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Evaluation of the Impact on the Environment at Building and EREM 77/1 Reconstruction of Motorways Using the System Analysis Method Journal of Environmental Research, Engineering and Management Vol. 77 / No. 1 / 2021 Received 2020/10 Accepted after revision 2021/02 pp. 85–95 DOI 10.5755/j01.erem.77.1.27887 http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.77.1.27887

Evaluation of the Impact on the Environment at Building and Reconstruction of Motorways Using the System Analysis Method

Viktoriia Khrutba, Vitalina Lukianova, Oksana Spasichenko, Lesia Krіukovska Department of Ecology and Safety of Vital Functions, National Transport University, 01010, Omeljanovicha-Pavlenka str. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine Yevheniia Anpilova* Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Telecommunications and Global Information Space of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03186, Chokolivsky Blvd, 13, Kyiv, Ukraine Iryna Kotsіuba Department of Ecology, Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, 10005, Zhytomyr, Chudnivska str., 103, Zhytomyr, Ukraine

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

From the point of view of the system approach, the interrelation in the system “highway repair – environment” was investigated, which allowed systematizing the main aspects of environmental impact during the technological process of road repair. As a result of the parametric analysis of the subsystems that make up the system, the main groups of environmental parameters that are subject to the effects of technological processes of road repair were identified. The mathematical model of cause-effect relationships in the system under study allows identifying the main aspects of environmental impact during technological processes of road construction and reconstruction. Its application in environmental impact assessment allows forming a criteria base for environmental impact assess- ment. The article defines the relationship between the process of performing a certain stage of repair work on the project of construction of the highway of state importance N-31 Dnipro – Tsarychanka – Kobeliaky – Reshetylivka and its impact on the environment. Keywords: impact, environment, motorway, system analysis, pollution. 86 Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2021/77/1

Introduction Most ecological problems are conditioned by the direct or negative impact of the transport system occurs at the in- indirect impact of society on the environment. Unfortu- creased noise, radiance, emission of harmful substances nately, neglecting objective laws of development and res- (Anpilova et al., 2020) and road accidents (Frelich, 2019; toration of the state natural resources complex has led Transportation Research Board, 2005). The indirect im- to significant deterioration of the environment in Ukraine, pact of vehicles is reflected in the fact that the car yearly particularly in terms of excessive pollution of surface and takes more and more space essential for a human. groundwater, ambient air and soil. A threatening ecological situation in Ukraine requires fast- er integration of the state ecological policy into the social and economic development of the country aiming at envi- Methods ronmental requirements provision during the process of Methods of theoretical and empirical research were used the industrial and housing engineering, building, recon- for the analysis. The main ones are systems theory, meth- struction and dismantling of constructions. In this context, ods of analysis and synthesis (comparison, analogy, ab- it is important to achieve equality of the three constituents straction, formalization, classification). Methods of math- of the country’s stable development (economic, ecological ematical modelling, system and parametric analysis were and social) and bring the Law of Ukraine in the sphere of used to formalize the processes of the impact of building the environmental protection into line with the require- and reconstruction of roads on the environment, develop- ments of the European Union directives. ment of the system model, and parametric description of That is why aiming at convergence with European stand- subsystems. ards, particularly monitoring the environmental pollution The objective of the work is the development of a sys- degree and ensuring the rights of inhabitants for the safe tem model of the cause-effect relationship for evaluating environment, in 2017 the Law of Ukraine Environmental the impact of work connected to reconstruction (main- Impact Assessment was enacted (hereinafter referred to tenance) of the motorway on the environment, which as the EIA Law) (The Law of Ukraine On Environmental will allow integration of a mechanism of increasing the Impact Assessment, 2017). The necessity of enacting the efficiency of evaluating the impact on the environment, law was conditioned by Ukraine’s international obligations especially in the aspect of the road building and recon- appearing from the Convention on Access to Information, struction projects. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a To achieve the objective, it is necessary to carry out a Transboundary Context, The Protocol on Ukraine’s Acces- parametric analysis of the “maintenance of motorway – sion to the Energy Community Treaty and Ukraine–Euro- environment” system constituents. pean Union Association Agreement. During the last two decades, the level of the anthropo- genic influence of activities on the environment has sig- nificantly increased and is already correlated to the num- Results and Discussion ber of natural resources in the separate regions of the globe (Zaporozhets et al., 2017). Providing comfortable Depending on the source of the impact in interaction with conditions for an individual, motorization as a category the environment, the road complex can change the geo- of social progress has a direct or indirect but inevitably graphical landscape (Naveh & Lieberman, 1994; Under- negative impact on the ecological system (State Build- hill & Angold, 2000), lead to pollution as a consequence ing Norms, 2003; Transportation Research Board, 2005; of vehicle functioning and performance of specialized Igondova et al., 2016; Report, 1994). Thus, evaluation of transport, from using protection against dust and black the impact of the motorization processes on the envi- ice, and form noise pollution (Ozer et al., 2009) from ronment is the tool to determine the impact. The direct maintenance materials (Table 1). Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2021/77/1 87

Table 1. Impact of the motorway on the environment

Source of the impact Focus Character of the impact Motorway as an engineering Changes in the geographical Is not connected to vehicles, permanent, construction landscape of wider coverage, direct and indirect Pollution as a result of transport emissions Depending on the intensity, traffic mode Traffic Noise pollution. and composition, permanent, of local Haze pollution. coverage, direct Physical danger. Pollution from specialized transport emissions, production waste, building materials, building waste. Technological processes of building Occupational noise. Temporary, intensive, local, direct and reconstruction Haze pollution. Social inconveniences. Physical danger Pollution from using protection from dust and black ice. Technological processes of road Temporary, low-intensity, local, direct and Pollution from maintenance maintenance indirect materials. Social inconveniences at the road maintenance

Focus and character of the motorway impact on the nat- different. It is a characteristic feature that the ecological ural environment depending on the impact sources are barrier, a dividing line which complicates a lot of natural characterised (Fig. 1). processes in the environment, such as the movement of When designing the motorway, all sources of the impact wildlife and loss of birds’ navigation skills, occurs in the of the motorway on the environment are subject to evalu- environment (Ecoducts, or animal crossings, 2012; Re- ation, though the level of their performance is significantly port, 1993). Rolling stock and sizeable infrastructure of

Fig. 1. Impact of the motorway on the environment

1 2 Fig. 1 Impact of the motorway on the environment 3 4 In connection with this, fauna and flora of the ecosystems are heavily and negatively influenced (Fig. 2). 5 This impact is expressed through negative factors such as: 6 - pollution of habitats by vehicle emissions; 7 - loss of fertile land and degradation of plant life due to land relocation for communication lines; 8 - destruction of habitats for animals, birds, aquatic inhabitants and their displacement from ecological niches 9 they occupy. The populations decline due to the ecosystem productivity loss, negative impact of the factors of 10 noise, vibration, gas content, disturbance and direct engagement with vehicles, which lead to species death; 11 crossing of diel animal migration routes by highways, pipelines, and waterways.

12 13 Fig. 2 Factors of impact of transport and roads of the living creatures environment 14 15 Having evaluated all the negative factors of the impact of transport and roads on the environment, we can 16 distinguish principles of the motorway engineering according to the current environmental standards and 17 requirements (Fig. 3) which are used during the motorway building and/or maintenance processes. According to 18 the Branch Building Norms (2011), there are two types of maintenance of the motorway, namely comprehensive 19 maintenance and ongoing repairs. It is worth noting that the terms “maintenance of the motorway” and 20 “reconstruction of the motorway” are identical in our research.

3

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the transport expand their performance on big territo- _ loss of fertile land and degradation of plant life due to ries,1 crossing reliefs and landscapes, located in different land relocation for communication lines; 2 Fig. 1 Impact of the motorway on the environment climatic3 zones. _ destruction of habitats for animals, birds, aquatic in- In4 connection In withconnection this, fauna with this,and florafauna andof the flora ecosystems of the ecosystems habitants are heavily and a ndtheir negatively displacement influenced from (Fig. ecological 2). nich- are5 heavily andThis negativelyimpact is expressed influenced through (Fig. negative2). factors such as:es they occupy. The populations decline due to the eco- 6 - pollution of habitats by vehicle emissions; system productivity loss, negative impact of the factors This7 impact -is loss expressed of fertile through land and negative degradation factors of plant such life as: due to land relocation for communication lines; _ 8 pollution- ofdestruction habitats ofby habitats vehicle for emissions; animals, birds, aquatic inhabitantsof noise, and vibration,their displacement gas content, from disturbanceecological niches and direct 9 they occupy. The populations decline due to the ecosystem productivity loss, negative impact of the factors of 10 noise, vibration, gas content, disturbance and direct engagement with vehicles, which lead to species death; Fig. 2. Factors of impact of transport and roads of the living creatures environment 11 crossing of diel animal migration routes by highways, pipelines, and waterways.

12 13 Fig. 2 Factors of impact of transport and roads of the living creatures environment 14 engagement with vehicles, which lead to species death; depends on the correctness of the designed motorway, 15 crossing Havingof diel animalevaluated migration all the negative routes factorsby highways, of the impact and of considering transport and ecological roads on thefactors. environment, For example, we can an ef- 16 distinguish principles of the motorway engineering according to the current environmental standards and 17 pipelines,requirements and waterways. (Fig. 3) which are used during the motorwayfective building way and/or to minimizemaintenance the processes. human-animal According conflict to is 18 the Branch Building Norms (2011), there are two types of buildingmaintenance wildlife of the crossings, motorway, cattle namely trails, comprehensive special bridges Having19 maintenance evaluated all and the ongoing negative repairs. factors It of is the worth impact noting thatand thetunnels terms which “maintenance allow animals of the to motorwaycross the” motorwayand of20 transport“reconstruction and roads of onthe themotorway environment,” are identical we can in ourdis -research.(Sijtsma et al., 2020; Askins, 2012; Guarnieri, 2019). tinguish principles of the motorway engineering ac- The first safe motorway crossings for animals – wild- cording to the current environmental standards and re- life crossings – have been built in France (Ecoducts, or quirements (Fig. 3) which are used during the motorway animal crossings, 2012) since the 1950s. Further, a few building and/or maintenance processes. According to European countries, including the Netherlands, Swit- the Branch Building Norms (2011), there are two types zerland and Germany, started building them as well of maintenance of the motorway, namely comprehensive (Reck et al., 2019). There are more than 600 tunnels in maintenance and ongoing repairs. It is worth noting that the Netherlands established under the main and sec- the terms “maintenance of the motorway” and “recon- ondary3 roads and highways, among them the world’s struction of the motorway” are identical in our research. longest wildlife crossing of 800 meters in length. Cross- Reduction of the impact of motor transport activities ings for the wildlife representatives have become more on the environment and human is possible through a and more popular in Canada and the USA. The most thorough examination of the issue, adhering to the eco- popular of them are located in the Banff National Park logical principles of the motorway engineering because in Alberta, where the natural park is divided into two the level of the transport influence on the environment parts by a big commercial road Trans-Canada Highway.

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Fig. 3. Ecological principles of the motorway engineering 1 2 Fig. 3 Ecological principles of the motorway engineering 3 14 Reduction of the impact of motor transport activities on the environment and human is possible through a 25 thoroughFig. 3 examinationEcological of principles the issue, adhering of the motorway to the ecological engineering principles of the motorway engineering because the 36 level of the transport influence on the environment depends on the correctness of the designed motorway, and 47 consideringReduction ecological of the factors. impact For of example, motor transport an effective activities way to minimizeon the environment the human-animal and human conflict is ispossible building through a 58 wildlifethorough crossings, examination cattle traof ils,the special issue, adheringbridges and to tunnels the ecological which allow principles animals of to thecross motorway the motorway engineering (Sijtsma becauseet the 69 al.,level 2020; of theAskins, transport 2012; Guarnieri,influence 2019)on the. environment depends on the correctness of the designed motorway, and 10 The first safe motorway crossings for animals – wildlife crossings – have been built in France (Ecoducts, or 117 animalconsidering crossings ecological, 2012) since factors. the 1950s. For example, Further, a an few effective European way countries, to minimize including the the human Netherlands,-animal Switzerland conflict is building 128 andwildlife Germany, crossings, started cattle building tra ils,them special as well bridges (Reck et and al., tunnels2019). There which are allow more animalsthan 600 totunnels cross in the the motorway Netherlands (Sijtsma et 139 establishedal., 2020; Askins,under the 2012; main Guarnieri,and secondary 2019) roads. and highways, among them the world’s longest wildlife crossing 1014 of 800The meters first in safe length. motorway Crossings crossing for the wildlifes for animals representatives – wildlife have crossings become – more have and been more built popular in France in Canada (Ecoducts, or 1115 andanimal the USA.crossings The ,most 2012) popular since ofthe them 1950s. are Further,located in a thefew Banff European National countries, Park in includingAlberta, where the Netherlands, the natural park Switzerland 1216 isand divided Germany, into twostarted parts building by a big them commercial as well (roadReck Trans et al.,-Canada 2019). Highway.There are Tomore reduce than the 600 effect tunnels from in humanthe Netherlands 1317 interventionestablished inunder nature, the 24main crossings and se andcondary tunnels roads have and been highways, built, thus among providing them preservation the world’s of longest the habit wildlifeat and crossing 1418 protectingof 800 meters motorists in length. from roadCrossings accidents. for theTwo wildlife types of representatives such crossings are have used: bec aboveome morethe road and and more under popular it. The in Canada 1519 uandse of the a USA.particular The type most of popular the crossing of them depends are locatedon the speciesin the Banffdiversity Nati andonal geographical Park in Alberta, peculiarities where of the their natural park 1 1620 relocation.is divided into two parts by a big commercial road Trans -Canada Highway. To reduce the effect from human 2 Fig. 3 Ecological principles of the motorway1721 engineeringinterventionNoise impa in ctnature, of transport 24 crossings and roads and remains tunnels an important have been task. built Noise, thus-reducing providing measures preservation need to be of planned the habit at and 22 on the territories, belonging to populated ones. If the limit noise level is exceeded, measures on its reduction need To3 reduce the effect from human intervention in18 nature,protecting system motorists analysis from method. road Theaccidents. systems Two analysis types of (Horban such crossings are used: above the road and under it. The 4 Reduction of the impact of motor transport23 activitiesto be taken. on the Distance environment from the and edge human of the is carriagewaypossible through on the a highway to civil buildings is set taking into account 24 crossings and tunnels have been built, thus providing1924 provisionuse of& aBakhrushyn, particularof the standard type 2011) noise of theallows level crossing in in the most livingdepends cases area on for(Zaporozhets the decision species et diversity al., 2017; andLytvynenko, geographical 2013 )peculiarities. Nowadays of their 5 thorough examination of the issue, adhering to20 the ecologicalrelocation. principles of the motorway engineering because the preservation6 level of of the the transport habitat and influence protecting on the motorists environment25 fromtwo depends groupsmaking on of the measuresin correctnessstudies on of the individualof noise the designedabatement system motorway are elements. stated, and Inreasoned: re- technical and planning-constructive. 21 Noise impact of transport and roads remains an important task. Noise-reducing measures need to be planned road7 accidents.considering Two ecological types offactors. such Forcrossings example, are 26an used:effective Thewaysearch followingto minimize on the technical interaction the human measures- animalof anthropogenic on conflict the noise is buildingabatement impacts canon be mentioned on the example of European 2227 countries:on the territories, improvement belonging of the to roadpopulated surface ones. dressing, If the limit which noise allows level reducing is exceeded, noise measures on their surface,on its reduction and need above8 thewildlife road crossings, and under cattle it. The trails, use special of a particularbridges and type tunnels the which environment allow animals (in tothe cross aspect the motorway of impact (Sijtsma and pollution), et 9 al., 2020; Askins, 2012; Guarnieri, 2019). 2328 improvementto be taken. Distanceof vehicles from constructions the edge (tyresof the with carriageway the lower onlevel the of highway noise when to civilmoving). buildings Ecological is set engineering taking into account of10 the crossingThe dependsfirst safe motorwayon the species crossing diversitys for animals 2429and ge –principlesprovision- wildlifeit is crossings havenecessaryof the been standard – determined,have to consider been noise built the level the practicalin Francemanyin the use livinginterrelationships(Ecoducts, of which area or (isZaporozhets a multifactorial et al., task 2017; and requires Lytvynenko, further 201research3). Nowadays ographical11 animal peculiarities crossings, 2012) of their since relocation. the 1950s. Further,2530 a few(Khrutbatwo European groupsof theet al. countries,ofvarious, 2015)measures. includingelements on the the noisethat Netherlands, formabatement the Switzerland overall are stated goal and of reasoned: technical and planning-constructive. 31 The next stage of our research is to study the scheme “maintenance of motorway – environment” using the Noise12 impactand Germany, of transport started andbuilding roads them remains as well an (Reck26 impor et al.,- 2019theThe) .system. Therefollowing are more technical than 600 measures tunnels in on the the Netherlands noise abatement can be mentioned on the example of European 13 established under the main and secondary roads2732 and systemcountries:highways, analysis among improvement method. them theThe ofworld’s s ystems the longest road analysis surface wildlife (Horban dressing,crossing & Bakhrushyn, which allows2011) allows reducing in most noise cases on for their decision surface, and tant task. Noise-reducing measures need to be planned 14 of 800 meters in length. Crossings for the wildlife2833 representativesmakingimprovementLet’s in studies review have of vehicles ofbec the individualome “maintenance moreconstructions system and more elemen of (tyres popularmotorwayts. withIn in research Canada the – environlower on the level- interaction of noise of when anthropogenic moving). impactsEcological on theengineering 34 environment (in the aspect of impact and pollution), it is necessary to consider the many interrelationships of the on15 the territories,and the USA. belonging The most to popular populated of them ones. are If located 29the limit inprinciples thement” Banff have Natisystem onalbeen fromPark determined, inthe Alberta, point the of where viewpractical the of thenatural use system of park which anal is- a multifactorial task and requires further research noise16 levelis divided is exceeded, into two measures parts by a onbig its commercial reduction35 roadneedvarious Trans ysis- Canadaelements based Highway. thaton theform classical Tothe reduceoverall model thegoal effect of thethe from system. “black human box”. The 3036 (KhrutbaLet’s etreview al., 2015) the “.maintenance of motorway – environment” system from the point of view of the system to17 be taken.intervention Distance in nature, from the24 crossingsedge of theand carriagewaytunnels31 have beenmodelThe built next ,of thus thestage providing “black of our box” preservationresearch can be isexpressed toof study the habit theas ata scheme setand of two “maintenance of motorway – environment” using the 18 protecting motorists from road accidents. Two37 types analysis of such basedcrossings on the are classical used: above model the of road the “andblack under box it.”. The model of the “black box” can be expressed as a set on the highway to civil buildings is set taking into 3238account ofsystem twoprocesses: processes analysis: method. The and systems analysis, (Horban. & Bakhrushyn, 2011) allows in most cases for decision 19 use of a particular type of the crossing depends33 on makingthe species in studiesdiversity of and individual geographical system peculiarities elements. ofIn their research on the interaction of anthropogenic impacts on the provision20 relocation. of the standard noise level in the living39 area Even if considering! ! to be the result of a certain process of the transformation 34 environmentEven if considering(in the𝑋𝑋 =aspect{𝑥𝑥( 𝑡𝑡y(t)) of} impactto 𝑌𝑌be =the and{𝑦𝑦 (result 𝑡𝑡pollution),)} t ∈ T of a certainit is necessary R to consider the many interrelationships of the (Zaporozhets21 Noise et al., impa 2017;ct of Lytvynenko, transport and 2013).roads remains Nowadays40 an important , that is task. Noise-reducing, the measures model of needthe “ blackto be plannedbox” considers that this transformation is impossible. Thus, 35 variousprocess elements of the that transformation form the𝑦𝑦 overall(𝑡𝑡) x(t) goal, that of is the y(t)=R(x(t)) system. , the 𝑅𝑅 two22 groupson the of territories, measures belonging on the noise to populated abatement ones. are41 If statthea -limit mathematical noise level model is exceeded, of the “maintenance measures on ofits motorway reduction –need environment ” system determines a set of inputs, states, 3642 𝑥𝑥outputs(𝑡𝑡) modelLet’s and connections𝑦𝑦review of(𝑡𝑡 )the= 𝑅𝑅“blackthe0𝑥𝑥 (between“𝑡𝑡maintenance) 1box” considersthem: of motorway that this transforma – environment- ” system from the point of view of the system ed23 and toreasoned: be taken. technical Distance fromand planning-constructive. the edge of the carriageway on the highway to civil buildings is set taking into account 24 provision of the standard noise level in the living3743 areaanalysis (Zaporozhetstion based is impossible. onet al.,the 2017;classical Thus, Lytvynenko, modela mathematical of 201the3 “).black Nowadays model box ”of. The the m odel of the “black box” can be expressed as a set The25 followingtwo groups technical of measures measures on the noiseon the abatement noise3844 abate are statedof- twoSpecifying “maintenanceand "processes reasoned:# sets: technical ofof motorway and and planningand and – environment”representations-constructive., systemof .and de, -we can pass to the “maintenance of motorway ment26 can beThe mentioned following technicalon the example measures ofon Europeanthe39 noise abatement𝑋𝑋termines→Even 𝑅𝑅 →can 𝑌𝑌 a be ifset mentionedconsidering of! inputs, on states, the example outputs ! to be of and European the connections result of a certain process of the transformation(1) 27 countries: improvement of the road surface dressing, which allows𝑋𝑋 reducing𝑋𝑋=, 𝑅𝑅{𝑥𝑥( 𝑡𝑡) noise}𝑌𝑌 on𝑌𝑌 their= {𝑦𝑦 surface,(𝑡𝑡)} t ∈ T and𝜎𝜎4 𝜂𝜂 countries: improvement of the road surface dressing,40 ,between that is them: , the model of the “black box” considers that this transformation is impossible. Thus, 28 improvement of vehicles constructions (tyres with the lower level of noise when moving).𝑦𝑦 (Ecological𝑡𝑡) engineering 𝑅𝑅 which allows reducing noise on their surface, 41and ima- mathematical model of the “maintenance of motorway – environment” system determines a set of inputs, states, 29 principles have been determined, the practical42 use of𝑥𝑥outputs (which𝑡𝑡) isand a multifactorialconnections𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑅𝑅0𝑥𝑥 ( betweentask𝑡𝑡)1 and requiresthem: further research provement30 (Khrutba of vehicleset al., 2015) constructions. (tyres with the lower31 level Theof noisenext stage when of ourmoving). research Ecological is to study43 theengi scheme- “maintenance of motorway – environment” using the (1) " # neering32 system principles analysis have method. been Thedetermined, systems analysis the practical44 (Horban &Specifying Bakhrushyn, sets 2011) of allows and in most and casesrepresentations for decision of and , we can pass to the “maintenance of motorway 33 making in studies of individual system elements. In research𝑋𝑋 → on 𝑅𝑅 the→ interaction𝑌𝑌 of anthropogenic impacts on the (1) use of which is a multifactorial task and requires fur- Specifying sets of X, R and Y and representations of σ and 34 environment (in the aspect of impact and pollution), it is necessary to consider𝑋𝑋 the, 𝑅𝑅 many𝑌𝑌 interrelationships of the 𝜎𝜎4 𝜂𝜂 ther35 researchvarious elements(Khrutba that et al.,form 2015). the overall goal of the system. η , we can pass to the “maintenance of motorway – envi- The36 next stageLet’s of review our research the “maintenance is to study of motorwaythe scheme – environment ronment”” system system from management. the point of Discretenessview of the system and conti- “maintenance37 analysis basedof motorway on the classical – environment” model of the using “black the box ”. Thenuity m overodel timeof the in “black the system box” can depend be expressed on whether as a theset R set 38 of two processes: and , . 39 Even if considering! ! to be the result of a certain process of the transformation 40 , that is 𝑋𝑋 = {𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡, )the} model𝑌𝑌 = of{ the𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡 )“}blackt ∈ T box” considers that this transformation is impossible. Thus, 41 a mathematical model of the “maintenance𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) of motorway – environment” system𝑅𝑅 determines a set of inputs, states, 42 𝑥𝑥outputs(𝑡𝑡) and connections𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑅𝑅0𝑥𝑥 (between𝑡𝑡)1 them: 43 44 Specifying" # sets of and and representations of and , we can pass to the “maintenance of motorway 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑅𝑅 → 𝑌𝑌 (1) 𝑋𝑋, 𝑅𝑅 𝑌𝑌 𝜎𝜎4 𝜂𝜂

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is discrete or continuous. Most frequently in the “mainte- environmental state is an important component of the nance of motorway – environment” systems where X, R performance of the motorway building and maintenance and Y are linear spaces, and σ, η are linear operators. work. This allows conducting decomposition of the sys- Input parameters for the processes of implementation tem into two separate subsystems, namely maintenance of motorway and environment. and maintenance (reconstruction) of the motorway (Xi) are current work plans on building and maintenance of Research of interaction of the two given subsystems the motorway, available road building materials, and should be reviewed from the point of view of paramet- project design documents. Output parameters of the ric analysis. Indices showing external characteristics of

process (Yi) are quality of the completed work and level the system, which is analysed and allows evaluating its of impact on the constituents of the environment. Limits impact on the effectiveness of the problems solving by upon the process are standards determining require- the supersystem of a higher level, correspond to the ments for road building materials, current building reg- upper level of the subsystem structure. Separate partial ulations on the motorway building, maintenance and/or indices of the management system elements will be the reconstruction work, requirements for the quality of the lower level accordingly. completed work, industry-wide environmental stand- By reviewing the “maintenance of motorway” subsystem, ards, regulations on the environmental pollution level, we can study all technical and technological processes maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) and per- following the maintenance work fulfilment. The follow- missible exposure limit (PEL) indices and other regu- ing groups of parameters correspond to the upper level latory environmental documentation. Process R, which of the subsystem structure: subgrade and drainage (SD), 1 – environment” system management. Discreteness and continuity over time in the system depend on whether the 2converts R set input is discrete parameters or continuous. into outputMost frequently indices, inincludes the “maintenance road clothing of motorway and –surface environment (RCS),” systems and artificial where structures 3changes andin technological are linear spaces processes,, and , are replacement linear operators. of (AS). Each of them is characterized by separate partial 4technologies Input and technicalparameters meansfor the processes or road buildingof implementation ma- indicesand maintenance of the management (reconstruction) system of the elements.motorway 𝑋𝑋, 𝑅𝑅 𝑌𝑌 𝜎𝜎 𝜂𝜂 5terials, etc. are Acurrent system work model plans on of building the motorway and maintenance recon -of the motorway, available road building materials, and 6 project design documents. Output parameters of the process Parametric are quality description of the completed of the work comprehensive and level of mainte- $ 7struction (impact𝑋𝑋 ) conduction on the constituents with an ofaspect the environment. at the environment Limits upon thenance process processes are standards in the determining “maintenance requirements of motorway” sub- $ 8preservation for road is building provided materials, (Fig. 4). current building regulations (system o𝑌𝑌n) the motorwayis shown in building, Table 2. maintenance and/or 9 reconstruction work, requirements for the quality of the completed work, industry-wide environmental standards, 10The analysisregulations of onthe themodel environmental shows that pollution permanent level, monimaximum- When acceptable researching concentration the “environment” (MAC) and permissible subsystem, we can 11toring exposure and control limit of(PEL the) completedindices and otherwork regulatory as well as environmental of the identify documentation. possible Processconstituents R, which of theconverts environment, input which 12 parameters into output indices, includes changes in technological processes, replacement of technologies and 13 technical means or road building materials, etc. A system model of the motorway reconstruction conduction with 14Fig. 4.an Theaspect system at the model environment of the motorway preservation reconstruction is provided with an(Fig. aspect 4). at the environment preservation 15

16 17 Fig. 4 The system model of the motorway reconstruction with an aspect at the environment preservation 18 19 The analysis of the model shows that permanent monitoring and control of the completed work as well as of 20 the environmental state is an important component of the performance of the motorway building and maintenance 21 work. This allows conducting decomposition of the system into two separate subsystems, namely maintenance of 22 motorway and environment. 23 Research of interaction of the two given subsystems should be reviewed from the point of view of parametric 24 analysis. Indices showing external characteristics of the system, which is analysed and allows evaluating its impact 25 on the effectiveness of the problems solving by the supersystem of a higher level, correspond to the upper level of 26 the subsystem structure. Separate partial indices of the management system elements will be the lower level 27 accordingly. 28 By reviewing the “maintenance of motorway” subsystem, we can study all technical and technological 29 processes following the maintenance work fulfilment. The following groups of parameters correspond to the upper 30 level of the subsystem structure: subgrade and drainage (SD), road clothing and surface (RCS), and artificial 31 structures (AS). Each of them is characterized by separate partial indices of the management system elements. 32 Parametric description of the comprehensive maintenance processes in the “maintenance of motorway” 33 subsystem is shown in Table 2. 34 When researching the “environment” subsystem, we can identify possible constituents of the environment, 35 which can be potentially influenced by motorway maintenance. The following groups of parameters correspond 36 to the upper level of the subsystem structure: quality of ambient air – ingredient constituent (AP), quality of water 37 environment (WР), biological diversity (BD), impact on the land and the land fund (LP), physical factors of impact 38 (PhI), geological factors (GP), waste generation and management (WGM), and social pressure (SP). Each of them 39 is characterized by separate partial indices of the management system elements. Parametric description of 40 processes of impact on the environment in the “environment” subsystem is shown in Table 3.

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Table 2. Parametric description of the “maintenance of motorway” subsystem

№ Name of the “maintenance of motorway” subsystem parameters Designation 1. Subgrade and drainage group of parameters (SD)

1.1 Repair of subgrade in the plan, longitudinal and cross-section profiles SD1

1.2 Elimination of destruction which occurred as a result of insufficient drainage, natural disasters or sliding processes SD2

1.3 Arrangement of drainage, isolating layers, slopes protection and other work which ensures the resistance of the subgrade SD3

1.4 Reconstruction of current drainage, bank protection and sewage constructions and installation of the new ones SD4 Arrangement of subgrade and drainage on widening for additional traffic lanes, acceleration and deceleration lanes, 1.5 SD stopping and parking places for vehicles 5

1.6 Excavations disclosure for providing visibility on the curves in the plan SD6

1.7 Bringing geometrical parameters of the subgrade to the standard regulations SD7 Recultivation of the land which was used as soiled banks and sandpits as well as during placement of the road elements 1.8 SD and constructions when paving in the new direction 8

1.9 Arrangement and reconstruction of lane lines, slopes and subgrade kerbs fortification SD9 2. Road clothing and surface group of parameters (RCS) Reinforcement (with the longitudinal and cross-section profiles alignment) or arrangement of new road clothing with 2.1 RCS separate points in the places of the roadway widening, repair and reconstruction of subgrade 1

2.2 Installation of border stones and arrangement of fortified lines on the surface edges RCS2 Removing tracks deeper than 40 mm with the replacement of unstable layers of the road clothing using milling and recycling

2.3 (regeneration) methods for a width of one or several traffic lanes or for the whole width of the surface with laying down one RCS3 or several layers of asphalt concrete and alignment of longitudinal and cross-section profiles

2.4 Reconstruction of the profile of the crushed stone and gravel surfaces adding rock material of more than 500 m per one kilometer RCS4

2.5 Arrangement and repair of steep turns on horizontal curves RCS5 Relaying paving stones with total or partial replacement of sand base or arrangement of other surfaces using old paving 2.6 RCS stones as a basis 6

2.7 Arrangement of sidewalks RCS7

2.8 Fortification of kerbs RCS8 Arrangement of exits, jughandle left turns, waiting lanes for the vehicles U-turn, parking and resting places as well as 2.9 RCS acceleration and deceleration lanes 9 3. Artificial structures group of parameters (AS)

3.1 Fortification, distribution of bridges and bringing their gauges and/or load capacity to the standard ones AS1

3.2 Arrangement of above-ground and underground pedestrian crossings AS2 3.3 Replacement, reconstruction and fortification of supports, surface shotcrete, repair of massive supports lining, cementation AS of the masonry, replacement of drainage, alleviating local erosion near supports 3

3.4 Replacement and arrangement of barriers AS4

3.5 Replacement and arrangement of pavement blocks AS5

3.6 Replacement and arrangement of waterproofing and surface of the roadway AS6 3.7 Replacement and arrangement of bridging plates connecting the bridge with the embankment, including reconstruction of AS the drainage covering 7

3.8 Reconstruction and arrangement of retaining walls, avalanche galleries, protective buildings, regulatory structures, etc. AS8

3.9 Reconstruction, arrangement of the drainage system AS9

3.10 Maintenance and arrangement of tunnels, galleries and avalanche constructions (settlement, waterproofing, drainage, etc.) AS10

3.11 Replacement and distribution of culverts AS11

3.12 Replacement of small bridges to pipes-line AS12 92 Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2021/77/1

can be potentially influenced by motorway maintenance. (PhI), geological factors (GP), waste generation and The following groups of parameters correspond to the management (WGM), and social pressure (SP). Each of upper level of the subsystem structure: quality of ambi- them is characterized by separate partial indices of the ent air – ingredient constituent (AP), quality of water en- management system elements. Parametric description vironment (WР), biological diversity (BD), impact on the of processes of impact on the environment in the “envi- land and the land fund (LP), physical factors of impact ronment” subsystem is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Parametric description of the “environment” subsystem

Name of the “environment” subsystem Name of the “environment” subsystem № Designation № Designation parameters parameters 1. Quality of ambient air – ingredient constituent Impact on the objects of the nature 3.4 BD group of parameters preserve fund 4 Indices of mass emissions and con- 4. Impact on the land and the land fund centration of pollutants in the ambi- group of parameters 1.1 ent air near the road reconstruction Heavy metal mass content in the processes 4.1 LP soil near the road 1 1.1.1 Carbon monoxide AP 1 Concentration of pollutants in the 4.2 LP2 1.1.2 Carbon dioxide AP2 soil near the road 1.1.3 Nitrogen oxides AP Setting land resources for the 3 4.3 LP reconstruction objects 3 1.1.4 Sulfur dioxide AP4 5. Physical factors of impact group of parameters 1.1.5 Mineral dust (solid particles) AP5

5.1 Noise (acoustic) pollution PhI1 1.1.6 Benzo(a)pyrene AP6

5.2 Vibration pollution PhI2 1.1.7 Paint and varnish materials aerosol AP7

5.3 Thermal impact PhI3 1.1.8 Formaldehyde AP8

5.4 Radiation impact PhI4 1.1.9 Xylol AP9 6. Geological factors group of parameters 1.1.10 Ethylbenzene AP10 1.1.11 2-methoxy-1-methyl acetate AP Geological and karst creation 11 6.1 GP processes 1 1.1.12 Dimethoxymethane AP12 Replacement of soil hydrological 2. Quality of water environment group of parameters 6.2 GP processes 2 Heavy metal content in water bodies 2.1 WP 7. Waste generation and management near the road 1 group of parameters Other pollutants content in water 2.2 WP 7.1 Amount of created waste WGM bodies near the road 2 1 7.2 Created waste danger WGM Mechanical pollution of water 2 2.3 WP3 bodies near the road 8. Social pressure group of parameters

3. Biological diversity group of parameters Population incidence rate as a con- 8.1 SP sequence of the maintenance work 1 3.1 Impact on flora BD1 Decrease of the population living 3.2 Impact on fauna BD2 8.2 comfort near the maintenance work SP2 3.3 Impact on fungi BD3 performance Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2021/77/1 93

Separately, we specify parameters of weather and me- parametric analysis of the impact of production pro- teorology conditions which can have impact on motor- cesses on the environment. way maintenance and reconstruction work process- es, such as rain (WMC1), snow (WMC2), frost (WMC3), Table 4. Example of a parametric analysis of the project’s ground frost (WMC4), and fog (WMC5). environmental impact (Environmental Impact Report, 2018)

Integration of the two subsystems allows a system- “Environment” system Production process Marking atic study when technological processes during the parameter motorway maintenance can have the most dangerous impact on the elements of the environment, natural Intersection and Indicators of mass emis- one first of all. adjacency sions and concentrations Arrangement of of pollutants in the air - Analysis of the data from Table 2 and Table 3 allows de- transport interchange near the road reconstruc- fining interconnection between the process of the main- on PC 44 + 50 tion processes tenance work first stage and its impact on the environ- Arrangement of ment. Let’s present the given cause-effect relationship Carbon monoxide AP1 pavement “torn” ring in the “motorway maintenance – environment” system as a mathematical model (2) as a combination of pa- Arrangement of Nitric oxide AP3 rameters presented in Tables 2 and 3 and weather and pavement “torn” ring meteorological conditions. Adding green area Impact on flora BD1

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴% − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴%' ⎡⎧ ⎧ 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊% − 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊) ⎤ 1 ⎢⎪ ⎪ % * ⎥ % & 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ⎢⎪ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ⎪ % ) ⎥ Conclusions % & 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 % + ⎢ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ⇒ % * ⇐ {𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 − 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ⎥ ⇒ [min; 0] (2) ⎢⎨ % %' ⎨ 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝐼𝐼 − 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝐼𝐼 ⎥ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 % ' The study has shown the application of parametric anal- ⎢⎪ ⎪ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 − 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 ⎥ % ' 2 ⎢⎪ ⎪𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 − 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ⎥ ysis in relation to the negative factors of the impact of % ' (2) 3 Thus,⎣⎩ the suggested model⎩ 𝑆𝑆is𝑆𝑆 the− basis𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 for identifying the impact⎦ of separate work connected to the motorway 4 building and/or reconstruction (maintenance) processes on the environment, natural one roadfirst of constructionall. The use of the and reconstruction processes on the 5 modelThus, will allowthe developingsuggested a m modelechanism isfor the improving basis the for effectiveness identifying of evaluatingenvironment, the impact onallowing the systematization of aspects of 6 environment, especially in the aspect of road building and reconstruction projects. 7 Thisthe model impact was used of inseparate preparation work of the Environmental connected Impact to the Report motor for the- constructionthe impact project onof the the H- environment of individual production 8 31 Stateway Road building Dnipro —and/or Tsarychanka reconstruction — Kobeliaky — (maintenance) Reshetylivka from proLoboikivka- processes, village to the bordertaking of into account existing environmental 9 Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Environmental Impact Report, 2018). The model allowed revealing the relationship 10 betweencesses the processes on the of environment, a certain stage of repairnatural works one and firsttheir impact of all. on theThe environment. standards Table 4and shows requirements. a The developed mathe- 11 fragment of the result of the parametric analysis of the impact of production processes on the environment. 12 use of the model will allow developing a mechanism for matical model shows the cause-and-effect relationship 13 Tableimproving 4 Example theof a parametric effectiveness analysis ofof the evaluating project’s environmental the impact impac ton (Environmental in the system Impact Report, “road repair – environment” as a set of 14 2018). 15 the environment, especially in the aspect of road build- environmental parameters and weather and meteoro- Production process “Environment” system parameter Marking ing and reconstruction projects.Indicators of mass emissions and logical conditions Intersection and adjacency concentrations of pollutants in the air Arrangement of transport interchange on - This model was used in preparationnear the ofroad the reconstruction Environ - The model allows identifying interconnection between PC 44 + 50 mental Impact Report for the constructionprocesses project of the process of carrying out a specific stage of the main- Arrangementthe H-31 ofState pavement Road “torn ”Dnipro ring — TsarychankaCarbon monoxide — Ko- tenanceAP1 work of the project of construction of the H-31 Arrangement of pavement “torn” ring Nitric oxide AP3 beliakyAdding — greenReshetylivka area from LoboikivkaImpact on villageflora to State RoadBD1 Dnipro — Tsarychanka — Kobeliaky — Re- 16 the border of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Environmental shetylivka and its impact on the environment. The use 17 Conclusions 18 Impact Report, 2018). The model allowed revealing of the proposed tool in the preparation of the Environ- 19 The study has shown the application of parametric analysis in relation to the negative factors of the impact 20 of roadthe construction relationship and reconstruction between processes the processes on the environment, of a allow certaining systematiz mentalation of Impact aspects of Assessment the Report minimizes the time 21 impactstage on the of environmentrepair works of individual and their production impact processes, on the taking environ into account- for existing both environmentalthe preparation of the Report and its review for 22 standards and requirements. The developed mathematical model shows the cause-and-effect relationship in the 23 systemment. “road Table repair – 4environment shows ”a asfragment a set of environmental of the result parameters of the and weatherobtaining and meteorological a permit for the planned activity. 24 conditions 25 The model allows identifying interconnection between the process of carrying out a specific stage of the 26 maintenance work of the project of construction of the H-31 State Road Dnipro — Tsarychanka — Kobeliaky — 27 Reshetylivka and its impact on the environment. The use of the proposed tool in the preparation of the 28 Environmental Impact Assessment Report minimizes the time for both the preparation of the Report and its review 29 for obtaining a permit for the planned activity. 30 31 References 32 Anpilova, Y., Lukianova, V., Trofymchuk, O. (2020) Environmental Safety of Motor Transport Enterprises within Urban Areas. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 21(4), pp. 231-236. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/119799. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/119799

Askins, R. (2012) Tying a Wildlife Bridge into the Ecological Landscape. Ecological Restoration, 30(4), 345-362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43441509 https://doi.org/10.3368/er.30.4.345

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Zvit z otsinky vplyvu na dovkillia budivnytstva avtomobilnoi dorohy of the State Road H-31 Dnipro-Tsarychanka-Kobeliaki-Resheti- derzhavnoho znachennia N-31 Dnipro - Tsarychanka - Kobeliaky lovka from Loboykivka village to the border of Dnipropetrovsk - Reshetylivka vid sela Loboikivka do mezhi Dnipropetrovskoi oblast the I-b technical category with 4 lanes (2 lanes in each oblasti I-b tekhnichnoi katehorii z 4 smuhamy rukhu (po 2 smuhy direction ) bypassing the settlements of Loboikivka, Petrykivka, v kozhnomu napriamku) v obkhid naselenykh punktiv Loboikiv- Mohyliv, Kytaihorod, Tsarychanka, Liashkivka. Dnipro, 459 p. (in ka, Petrykivka, Mohyliv, Kytaihorod, Tsarychanka, Liashkivka. Ukrainian). Available from: http://eia.menr.gov.ua/uploads/doc- (2018) [Environmental Impact Report for the construction project uments/533/reports/c48123fd437084451578dce5fdf127b1.pdf

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