580 Lo Shih-ch’uan (d. 1211), Liu Kung (1122–78), 727, 728, 831–832 734 Lo Tien , 774, 779

glossary–index 1055

Lo-yang , 30, 34, 38, 43, 48, 52, 73, Lu To-hsun¨ (934–85), 258–259 90–91, 105, 138, 207, 245, Lu Tsung-tao (966–1029), 280, 641, 858, 862 281, 284, 285–286, 288 Lo Yen-kuei , 217 Lu Wen-chin , 80 Lo Yu , 708 Lu Yen-hung , 156–157 loans. See also credit Lu Yun-sheng¨ , 887, 888 basic capitalization (pen-ch’ien) , Lu,¨ Empress, 762 396 Lu¨ Chia-wen , 406, 430, 431, 443, forced (i-p’ei) , 396, 416 449, 453, 497, 498 localism, 35 Lu¨ Chung, 514 locusts, 272, 279, 291, 324, 830, 872 Lu¨ Ho-ch’ing, 451 longan (lung-yen) fruit, 182 Lu¨ Hui (1014–71), 341–342, 369, looting, 213, 220, 226. See also pillage 373 Lou Chao (1088–1160), 681 Lu¨ Hui-ch’ing (1032–1110), 367, Lou-tse y¨uan . See Pauper’s 374, 375, 376, 378, 379, 381, Cemetery 382, 396, 401–402, 423, Lou Yin-liang , 653 450–452, 453 Lou Yueh¨ (1137–1213), 770, 777, Lu¨ I-chien (978–1044), 316–317 780, 788, 790, 812, 814, 815 and the Chi-chih ssu , 284 loyalist. See speciﬁc actor and Dowager Empress Lei, 281 loyalty, 45, 50, 66, 141–142, 207, 211, and Empress Kuo , 292–293 246, 290, 303, 317, 643, 944, and Fan Chung-yen , 297–299, 947–948, 951, 955–961. See also 322 allegiance and Hsiao T’e-mo , 310–311 lu . See regional circuit and Jen-tsung, 287, 289, 290, 292, Lu Chih, 676 299–300, 307, 313 Lu Chiu-yuan¨ (Lu Hsiang-shan, and Lady Ch’en, 293 1139–93), 788, 815. See also Lu and Lei Yun-kung¨ , 280 Hsiang-shan and monopoly reforms, 285 Lu-chou , 47, 49, 53–54, 58, 59, and Shih Chieh , 321 105, 120 and Sun Mien, 294 909 campaign, 54 and the T’ien-sheng recension, 285 Lu-chou2 , 145 and the Yu-ch’ing¨ chao-ying Palace Lu-chou3 , 328, 329, 897, 920, 954 , 286 Lu Hsia-fu (1238–79), 941, 946, 947, Lu¨ I-hao (1091–1139), 651, 652, 948, 951 653, 673, 680, 688 Lu Hsiang-shan. See Lu Chiu-yuan¨ as Commander-in-chief (Tu-tu) , (Lu Hsiang-shan, 1139–93) 667 Lu Hsiu-fu , 951, 952, 956, 957, Lu¨ Kung-chu (1018–81), 357, 958 375, 377, 378–379, 380, 464, Lu Kuang-ch’ou , 147, 154, 476, 477, 479, 481, 491, 493, 178 517, 519 Lu Shou-ch’in , 305, 307 alleged treachery of, 541 Lu Tien , 376 censoral indictments of, 537

1056 glossary–index

Lu¨ Kung-chu (cont.) luxuries, 186 and Chang Tun , 493 Ly (Chiao-chih) dynasty, 329 on drafted service, 503 opposition to Green Sprouts, Ma Chih (Chao Liang-ssu ), 628 490–491 Ma Chih-chieh , 276–277 posthumous honors recinded, 538 Ma Hsi-ch’ung , 198–199 and Shen-tsung, 454 Ma Hsi-fan (r. 932–46), 197 stripped of prestige titles, 541, 574 Ma Hsi-kuang (r. 947–49), 198 Lu¨ Kung-pi (1007–73), 344, Ma Hsi-o (r. 950–1), 198 406 Ma K’uo , 663 Lu¨ Sheng-ch’ing , 376, 451 Ma Ling , 161 Lu¨ Shih-k’uei , 949 Ma-ta , 106 Lu¨ Ta-fang , 341, 507, 512, 524, Ma Tuan-lin (c. 1254–1323), 207 525–526, 533, 537 Ma Yin (King of Ch’u), 54, 135, and amnesty for Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , 148, 149–150, 154, 158, 180, 528 181, 196 banishment of, recommended, 538 Ma Yung-ch’ing , 350 and Chang Tun , 539 “Madame” (fu-jen) , 785 deprived of prestige titles, 538 magistrates, 230. See also specific actor stripped of prestige titles, 574 male, taxable (ting2), 401 and Tseng Pu , Man (non-Chinese southwest ethnic Lu¨ T’ao , 423, 442, 495, 504, groups), 833 511 manager of affairs, joint (t’ung and Chang Shun-min , 517 p’ing-chang shih) , 157 and Ch’eng I , 519 Manager of National Security and Han Wei , 520 (p’ing-chang chün-kuoshih) on reformists, 532 , 791, 793 rehabilitation of, 564 Mandate of Heaven, 45, 65, 66, 67, 76, return to court, 521 84, 120, 213–214, 271, 835 and Su Shih , 515 manufacturing. See specific commodity Lu¨ Tsu-chien (d. 1196), 79, 788, Mao Chu, 581 789 Mao-t’ing k’o-hua , 176 Lu¨ Tsu-t’ai , 789–790, 814 Mao Wen-hsi, 175 Lu¨ Tuan (935–1000), 260, 261 market usage surtax (shih-li ch’ien) Lu¨ Wei-ch’ing, 423, 451 , 430, 441, 443, 449 Luan-chou¨ , 629 marriage. See alliances, marriage Lung-hsing2 , 933 marshal, grand (ta yüan-shuai), 651 Lung-hsing era (Eminent Marshal of the Various Circuits, 51 Ascendancy, 1163–65), 720 Masters of Imperial Interment (shan-ling Lung Ta-yuan¨ , 726–727 shih), 480, 493 Lung-yu, Dowager Empress (huang McGrath, Michael C., 21, 22 t’ai-hou) , 662. See also “mean and petty men,” 25, 376 Yuan-yu¨ , Dowager Empress Medical Service (Yao chü) , 872 Luo-wu-ch’eng , 470 medicinals, 185, 186, 430

glossary–index 1057

medicines, 184 Cheng Hsia’s, on Wang An-Shih mediocrities (yung-jen) , 363 , 449 Mei Chih , and prefecture schools, Chou K’uei’s, on auditing the 318 Ministry of Finance, 728 Mei-chou , 172 Chu Hsi’s Mei-lo-tu-pu, 551 on declining authority of chief memoranda (cha-tzu) , 246. See also councilors, 746 memorials on Hsiao-tsung’s reliance on Memorial Forwarding Ofﬁce (T’ung-chin personal associates, 745, 746, yin-t’ai ssu), 342, 365 784 memorials. See also “Myriad word Chu Kuang-t’ing’s, on Su Shi, 515 memorial”; remonstrance to Dowager Empress Liu , 287 on the abolition of the New Policies, on establishing an “acting” heir 488 apparent, 708 An Tun’s, on Investigation and Fan Ch’eng-ta’s, on receiving Chin Presecution Bureau, 540, letters of state, 735 541 on Fan Ch’un-jen and Wang Chang Fang-p’ing’s, on Shen-tsung, Ts’un, 525 452 Fan Chungyen and Fu Pi’s, on reform Chang K’o-kung’s, on Ts’ai Ching agenda, 318 , 581 on heir apparent, 298 Chang Shang-ying’s, critiquing on Jen-tsung, 287 Hsuan-jen,¨ 535 on ritual, 287 Chang Shih’s, on Chang Yueh¨ , on ﬁlial obligations, 341 728 Fu Pi’s against Chang Tun , 616 on circuit intendants, 318 Chang Tun’s, on the hired service on Shen-tsung, 452 system, 501 on Green Sprouts revival, 546 Chang Yung’s, on the Five Devils, Han Ch’i and P’ang Chi’s, on 272 portents, 299 on Chao Hung’s death, 842 Han Ch’i’s, 317 to Chen-tsung, 273, 274 Han Shih-tsung’s, on unreliability of Ch’en Ch’ao-lao’s, on Ts’ai Ching Chin, 678 , 581 Han Wei’s, on role of monarch, 355 Ch’en Chun-ch’ing’s¨ self-impeaching, Hu Ch’uan’s,¨ on Chin peace 724 settlement, 679 Ch’en Kuan’s, on Chang Tun , Hu Meng-yu’s,¨ on death of Chao 564 Hung, 843 Ch’en Tung’s of impeachment against Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ demanding execution of Hui-tsung and Chang Tun , 493 ministers, 638 from Imperial University against Shih on Li Kang , 639 Sung-chih , 883 Cheng Chu-cheng¨ and Liu Cheng-fu’s, of the interregnum, investigated for on Ts’ai Ching , 580 sedition, 573–574

1058 glossary–index

memorials (cont.) student, critizing Ts’ai Ching , interruption of, under Wang An-shih 572 , 449 student, to be scrutinized, 905 justifying blacklists, 576 Su Shih’s and Kao-tsung, 689 on Green Sprouts, 505 on Liang-tso raids, 344 on political conformity, 520 Liu An-shih’s, on reformist comeback, on surplus emergency fund, 504 522 Sun O’s, on hired service, 545 Liu Kuang-tsu’s, against Han Sun Shih’s, on the Five Devils, 272 T’o-chou , 786 T’ang Chiung’s, condemning reform, Lou Yin-liang’s, on imperial clan sons, 447 653 Teng Jo-shui’s, requesting execution Lu¨ Kung-chu’s of Shih-Mi-yuan,¨ 842 on jurisdictional limits, 492 Teng Jun-fu’s, on bowmen, 437 on need for unified council, 464 against the “three traitors,” 493 on Shen-tsung, 452 Ts’ai Ching’s Lu¨ Tsu-t’ai’s, denouncing Han accompanying art objects, 570 T’o-chou, 789 on anti-reform, 573 on the Mongols , 859 on clan issues, 601 Ou-yang Hsiu’s, on factions, 322 on the extension of Sung P’eng Kuei-nien’s, on visit of hegemony, 632 compassion, 768 on factionalism of anti-reformists, on Poorhouse policy, 598 573 against the Shen-tsung reforms, 492 on Green Sprouts revival, 546 on Shen-tsung’s accession, 398 on the salt monopoly, 594 Shih Hao’s on Ts’ai Ching’s dismissal, 581 against a large-scale military Ts’ai Wei’s, on plot to depose campaign, 716 Che-tsung, 542 on palace favorites, 744 Tsung Tse’s, on defense against Chin, Shih Mi-yuan’s,¨ on war policy, 807 650 Shih Sung-chih’s, 880 Tu Fan’s, on domestic problems, 881 against Shih Sung-chih’s mourning urging investigation of Yuan-yu¨ , waiver, 882 540 Ssu-ma Kuang’s urging termination of state trade critique of activist government, policy, 497 482 on verification of imperial orders, on drafted service, 501 723 on hired service, 489, 501 Wang An-shih’s on military drill, 495 on a finance planning commission, on monetizing the rural economy, 403 500 against land service, 452 on mutual security, 489 Wang P’u’s, on Tao, 123 on remonstrance, 481, 488 Wang Shu2’s, against Sung-Chin on Wang An-shih , 488–489 peace settlement, 679

glossary–index 1059

Wang Yen-sou’s metal-ware, 177, 184 on government loansharking, 505 meteor. See portents, cosmological on Ssu-ma Kuang , 508 Metropolitan Command (Shih-wei-ssu), Wei Chi-tsung’s, on trade crisis, 5, 208–209, 216, 217, 218, 234 405–406 Metropolitan State Trade Bureau, 406 Wei Liao-weng’s, on Shih Mi-yuan’s¨ Mi-chih, 473, 548 “eight failures,” 854 mi-pai . See orders, “confidential” Wu Ch’u-hou’s, on Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , Miao, Lady, 32, 334, 335 522 Miao Fu, 650–651 on Wu Ch’ung , 454 Miao-Liu mutiny (1129), 671 Wu Yung’s, on Mongol alliance, 858 Middle Yangtze region, 14 Yang Wan-li’s, on exercising imperial Mien-chou , 795, 853, 864 authority, 746 mien-hang ch’ien . See Men-hsia sheng . See Chancellery guild-exemption fee men-hsia shih-lang . See mien-i ch’ien . See service Chancellery, vice director of exemption, hired service Mencius , 815, 902 mien-i fa . See service-exemption Meng, Lady, 530 measure Meng Ch’ang (r. 934–65), migration, 160, 190, 191 202–203, 225 in the 1120s and 1130s, 699 Meng Chih-hsiang , 79, 163, north-south, 135–136 164–165, 202 militarization, and political authority, Meng-chou , 73 15 rebellion at, 91 military Meng Han-ch’iung , 78, 82, ability of, to choose own leaders, 83 44–45 Meng-ku-tai , 942 affairs commission (ching-lüeh-ssu), 23 Meng Kung , 855, 856–858, 860, -agricultural outposts (ying-t’ien) , 865, 868, 870 116–117, 125 Meng Tsung-cheng , 827 arts, and Hsiao-tsung, 734 mercenaries (mu-ping) , 409 branding soldiers, 471. See also tattoo merchants, 98. See also Collateralized “cohesive squad” measures (chieh-tui Loan Stations; “engrossers” fa), 471 (chien-ping) ; Metropolitan colony system (t’un-t’ien) , 733 State Trade Bureau; combined battalion (ching-ping), 471 “provisioning” (ju-chung) command (chih-hui) , 471 method of; specific commodities; company (pu), 471 specific monopolies; state trade control of policy (shih-i fa) ; trade; under Kao-tsung, 667–671 verification, certificate of under T’ai-tsu, 215–220 worthy (liang-ku) , 405 drill and review (chiao-yüeh) , 27, merit-evaluation system, 748 410, 412–413, 445, 495 messengers (ch’eng-t’ieh jen) , 428 exercises, 740. See also military drill office (ch’eng-fu) , 398 and review (chiao-yüeh)

1060 glossary–index

military (cont.) servitor (shih-ch’en) , 413 expansion, under Chu Wen squad (tui), 471 (895–907), 45–61 structure (tui-fa) , 413 families, hereditary, 22 supervisor, 72, 76 forces, administration and troops, regional (ya-chün) , 91 deployment of, 233–237 Military Academy (Wu-hsüeh) , 27, of frontier tribal troops (fan-ping) 470 , 235 Military Affairs Commissioner, 109, garrison fields, 208, 219 110, 115, 122 generals, 4, 676, 686, 744 Military and Civil Affairs (chih chün-fu control of, 49, 669–671 shih) , Director of, 142, and hereditary control over regional 152 armies, 798 military families, hereditary. See and imperial armies (chin-chün) , bureaucracy; civil service 233–235, 310, 348 militia (min-ping) , 312, 325, 881, unfit soldiers from, 235, 733 921 inspector (hsün-chien) , 407 “bowmen” (kung-shou) , 403. See local troops (ping-shih), 407 also archers “loyal and righteous” (chung-i-chün) i-yung system, 413, 495 , 823–827 local (hsiang-ping) , 234 loyalist (i-shih) , 733, 793, 804, officials (chün-chiang) , 145 823–827, 828, 832, 896 popular (t’u-t’uan) , 140 mixed battalion (chiang), 471 “militocracy,” tenth century, 11 officer (lieh-hsiao), 158 Min, 5, 10, 150–152 corps revitalization, 27 King of (Min wang), 158 palace. See Palace Army local emperors in, 53 patrol units (hsün-chien) , 328 Ruler of (Min chu) , 168 people’s army (min-ping) , 409 Min-chou , 660 prefectural troops (hsiang-chün) , Min chu . See Min, Ruler of 234 Min Hsu¨ , 148–149 private army, 150, 219, 666, 668, 671 Min K’ang-tsung, 179 power, separated from civil, 236–237 Min kingdom (909–45), 133, 159, 168, recruitment, 732 179, 195, 196–197, 220, 223 reform, 470–472 min-ping . See army, people’s under Shen-tsung and Wang Ming-chou (Ning-po ), 182, An-shih , 27–28 184, 949. See also Ching-yuan¨ and weak frontiers, 27 Ming dynasty (1368–1644), 754 reorganization, of Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , Ming-shou era (1129), 651 70 Ming-t’ang . See Hall of Brightness, retainers (pu-ch’ü) , 49 Hall of Enlightenment Ritual “Righteous army” (i-chün) , Mingshan, 354 663–664 mining, 177 of “righteous braves” (i-shih, i-yung), Minister of Revenue (hu-pu shang-shu), 311, 413 545

glossary–index 1061

Ministry of Finance (Hu-pu) , 458, Monopoly Tax Bureau (Chüeh-huowu) 459, 729, 750 , 185 Left Section (tso-ts-ao), 460 morality, unifying (i tao-te i pien feng-su) Right Section (yu-ts’ao) , 460 , 364 Ministry of Justice, 239–240 Mote, Frederick W., 15, 17 Ministry of Personnel, 239–240, 460 Mou Tzu-ts-ai, 888 Ministry of Revenue, 116, 239 Mount T’ai , 271 Ministry of Rites, 239–240 Mu-cheng, 468 Ministry of War, 239, 461 Mu-ch’in chai . See Hostel for Ministry of Works, 239 Imperial Clansmen mint. See specific treasury Mu-chou , 623–625. See also Mo Chi , 721 Yen-chou4 Mo Chiang , 679 mu-i . See hired service Mo Chien (d. 1219), 832 Mu-jung Yen-ch’ao (913–63), Mo-chou , 4, 60, 87, 209 113–114, 214, 216 monastery, 191, 208 mu-ping . See mercenaries monetary policy. See specific policy Mu-tsung, 123 money, 392, 438. See also currency mulberry, 58, 175–176 “money became dear and goods cheap” murder. See assassination (ch’ien-chung huo-ch’ing) , music and musicians, 128, 608 441 mutiny. See rebellions Mongke¨ (Mong-k’o, Meng Ko, mutual guarantee group, neighborhood r. 1251–59), 868, 869, 870, (lin-chü-hsiang-pao) , 408 889, 920, 954 mutual security system (pao-chia) , Mongol Yuan¨ (1271–1368), 17 27, 351, 407–414, 419–429, Mongols , 17, 31, 32, 33, 34–35, 443, 449, 470, 471, 908, 911 704 abolition of, 494–496 assault on Szechwan, 889 abuse of guardsmen in, 445–446 and Chin dynasty, 791 civilian administrator (kan-tang and Hsi Hsia , 845 kung-shih) , 446 and the Southern Sung dynasty, lieutenant (chih-hui shih) , 446 36–37 negative outcomes of, 445–446 1274 escalation of attacks on Sung by, sergeant (chih-shih), 446 927 “Myriad Word Memorial,” 24, 350, monks. See specific actors 358–361, 366, 384. See also Monograph on tea (Ch’a-p’u) , 175 memorials “monopolists” (chien-ping chih chia) Myriad Years Mountain (Wan-sui shan) , 893 , 605 monopoly. See also specific commodity iron, 77 names liquor, 192 great (ta-hsing) , 444, 445 salt, 77, 201, 327, 348, 351, 590, rectification of, 613 593–594, 698, 907 small (hsiao-hsing) , 445 tea, 284, 348, 351, 382 Nan-ch’ang , 130, 147, 220

1062 glossary–index

Nan-chao , 170, 257 Ngo Quyen , 171 Nan-p’ing , 10, 954. See also Ni Ssu (1147–1220), 762, 812, Ching-nan 816 King of (Nan-p’ing wang) , 158 Nine Classics, 116, 295, 319 Nan-p’ing wang . See Nan-p’ing Nine Gifts, 51 , King of nine kingdoms of the south, 206 Nan-t’ien kuo (Nan-t’ien Ning-kuo , 933 kingdom), 331 Ning-po . See also Ch’ing-yuan;¨ Nanking , 166. See also Chiang-ning; Ming-chou Chien-k’ang; Chin-ling Ning-tsung (Chao K’uo , natural disaster. See specific disaster 1168–1224,r.1194–1224), 33, navy, 125, 126, 219, 227. See also 773, 810–811, 882, 915. See also waterways Chao K’uo (Ning-tsung, Mongol, 920–921, 937 1168–1224,r.1194–1224) Sung, 706, 707, 932, 957 final edict of, 836 negotiation. See specific actor or issue and Hsiao-tsung, 785 Nei-ch’iu , 111 personality of, 774–775 nei-p’i . See orders, imperial Ningsia modern province, 79, 252 Nei-tsang k’u . See Palace Treasury Nishikawa Masao , 200 Neo-Confucianism, 28, 36. See also no-mi . See rice, glutinous Tao-hsüeh non-action, principle of (wu wei), 689 nephews, imperial (huang-chih) , non-Chinese. See specific ethnic group 259. See also adoption North China nepotism, 237, 313, 369, 693, 816, consequences of Jurchen conquest of 876, 936 (1127), 29 network. See specific network Khitan raids in (902–26), 64 New Meaning of the Three Canons in the late ninth century, 41 (San-ching hsin-i), 364 North China Plain, 222–223, 307, 615 New Policies (hsin-fa) , 24–27, 32, Northeast Marchmount (Ken-yüeh) , 231, 327 605–606 components of, 384 Northern Capital, 305 fiscalization of, 394 Northern Han dynasty (952–79), 112, institutional perspective on, 24 124, 133, 206, 209, 248 political perspective on, 24 and Later Chou (951–54), predicates of success of, 367–378, 405 112–119 profitability of, 433–435 939 campaign against, 14 restoration of, under Ts’ai Ching , 979 campaign against, 14 590–596 Northern Sung dynasty (960–1127) revanchist underpinnings of, 27 fall of (1127), 614–643 revival of, and revenue for financial resources of, 698–699 re-armament, 549 salt and tea monopolies of, 698 Shao-sheng revival of, 543, 547 notice, palace, 934 social impact of, 435–447 Nung Chih-kao (Jen-hui), and Wang An-shih , 24 331–334

glossary–index 1063

nung-t’ien shui-li fa . See supernumerary (jung-kuan) , 76, agricultural lands and irregation 349, 352, 459 policy Og¨ odei¨ (r. 1229–41), 853, 863, 867 Nung Tsun-fu (Nung` T{aa}nPhua),´ succession following death of, 331 867–868 Nung Tsung-tan , 334 omen. See portents nuns orders Buddhist, 913 “confidential” (mi-pai) , 723 Taoist , 292, 874 imperial (chih2) , 285, 340, 742 nurse. See specific actor imperial or “palace” (nei-p’i, yü-pi), 723 O-chou, 147, 928, 933, 937 religious, 121 obligation. See allegiance, alliance, filial secret, 723 piety Ordos Desert, 4, 17, 21, 23, 251, 252, occult master (fang-shih) , 606, 608, 300, 354 609 orphan. See adoption Office for Emergencies (Chi-su fang) Ou-t’ang , 676 , 667 Ou-yang Ch’e , 649 Office of Audience Ceremonies (Ko-men Ou-yang Hsiu (1007–72) ssu) , 726, 763–764, 765, and the Ch’ing-li reforms 768 (1043–45), 316, 317, 321, Office of Diplomatic Correspondence 364 (Wang-lai kuo-hsin so) , and civil service reform, 352 269 on factionalism, 783 Office of Economizing (Ts’ai-chien chü) and Fan Chung-yen, 298 , 355 and government usury, 414–416 Office of the Trade Superintendent and the imperial libraries, 294 (Shih-po ssu) , 185 after Jen-tsung, 337 Office of Transmission (Yin-t’ai ssu) and Jen-tsung, 299, 323 , 449 and Li Yuan-hao,¨ 315 offices and Liu Yen, 185, 352 redundant (ch’ung-san tie-ssu) , and prefecture schools, 318 458 and Shih Chieh, 321–322 sale of, 192 and Su Hsun,¨ 345–346 staff (fang), 462 and surveillance commissioners, stipendiary (chi-lu kuan) , 320 238–239, 349, 458 and Wang An-shih, 373 “official families and families of and Ying-tsung, 341, 345 substance” (kuan-hu Outline and details of the comprehensive hsing-shih-hu) , mirror (Tzu-chih t’ung-chien 393 kang-mu), 900 officials Outstanding models from the storehouse of drafting (chih-chih-kao) , 376 literature (Ts’e-fu yüan-kuei, finance, 109 1005–13), 255–256

1064 glossary–index

pa-hsing . See Eight Conduct policy Pao-an chun¨ , 305, 306 (pa-hsing) pao-chang . See small-guard chief pa-hsing2 . See eight punishments pao-cheng . See superior guard leader (pa-hsing2) pao-chia . See mutual security system pa-pao . See “eight treasures” or pao-ma . See horses, (mutual security “eight imperial seals” horse pasturage) pa-tzu chün . See Army of Eight Pao-shan . See “Precious Mountain” Characters pao-ting . See guardsmen Pacification Commission (an-fu-ssu), 23 parent (ch’in) , 342, 678 Pacification Commissioner (ching-lüeh Parhae. See Po-hei an-fu shih), 619, 625, 667 “party system,” 25 Pacification Commissioner-in-chief pasture. See agriculture (an-fu ta-shih), 669 Pauper’s Cemetery (Lou-tse yüan), 596, pacifist. See specific actor 599, 600 “pacifying the Four Quarters and pavilions, pleasure, 887 intimidating the barbarians,” pawn shops, 444 270 payments, annual (sui-pi ), 267, 268, Pai Shih-chung, 584, 637, 638 718, 719. See also tribute, annual palace, temporary (hsing-kung), 652 peace settlement of 1164–65, 713–715. Palace Army, 118, 120–121, 131 See also specific peace settlement Palace Censor (tien-chung shih yü-shih), Pearl Pavilion of the Jade Hall , 495 185 Palace Command (Tien-ch’ien ssu), 5, Pearl River , 5 208–209, 216, 218, 219, 234, pearls, 227, 280, 303, 684 313 peasantry, militarizing the, 409 Palace Guard, 743 Pei-ching, xi, 818 Palace Library (Pi-shu sheng), 691, 692 Pei-chou , 62 Palace of Extended Blessings (Yen-fu Pei-pien yao-lan . See Conspectus of kung), 603 border region defense preparedness Palace of Nine Movements (Chiu-ch’eng Peking , xi, 14, 43 kung), 609 pen-ch’ien . See loans, basic Palace Treasury (Nei-tsang k’u), 224, capitalization 291, 302, 749–750 P’eng I-pin (d. 1225), 847, 848, Pan-chih. See Imperial Elite 850–851 P’an Fu, 840–841 P’eng Kuei-nien (1142–1206), P’an Jen, 840, 848 758, 761, 767, 770, 777, 778, P’an Ping, 840–841 779, 780, 781, 783, 790, 814 P’ang Chi , 299, 311, 323 P’eng Shih-hsi , 329 and the Ch’ing-li reforms P’eng Ssu-yung , 343 (1043–45), 317, 321 p’eng-tang . See “factions (tang) and P’ang Chu-chao¨ , 162 cliques” P’ang Hsun¨ , 153 pepper, 184 revolt (860s), 137–138 Peterson, Charles A., 34

glossary–index 1065

philosopher and philosophy. See specific Po-chou2 , 954 actor or movement Po-hai (Parhae), on 16 physician. See specific doctor or patient Po-hsiang , 59 physiographical barriers, national, and po-hsüehhung-tz’u . See erudite political boundaries in the literatus south, 10–11 po-i-wu . See trading agencies Pi Chung-yu , 435, 482 P’o-yang Lake , 5, 134 pi-i . See fiefdom, insignificant poem, poet, and poetry. See specific entries Pi-shu sheng . See Imperial Library, policy Palace Library criticism. See memoranda, memorials Pi Tsai-yu¨ , 794, 795, 805 foreign. See specific ruler or councilor P’i Jih-hsiu , 162 frontier Pieh Chih-chieh (d. 1253), 885 Shih Ching-t’ang’s, 94–95 Pien Canal , 222 Southern Sung , 34–35 Pien-chou , 43, 48, 51–52, 180. Policy Deliberation Hall (I-shih t’ang See also K’ai feng ), 753 by 895, 42 Poorhouse policy (chü-yangfa), 598 pien-hsiu chung-shu t’iao-li-ssu poorhouses (chü-yangyüan), 596, . See Sub-council 597–599 for the Compilation of population. See also specific location Secretariat Regulations registers, 77 Pien-liang . See K’ai feng southern, 134 Pien River , 124 urban, growth of, 701–703 piety, filial, 678, 768, 902 portents pillage, 207, 210, 942, 959–961 astronomical, 498–499 Pin-chou , 50 cosmological, 452, 535, 578, 579, Ping-ch’ang . See Wei-ming 605, 902. See also comet; eclipse, Ping-ch’ang solar Ping-chou , 298, 299. See also meteorological, 761 T’ai-yuan¨ supernatural, 53 ping-shih. See military, local troops poverty. See debt P’ing Chi, 334 power, division of, 240–241 P’ing-chiang , 933, 937, 939. See preceptor, grand, 791 also Su-chou “Precious Mountain” (Pao-shan ), P’ing-chou , 629 959–961 P’ing-hsia , 551, 616 prefect (tz’u-shih ), 151, 231 pinyin,xi prefectures (chou ,chün ), 231 pirate. See specific actor or engagement administration of, 748 plague, 99 administrator (chih chou), 748 playing barbarians off against each other Chu Wen’s allegiance to the, 49, 55 (i-i chih-i ), 247 and the Early T’ang , 40 pneumonia. See specific actor prerogative, imperial (jen-chu chih ch’üan Po-chou , 271 ), 364–367

1066 glossary–index

prince of state (kuo-wang ), 127 P’u-san K’uei . See Pu-sa K’uei prison. See specific location privilege P’u Shou-keng , 950 gubernatorial, Li Ts’un-hsu’s¨ P’u-t’ien Fang , 451 reduction of, 70 P’u Tsung-meng , 382, 478 hereditary (yin2 ), 158, 763, 782 p’u-yeh , 725 production, industrial, 174 Public Fields (kung-t’ien) measure, professor. See specific actor “disturbed the people” (jao-min ), “Propagating Abbot (ch’uan-fa sha-men 894 , Han Chiang ), 451 public fields, public lands. See Public propriety (li3), 934 Fields measure (kung-t’ien fa proscriptions. See also blacklist ) factional (1102–04), 572–578 Public Lands Bureau (Kung-t’ien so intent of, 575–578 ), 134, 370, 591 prosperous and strong (fu-ch’iang ), public opinion. See memoranda; 24 memorials prostitutes, 874, 887, 914 Public Pharmacies (Ho-chi chü), 597 protection privileges (yin2 ), 238, purchase station (chü ), 432 318 purge, factional, and Six Felons, 557 hereditary, 324, 325 proteg´ e.´ See adoption; “sons,” imperial rain. See flooding protest. See specific cause, instigator, or “rally on behalf of the emperor” location (ch’in-wang ), 933 provinces (tao), 40 rape, 226 after An Lu-shan’s rebellion, 40 rating system, merit, 318 Provisioning Bureaus, 605 “ravage the people and injure the state” pu-ch’ü . See retainers, personal (ping-min shang-kuo ), military 488 Pu-sa An-chen (d. 1221), rebellion, 96, 934. See also Red Turban 830 (Hung-chin ) uprising Pu-sa K’uei (P’u-san K’uei , of An Ch’ung-jung , 96 d. 1207), 805 of An Lu-shan , 38, 43, 134, P’u, Prince of. See Chao Tsung-shih 607 (Sung Ying-tsung , across the Central Plain, 105 r. 1063–67); Chao Yun-jang¨ in Chang-chou , 169 (995–1059) of Chang Fu and Mo Chien, 832 controversy over the ritual status of, at Ch’en-ch’iao , 210–213 340–343 at Ch’en-chou2 , 831 P’u-an, Prince, 522, 708. See also Chao Ch’iu Fu’s, 137 Po-ts’ung (1127–94); of Chung Hsiang, 665 Chao Yuan¨ (Chao Po-tsung, of Fan Yen-kuang , 90–91 Prince P’u-an, Emperor in Fu-chien, 948 Hsiao-tsung) at Hsia-chou , 54 P’u-chou , 627 at Hsu-chou,¨ 833

glossary–index 1067

of HsuPu¨ , 833 regency. See specific actor or regency in Kuang-nan, 948 regent (chien-kuo ), 107, 110, 111 of Li Ch’ung-chin , 215 Regent of Lo-yang , 99 of Li I-ch’ao , 81 Regent of the Eastern Capital, 61 of Li Yuan-li¨ , 831 regicide. See specific actors of Lo Jih-yuan¨ , 832–833 regimes, 42 of Lo Shih-ch’uan , 831 hereditary, 40 in Lo-yang , 73 Register of Public Revenue (Tu-chih at Meng-chou , 91 tu-chi ), 730 of Nung Chih-kao , 329–334 relations, foreign. See specific ruler or by the Palace Guard, 937–946 councilor of P’ang Hsun¨ , 137–138 relationship, fictive, 658, 719. See also in reaction to Kuo Ch’ung-t’ao’s adoption murder, 72–73 relief, 128 by Shantung loyalists, 845–852, religion. See specific religion 896 remonstrance, 517–518. See also in Shuo-feng, 79 memorials Southern, under Kao-tsung, 664–666 grand master of (chien-i ta-fu of Wang Hsiao-po , 257 ), 519 of Wang Hsien-chih and offices, 373–378. See also Censorate Huang Ch’ao , 138–140 (Yü-shiht’ai ); at Ya-chou , 833 Remonstrance Bureau of Yang Yao, 665 (Chien-yüan ) rebels. See rebellion “opening channels of” (k’ai yen-lu recentralization ), 324, 367, 448, 455, 480 and Ch’ai Jung , 5 “roads of” (yen-lu ), 25, 532, and Chu Wen , 5 554, 564, 573, 578 reclamation and reconstruction, controlled by reformists, 490 172–174 unobstructed by Hui-tsung, 579 Record by the Su River (Su-shui chi-wen Remonstrance Bureau (Chien-yüan ), ), 693 274, 313, 373 Records of the historian (Shih-chi ), renegades. See bandits; deserters 689 rent, 627. See also household, tenant recovery of lost land (hui-fu ). See reorganization, gubernatorial, 82 irredentism reports. See specific reports “red banner” (ch’ih chih ), 370 “Request for a Finance Planning Red-jacket bandits (Hung-ao tsei ), Commission,” 403 824 reserves, unspent (hsien-tsai ch’ien Red River , 170–171, 189 ), 434 Red Turban (Hung-chin ) uprising, Resident Defender (liu-shou ), 245 832 resources refugees (kuei-ching jen), 118, 121, 128, economic, state appropriation of, 15 137, 191, 200, 448, 701, 714, management of (li-ts’ai ), 384 715, 718, 821, 866, 881, 907 Restoration, second (883), 40, 42

1068 glossary–index

Restoration reign (1086–94), “rural bandit” (ts’ao-tsei ), 157 irredentism and state activism rural credit (ch’ing-miao ), 394–403, under, 25. See also Yuan-yu¨ 414–419. See also Green Sprouts partisans (Yüan-yu tang ) restraint, administrative (an-chih sacrifices ), 479 feng-shan, 270, 273 retainers and retinues. See specific actors twin, 271 retreat. See specific event or location “Sagely Lord” (sheng-kung ), 624 revanchism, 27, 267, 791, 793 Sai-men, 307 revenue, and expenditure, 319 salt rhinoceros horn, 184, 185, 186 certificates (yen-ch’ao ), 594 rice, 172–174, 222, 225, 684 and Ch’ien Liu , 141 Champa, 136 commercial permits for sale of, 430 glutinous (no-mi ), 443 and Fan Chung-yen , 194 uncooked, 475 as government payment for grain, 284 rich men and great families (fu-jen in Huai-nan, 127–128 ta-hsing ) 405 permits, 432 riot. See rebellion and Sang Wei-han , 93 rites, 128 sea, 593 mourning, 753, 756, 764, 768, 776, Southern Sung tax on, 698 785, 786, 789, 815, 882 in Szechwan , 165, 256, 278, 698 Rites of Chou (Chou-li ), 415 and the Tangut , 251, 252 Rites of the Golden Register (chin-lu and Tseng Pu , 432 chiao), 610 and Wang Chien , 156 ritual, 340–343 and Yang Hsing-mi , 145 controversy. See Chao Shu Salt and Iron Commissioner, 144 (Ying-tsung, 1032–67, Salt and Iron Monopoly Bureau, 261 r. 1063–67) San-chao pei-meng hui-pien , court, and Hui-tsung, 608–609 559 Ritual Plowing, 291 san-chien . See “three traitors” robes, imperial, 289, 337, 646, 774, San-ching hsin-i. See New Meaning of the 840, 956 Three Canons routes, 178–179 San-ch’uan , 307 of communication, 866 san-hsien . See “three worthies” major inland, 178 San-kuan . See Three Institutes of north-south, 222 History, Literature, and supply Worthies Later Chou , 125 San-men-hsia , 83 Southern T’ang, 125 San-pai, 302 Rule, personal (ch’in-cheng) san-sheng . See Three Departments of Che-tsung, 531, 533, 535, 539, San-ssu . See Finance Commission 540, 547 san-ssu shih . See finance of Hui-tsung, 554 commissioner

glossary–index 1069

san-ts’ung . See “three obediences” Director of (chung-shu ling ), san-ts’ung kuan . See servants 462 san-ya . See Three Military Bureaus Examiners for (chien-cheng chung-shu sandalwood, 184 wu-fang kung-shih Sang Chung , 664 ), 382 Sang I , 308–309 secretariat, executive (chih-chih-ssu Sang Wei-han , 93, 94, 96, 97, chien-hsiang en-tzu), 379 98, 100, 102 Secretariat-Chancellery (Chung-shu sapanwood, 184 men-hsia ), 21, 236, 239, Sariti, Anthony, 356 240, 241, 250, 261, 264, 275, “scholars of this decadent age” (mo-shih 276, 368, 460, 462–463 hsüeh-shihtai-fu ), Chief Executive of the (t’ung chung-shu 361 men-hsia p’ing-chang shih), 463 scholarship, 161 Security and Relief Clinics (An-chi fang), School of Calligraphy (Shu-hsüeh2), 597 School of Mathematics (Suan-hsüeh), 588 “self-criticism rooms” (tzu-sung chai School of Medicine (I-hsüeh), 588 ), 587 School of Painting (Hua-hsüeh), 588 Senior Preceptor (t’ai-shih), 688 schools sericulture, 175–176, 729 county (hsien-hsüeh ), 586 servants (san-ts’ung kuan ), 398 grades or “halls” in, 586 “Serve the country with passion; swear county and prefectural, 295, 318, to kill the Chin bandits,” 663. 325, 585, 586, 587 See also Army of Eight Characters and farmland, 587 (pa-tzu chün ) and Liu Shih , 318 service, government (chih-i ), 398 and government land (kuan-t’ien), service-assistance fees (chu-i ch’ien 295, 319, 700 ), 400, 420 land (hsüeh-t’ien ), 694–695 service-exemption fees (mien-i ch’ien process of instruction in, 359 , mu-i fu), 351, 376, public, 695 394–403, 420, 439, 441–442, state-funded, 586 449, 468, 471, 500–501, 591 technical and specialty, 588 service-exemption policy (mien-i fa Scogin, Hugh, 599 ), 400, 591–593. See also scribes (shu-piao shih ), 398. See hired service policy (mu-i, ku-i also bookkeepers fa) Sealed Treasury (Storehouse for the Sha-men Island , 285 Reserves of the State Treasury, Sha-shih , 10 Tso-tsang feng-chuang k’u Sha-t’o (political and cultural group ), 751–752 from Central Asia), 4, 5, 41, seals, imperial, 956 164, 206 “second Yao or Shun” (Chin Shih-tsung Shan-chou , 111, 310 ), 790 Shan-chou2 , 83 Secretariat (Chung-shu sheng ), 462 Shan-chou3 , 617

1070 glossary–index

Shan-hsi , 23, 309, 312 Shao Hung-yuan¨ , 717 drill and review (chiao-yüeh ) in, Shao Lang-tso , 314 412 Shao Po-wen (1057–1134), 675 Sung concern with, 315 Shao-sheng era (Continued Sagacity, shan-jang . See abdication; abdication 1094–97), 25, 535 shan li-ts’ai che . See finance, men internal rivalries of the, 553 skilled at triumphs of the coalition of the, shan-ling shih . See Imperial 551 Internment, Master of “share one mind and one morality” Shan-yu¨ Wei-liang , 302 (t’ung-hsin t’ung-te ), Shan-yuan¨ treaty (1005), 20, 21, 363 264 she-chang . See swamp fever geopolitical equilibrium after, she-chi . See “gods of soil and grain” 1005–67, 20–24 sheep. See agriculture provisions of, 262–267, 270 Shen, Prince of. See Chao Pi Shang , Lady, 292, 293, 294 Shen Chi-chang , 451 Shang-ch’ing. See Highest Purity sect Shen Chia , 182 Shang-chou , 852 Shen-chih, 178 shang-fan . See detached service Shen-chou , 122 Shang Fu (ancient honorific title), 59 Shen-hsiao. See Taoism , Divine Shang-kuan Chun¨ (1038–1115), Empyrean sect of (Shen-hsiao) 436, 456, 535 Shen-hsing yüan . See Judicial Shang-kuan Kung-ying , 429 Control Office Shang-kuan Wu, 657 Shen-kuan yüan . See Bureau of shang-kuo . See state, superior Personnel Evaluation Shang-lin Lake , 177 Shen K’uo , 456, 472, 473, 476 shang-she . See Imperial University Shen Sung, 162 (T’ai-hsüeh ), Superior shen-ting ch’ien . See tax, adult male College of the cash Shang-shu sheng . See Department of Shen-ts’e Army , 157 State Affairs Shen-tsung (Chao Hsu¨ , shang ssu-chün . See Upper Four 1048–85,r.1067–85), 28, 347, Armies 762 Shang-tu , 927 as an activist ruler, 455 Shansi modern province, 4, 11, 14, 39, campaign against Tangut Hsi Hsia, 42–47, 83, 133, 206, 284 464–478 Shantung , 34, 48, 66, 137, 182, core of administrative reforms of, 459, 845–852 464 Shao-chou , 154 end of irrendentist ambitions of, 477 Shao-chou2 , 949 irredentism and state activism under, shao-fu . See Court Mentor 24–25, 28 Shao-hsing (1131–63), 660. See also irredentism of, 23 K’uai-chi; Yueh-chou¨ and military reform, 27–28

glossary–index 1071

Shen-tsung shih-lu , 539 Shih Kung-pi, 581 Sheng-ch’ing, 453 Shih-kuo ch’un-ch’iu , 182 Sheng-hsing yuan.¨ See Judicial Control shih-li ch’ien . See market usage Office surtax sheng-kung . See “Sagely Lord” shih-lu (veritable record, reign Sheng-tsung , Emperor, 262 chronicle). See Veritable Record Sheng Tu , 294 Shih Mi-chien (1164–1232), Shensi modern province, 54, 284 831 sheriff (wei ), 407 Shih Mi-chung , 910 shih. See histories (shih) Shih Mi-kung , 844 Shih Chai-chih (1205–49), Shih Mi-yuan¨ (1164–1233, 884–885, 904 1208–33), 26, 32–33, 672, 775, shih-ch’en . See military servitors 807–808, 809, 810, 811, 812, Shih Chieh , 321 875, 896, 914, 915 and the Ch’ing-li reforms and accession of Chao Yun,¨ 836 (1043–45), 321 and Empress Yang2 , 813 Shih-ching . See Book of poetry and foreign policy, 817–823, 852 Shih Ching-ch’ing , 884 and loyalist armies, 823–827 Shih-ching Garrison , 140 and Lu Chiu-yuan¨ , 815 Shih Ching-t’ang (Chin Kao-tsu and succession after Ning-tsung, ,r.936–42), 81, 83, 834–838 85–98, 213. See also Chin and Tao-hsüeh , 814 Kao-tsu (r.936–42) Shih Pao-chi (954–1010), 217 Shih Ch’ing (d. 1227), 849 Shih-po ssu . See Office of the Trade Shih-chou , 473 Superintendent Shih-chou2 , 954 Shih Shou-hsin , 217 Shih Chung-li , 299 Shih Sung-chih (1189–1257), Shih Ch’ung-jui , 97 855, 856–858, 862, 865, 866, Shih Ch’ung-kuei (Chin Shao-ti 879–882, 884, 891, 896 , 942–47), 97–102, shih-ta-fu . See elite, scholarly 107 Shih T’ing-ch’en, 680, 681 Liao revenge against, 99–103 Shih-tsung (r. 1161–89), 707, 790 Shih Hao (1106–94), 714, shih-wei ch’in-chün . See Imperial 715–717, 720, 725, 743–744 Bodyguard and Tao-hsüeh , 814 Shih-wei-ssu . See Metropolitan Shih Hung-chao , 108, 109–110 Command shih-i . See state trade Shih Yen-chih (1217–60), 892 shih-i fa . See State Trade policy shih yu-shih¨ . See Attendent Censor Shih-i ssu . See State Trade Agency ships, 706, 928, 939, 941, 956 Shih-i wu . See State Trade Bureau overseas trade (hai-po hsiang-yao shih ideal, 360 ), 185 Shih K’uang-wei , 103 Shou-chou (Shansi ), 124, 125, Shih Kuei (d. 1220), 826, 827 126, 145, 634, 856–858

1072 glossary–index

shou-shih fa . See household, silver, 127, 225, 267, 268, 280, 302, grading system, self-registration 749, 909 shou-yüshih . See commissioner, and the Later Chou , 223 defense, grand and the Liao , 271, 311 shrine. See specific shrine Sino-Steppe relations, 20 Shu , 176. See also factions Sino-Tangut war, first (1038–42), 22, Shu , Prince of (Wu Hsi ), 348 801 Six Felons (liu tsei) , 557, 604, 605, Shu-ch’eng , 129 624, 625, 627, 638–639 shu-chih (younger uncle and Six Imperial Armies, 48, 75, 81, 82 nephew). See Hsiao-ts’ung, Sixteen Prefectures of Yen-Yun¨ (Yen-Yün relationship between Chin and shi-liu chou ), 615, 627, Southern Sung during reign of 633 Shu-ching . See Book of documents and Chao K’uang-yin , 12 Shu-hsüeh . See learning, Szechwanese enumerated, 87 Shu-hsüeh2. See School of Calligraphy and Hui-tsung, 28 Shu-mi yüan . See Bureau of and Kao Jung, 129 Military Affairs and the Khitan , 206, 354 shu-piao shih . See scribes and the Later Chou , 4, 209 Shu t’ao-wu , 156 and the Liao , 16 Shu wang . See Shu , King of location of, 4 shuai-ch’en . See intendents, military second invasion of (986), 14 Shui-hu chuan . See Water Margin and Shih Ching-t’ang , 87 Shun-chou , 87, 632 and the Sung , 247, 249 Shuo-fang , 79, 621 and T’ai-tsu, 20, 221 siege. See specific location T’ai-tsung’s campaign against, 248 silk, 684, 909 Sixth Platoon Bridge, 808 and the defensive works in Ho-tung, “smashing the pasture and grain” (ta 302 ts’ao-yü), 103 and Ho-pei, 310, 311 Smith, Paul J., 24, 619 and the Huai-nan campaign, 127 Sogabe Shizuo , 348, 446, and the Later Chou , 223 907 and Li Ssu-yuan¨ , 73 soil. See agriculture; flooding and Li Yuan-hao¨ , 314 Somers, Robert, 136–137 and the Liao , 271, 311 Son of Heaven, 820, 854 in multistate trade, 268 “sons,” imperial (huang-tzu ), 94, production, 43 258, 914. See also adoption; heir and Shan-hsi, 302 apparent (t’ai-tzu ) and Shih Ching-t’ang , 87 “South before North” strategy, 209 in the South Seas trade, 184 south of the passes. See Kuan-nan Southern Sung tax on, 698 South Seas, 184–186 and Tseng Pu , 432 Southeast Asia, 253 Silk Road, 93 Southern Capital (Yu-chou ), silkworm, 175–176 310

glossary–index 1073

Southern Han dynasty (917–79), 5, 133, spices, 184, 185, 186, 684 153–155, 170, 195, 203–204, Spring and Autumn Annals (Ch’un-ch’iu 209, 220, 224, 227 ), 689 local emperors in, 53 “spurious learning.” See Tao-hsüeh and T’ai-tsu, 14 (Learning of the Way) Southern Kingdoms (891–79), 4, 43, spy. See specific actor 206 ssu2 . See Buddhism, temples and bureaucratic governance in the, monastaries of 189–191 Ssu-chou , 126, 713, 714, 718, 794 components to collapse of, 197–205 ssu-k’ou ts’an-chün . See early political recruitment in, Administrator for Public Order 158–163 Ssu-k’u ch’üan-shu,xi interstate mutations in the, 194, Ssu-ma K’ang, 479 197 Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–86), 493, 10th century importance of, 135 693 Southern Sung dynasty (1127–1297), on administrative reorganization, 464 644 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, financial administration of, 697 542 Mongol conquest of the (1279), 1 alleged treachery of, 541 salt and tea monopolies of, 698 on border policy, 489 trends in the fall of, 36–37 on bureaucratic decision-making, weakness of later, 913 356–357 wealth in, 907 on catchment basins in Wu-Yueh¨ Southern T’ang dynasty (937–75) , 173 and Chien-chou , 10 censoral indictments of, 537 demographics of, 227–228 and Chang Tun , 493 and Hsu¨ Chih-kao , 163 and the Chen-tsung conspiracy, 261 and the Later Chou , 131 on Chih-kao, 167 and the Later Shu , 124–127 and the Ch’ing-li reforms and Li Pien (Hsu¨ Chih-kao (1043–45), 364 ), 167 and Ch’iu Fu , 137 around 951, 10–11 on commercial importance of tribute, and T’ai-tsu, 14 179 and the traditional elite, 160 on compulsory drill, 445 along the Yangtze River , criticized for Hsi Hsia 195 accommodation, 537 and the Wu , 5 and Dowager Empress Hsuan-jen¨ sovereigns and sovereignities. See specific , 487–509 actors and reigns on economics, 387 “specialist learning” (chuan-men hsüeh and Empress Kao , 338 ), 693 and “engrossers,” 442 “specialized and obscure learning” on the Finance Planning Commission, (chuan-men ch’ü-hsüeh ), 380 ban against, 786 on fiscal expenditures, 355

1074 glossary–index

Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–86)(cont.) and Wang Lu , 137 funeral of, 514 and Wang Yuan-chieh,¨ 164 and government usury, 414 on Yang Hsing-mi , 145 and Green Sprouts policies, 417 on Yin Fan-cheng, 202 on hired-service, 437 and Ying-tsung, 340, 341–343 and Hsing Shu , 479 Ssu-nung ssu . See Court of later years of, 480–483 Agricultural Supervision on legitimacy, 52, 85 ssu-tang . See clique on Li Ching , 199 stages, ritual, 609 and Liu An-shih , 350 stalwart (chuang-ting ), 407, 420, and Liu Ch’ung , 113 427 on Liu Ts’ung-hsiao , 169 standards, Confucian, 777 on militarization of the peasantry, Standon, Naomi, 5 494 stars, falling, 844 on mutual aid, 435 starvation. See famine and the New Policies, 25, 448 state (chien pang-chia) , 302 on open-sea trade, 178 budget, 77 opposed to service-exemption policy, building 400 in Inner Asia, 15–17 on place of money in the economy, in the north and south, 1–11 438 on the Steppe, 15–19 political agenda of his anti-reform ﬁnances, under Li Ssu-yuan¨ , coalition of, 494–505 77–78 posthumous honors recinded, 538 superior (shang-kuo ), 684 on sericulture in Hunan , 176 vassal, 718, 805 and Shen-tsung, 354–355, 361, 454, State Council. See Council of State 465, 478–479 State History (kuo-shih ), 558 and Shih Ching-t’ang , 94 State Meeting Hall (Tu-t’ang) , stripped of prestige titles, 541, 240 574 State Trade (shih-i ), 429–435, and Su Ch’e , 345 443 on Sui-te , 23 policy (shih-i fa) , 404, on T’an-chou (Ch’ang-sha ), 449–450, 497–498 198 revival of, under the Shao-sheng , on Tangut threat, 478 546–548 on taxation, 172 State Trade Agency (Shih-i ssu) , and Te-kuang , 102 449, 497, 498 in 1085, 498 State Trade Bureau (Shih-i wu ), and Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , 491 406, 429–431, 443 and Wang An-shih , 370–371, revival of, under the Shao-sheng , 373, 377, 383, 453, 490 547 on Wang Chien , 159, 162, 180, revival of branches of, under the 195 Shao-sheng , 547

glossary–index 1075

State Treasury (Tao-tsang k’u), Southern on Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ and Chang Tan, Storehouse of the (Tso-tsung 499 nan-k’u), 751–752 Su-chou , 140, 146, 181–182. See statecraft, “technology of,” 17 also P’ing-chiang status, hereditary, 238–240 Ts’ai Ching’s Buddhist temple in, 604 stele, 697 Su-chou2 , 49, 717, 795 blacklist, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, Su Feng-chi , 107, 108, 109–110 580 Su Hsun¨ (1009–66), 345, 387 Steppe, state building on the, 15–19 Su Hsun-ch’in,¨ 299 storehouse, prefectural public Su-li so . See Investigation and (kung-shih-k’u ), 425 Prosecution Bureau Storehouse for the Reserves of the State Su Shen , 299, 305 Treasury (Tso-tsang feng-chuang Su Shih (1037–1101), 345, 370, k’u ), 751. See also 372, 380, 421, 478, 481, 491, Sealed Treasury 503–504, 507, 511, 512–513, storms. See disasters, flooding, portents 516, 521, 538, 575 “strengthening the superior men and banishment of, 542 illuminating the petty ones” and Ch’eng I , 514 (ch’ang chün-tzu,hsiao hsiao-jen exonerated by Hsuan-jen,¨ 516 ), 363 on political conformity, 520–521 “strengthening the trunk and weakening rehabilitation of, 564 the branches” (ch’iang-kan jo-chih and Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , 523 ), 670 Su Shih-tan (d. 1207), 791, 807 “strengthening the walls and clearing Chin demand for the head of, out the countryside” (chien-pi 811–812 ch’ing yeh ), 469, 475 Su-shui chi-wen . See Record by the Strickmann, Michel, 610, 613 Su River “strong trunk and weak branches” Su Shun-ch’in , 323 policy, 269 Su Sung student. See Imperial University and “factional treachery,” 529 (T’ai-hsüeh ) and Shen-tsung, 454 Su, Prince, 647 Su Yao-ch’in, 298 Su Ch’e (1039–1112), 175, 345, Suan-hsüeh . See School of Mathematics 370, 379, 380, 387, 395, 442, Sub-council for the Compilation of 478, 491, 493, 503, 504, 507, Secretariat Regulations (pien-hsiu 511, 538 chung-shu t’iao-li-ssu and amnesty for Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , ), 381 528 subject (ch’en ), 94, 124, 303, 315, 682 banishment of, 542 subordination, 112 on drafted service, 503 succession, lack of patrilinear, 913–915 opposition to reformist revival, “Succession to the Way” (tao-t’ung), 900 534 Sui-chou (Shan-hsi, later Sui-te and Teng Wen-po, 527 chun),¨ 23, 251, 354, 469

1076 glossary–index

Sui-chou2 , 827 810, 851, 860, 863, 901, 916, sui-kung . See tribute, annual 918, 929, 939 sui-pi . See payments, annual Sung dynasty (960–1279), 1, 247 Sui-te chun,¨ 23, 469, 470. See also administrative systems of, 457–459 Sui-chou conservatism in later, 712 suicide, 944–945, 956, 957, 958 1129 reform of central government Sun Chin , 679, 680 of, 652 Sun Fang-chien , 101, 106, 113 founding and consolidation of the Sun Fu , and prefecture schools, 318 (960–1000), 11–14 Sun Hu-ch’en (d. 1276), 932 “golden age” of, 538 Sun Ju , 135, 146–147, 149 imperial tombs, 959. See also Sun K’o-k’uan , 851 “Precious Mountain” (Pao-shan Sun Mien, 294, 317, 332–333 ) Sun O , 545 and the Mongols , 850–852 Sun Shih (962–1033), 272, 282, and multistate system, 20–24 284, 294 name derivation of, 11 Sun Tsu-te , 287 organization of territorial Sung , Empress (951–95), 242 administration uder the, Sung Che-tsung (r. 1085–1100), 231–232 24. See also Chao Hsu¨2 political culture of, 498 Sung Chen-tsung (r. 997–1022), reconstruction of, under Hsiao-tsung 20. See also Chao heng (1165–73), 720–737 Sung Ch’i , 299, 318, 319, 323 social turmoil before the Sung Ch’i-ch’iu , 161, 176, establishment of the, 1 193 1234 campaign against the Chin, Sung Chiang , 588, 626–627 861–863 Sung-Chin Alliance (1115–23), Sung Ho-tung circuit, 4 627–633 Sung Hsi-ho circuit, xi Sung-Chin campaign of 1163, 715 Sung-Hsi Hsia peace treaty, 507–508 Sung-Chin peace terms of, 506 arguments against, 678–679 Sung Hsiang , 323 arguments in favor of, 679 Sung Hsiao-tsung (r. 1162–89), treaty (1138), 682 13. See also Chao Po-ts’ung; Chao treaty (1141), 684 Yuan¨ Sung-Chin war Sung Hui-tsung (r. 1100–26), 24. ﬁrst (1123–26), 633–639, 827–830 See also Chao Chi ; Prince of loyalist armies in, 827, 828 Tuan second (1156–57), 639–643 Sung hui-yao . See Essential 1217 conﬂict, 822 regulations of the Sung (Sung Sung Ch’in-tsung (r. 1126–27), hui–yao) 28 Sung Jen-tsung (1010–63, Sung Ching , 939 r. 1022–63), 20, 300. See also Sung dynastic history (Sung shih ), Chao Chen (Sung Jen-tsung 259, 273, 376, 557, 594, 809, , 1010–63,r.1022–63)

glossary–index 1077

Sung Kao-tsung (r. 1127–62), 28. superior or deputy superior guard leader See also Chao Kou ; Prince (tu-fu pao-cheng ), 410, K’ang 428 Sung Kuang-nan East circuit, xi superior state (shang-kuo ), 684 Sung Kung-tsung (r. 1274–76). Supervising Secretary (chi-shih-chung Sung Li-tsung (r. 1224–64). See ), 516 Chao Yun¨ Supervisor of the Finance Commission Sung-Liao relations, 248–260, 343–344 (san-ssu shih ), 115. See also Sung-Mongol campaign (1235), 864 finance commissioner Sung Ning-tsung (r. 1194–1224), supply lines, 475, 551 32. See also Chao K’uo supply master (ya-ch’ien) , 351, Sung Shen-tsung (r. 1067–85), 398–399, 403 22. See also Chao Hsu¨ conscription, 399 Sung shih . See Sung dynastic history replacing, 424–425 Sung Shou , 287, 290, 293, 301, 307 volunteer (ch’ang-ming ya-ch’ien Sung ssu ta shu . See Four great ), 399 compendia of the Sung dynasty Supreme Capital. See capital Sung T’ai-tsu (Chao K’uang-yin surplus emergency fee surtax , 927–76,r.960–76), 11, (k’uan-sheng ch’ien ), 401, 202, 203–205. See also Chao 422, 441–442, 546, 592 K’uang-yin surrender. See specific actor, event, or location Sung T’ai-tsung (Prince K’ang, r. surtax, 430 976–97), 11. See Chao K’uang-i head (t’ou-tzu) , 422 ; Chao Kuang-i survey Sung-Tangut conflict (1101–19), cadastral, 496, 590 615–616 “square-fields” (fang-t’ien ) Sung Ti-ping. See Chao Ping cadastral, 449 Sung Tu-tsung (r. 1264–74). See suzerainty, tributary, 204 Chao Ch’i ; Chao Kuang-i swamp fever (she-chang ), sycophant (ning-hsing ), 584 Sung Tuan-tsung (r. 1276–78). system, rotation (keng-hsüfa) , See also Chao Shih 218 Sung Ying-tsung (r. 1063–67), Szechwan , 868, 869 20. See also Chao Shu ; Chao Basin, 10 Tsung-shih Chia Ssu-tao and defense of, Superintendancy for State Trade (tu 918 t’i-chüshih-i-ssu ), division of, 164 382, 431 financial independence of, 697–699 Superintendancy for Tea and Horses and the Later Shu , 223 (tu-ta t’i-chüch’a-ma-ssu Mongol assaults on, 33, 35, 889 ), 382, 431 peasant rebellion in (993), 256–257 Superior Guard (tu-pao ), 408 physical isolation of, 196 Superior Guard Leader (pao-cheng ), population movement to, 134 408 revenues from, 908

1078 glossary–index

Szechwan (cont.) ta-she . See acts of grace, grand salt and tea production in, 698 ta-sheng (great brightness musical service-exemption policy in, 402, 423 intervals), 608 and Shen-tsung, 466 Ta Shu , 257 silk production in, 175 Ta-ting , 630 and state trade bureaus, 431 Ta tsung-cheng ssu . See Chief strategic importance of, 659 Office of Imperial Clan Affairs and the Sung, 27, 202–203, 328–329 Ta-t’ung , 42, 81, 629. See also tea cultivation in, 175 Yun-chou¨ 2 tea monopoly in, 439, 455, 471 ta yüan-shuai . See marshal, grand 1207 insurrection in, 795–812 Ta Yueh¨ , 253 Wang Chien in, 43, 48, 50, 53, Ta-Yueh¨ Lo-p’ing , 143 135 Ta’an, 864 and the Wang family, 155–157 taboo, 282, 291, 342 and Wang P’u , 209 Tai-chou , 298, 299 Szechwan-Shan-hsi Tea and Horse T’ai-chou , 625 Agency, 471 on an overland trade route, 182, 210 Ta Ch’i, 674–677 T’ai-fu ssu . See Court of the Ta-ch’ing Pavilion , 299, 346 Imperial Treasury Ta Chou hsing-t’ung . See Law T’ai-hang Mountains , 42 Codes of the Great Chou T’ai-hsüeh . See Imperial University Ta Ch’u (Greater Ch’u), 643, T’ai-miao . See Imperial Ancestral 646–647, 649, 657–659 Temple Ta-chung hsiang-fu . See Great T’ai-p’ing hsing-kuo era Centrality and Auspicious (Ascendent State in Grand Talisman Tranquility, 976–84), 242 ta-fu . See grandee T’ai-p’ing kuang-chi . See Ta Hsia huang-ti . See Emperor of Extensive records of the T’ai-p’ing the Great Hsia hsing-kuo era ta-hsing . See names. great T’ai-p’ing yü-lan . See Imperial Ta-hsüeh , 815, 902 encyclopedia of the T’ai-p’ing Ta-li (Ta-li kuo), 33, 331, 869 hsing-kuo era Ta-li ssu . See Court of Judicial t’ai-shang huang-ti . See Emperor Review Emeritus Ta-ming , 311, 641 t’ai-shih . See Senior Preceptor Ta-ming fu , 311 T’ai-tsu (Chao K’uang-yin , Ta-pa Mountains , 10 927–76,r.960–76), 206, 242, ta-pao . See large guard 244, 247, 248, 653, 659, 709, ta-pao-chang . See large guard chiefs 843, 914, 961 Ta-p’eng, King of (Ta-p’eng wang efforts at unification, 224–229 ), 158 and the subordination of the military Ta-p’eng wang . See Ta-p’eng, King to bureaucratic control, 12–14 of T’ai-tsung (Chao K’uang-i , Ta-san Pass , 813 939–97,r.976–97, 13–14, 20,

glossary–index 1079

238, 285, 336, 354, 609, 653, T’ang Hsi-tsung (r. 873–88), 709, 843. See T’ang T’ai-tsung 155 (r. 626–49) T’ang Hsien-tsung (r. 805–820), literary pursuits of, 254–256 39 war under, 242–260 T’ang Hsuan-tsung¨ (r. 712–56), t’ai-tzu . See heir apparent 607, 874 T’ai-yuan¨ (Shansi ), 4, 47, 49, T’ang Kao-tsung, 522 62, 66, 85, 112, 120, 226, 228, T’ang K’o, 641 248, 637, 640–641, 644. See also T’ang mandate, 167, 189 Ping-chou T’ang Min-ti (r. 933–34). See Li by 895, 42 Ts’ung-hou fall of (1127), 646 T’ang Ming-tsung (r. 926–33). See seige of, 86 Li Ssu-yuan¨ T’an Ch’i-hsiang, xi T’ang Mu-tsung (r. 820–24), 39 T’an-chou (Ch’ang-sha ), 148, T’ang Pang-yen, 739 149, 198, 224, 627, 933, 940, T’ang T’ai-tsung (r. 626–49), 59, 957 361, 689 T’an-chou2 , 87, 632 T’ang Te-tsung (r. 779–805), tang . See chiu-tang; factionalism; 39 “factions (tang ) and cliques” T’ang Yu,¨ 960 (p’eng-tang ); hsin-tang; Tangut Hsi Hsia. See Hsi Hsia p’eng-tang; ssu-tang Tao (the Way), 123 tang-chi . See blacklist, partisan Tao-hs¨ueh (Learning of the Way), Tang-yu, 331 28, 31, 35–36, 487, 510–511, T’ang Ai-ti (r. 904–7), 48 512, 607, 692, 693, 769–770, T’ang Chao-tsung (r. 888–904), 777, 781, 844, 876–877. See also 42, 188 Neo-Confucianism T’ang Chieh (1010–69), 363, 369 ban against, 32, 783, 787–789 T’ang Chiung, 447 political nature of, 788 T’ang-chou , 180, 713, 714, 718, denounced as “spurious teachings” 795, 828, 856–858, 864 (wei-hs¨ueh ), 32, 787 T’ang Chuang-tsung (r. 923–26). and frugality, 784 See also Li Ts’un-hsu¨ and Han T’o-chou , 813 T’ang dynasty (618–907), 1, and Imperial University, 877, 204 897–906 code, 57 and Kuang-tsung, 785, 813 consequences of the collapse of power and Li-tsung, 874 in the, 1–4 and Ning-tsung, 785 early tenth century political control revanchist orientation of, 791 in, 38–132 second ban against, 786 state building in the north and south, Tao Jing-shen, 29–30 1–11 tao-shih . See Taoism , clergy of T’ang Fei-ti (r. 934–36). See Li tao-te (moral power). See virtue Ts’ung-k’o Tao-tsang. Taoist Canon, 222, 225

1080 glossary–index

Tao-tsang k’u. See State Treasury double (liang-shui ), 191 Tao-tsang feng-chuang k’u . See head (t’ou-tzu ), 192–194. See also Sealed Treasury (Storehouse for ting-k’ou ch’ien the Reserves of the State levied in rice, 194 Treasury increase, from fees, 439 tao-t’ung. See “Succession to the Way” land, 77, 128, 192, 205, 250, 327 T’ao, Dowager Empress, 342 levies on the wealthy, T’ao Chieh-fu , 619–620 monetary head (ting-k’ou ch’ien ), T’ao-chou (Lin-t’an), 660 193 T’ao River, 23, 466 -pressing (chia-tou ), 427, 428 T’ao Ya , 144 reductions, 291 Taoism , 787 remission of, 283, 660, 731 Canon of (Tao-tsung), 610 under Southern Sung, 907 clergy of (tao-shih), 613 stations (ch’ang ), 189 Divine Empyrean (Shen-hsiao) sect of, supplementary, 731 602, 607, 611, 612 Tax Bureau, 261 Hui-tsung’s promotion of, 602, taxation, 126 606–614 agricultural, 191 Ling-pao (sect), 611 after the An Lu-shan rebellions, temples and monastaries of (kung3, 39, 40 kuan2), 613 causes of excessive, 319 Taoist canon of the longevity of the Cheng-ho and Chang Fang-p’ing , 387 reign (Cheng-ho wan-shou and the Ch’iu Fu revolt, 136 Tao-tsung), 611 and concealed landholdings, 208 tattoo, 49, 60, 223, 332, 410, 413 direct, 16, 17 tax, 94, 99, 117, 161, 201, 203, 257, effect of Hsi Hsia war on, 348 283, 313 and ﬁscal intendants, 232 acreage and fermentation, 77 indirect, 181 adult male cash (shen-ting ch’ien) and Jen-tsung , 308, 319 , 194 and the Later Chou , 208 adult male salt cash (ting-k’ou yen and Li Ssu-chao , 58 ch’ien), 194 and Li Ssu-yuan¨ , 75 agricultural, 593, 699 and Liu Ch’ung , 113 autumn, 77, 299 remission of, 327 collected, 326–328, 344 and Sang Wei-han , 100 in cash, 193, 327 in the Southern Kingdoms, 191–194 in grain, 193, 222, 327 and southern state-building, 10 in rice, 193 and T’ai-tsu , 228 in silk, 193 unequal, 326 in textiles, 176, 193 and Wang An-shih , 24 commercial, and Wang P’u’s memorial, 123 government income from, 731 Te-an, 795 increase in, under Kao-tsung, 701 Te-chou , 62, 123

glossary–index 1081

Te-kuang (Liao T’ai-tsung , testament, imperial (i-shu), 836 926–47), 81, 87–90, 97–98, textiles, 136, 176, 223 100, 102–105 thanks for punishment (men-hsieh ), Te-sheng , 66, 94 463 Te-shou Palace, 754 Three Departments (san-sheng ), tea, 174–175, 180, 225, 284, 314, 684 461–463, 716, 723, 725 certificates (ch’a-yin ), 594 of state (shang-shu sheng ), 462 commercial permits for sale of, 430 Three Echelons (san-pan yüan), 460 government, 284–285 Three Gorges, 10 and the Huai-nan campaign, 127 Three Halls policy (san-she fa ), and the Later Chou , 223 585, 586, 588 merchants guild (hang), 407 Three Institutes of History, Literature, monopoly, 175, 327, 348, 351, 590, and Worthies (San-kuan ), 593, 594–595, 698 352 Southern Sung tax on, 698 Three Military Bureaus (san-ya ), in Szechwan, 698 218, 235 and Tseng Pu , 432 “three obediences” (san-ts’ung ), 286 technologies of resource appropriation, “Three-Spear” Ch’en (Ch’en san-ch’iang secular development of, 16 ), 911 Temple of Confucius, 815, 902 Three Teachings, 787 temples, ancestral. See specific dynasty, “three traitors” (san-chien ), 493 lineage, or ruler “three worthies” (san-hsien), 493 Temujin¨ (r. 1206–27). See Chinggis Thunder Rites (lei-fa), 611 khan (Temujin,¨ r. 1206–27) Ti, Lady, 530 “ten brothers,” 240–241 Ti Ch’ing, 305, 332, 333–334 Ten Kingdoms (c. 907–79), 1, 133 ti-fen ch’i-chuang lin-li . See tenant-farmers, 699 local elder/stalwart township Teng-chou , 178 plan on an overland trade route, 182 Ti-ping (Chao Ping , 1272–79, Teng-chou2 , 713, 714, 718, 828 r. 1278–79). See Chao Ping Teng Ch’u-na , 149, 150 (Ti-ping, 1272–79,r.1278–79) Teng Jo-shui, 842, 843 Ti-tang so . See Central Teng Jun-fu (1027–94), 425, Collateralized Loan Bureau 437, 456. See also Teng Wen-po t’i-chüchiao-yüeh-shih . See Teng Tsung-liang, 287 intendants for military drill and Teng Wan (1028–86), 382, 438, 451 review Teng Wen-po (Teng Jun-fu t’i tien hsing-yü . See intendents, ), 526 judicial Teng Yu-lung, 792, 806 Tibet, 26, 27, 33 T’eng-chou , 331 as warlord state, 206, 354 territorial consolidation, and centralized t’ieh-she . See certificate of verification political authority in the north, 4 Tien-ch’ien ssu . See Palace terrorism, economic, 171 Command

1082 glossary–index

tien-chung shih yü-shih . See tombs, imperial, 739 Palace Censor Topically-arranged history of the Sung tien-hu . See household, tenant (Sung-shih chi-shih pen-mo tien-li. See bookkeepers ), 754 T’ien Chun¨ , 144 tortoise shell, 184 t’ien-hsia . See “all-under-heaven” torture. See specific actor or torture T’ien-hsin. See Celestial Heart Tou-lu Ko , 73 T’ien Ling-tzu , 155, 157 t’ou-tzu fees, 441 T’ien-men Mountain ,onan trade overland trade route, 182 coastal interkingdom, 181–182 T’ien-sheng (Celestial Sageness, direct, 177–183 1023–32), 282 east-west, 183 T’ien-shui, 795 inland interkingdom, 182–183 T’ien-tu range, 551 internal, 177 “time for doing great deeds is right interregional, 177 now” (ta yu-wei chih shih kinds of, 177 ), 24, 362 maritime, 253 tin, 225 networks, 174 ting. See tripods, ritual (ting) north-south, 183 Ting-chou , 79, 99, 101, 106, 211, private, 180 264, 298, 310 Sino-Tibetan, 404 Ting-ch’uan-chai , 309, 314, 317, state (shih-i ), 403–407 321 transshipment, 177, 184–186 Ting Hui , 51–52 Trade Monopoly Office (Chüeh-iyüan ting-k’ou ch’ien . See tax, monetary ), 185 ting-k’ou yen ch’ien. See tax, adult male trading agencies, 180, 183 salt cash transit charges, 181 Ting-nan , 4, 54, 130, 251 “treacherous ministers” (chien-ch’en ), Ting Ta-ch’uan,¨ 888–890, 892, 896, 557, 638–639 904, 905, 906, 925 treason, 693. See also allegiance; loyalty Ting Tu, 307, 313 treasuries, types of, during Sung dynasty, Ting Wei (966–1037), 272, 750–752. See also specific treasury 274–275, 276, 277, 280–281, Treaty of 1005 (Shan-yuan¨ ), 20–24 525 Treaty of 1044, 22 T’ing-chou , 151, 168, 169, 702, Treaty of 1141 (Chin Sung Treaty), 911 30–31, 716, 735 T’ing-mei (947–84), 843 Treaty of 1165, 704, 715–720, 735 titles tribal troops (fan-ping ), frontier. See prestige (chieh-kuan ), 460, army, frontier tribal troops 538 tribe. See specific group rectification of office (cheng kuan-ming “tributary goods and private ), 459 merchandise” (kung-wu ssu-shang T’o-pa , 4 ), 179

glossary–index 1083

tribute Tsa-mai ch’ang (General Sales annual (sui-kung ), 223, 303, 344, Market). See General Sales and 549, 645, 675, 684, 719. See also General Purchase Markets payments, annual Tsa-mai wu (General Purchase annual (sui-pi ), 805, 806, 811, Market). See General Sales and 865 General Purchase Markets biannual, 819 tsai-hsiang . See counselor, chief ceramics in, 177 Ts’ai Ch’eng-hsi, 453, 455 Ch’ien Ch’u , to T’ai-tsu , 228 Ts’ai Ch’i, 285, 290, 293 Ch’ien Liu , to the Later Liang, Ts’ai-chien chü. See Office of Economizing 178 Ts’ai Ching (1047–1126), 26, 30, Ching-nan’s seizure of, 181 32, 464, 478, 536, 565, 638, “equalized tribute measure” (chün-shu 639, 693, 786, 787 fa ), 403 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, and Kuo Jung , 127 542 and Kuo Wei , 115 ancestral graves of, 625 Later Liang , 67 and drafted service, 545 and Li Ssu-yuan¨ , 77 educational reforms of, 585, Liu Chih-yuan¨ , to Te-kuang 586–587, 589 , 104 fiscal policies and revenue extraction, metal-ware in, 177 589–596 peace payment, 821 on Green Sprouts revival, 546 Shen-chih , to northern dynasties, and the hired service exemption, 544 178 and Hui-tsung, 556 Southern Han and Wu-Yueh¨ manipulation of Hui-tsung, 570 , to K’ai-feng , 220 ministry of, under Hui-tsung, Southern T’ang , to Later Chou 570–639 , 127 plot to depose Chao Hsu¨2, 486 Ssu-ma Kuang on importance proscriptions against the Yuan-yu¨ of, 179 anti-reformers, 554, 786 Sung , to the Chin, 30 and the restoration of the New Sung , to Liao , 268, 311 Policies, 590–596, 599–600 from the Sung to the Chin, 629, 630, and social welfare, 596–600 632, 634 as a “traitorous monster,” 570 Tung Ch’ang , to the T’ang , 143 as a “treacherous minister” Wang Jung , to Chu Wen , 59 (chien-ch’en), 560 tribute, 310 and Tseng Pu , 554 grain, 320 Ts’ai-chou , 43, 794, 856–858 Inner Asian state dependence on, 16 Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ (1037–93), 25, 30, Tribute Transport and Distribution 455–457, 462, 472, 478, measure (chün-shufa ), 479–480, 481, 491 378, 392 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, tripods, ritual (ting), 608 542

1084 glossary–index

Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ (1037–93)(cont.) Ts’ao Yu-wen, 864 amnesty for, 528 Tse-chou , 11, 47, 49, 66, 105 anti-reform hostility towards, tsei-shuai . See bandit “leader” 493–494 Tsei Wang Pa . See Bandit Wang banishment of, 521–525, 543 Eight plot to depose Chao Hsu¨2 , 486 Ts’en-chiang , 182 and Ssu-ma Kuang , 488 Tseng K’ai , 680, 681 and Su Ch’e , 499 Tseng Kung (1019–83), 351, 400 and Wang Kuei , Tseng Kung-liang (998–1078), Ts’ai Hsiang , 298, 320, 463 324, 337, 338, 342, 345, 346, and Shih Chieh , 321 357, 361, 363, 368, 369, 371, Ts’ai Pien , 536, 553, 565 372–373, 374, 378 and Chao Chi , Prince of Tuan, and prefecture schools, 318 553 and Wang An-shih , 447 and Tseng Pu , 553, 554 Tseng Pu (1036–1107), 377, 381, Ts’ai-shih, battle of (1162), 704–707, 382, 402, 407, 420, 432, 449, 709, 713 450, 536, 566–571 Ts’ai T’ao, 584 centralist politics of, 566–567, 568, Ts’ai Wei, 542 569 Ts’ai Yu (1077–1126), 632 and Chang Tun , 561–562 Ts’ai Yu-hsueh¨ (1154–1217), and Chao Chi , Prince of Tuan, 788, 790, 817 553–554 ts’an-chih cheng-shih . See assistant pao-chia regulations of, 408 councilors of state principled stances of, 553 Tsang Hsun¨ , 182 on the State Trade Agency, 443–445 Tsang-ti-ho , 620 and T’ang Chiung, 447 Ts’ang-chou , 47, 51–52, 60, 62, 63, and Ts’ai Ching , 577 72 Tseng Ti, 726–727, 741–742, 744 ts’ang-fa. See Granary System Tseng Ts’ung-lung, 859 Tsao-tso ch¨u . See Fabrication Tsinghai , 466 Bureaus Tso tradition (Tso-chuan), 689 Tsao-yang, 795, 827 Tso-tsang feng-chuang k’u . See Ts’ao, Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou) Storehouse for the Reserves of 336, 340–341. See also Ts’ao, the State Treasury Empress Tso-tsang nan-k’u . See State Ts’ao, Empress, 293, 334, 337. See also Treasury, Southern Storehouse of Ts’ao, Dowager Empress the Ts’ao, Lady, 293, 809 Tsou Hao (1060–1111), 564, Ts’ao Ch’eng, 666 568 Ts’ao Han (924–92), 221 tsu-yung shih . See Commissioner Ts’ao Li-yung (?–1029), 266, for State Revenue 281 tsu-yung-tiao (tax system), 134 Ts’ao Pin (931–99), 226, 293 ts’ui chien-ping . See “engrossers” ts’ao-tsei . See bandit, rural (chien-ping), smashing the

glossary–index 1085

Ts’ui Yin , 47, 48 Tu-sung Pass , 939 Ts’ui Yu-chih¨ (1158–1239), 865, tu-ta t’i-chüch’a-ma-ssu . 878 See Superintendancy for Tea and Tsung-chen (Liao Hsing-tsung, Horses r. 1031–55), 288. See also Liao tu-t’ang . See Council of State Hsing-tsung (r. 1031–55) Tu-tsung (Chao Ch’i , Tsung-cheng ssu . See Court of the 1240–1274,r.1264–74), 873, Imperial Clan 913, 916–917, 928. See also Tsung-han, 640. See also Wan-yen Chao Ch’i (Tu-tsung, 1240–74, Nien-han r. 1264–74) Tsung-hsüeh . See Imperial Clan extravagance of, 916 Academy and indiscriminate advancement of Tsung Tse (1059–1128), 648, kinsmen, 916 649–650, 663 and Mongols, 917 and the defense of the Central Plain, Tu-tu . See commander-in-chief 653 Tu Yen , 318, 321, 323 Tsung-wan. See Wan-yen Wo-li-pu and Shih Chieh , 321 (Tsung-wan, d. 1127) t’u-t’uan . See militia, popular Tsung-wang, Prince, 638, 640–641 T’u-yu-hun¨ , 101 Ts’ung-jung , 81 Tuan, Prince of, 553. See also Chao Chi; Tu, Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou, Chao Chi (Hui-tsung, 901–61), 243, 259 1282–1135,r.1100–1126); tu-chien . See commander, district Sung Hui-tsung tu chien-cheng . See examiner, chief Tuan-chou , 332 Tu-chih ssu . See Accounting Bureau Tuan-li Gate , 575 Tu-chih tu-chi . See Register of Tuan-ming Academician , 77 Public Revenue Tuan Ning , 67 Tu Ch’ung (d. 1140), 650, 654, Tuan-tsung (Chao Shih , 663 1268–78,r.1276–78), 952. See Tu Ch’ung-wei , 99, 100, also Chao Shih (Tuan-tsung, c. 101–102, 106, 107 1268–78,r.1276–78) Tu Fan (1181–1244), 859, 878, t’uan. See drill “teams” 881, 882, 883, 902, 903 t’uan chiao-fa . See team drill Tu Hung , 147 measure Tu Kao , 860 tui-fa . See army, squad structure tu-pao . See Superior Guard t’un-t’ien . See military colony system tu-pu shu . See chief deployment Tung Ch’ang (r. 895–96), 79, commands 140–143, 164, 165 Tu shang-shui yüan . See Central Tung Chu-i,¨ 828 Commercial Tax Bureau Tung Huai , 888–889, 892, 901, tu-shih ying-t’ien shih. See commissioner 905 of waterways and agriculture Tung-ming Affair, 419 tu-shui chien . See Directorate of Tung Sung-ch’en , 887, 888, 896, waterways 904, 905, 906, 925

1086 glossary–index

Tung-t’ing Lake , 10, 134, 202 Tz’u-yu chü . See Child Benevolence Tung-t’ing rebels, 675–676 Service Tung Wen-ping , 940, 942, 949 T’ung-an, 621, 622 Uighur warlord state, 206, 354 T’ung-chi Dike , 172 unification, partial, under T’ai-tsu, T’ung-chin yin-t’ai ssu . See 215–220 Memorial Forwarding Office “units of account” or “mixed accounting T’ung-chou , 55, 65 units,” 698 T’ung-chou2 , 657, 868 Universal Charity Graneries (kuang-hui T’ung-ch’uan, 920 ts’ang), 396 t’ung chung-shu men-hsia p’ing-chang-shih Upper Four Armies (shang ssu-chün), 234 . See uprising. See rebellion Secretariat-Chancellery, Chief “use of the outside to govern the inside,” Executive of the 110 T’ung Kuan (1054–1126), 27, 28, “using barbarians to control barbarians” 478, 570, 584, 603, 605, (i-i chih-i), 628 617–619, 620–622, 625, 626, 628, 630, 632, 638, 639, 652 vassal (ch’en), 354 t’ung-p’an . See controller-general; “venerables” (yüan-lao), 353 vice-prefect Venus (chin-hsing), 844 T’ung-wen kuan . See Korean Veritable Records (shih-lu), 242, 244, 538, Relations Institute 558, 691 tutor. See specific actor vessels, sacrificial, 608 Twitchett, Denis C., 187 Vice-Commissioner for Military Affairs, Two Administrations (erh-fu), 236, 462. 115 See also liang-fu vice-prefect (t’ung-p’an), 287, 358 “two authorities” (liang fu), 368 Vietnam, 148, 170, 951. See also Annam two-councilor system, 877 villains, “outright” (chien-jen), 363 councilor of the left, 877 virtue, 58, 117, 126, 130, 167, 168, councilor of the right, 877 362, 587, 785, 843 Tzu-chih t’ung-chien . See clergy of (te-shih), 613 Comprehensive mirror to aid in Confucian, 117, 720 government (Tzu-chih t’ung-chien, vouchers, exchange (chiao-yin), 284 1067–84) “vulgar opportunist” (liu-si chiao-hsing Tzu-chih t’ung-chien ch’ang-pien chi-shih chih jen), 360 pen-mo , 391, 558 Wa-ch’iao Pass , 60, 129, 249 Tzu-chih t’ung-chien kang-mu . Wade-Giles system, xi See Outline and details of the Wan-chou , 954 comprehensive mirror Wan-sheng chün . See Ever Tzu-chou, 328, 329 Victorious Army Tzu-kuei county , 10 Wan-sui shan . See Myriad Years tz’u-shih . See prefect Mountain

glossary–index 1087

Wan-yen A-ku-ta (Ch’in T’ai-tsu, foreign policy under, 464–469 r. 1115–23), 16, 628, 629–632, and Hsing Shu , 479 633. See also Chin Shih-tsung and military reform, 27–28 (r. 1161–89); Chin T’ai-tsung “Myriad Word Memorial” of, 24–25, (r. 1123–35); Wu-chi-mai; 350 Wu-lu negative outcomes of policies of, Wan-yen A-lu-tai , 792 439–447 Wan-yen Chang , 738 and the New Policies, 327, 544 Wan-yen K’uang , 795 pao-chia regulations of, 408–412 Wan-yen Liang (Prince Hai-ling and pre-harvest loans, 351 ,r.1149–61), 704, 713. and quest for ideological uniformity, See also Hai-ling, Prince 364 Wan-yen Nien-han. See Tsung-han; second term as chief minister, Wan-yen Tsung-han 452–454 Wan-yen Ta-lan , 657, 673, and Shen-tsung, 357–396, 463 675, 677, 682 and the state education system, Wan-yen Tsung-han (1079–1136), 636, 585–586 640, 642, 644. See also Wan-yen and state trade policies, 406–407 Nien-han tactics of, 30 Wan-yen Tsung-wang, 636, 642 Wang Chang , 110 Wan-yen Wang-hsi , 800 Wang Ch’ang , 168 Wan-yen Wo-li-pu Wang Chao-yuan¨ , 226 (Tsung-wan, d. 1127), 644, 648 Wang Ch’ao , 151–152, 159–160 Wan-yen Wu-chi-mai. See Chin Wang Chen. See Tsei Wang Pa T’ai-tsung (r. 1123–35) Wang Ch’eng-yen (951–1003), 217 Wan-yen Wu-chu (d. 1148), Wang Chi (d. 1243), 856, 863, 654–655, 660, 677, 686 867 Wan-yen Wu-lu (Emperor Chin Wang Chi-chung (?–1023), 263, Shih-tsung ,r.1161–89), 266, 267, 268 706. See also Chin Shih-tsung Wang Chi-chung2 , 732 (r. 1161–89) Wang Chi-hsien (1098–1181), wang . See king, nation (kuo wang) 690, 703, 707 Wang, Consort, 78 Wang Chien , 43, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, Wang An-kuo , 448 134–135, 155–157, 158–159, Wang An-li , 452, 477 161–162, 164, 188–189, 195 Wang An-shih (1021–86, Wang Chien2 (d. 1259), 870 r. 1069–76), 205, 356, 693. See Wang Chi-en (?-999), 257, also Wang Ching-kung 260–261 and civil service examinations, 364 Wang Chih , 298 and consolidation of executive power, Wang Ch’in-jo (962–1025), 270, economic reform under, 383–447 272, 274–277, 282 economic thought of, 384–392 Wang Ching-kung . See Wang and Empress Kao , 338 An-shih

1088 glossary–index

Wang Chu , and the imperial Wang Lun (1084–1144), 673, 677, libraries, 294 679, 682, 690, 811 Wang Ch’u-chih , 59, 60 Wang Mang (r. 9–23), 297, 894 Wang Ch’u-ts’un , 44 Wang Nan (1158–1213), 811, 812 Wang Chung-cheng , 473–475 Wang P’ang , 451, 453–454 Wang Chung-i , 690 Wang Pien (d. 1184), 739, 743, Wang Chung-shan , 690 744, 763, 765 Wang Chu-an¨ , 831 Wang Ping, 636, 640 Wang Chun¨ , 115 Wang Po-wen, 300, 649 Wang Fu (1079–1126), 584, 625, 626, Wang P’u (?–957), 122, 123–124, 638 209 Wang Fu-chih (1619–92), 754, Wang Shao , 404, 466–468 755 Wang Shen-ch’i (r. 909–25), 217 Wang Gungwu, 215 Wang Shen-chih , 151–152, 158, Wang Hou , 617–619, 620 168, 184, 196 Wang Hsi , 803–804 Wang Shen-kuei , 151–152 Wang Hsiao-po (?–993), Wang Shu , 286, 292 257 and prefecture schools, 318 Wang Hsien-chih , 138 Wang Shu2 , 670, 677, 679, 680 Wang Hsu¨ , 151 Wang Su , 321 Wang Huai (1127–90), 740, Wang Sui , 290, 298, 299–300 746 Wang Sui2 , 880 Wang Huan , 196 Wang Ta-chieh , 799, 806 Wang Huan2, 690 Wang Tan (957–1017), 271, 272, Wang Hui , 690 275–277 Wang I (993–1039), 358 Wang Tao, 373 Wang I-yung , 307, 323 Wang T’ao (1020–80), 357 Wang Jung , 44, 59 Wang Te (1087–1154), 676 Wang Kuang-lien , 395 Wang Te-yung , 290, 311 Wang Kuei (1019–85), 339, 457, Wang Ti, banishment of, 543 463, 472, 478, 480, 481, 485, Wang Tsao (1079–1154), 669–670 672 Wang Tse , rebellion, 325 and Su Hsun¨ , 345 Wang Tseng (978–1038), 277, 280, and Ts’ai Ch’ueh¨ , 485 281, 282, 283, 285, 286–287, and Ying-tsung, 341–342 288, 298 Wang Kung-ch’en , 323 Wang Ts’un, 507, 524–525 on compulsory drill, 445 Wang Tsung , 300, 307 and prefecture schools, 318 Wang Tsung-chieh , 164 Wang-lai kuo-hsin so . See Ofﬁce Wang Tsung-k’an, 159 of Diplomatic Correspondence Wang Tsung-lu, 164 Wang Lao-chih, 611 Wang Tsung-pi , 71, 159 Wang Lin , 754 Wang Tu , 79 Wang Ling-mou , 161 Wang Tzu-hsi, 611 Wang Lu , 137 Wang Wan , 880

glossary–index 1089

Wang Wen-ch’ing (1093–1153), 613 Warding off the Sea Catchment Basin Wang Yao-ch’en , 308, 319 (Han-hai t’ang), 173 and the imperial libraries, 294 warfare, mounted, 306, 315 Wang Yeh , 880 Warring States period (476–221 bce), Wang Yen (r. 918–25), 71, 134 163–164 water Wang Yen2 (1090–1139), 650, conservancy networks. See irrigation 660, 663 control, 10, 326. See also irrigation Wang Yen-chang , 66 sellers (t’i p’ing-che), 430 Wang Yen-cheng (r. 943–45), Water Margin, The (Shui-hu chuan), 626 168–169 waterways, 20, 126, 128, 129, 130, 222 Wang Yen-chun¨ (r. 927–35), “way of softness” (jou-tao, huai-jou), 354, 183 466, 689, 690 Wang Yen-hsi (r. 939–44), 168 “Weak first, strong later” strategy, Wang Yen-pin, 184 220–229 Wang Yen-sou (1043–93), 436, wealth, 388–392 440, 491, 492, 495, 502, 510, financing armies with private, 85 515, 523, 525 “managing,” 381 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, public (kung) and private (ssu), 276 542 weapon. See specific weapon type and Chang Shun-min , weather. See portents 517–518 Wei, Prince (Wei Chao Wang, and Chang Tun , 493 r. 1208–13), 818, 819 on compulsory drill, 445 Wei, Princess of, 293 on drafted service, 503 Wei Chi-tsung , 405–406, 443, and “engrossers,” 442 450 and Fan Ch’un-jen , 505 Wei Ch’i , 719 and the hired service exemption, 500 Wei Chou, 153–154 on pao-chia , 446 Wei-chou , 44, 51, 62, 66, 72–73, stripped of prestige titles, 541 106–107 and Su Shih , 515 mutiny of Imperial Guard units at, and Teng Wen-po, 527 85, 87 Wang-yen Wu-chu, 682 Wei-chou2 , 63 Wang Yin , 111, 114 rebellion at, 91 Wang Ying , 140 Wei-chou3 . See Wei-chou6 Wang Ying-lin (1223–96), 923, Wei-chou4 , 308, 312, 314 924, 935, 936, 940 Wei-chou5 , 824 Wang Yuan¨ , 651 Wei-chou6 , 886 Wang Yuan-yung¨ , 164 Wei Chuang , 161–162 Wang Yueh¨ (d. 1277), 923, 931, Wei Han-chin , 608 934, 935, 936 Wei Jen-p’u , 122 war. See specific conflict. See also rebellions Wei Kuei-fei, 678 arts of (wu), 556 Wei Liao-weng , 816–817, 828, games, 141, 144–146 854, 876, 877, 901

1090 glossary–index

Wei-ming A-mai, 551 wineries, 443 Wei-ming Ping-ch’ang women, palace, 293, 305, 335, 764, (Emperor Hsia Hui-tsung, 772, 944 r. 1068–86), 506. See also Hsia wonder-worker. See occult master Hui-tsung (r. 1068–86) (fang-shih) Wei-ming Shan, 354 Worthy, Edmund H., Jr., 11 Wei-Po, 44, 46, 51, 53, 57, 62, 72 Wright, Hope, xi Wei River , 4, 47, 302 Wu, 5, 178, 195–197 Wei T’ai (c. 1050–1110), 377, King of (Wu wang), 157 451 Wu, Dowager Empress (huang t’ai-hou, wei-t’ing . See outlaw court 1115–97), 31, 757, 762–763, welfare, state, 596–600 764, 768, 771, 772, 773, 786, wen . See culture, refinements of 787, 809, 875 Wen, King of Chou (r. 11c. bce), 59 Wu, Princess, 835 Wen-ch’eng huang-hou (Empress Lady Wu An-ch’ih , 456 Chang), 335 Wu An-shih, 523 Wen Chi-fu , 456 Wu Ch’eng, 162 and alleged plot to depose Che-tsung, Wu-ch’i-mai (Chin T’ai-tsung, 542 1075–1135,r.1123-), 633–634. Wen-chou , 140, 947 See also Chin T’ai-tsung Wen-chou2 , 864 (r. 1123–35) Wen-hsüan . See Anthology of literature Wu Chieh (1093–1139), 660, 797 Wen-sheng chün. See Ever Victorious Army Wu Chien (1093–1139), 763, 887, Wen-ti (r. 180–57 bce), 689 941 Wen T’ien-hsiang (1236–83), Wu Ch’ien , 859, 886–887, 890, 925, 926, 934, 938, 939, 941, 904, 905, 915 946, 947, 948, 949, 951, 952, Wu-ching tsung-yao . See Essentials 955, 957, 961 of the military classics Wen Yen-po (1006–97), 339, Wu-chou , 87 344, 353, 373, 378, 491, 500, Wu-chou2 , 332 517, 519, 524, 525, 542 Wu-chou3 , 634 criticized for Hsi Hsia Wu-chou4 , 947, 949 accommodation, 537 Wu Ch’u-hou , 522 Wen-yüanying-hua . See Finest Wu Ch’ung , 373, 454, 456–457, blossoms from the garden of elegant 472, 479 writing Wu Chu¨ , 762 Western Capital, 52 wu-fu. See five circles of mourning Western Wall Bureau (Hsi-ch’eng so), Wu-han . See Han-yang 591 Wu Hsi (d. 1207), 791, 797, 801, widow. See specific actor 802, 811, 933, 939 wife. See specific actor beheaded, 802 wine, 327 Wu Hsien (d. 1234), 856 -mash franchises (fang-ch’ang), 398 Wu-hsing . See An-chi monopoly, 400, 907 Wu-hsüeh . See Military Academy

glossary–index 1091

Wu-hu , 933 and T’ai-tsu, 14, 227 Wu I (1124–71), 762 and trade with the north, 179, Wu-i Mountains, 10 180–181 Wu Kai (1125–66), 762 and the traditional elite, 160 Wu kingdom (902–37), 134, 143–147, and the Wang family, 10 160–161 and Wang Shen-chih , 197 Wu Kuang , 743 water control in, 173–174 Wu K’uei (1010–67), 337, 357 and Wu, 195 Wu-kuo ku-shih , 176, 184 wu-lai, 141 ya-chiang . See militia leader Wu Lin (1102–67), 660, 669, 713, ya-ch’ien . See supply master 732, 763, 797, 799 ya-ch¨un . See army, regional troops Wu-lu. See Chin Shih-tsung Yai-shan (Cliff Hill), 952–953, 955–958 (r. 1161–89); Wan-yen yamen police for the arrest of thieves Wu Min, 640 (kung-shou), 398 Wu-tai shih pu (Supplement to yang, 761 the History of the Five Dynasties), Yang, Consort (1244–79), 809, 929, 182 948, 949, 952, 956, 958 Wu T’ing (d. 1193), 797, 798, Yang, Dowager Consort (huang t’ai-fei), 801 289 Wu Tse-t’ien , Empress Yang, Dowager Empress (huang (r. 690–705), 286, 289, 522 t’ai-hou), 289 Wu wang . See Wu, king of Yang2, Dowager Empress (huang Wu-wei, 933 t’ai-hou), 875, 930. See also Wu-yen-ch’eng , 476 Yang2, Empress; Yang Mei-tzu Wu Yung , 858 Yang2, Empress (Yang Mei-tzu, Wu-yu¨ (Yuan,¨ Liao Shih-tsung, 1162–1232), 809–810, 813, 947–51), 105, 106, 113. 834, 835, 836. See also Yang2, See also Liao Shih-tsung Dowager Empress; Yang Mei-tzu (r. 947–51) Yang, Lady, 292, 293, 294 Wu-Yueh¨ , 109, 133, 163, 195. See Yang, Prince of, 335 also Wu-Yueh¨ wang Yang, Pure Consort (Yang Shu-fei, army, 200 984–1036), 279, 280, 291 and Fu-chou , 194 Yang An-erh (Yang An-kuo importance of ceramics to, 177 ,d.1214), 824–825. See as an independent state, 5 also Yang An-kuo and K’ai-Feng , 220 Yang An-kuo . See Yang An-erh King of (Wu Y¨uehwang), 157 (Yang An-kuo, d. 1214) and Kuo Jung , 124 Yang Chen , 946 and the Later Chou , 127 yang-ch’i (propagating essence), 364 and Li Jen-ta, 169 Yang Ch’i-chung (1102–66), 666, and Southern T’ang , 227 676, 682 state formation in, 140–143 Yang Chien (1140–1226), 781, and the Sung , 204, 248 788, 814, 815, 897

1092 glossary–index

Yang Chien2 , 591 Yang Tz’u-shan (1139–1219), Yang-chou , 126, 144, 145, 146, 764, 810, 811, 817 165, 177, 178, 850, 937, 938, Yang Wan-li (1127–1206), 746, 949. See also Kuang-chou; 756 Kuang-ling Yang Wei, 533 Yang Chung-liang , 558 Yang Wen-chung , 944 Yang Ch’ung-hsun¨ , 292 Yang Wo (r. 905–8), 188 Yang Ch’ung-pen , 50 Yang Yao, 665, 674 Yang Fu-kuang , 157, 158 Yang Yeh (?-986), 250 Yang Hsing-mi (d. 905), 163, Yangtze Delta, 5 165, 188 Yangtze River , 10, 195–196, background of, 144–147 928, 937, 954 and Chao K’uang-ning , 50 and battle of Ts’ai-shih, 706 and Ch’ien Liu , 142 and Chu Wen , 48 and Chu Wen , 48, 53 east-west trade along the, 183 in Huai-nan, 43, 178 independent governors along the, 5 and Huang Ch’ao , 134, 135 and Kuo Jung , 124 as King of Wu, 157 and the Later Chou , 4 and the Wu state, 160 lower, 28 and Yang Hsing-mi , 143 Mongols along the, 33 Yang Hui , 382, 419, 420 north-south trde along the, 222 on hired-service, 437 population movement along the, 134 Yang I-feng , 162 resources along the, 225 Yang Kuang-yuan¨ , 88, 91, 98, 99 rice cultivation along the, 172 Yang Kuei-fei , 874 warlords along the, 29 Yang-lien Chen-chia , 959–960, and Yang Hsing-mi , 43 961 Yao, King, 709 Yang-liu , 66 Yao2 (the Yao people), 329 Yang Lung-yen (r. 908–18), 166, Yao Ch’ung (d. 1227), 849 188, 194, 196 Yao chu ¨ . See Medical Service (Yao ch¨u) Yang Mei-tzu . See Yang2, Yao P’ing-chung (1099–?), 638, 645, Empress (Yang Mei-tzu, 648 1162–1232) Yeh Ch’ing-ch’en , 299 Yang Meng, 166 Yeh-lu¨ Ch’un,¨ 630 Yang Miao-chen , 824, 849, 896 Yeh-lu¨ Hsieh-chen (?–999), Yang Pin , 108, 110 249 Yang P’u (r. 921–37), 163, 166, Yeh-lu¨ Hsiu-ko (953–1009), 167, 189 249, 262 Yang Shih (1053–1135), 434 Yeh-lu¨ Jen-hsien , 311 Yang Shih-hou , 54, 62 Yeh Shih (1150–1223), 770, 788, Yang Shu-fei. See Yang, Pure Consort 790, 794, 814, 899, 911 (Yang Shu-fei, 984–1036) Yeh Wei-tao , 844 Yang T’ien , 332 Yellow Emperor, 608

glossary–index 1093

Yellow River, 38, 60, 61, 222, 641. See yin-hsünmo-su chih-pi . See also Huang-ho conventionality, slavish dominated by Ho-tung, 42–43 Yin Shu in early tenth century China, 4 and the Ch’ing-li reforms (1043–45), and the Greater Shan-hsi circuit, 23 321 during Later Liang–Ho-tung conflict, and Fan Chung-yen , 298 64–65 Yin-t’ai ssu . See Office of and Li Ts’un-hsu¨ , 62 Transmission neglected dikes on the, 283 Ying-chou , 4, 87, 209, 251, and Shih Ching-t’ang , 94 266 after the Treaty of Shan-yuan¨ , 21 Ying-chou2 , 87 Yellow River chart (Ho-t’u), 270 Ying-chou3 , 180, 928 yen . See dikes (yen). See also specific Ying-chou6 , 629, 634 municipality or waterway Ying Ch’un-chih , 825 Yen, Consort (d. 1260), 874, 888, 913, Ying-kuo-kung. See Chao Hsien 930 (1271–1323) Yen, Prince of, 59 ying-t’ien . See military-agricultural Yen-an fu , 306, 312. See also outposts Yen-chou2 Ying-t’ien, 858 yen-ch’ao . See salt certificates Ying-t’ien-fu , 438, 637, 643 (yen-ch’ao) Ying-tsung (Chao Shu , Yen-ching , 630, 632 1032–67,r.1063–67), 22, 323, Yen-chou , 114 324, 342, 347 Yen-chou2 , 475. See also Yen-an fu fiscal problems during the reign of, Yen-chou3 , 549 344–345 Yen-chou4 . See Mu-chou Ying-tsung shih-lu . See Ying-tsung Yen-ch’uan garrison, 800 veritable record Yen-fu kung . See Palace of Ying-tsung veritable record (Ying-tsung Extended Blessings shih-lu) , 339 yen-lu. See remonstrance, “roads of” Ying Yao , 885, 898, 904 Yen Shih , 830 “younger uncle and nephew” (shu-chih) Yen Shu , 282, 287, 290, 307, 313, relationship, 719. See also 318 adoption and Shih Chieh , 321 Yu-chou , 551 Yen Tun-fu , 681 Chou Te-wei in, 61–62, 64 Yen Wen-ying , 292, 293, 294, consequences of the conquest of, 62 296 defensive measures in, 81 Yen-Yun¨ region, 14, 20, 28, 263, 267, independent governors of, 43, 44 634 Liu Jen-kung in, 47, 48, 51 yin , 761 Liu Shou-kuang in, 59, 60 yin2 . See privilege, hereditary neutralized by ChuWen, 55 Yin-chou , 619 and Shih Ching-t’ang , 87 Yin Fan-cheng, 202 as Southern Liao capital, 209

1094 glossary–index

Yu-chou (cont.) Yu¨ Tuan-li (1135–1201), 781, 782 T’ai-tsung’s campaign against, 248 Yu-wen¨ Hsu-chung,¨ 636 T’ai-tsung’s defeat near, 14 Yu-yao¨ , 177 Yu-chou2 , 251 yü-ying shih . See Commissioner of Yu Ssu , 884 Imperial Encampment Yung, Prince of, 335 YuY¨ un-wen¨ (1110–74), 724, Yung-chia School, 788 728, 732, 735, 736–737, Yung-chou2 , 329–331, 940 739 Yung-hsing-chun,¨ 23, 393, 551 and battle of Ts’ai-shih, 706 Yung-lo ch’eng , 464, 476–477, departure with honors of, 736 489, 506, 549, 616 diverting revenues, 750 Yung-lo era (Everlasting Joy, at Ts’ai-shih, 706 1120–23), 624 Yüan dynastic history (Yüanshih), 920 Yung-lo ta-tien . See Encyclopedia Yuan-feng¨ era (1078–85), 455 of the Yung-lo era (Yung-lo ta-tien, administrative reforms, 457–464 1408) Yüan-feng k’u . See Yuan-feng¨ Yung-p’ing, 307 Treasury Yu,¨ Consort, 929, 952 Yuan-feng¨ Treasury (Yüan-fengk’u), Yu,¨ Lady, 335 418 Yu¨ Chieh (d. 1253), 868, 870 Yuan¨ Hsieh (1144–1224), 777, yü-ch’ien chuang-kuan chi-shang k’u 788, 814, 815, 817, 820, 898 . See Imperial Yuan¨ River , 10 Treasury of Awards Yuan¨ state, 36 Yu¨ Ching , 332, 333 Yuan¨ Yen (907–73), 214, 215, and Fan Chung-yen , 298 498 and Jen-tsung, 299 Yuan-yu¨ and Shih Chieh , 321 partisans (Yüan-yu tang ), 25, Yu-ching¨ chien , 329 572, 573, 578. See also Yu-ch’ing¨ chao-ying Palace , Restoration reign (1086–94) 286 party, proscription of all members of Yu-chou¨ , 81, 87 (1102–04), 26 yü-hou. See defendants Yuan-yu¨ , Dowager Empress (huang Yu¨ Hsien-ch’ing, 284 t’ai-hou, 1077–1135), 647, 650, Yu-k’ou¨ Pass , 129 651, 653, 662. See also Lung-yu, Yu-lin¨ , 470 Dowager Empress (huang yü-pi . See decrees, imperial t’ai-hou) yü-shih. See censors and Kao-tsung’s heir apparent, yü-shih chung-ch’eng . See vice Yuan-yu¨ era (1086–93) censor-in-chief factionalism during, 509–514 yü-shih ta-fu . See Censor-in-chief Li Ch’ing-ch’en’s indictment of, 534 Yü-shih t’ai . See Censorate; Census Yueh,¨ King of (Yüehwang) , 143, Bureau 157 Yu¨ T’ien-hsi , 836, 880 Yueh-chou¨ , 654. See also Shao-hsing

glossary–index 1095

Yueh¨ Fei (1103–41), 29, 30, 644, posthumous rehabiliation of, 703, 649, 654, 655, 659, 666, 669, 714 674, 675, 677, 679, 682, 793 Y¨ueh wang . See Yueh,¨ King of and Chao Po-ts’ung , 708 Yun-chou¨ , 50, 66 execution of, 684–686 Yun-chou¨ 2 (Ta-t’ung), 81, 87, 90