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A DEMOCRACY OF CHAMELEONS Politics and Culture in the New Malawi Edited by Harri Englund Afterword by Jack Mapanje Copublished in Malawi by Christian Literature Association in Malawi (CLAIM/MABUKU), Blantyre ISBN 99908-16-49-2 (Kachere Book No. 14) Indexing terms Civil society Culture Democratisation Human rights Politics Poverty Malawi Cover photo: The police use tear-gas to disrupt an opposition meeting in Blantyre in January 2001. Photograph taken by Julius Bonex Language checking: Elaine Almén @ the authors and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2002 ISBN 91-7106-499-0 Printed in Sweden by Elanders Gotab, Stockholm 2002 Didn’t you say we should trace your footprints unmindful of quagmires, thickets and rivers until we reached your nsolo tree? Why does your mind boggle: Who will offer another gourd Who will force another step To hide our shame? You’ve chanted yourselves hoarse Chilembwe is gone in your dust Stop lingering then: Who will start another fire? Jack Mapanje, “Before Chilembwe Tree” (1981) Dzana ndi dzulo takhalira kuphedwa Yesterday, and the other day, we’re being killed Lero tikhalira kunamizidwa Today we are cheated Nanga titani poti anthu ndi omwewo What can we do since it is the same people Angosintha njira zotizunzira They’ve only changed ways of torturing us Ali ndi njira zawo They have their own ways Lucius Banda, “Njira Zawo” (1995) Contents List of Tables . 7 List of Abbreviations . 8 Acknowledgements . 9 Introduction. The Culture of Chameleon Politics . 11 Harri Englund 1.The Politics of Poverty Alleviation in Malawi: A Critical Review. 25 Blessings Chinsinga 2. Freedom and Insecurity: Civil Servants between Support Networks, the Free Market and the Civil Service Reform . 43 Gerhard Anders 3. Judicial Mediation in Electoral Politics in Malawi . 62 Clement Ng’ong’ola 4. Hate Speech in the New Malawi . 87 Edrinnie Kayambazinthu & Fulata Moyo 5. “Mzimu wa Soldier”: Contemporary Popular Music and Politics in Malawi . 103 Reuben Makayiko Chirambo 6. Are Malawi’s Local Clergy Civil Society Activists?: The Limiting Impact of Creed, Context and Class . 123 Peter VonDoepp 7. Ethnic Revival and Language Associations in the New Malawi: The Case of Chitumbuka . 140 Gregory H. Kamwendo 8. Tikutha: The Political Culture of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Malawi . 151 John Lwanda 9.“Human Rights and the Multiparty System Have Swallowed Our Traditions”: Conceiving Women and Culture in the New Malawi. 166 Ulrika Ribohn Afterword. The Orality of Dictatorship: In Defence of My Country . 178 Jack Mapanje List of Contributors . 188 Appendix . .190 Bibliography. .192 Index. .204 List of Tables 1. Annual Growth Rate of Crop Production . 26 2. Coping Strategies among the Vulnerable Segments of Society . 31 3. Examples of Abusive and Intimidating Language Used during the MCP and UDF Eras . 95 4. Primary Pastoral Priorities and Concerns . 127 5. Primary Preaching Themes . 128 6. Clergy Advocacy Efforts . 129 7. Clergy Responses to Local Injustices. 129 8. Influences on Clergy Activism. 130 9. Political Preaching by Catholic and Presbytarian Clergy. 131 10. Advocacy Efforts by Catholic and Presbytarian Clergy. 131 7 List of Abbreviations ACB Anti-Corruption Bureau ADMARC Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation AFORD Alliance for Democracy ATR African Traditional Religion CCAP Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian CLACA Chitumbuka Language and Culture Association CSRP Civil Service Reform Programme CSTU Civil Servants Trade Union DDC District Development Committee EU European Union FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front GDP Gross Domestic Product GOM Government of Malawi IMF International Monetary Fund J Judge in High Court JA Justice of Appeal in the Supreme Court of Appeal MBC Malawi Broadcasting Corporation MCP Malawi Congress Party MOH Ministry of Health MP Member of Parliament MPSR Malawi Public Service Regulations MYP Malawi Young Pioneers NAC National AIDS Committee NDA National Democratic Alliance NEC National Economic Council NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PAC Public Affairs Committee PAP Poverty Alleviation Programme PPEA Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Act PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper QC Queen’s Counsel QUIM Qualitative Impact Monitoring of Poverty RENAMO Mozambican National Resistance SADC Southern African Development Community SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SDA Social Dimensions of Adjustment STD Sexually Transmitted Disease TEBA The Employment Bureau of Africa TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission TVM Television Malawi UDF United Democratic Front UNDP United Nations Development Programme VAMVulnerability Assessment Mapping WHO World Health Organisation 8 Acknowledgements The origin of this book can be traced to the International Conference on Historical and Social Science Research in Malawi: Problems and Prospects, held at Chancellor College in Zomba, Malawi, 26–29 June, 2000. Earlier versions of the chapters were presented at this conference, along with some 40 other papers on various aspects of Malawi’s history, politics, economy, and culture. Major credit for this stimulating event is due to The Nordic Africa Institute which both provided the bulk of its fund- ing and now publishes this volume. Journal of Southern African Studies, a co-orga- niser of the conference, has published a complementary selection of historical and social studies of Malawi in its first issue of Volume 28 (2002). It is my conviction that the conference and the subsequent publications bear wit- ness to the remarkable quickening of historical and social science scholarship in and on Malawi since the demise of Kamuzu Banda’s stifling regime in 1994. Numerous are the Malawians who deserve praise for this auspicious political change. The stud- ies in this volume are offered to nurture that fragile achievement through a respon- sible and balanced appraisal. Among my personal debts incurred during the process from organising the con- ference to publishing this volume, two scholars stand out. Kings M. Phiri and John McCracken provided advice and made a considerable effort to ensure the success of the conference in 2000. An important contribution was also made by the Steering Committee at Chancellor College, comprising, in addition to Professor Phiri as its Chair, Blessings Chinsinga, Charles Chunga, Paul Kishindo, Anthony Nazombe, Naomi Ngwira, Martin Ott and Eston Sambo. I also wish to acknowledge the su- perb secretarial assistance rendered by the Centre for Social Research in Zomba. As for The Nordic Africa Institute, Nina Klinge-Nygård and C. Bawa Yamba went out of their way to provide moral and practical support when it was most needed. To all mentioned here and to the expanding fellowship of scholars working in and on Malawi, I say: Mutu umodzi susenza denga. Lilongwe, April 2002 Harri Englund 9 Introduction The Culture of Chameleon Politics Harri Englund Zinthu zatani? Disgrace, public and sudden, befell Brown Mpinganjira, a self-proclaimed “demo- crat” and one of the key figures in Malawi’s “second liberation” in the early 1990s. In November 2000, after steering the United Democratic Front (UDF) through two election victories since 1994, Mpinganjira was dismissed from President Bakili Mu- luzi’s Cabinet on corruption charges. When Mpinganjira was Minister of Education, a “family friend” had allegedly bribed him on four occasions in order to be awarded lucrative contracts by the ministry. In December 2000, Mpinganjira was expelled from the UDF. He responded by founding the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), defined, in a terminology reminiscent of the era when only one political party was allowed to exist in Malawi, as a “pressure group”. For some, Mpinganjira’s honour was restored almost as swiftly as he had been disgraced. He explained his dismissal as a consequence of his opposition to Muluzi’s secret plan to undertake a third term in office, a plan at variance with the constitu- tional provision that allows a state president to stay in office for only two terms. The events in the early 1990s, moreover, had already become usable history in this bid to win the hearts and minds of Malawians. Both the local and international press participated in returning a democrat’s aura to Mpinganjira. Barely three months af- ter his dismissal, with the corruption charges still looming, Mpinganjira was touted as the “true founder” of the UDF, a hero whose fearless activism in the early 1990s was instrumental to the dismantling of Malawi’s postcolonial autocracy.1 Mpinganjira’s changing fortunes illustrate broader themes in Malawi’s political pluralism. Allegiances among the political élite seem increasingly unpredictable and erratic. When the systematic challenge to Kamuzu Banda’s authoritarian regime commenced, first as clandestine discussion and mobilisation in the late 1980s and then with the much-publicised pastoral letter of Malawi’s Catholic bishops in 1992, the political divisions seemed clear enough. There were, on the one hand, the con- servatives who clung to the ailing and ageing Life President, the “father and founder” of the nation, viewing multipartyism as an affront to both national unity and the Life President’s unquestioned authority. Opposed to them were the demo- crats who, emboldened by aid donors’ insistence on respect for human rights and good governance, staged protests and formed pressure groups. A referendum in June 1993 confirmed that the democrats were actually in the majority: Malawians chose a multiparty system of government. The pressure groups became political parties, with the UDF and the Alliance
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