Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Parkinson’S Disease and Huntington’S Disease

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Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Parkinson’S Disease and Huntington’S Disease ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Mitochondrial quality control in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease TESI DOCTORAL 2018 Programa de Doctorat en Neurociències Institut de Neurociències Tesi realitzada al laboratori de Malalties Neurodegeenratives de l’Institut de Recerca de la Vall d’Hebron (VHIR) Doctorand Director Tutor Sandra Franco Iborra Miquel Vila Bover José Rodríguez Álvarez Co-directora Co-directora Celine Perier Marta Martínez Vicente i AGRAÏMENTS En primer lloc vull agraïr al Miquel Vila per l’oportunitat que em va donar de començar a fer la tesi doctoral al seu lab. Gràcies per tenir sempre la porta oberta del teu despatx, per la confiança dipositada en mi i per tot el que m’has ensenyat durant tots aquests anys. A més, he tingut la sort de tenir no només un director de tesis sinó tres! Celine muchas gracias por estar siempre ahí, por ensenyarme tu manera de hacer ciencia (que me encanta!) y por ser siempre tan positiva. En mi manera de trabajar hay un poquito de ti y espero ir pasando este conocimiento a los demás porque en todo laboratorio debería ser obligatorio que hubiera alguien como tu. No solo a nivel profesional pero a nivel personal me has ayudado mucho y siempre que hablamos me siento mucho mejor después. Esta tesis, sin duda, no hubiera sido lo mismo sin ti y yo tampoco. Marta moltes gràcies per la teva infinita paciència, per tenir sempre un moment per mi i per haver-me ajudat en el dia a dia del lab. Gràcies també pels teus consells i per aguantar totes les meves preguntes (sóc incapaç de decidir!) . Aquests anys els he passat en el millor laboratori del món amb els millors companys del món! Annabelle tu eres imprescindible para mi día a día en el lab. Gracias por escucharme siempre, todas mis dudas, que si hago esto o hago lo otro y siempre con una sonrisa. Thais, la meva companya de poyata (d’esquena!) m’has fet tots els experiments més entretinguts perquè sempre estaves allà per parlar. I a mi m’encanta parlar, ja ho sabeu! Per mi les dues sou com dues germanes grans que m’heu aconsellat durant tot aquest temps. Ara us hauré de trucar quan no sàpiga que fer! Iria me lo he pasado genial contigo y tus historias, eres la alegría del hemilab! Ariadna, gràcies per estar pendent de mi i preguntar-me sempre com estava i ser la meva companya organitzadora de lab meetings. Albert, hem compartit molts moments junts al lab i molta frustració de l’aplicatiu SIA de la UAB , et desitjo el millor per a aquests últims anys i espero que ens trobem en algun altre lloc. Als meus companys de despatx, els Jordis (Galiano i Bové) gràcies per tot el que he rigut amb vosaltres. Jordi Galiano gairebé em mates d’un espant unes quantes vegades però com a contrapartida ets el millor company per demanar que t’acompanyi al nitrogen líquid. Trobaré molt a faltar els nostres matins a les 8.30 am i els teus “et veig il·lusionada”. Jordi Bové, encara estic esperant la meva gorra de l’Arale! Gràcies per tots els moments que em passat junts i rient en el teu estat de bogeria. A la Marta González, la Bea i el Jordi Romero, gràcies per ajudar- me sempre amb un somriure, ha estat un plaer treballar amb vosaltres. Marta me ha hecho mucha gracia conocerte después de haber sido mi profe, echaré de menos nuestras charlas en la reveladora. A les noves adquisicions del lab la Núria, l’Alex, el Marc, la Mercè i l’Alice, que sapigueu que esteu en un lloc immillorable. I també a les persones que van passar pel lab, en especial l’Alba i al Xavi, dos diamants en brut als que els hi desitjo el millor del mon. Gràcies als nostres veïns del lab de Malalties Mitocondrials, per totes les xerrades al voltant de la màquina de cafè i per la vostra ajuda amb els protocols de DNA mitocondrial. Especialment a la Cora i al Ferran, gràcies als dos per fer més amenes les tardes al lab i també per venir a veure’ns a Brain and Beer, heu estat dels més incondicionals. Hem compartit experiències de lab i viatges i m’encantaria que ens puguèssim trobar a algún altre lloc. Gràcies a la Yolanda també, per estar sempre amb un somriure i disposada a ajudar en tot . Gràcies a tots els meus amics de la Uni, Esther, Anna, Xabi, Helena, Laura Luque, Irene ja fa molts anys que ens coneixem i sou totalment imprescindibles per mi. La vida requereix ii sempre d’amics que et treguin de birres en els moments baixos i que gaudeixin amb tu de totes les coses bones. I encara que no ens veiem tant però sé que hi sou allà Anna M, Gerard, Uri i Alba gràcies. I evidentment no em puc oblidar del Carlos i l’Iñaki, sempre fent- nos riure i que ja formen part de la familia de ple. Als meus amics de Brain and Beer, Maca i Marc. Participar en Brain and Beer ha estat unes de les millors experiències de tots aquests anys. Evidentment el millor és haver-nos conegut. Marc, ets una persona molt especial i força peculiar però saps que t’estimem així. Maca, no podria ser la que soy ahora sin haberte conocido, me has ensenyado Carne Cruda y la Cafetera y eso ya irá conmigo para siempre. Eres una persona increíble! Gracias por todas esas calçotadas, barbacoas, tailandeses y las millones de cervezas, aquí o en Bélgica, y todas esas charlas. Y a los friends de Brain ans Beer Andrea, Ananda, Jaume y Marta por apoyarnos siempre. A Cris y Annece, mis amigas del máster. Aunque ahora estemos separadas hemos pasado unos momentos geniales juntas que no olvidaré jamás. Y siempre hay una excusa para reunirnos en algun lugar del mundo. A Pablo de Equador, por ser tan carinyoso y atento conmigo y enseñarme su cultura. A mis amigos de IDIBELL, Andrea, Ale, Sónia y Juanjo gracias por haberme integrado en vuestra família y por todos los buenos momentos. Y especialmente a Eva y Patri, sois las dos unos amores y os aprecio muchísimo. Me ha encantado compartir con vosotras todas esas cenas y birras y, especialmente, toda vuestra sabiduría. Un gracias en mayúsculas a Pablo, por encontrarme. Gracias por compartir conmigo todo este camino, que sabes que a veces no ha sido fácil para mi pero siempre estabas tu para sacarme esa sonrisa. Gracias porque sabes que soy muy pesada siempre preguntándote y siempre piediéndote ayuda y nunca te cansas de estar ahí. La vida contigo es divertida y sé que seguirá siendo así aquí o donde sea que estemos. I, per acabar, a tota la meva família, i, especialment, als meus pares Miguel i Sílvia i a les meves germanetes Marina i Laia per estar sempre quan us he necessitat. I gràcies perquè sense vosaltres aquesta tesi hagués estat impossible. Gràcies a totes aquelles que heu compartit un tros del camí amb mi. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Mitochondria biology: an overview 5 1.1.1 Mitochondrial biology: structure and general mitochondrial functions 5 1.1.2 Mitochondrial quality control systems 7 1.1.2.1 Mitochondrial redox homeostasis 8 1.1.2.1.1 Reactive oxygen species 8 1.1.2.1.2 Antioxidant defenses 9 1.1.2.2 Mitochondrial protein import machinery 10 1.1.2.2.1 Translocation of proteins to the matrix 11 1.1.2.2.2 Translocation of outer membrane proteins 12 1.1.2.2.3 Translocation of inner membrane proteins 12 1.1.2.2.4 Translocation of intermembrane space proteins 12 1.1.2.3 Protein homeostasis within mitochondria and mtUPR 14 1.1.2.3.1 Chaperones 14 1.1.2.3.2 Proteases 15 1.1.2.3.3 The mitochondrial unfolded protein response 17 1.1.2.4 Mitochondrial dynamics: the balance between fusion and fission 18 1.1.2.4.1 Mitochondrial fusion 19 1.1.2.4.2 Mitochondrial fission 19 1.1.2.5 Mitochondrial biogenesis 21 1.1.2.6 Mitophagy 21 1.1.2.6.1 PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy mechanisms 24 1.1.2.6.2 PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagy mechanisms 26 1.1.3 Mitochondrial quality control dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases 27 1.2 Parkinson’s disease 28 1.2.1 Etiology and pathological hallmarks 28 1.2.1.1 Epidemiology 28 1.2.1.2 Pathology 30 1.2.1.3 Clinical features and therapies 31 1.2.1.3.1 Clinical features 31 1.2.1.3.2 Therapies 32 iv 1.2.1.4 Experimental models 32 1.2.1.4.1 Genetic models 32 1.2.1.4.2 Pharmacological models 33 1.2.1.4.2.1 MPTP model 33 1.2.1.5 Pathogenesis 34 1.2.1.5.1 Hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease 34 1.2.1.5.2 Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease 35 1.3 Huntington’s disease 38 1.3.1 Etiology and pathological hallmarks 38 1.3.1.1 Epidemiology and therapy 38 1.3.1.2 Clinical features 39 1.3.1.3 Pathology 40 1.3.2 Huntingtin pathogenic mechanisms 40 1.3.3 Experimental models 42 1.3.3.1 Toxic models 42 1.3.3.2 Genetic models 42 1.3.4 Pathogenic cellular mechanisms in Huntington’s disease 43 1.3.4.1 Hallmarks of Huntington disease 43 1.3.4.2 Mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington’s disease 45 2 Aim and objectives 49 3 Materials and Methods 52 3.1 Reagents and antibodies 52 3.2 Human experiments 55 3.2.1 Post-mortem brain homogenates 55 3.3 Mouse experiments 55 3.3.1 Animal handling 55 3.3.2 AAV vector production and stereotaxic delivery 56 3.3.3 MPTP administration to mice 56 3.3.4 Tissue collection 57 3.4 Cell culture
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