Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization and Cytotoxicity

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Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization and Cytotoxicity UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization and Cytotoxicity Susana Alexandra de Barros Gonçalves Orientador: Professor Doutor Tiago Fleming de Oliveira Outeiro Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutoramento em Ciências Biomédicas, Especialidade em Neurociências 2017 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization and Cytotoxicity Susana Alexandra de Barros Gonçalves Orientador: Professor Doutor Tiago Fleming de Oliveira Outeiro Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutoramento em Ciências Biomédicas, Especialidade em Neurociências Júri Presidente: Professor Doutor José Luís Bliebernicht Ducla Soares, Professor Catedrático em regime de tenure e Vice-Presidente do Conselho Ciêntífico da Faculdade de Mecinina da Universidade de Lisboa. Vogais: – Doutor Duarte Custal Ferreira Barral, Professor Auxiliar Convidado da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade nova de Lisboa; – Doutora Patrícia Espinheira Sá Maciel, Professora Associada do Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde da Universidade do Minho; – Doutora Luísa Maria Vaqueiro Lopes, Investigadora e Group Leader do Instituto de Medicina Molecular, unidade de investigação associada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; – Doutora Ana Maria Ferreira de Sousa Sebastião, Professora Catedrática da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; – Doutor Joaquim José Coutinho Ferreira, Professor Associado Convidado da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; – Doutor Tiago Fleming de Oliveira Outeiro, Professor Associado Convidado da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa (orientador). Instituições Financiadoras: Axa Research Fund e Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/79337/2011) 2017 O trabalho experimental relatado nesta tese foi realizado na Unidade de Neurociências Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa. As opiniões expressas nesta publicação são da exclusiva responsabilidade da autora. A impressão desta tese foi aprovada pelo Conselho Científico da Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa em reunião de 23 de Novembro de 2016. Aos meus pais. “Como é fascinante escrever para saber o que é. (...) Mas o que se sabe é frágil e há que procurá-lo até à eternidade. Porque o que se encontra é ainda a procura, o além de todo o aquém. E é porque nunca se encontra, que a arte continua.” Vergílio Ferreira, in “Pensar”. Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... I 2 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ III 3 Preface .......................................................................................................................................... V 4 Publications ...................................................................................................................... V 5 Communications in Scientific Meetings .......................................................................... VI 6 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ IX 7 Resumo ....................................................................................................................................... XIII 8 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. XVII 9 I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 21 10 1 Protein Misfolding Diseases ........................................................................................ 23 11 1.1 Loss of Neuronal Proteostasis and Neurodegeneration ............................................... 25 12 1.2 Synucleinopathies ......................................................................................................... 26 13 2 The Role of Alpha-Synuclein in Health and Disease .................................................... 37 14 2.1 Structure and Function of Alpha-Synuclein .................................................................. 37 15 2.2 Genetic Association Between Alpha-Synuclein and Parkinson’s Disease ..................... 40 16 2.3 Alpha-Synuclein post-Translational Modifications ....................................................... 41 17 2.4 Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation and Cellular Dysfunction ................................................ 46 18 2.5 Alpha-Synuclein and Neuronal Trafficking .................................................................... 47 19 2.6 Intercellular Propagation of Pathologic Alpha-Synuclein ............................................. 50 20 2.7 Cellular Models of Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization and Aggregation ........................ 54 21 II. Aims ................................................................................................................................. 63 22 III. Results ............................................................................................................................. 67 23 Author Contributions...................................................................................................... 69 24 A. Alpha-Synuclein Subcellular Dynamics in Living Cells ................................................ 71 25 3.1. Assessing the Subcellular Dynamics of Alpha-Synuclein using Photoactivation Microscopy 26 ............................................................................................................................................. 71 27 B. Insights into the Mechanisms of Alpha-Synuclein Oligomerization and Aggregation 91 28 3.2. The Small GTPase Rab11 co-Localizes with Alpha-Synuclein in Intracellular Inclusions and 29 Modulates its Aggregation, Secretion and Toxicity ............................................................ 91 30 3.3. shRNA-Based Screen Identifies Endocytic Recycling Pathway Components that Act as 31 Genetic Modifiers of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation, Secretion and Toxicity .................... 117 32 3.4 Antibodies Against Alpha-Synuclein Reduce Oligomerization in Living Cells ............. 145 33 IV. Conclusions and Future Directions ................................................................................ 161 34 V. Annexes ......................................................................................................................... 171 35 5.1. Assessing the Subcellular Dynamics of Alpha-Synuclein using Photoactivation Microscopy 36 ........................................................................................................................................... 173 37 5.2. shRNA-Based Screen Identifies Endocytic Recycling Pathway Components that Act as 38 Genetic Modifiers of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation, Secretion and Toxicity .................... 181 39 VI. References ..................................................................................................................... 211 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 II Acknowledgments 65 66 Besides answering questions, our duty as thinkers is to renew the right questions to 67 answer. Thus, a PhD never ends; in fact it is the beginning of knowledge consolidation and 68 an unfinished search of deeper understanding. 69 I am a privileged person as I am walking through this pathway surrounded with special, 70 unique and transcendent people around me, to whom I am deeply grateful: 71 O meu reconhecido agradecimento ao Prof. Dr. Tiago Fleming Outeiro. Este 72 doutoramento não seria uma realidade sem ele. Para além das capacidades de excelência 73 que detém, exerceu uma mentoria excepcional que me permitiu cimentar as minhas 74 capacidades de pensar, interpretar e trabalhar. No entanto, a humildade e transparência 75 são as capacidades que mais me orgulho de ter desenvolvido com ele. Manter-se-á a 76 honra que sinto de poder ter estado no laboratório de Lisboa desde o início. Considero 77 que tive toda a liberdade de movimentos e apoio necessários a toda a minha 78 investigação. 79 Agradeço também a todas as pessoas do laboratório e do Instituto de Medicina Molecular 80 com que me cruzei. De todos guardo actos, frases, interajuda, troca de ideias, ou simples 81 gestos como sorrisos. No seu conjunto constroem uma entidade de Ciência sólida cuja 82 excelência seria menor sem um desses elementos que fosse. 83 To Dr. Flav Giorgini for all the support and collaboration in this work. 84 Ao Dr. Duarte Barral por toda a disponibilidade em me ajudar e receber sempre que tive 85 dúvidas e pela preciosa colaboração neste doutoramento. 86 Ao Dr. José Rino e António Temudo pela formação contínua em Bioimaging, e pela 87 assistência sempre prontamente prestada nas minhas longas sessões de microscopia. 88 Ao Dr. Pedro Daniel Simões, Dra. Catarina Ferreira Moita, Dra. Helena Raquel, e Dr. Luís 89 Ferreira Moita, pela colaboração essencial na produção de vírus e na ajuda teórica sobre 90 screenings de RNAi. 91 I am deeply grateful to my current supervisor, Dr. Matthew Hoare, for his support and 92 ingenious mentorship. 93 94 III Desejo expressar a minha sentida gratidão aos meus pais, Maria Mercedes e Ricardo,
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