2012 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 12 20 1 2012 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation CROATIAN NATIONAL DRUGS INFORMATION UNIT 2012 NATIONAL REPORT (2011 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia CROATIA New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues Zagreb, October 2012 Drawn up on behalf of the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2 2012 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Published by Government of the Republic of Croatia Office for Combating Drugs Abuse Preobraženska 4/II 10 000 Zagreb Phone: 01 48 78 122 Fax.: 01 48 78 120 E-mail: [email protected] Web page: www.uredzadroge.hr For the publisher mr. Željko Petković, univ. spec. crim. Edited by Josipa-Lovorka Andreić, M.A. Report prepared by: Lidija Vugrinec, M.A. Dijana Jerković, M.A. Martina Markelić, M.A. Marko Markus, M.A. Ph.D. Jadranka Ivandić Zimić Sanja Mikulić, M.A. Nataša Vukičević Josipa-Lovorka Andreić, M.A. Data providers: Croatian Institute for Public Health Ministry of Interior Ministry of Justice Other relevant governmental and non-governmental institutions Translated by: ELC d.o.o. – English Language Centre Cover design by: PALETE kreativni studio ISSN 1848-6762 3 2012 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation Acknowledgement: This report is the sixth Croatian Annual Report. It was drawn up by the Office for Combating Drugs Abuse in close collabouration with the external experts. We would like to thank all national partners, members of working groups, organizations, institutions and bodies that provided necessary data and contributed to interpretation of the data. The Office for Combating Drugs Abuse bears no responsibility for the validity of data derived by external sources, as well as for the consequences arising from their use. Table of Contents Summary…………………………………………………………………………….............…. 7 Part A: New developments and trends 1 Drug Policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis ................................... 15 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………........ 15 1.2 Legal framework……………………………………………………………………........... 15 1.3 National Action Plan, strategy, evaluation and coordination ……………..…….......... 18 1.3.1 National Action Plan and strategy............................................................................ 18 1.3.2 Implementation of the National Action Plan and strategy………………………........ 20 1.3.3 Evaluation of the National Action Plan and Strategy……………………………........ 23 1.3.4 Coordination………………………………………………………………………........... 30 1.4 Economic anaysis………………………………………………………………………… 33 2 Drug use in the general population and specific targeted groups……..........…..... 41 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 41 2.2 Drug use in the general population …………………………………………………....... 41 2.3 Drug use in the school and youth population ……………………............................... 49 2.4 Drug use among targeted groups/settings at national and local level……..........…... 53 3 Prevention…...................……...................……...................……...................……........ 57 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 57 3.2 Environmental prevention………………………………………………………………… 58 3.3 Universal prevention……….……………………………………………………............... 60 3.4 Selective prevention in at-risk groups and settings ……………………...................... 66 3.5 Indicated prevention ………………………………………………………………........... 68 3.6 National and local media campaign………………………………………….................. 69 4 Problem drug use (PDU)…….........................................................………........................... 70 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 70 4.2 Mortality multiplier .........................................………………………………………...... 70 5 Drug-related treatment: demand and availability............................……….............. 72 5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………..................... 72 5.2 General description, availability and quality assurance……………………................. 72 5.2.1 Strategy/policy……………………………………………………………………........... 73 5.2.2 Treatment systems……………………………………………………….................... 73 5.3 Access to treatment………..……………………………………………………………… 78 4 2012 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 5.3.1 Characteristics of patients/clients……………………………………………………… 78 5.3.2 Treatment availabiliy and trends ..............……………………………………………. 88 6 Health correlates and consequences........………………………………………….. ... 93 6.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 93 6.2 Drug-related infectious diseases………………………………………………............... 93 6.3 Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug users ……………………………............... 95 6.4 Other drug-related correlates and consequences …………………….....……........... 100 7 Responses to health correlates and consequences…....……………………........... 102 7.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 102 7.2 Prevention of drug-related emergencies and reduction of drug-related deaths......... 102 7.3 Prevention and treatment of drug-related infectious diseases with emphasis on the 103 treatment of hepatitis C among intravenous drug users… ……….................................. ……... 7.4 Responses to other health correlates among drug users....................………………. 106 8 Social correlates and social reintegration……………………………………………... 107 8.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 107 8.2 Social exclusion and drug use ……………………………………………..................... 107 8.2.1. Social exclusion among drug users…………………………………………………… 108 8.2.2 Drug use among socially excluded groups.............…………………………………. 108 8.3 Social reintegration………………………………………………………………………… 111 8.3.1 Housing ………………………………………………………………………………….. 112 8.3.2 Education………………….……………………………………………………………… 113 8.3.3 Employment……………………………………………………………………………… 115 8.3.4 Quality assurance ………………………………………………………………………. 118 9 Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison.......…………… 120 9.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………. 120 9.2 Drug-related crime…………………………………………………………………........... 121 9.2.1 Drug-related offences………………..................……………………………………… 121 9.2.2 Other drug-related crime ……………………………………………………………….. 126 9.3 Prevention of drug-related crime…………………………………………………………. 128 9.4 Intervention in the criminal justice system…………………………………………….... 129 9.5 Drug use and problem drug use in prisons................................…………………….. 131 9.6 Responses to drug-related health issues in prisons.................................................. 132 9.7 Reintegration of drug users after release from prison................................................ 136 10 Drug markets………………………………………………………………………………. 139 10.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….. 139 10.2 Availability and supply……………………………………………………………........... 141 10.2.1 Percieved availability of drugs, exposure, access to drugs……………………….. 141 10.2.2 Drugs origin: national production versus imported drugs ......................………… 149 10.2.3 Trafficking patterns, national and international flows, routes, modi operandi and 150 organisation of domestic drug market…………………………………................................ 10.3 Seizures……………………………………………………………………………........... 155 10.3.1 Quantities and number of seizures of all illicit 155 drugs……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10.3.2 Quantities and number of seizures of precursors……………………………….. 160 10.3.3 Number of discovered illegal laboratories and other drug manufacturing sites … 161 10.4 Price/Purity …………………………………………………………………………. 161 10.4.1 Price of illicit drugs at retail level…………………………………………… 161 10.4.2 Purity/potency of illicit drugs ………………………………………………….. 166 Part B: Annexes Selected chapters 11 Residential treatment for drug users 173 11.1 History and legal framework.................................................................................... 173 5 2012 Croatian Report on Drugs Situation 11.1.1 History of residential treatment for drug users………………………………… 173 11.1.2 Strategies and legal framework……………………………………...…… 174 11.2 Availabiliy of residential treatment for drug users……………………………… 175 11.2.1 Treatment programmes…………………………………………………………….. 176 11.2.2 Trends in residential treatment for drug users in the health system………....... 177 12 Recent trends of drug - related public expenditures and drug services ……….. 178 12.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 178 12.2 Macroeconomic trends…………………………………………………………………… 178 12.3 Labelled public expenditure in the field of combating drug abuse…………………… 180 12.3.1. Labelled public expenditure – total…………………………………………………… 180 12.3.2. Labelled expenditure by activity groups……………………………………………... 182 12.3.3. Labelled expenditure – according to COFOG classification………………………. 184 12.4 Overview of methodology for assessing the unlabelled expenditure in the field of 185 combating drug abuse…………………………………………………………………….. 12.5 Instead of conclusion: what else to research?.......................................................... 185 Part C 13 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………......... 188 13.1 Alphabetic list of all bibliographic references ..........………………………………… 188 13.2.1 Alphabetic list of relevant databases………………………………………………… 189 13.3.1 Alphabetic list of relevant internet addresses………………….............................. ....190 190 14 Annexes …………………………………………………………………………............... 13.1 List of tables used in the text ………………………………........................................ 190 13.2