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Restacking-The-Deck.Pdf ISSN 0840-7339 DAVID CLANDFIELD ISBN 978-1-77125-016-0 BRUCE CURTIS GRACE-EDWARD GALABUZI “Will we waste another generation?” This is the question posed in ALISON GAYMES SAN VICENTE Stacking the Deck: The Streaming of Working Class Kids in Ontario Schools, published more than 20 years ago in 1992. Now, with this D. W. LIVINGSTONE follow-up volume, the same question remains: Will we waste anoth- HARRY SMALLER er generation over the next two decades? The same destructive, if S OUR somewhat more hidden, streaming arrangements are still at work in Ontario schools. They are still based on class, race, gender and CH imputed special needs and bring with them substantial discriminatory treatment. And, as the evidence shows, streaming has no redeeming OOLS/ features: it hurts poor and racialized students, and it doesn’t improve the performance of students from wealthier homes. In this neo-liberal O era in education, serious resistance to streaming is going to require UR SELVES a sustained alliance of working-class and progressive middle-class parents and students, alongside teacher unions and labour and com- munity organizations. This book is intended to support that efort. • Our Schools/Our Selves is a quarterly journal on education V published by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA). .23 N To subscribe to Our Schools/Our Selves, contact: .2 ( Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives @250ne Community #114 500-251 Bank St., Ottawa, ON, K2P 1X3 Streaming by class, race and gender ) Tel: 613.563.1341 Fax: 613.233.1458 W [email protected] INTER 2014 $25.00 in Ontario schools www.policyalternatives.ca PRINTED IN A UNION SHOP RESTACKING THE DECK Streaming by class, race and gender in Ontario schools DAVID CLANDFIELD BRUCE CURTIS GRACE-EDWARD GALABUZI ALISON GAYMES SAN VICENTE D. W. LIVINGSTONE HARRY SMALLER Our Schools/Our Selves Special Issue in association with Everybody’s Schools: an Education Policy Institute Winter 2014 Our Schools/Our Selves is published four times a year by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives @250ne Community,500-251 Bank St., Ottawa, ON, K2P 1X3. This is Volume 23, Number 2, Issue #114 of the journal (WINTER 2014). Our Schools/Our Selves is a member of the Canadian Magazine Publishers Association. It is indexed in the Canadian Magazine Index and the Alternative Press Index. Editorial Board Keren Brathwaite, Michael Corbett, Denise Doherty-Delorme, Bernie Froese-Germain, Larry Kuehn, Doug Little, George Martell, Patricia McAdie, Marita Moll, Satu Repo, Heather-jane Robertson, Erika Shaker Advisory Board Lynn Carlile, Kari Dehli, Sarah Dopp, Ed Finn, David Flower, Karin Jordan, Clare Keating, Kirsten Kozolanka, David Livingstone, Mike Luf, Diane Meaghan, Janice Newson, Claire Polster, Anne Rodrigue, David Robinson, Mark Rosenfeld, Harry Smaller, Jim Turk, Sofa Vuorinen Executive Editor Erika Shaker Editor Emeritus Satu Repo Associate Editor Larry Kuehn Issue Editors David Clandfeld and George Martell Editorial Ofce Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives @250ne Community 500-251 Bank St., Ottawa, ON, K2P 1X3 Subscriptions and Advertising Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives Tel: (613) 563-1341 Fax: (613) 233-1458 ISSN 0840-7339 ISBN 978-1-77125-016-0 Production Typesetting and design: Nancy Reid Printed in Canada by RR Donnelley, 1500 Saint-Patrick, Montréal QC H3K 0A3 Publications Mail Registration No. 8010. Cover design: Nancy Reid (nrgrafx.com) The opinions expressed in Our Schools/Our Selves are those of the authors, and do not necessarily refect the views of the CCPA. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 23, NUMBER 2 (#114) WINTER 2014 INTRODUCTION 1 1. CLASS, RACE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SCHOOLING 9 D.W. LIVINGSTONE 2. THE ORIGINS OF EDUCATION INEQUALITY IN ONTARIO 41 BRUCE CURTIS 3. STREAMING IN ONTARIO SCHOOLS 77 HARRY SMALLER 4. SPECIAL EDUCATION AND STREAMING 113 DAVID CLANDFIELD 5. RACE AND THE STREAMING OF ONTARIO’S CHILDREN AND YOUTH 185 GRACE-EDWARD GALABUZI 6. ANOTHER DIMENSION TO STREAMING — GENDER 227 ALISON GAYMES SAN VICENTE CONCLUSION UNSTACKING THE DECK: A NEW DEAL FOR OUR SCHOOLS 261 APPENDIX WHAT WE CAN DO RIGHT NOW 307 BIBLIOGRAPHY 325 AUTHORS 357 AUTHORS’ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We remain indebted to all the people who contributed to the publication of Stacking the Deck:The Streaming of Working Class Kids in Ontario Schools, published over 20 years ago. With the development of the current neo-liberal order in our schools, the authors of that book — Bruce Curtis, D. W. Livingstone and Harry Smaller — felt it was time to address the issue again, as did David Clandfeld, Grace-Edward Galabuzi and Alison Gaymes San Vicente who joined them in this task. George Martell, who edited Stacking the Deck, once more agreed to support production and, with David Clandfeld, to edit the sequel. We knew that, in addition to an emphasis on social class, a new book would need to focus on Special Education as an integral dimension of the province’s streaming practices and also address both race and gender questions in fuller ways than the earlier volume. The chapters, this time around, are signed by individual authors — refecting particular interests and backgrounds — but we have all kept in close touch throughout the writing to ensure the coherence of the argument throughout and have collectively developed the introduction and the conclusion. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the various people interviewed and others who provided valuable resource materials. In particular, Rob Brown and Gillian Parekh of the Toronto District School Board provided special runs from recent graduating student cohorts in that board, which ofer the most up to date evidence of the extent of streaming in Ontario schools. Doug Hart and Milosh Raykov provided statistical analyses of other relevant data sets. Several people ofered useful feedback on diferent portions of the manuscript, or engaged in useful conversations, v including Roula Anastasakos, Rob Brown, Rosemary Clarke, Jason Ellis, Antonino Giambrone, Laurie Green, Craig Howe, Jef Kugler, Joe Leibovitch, Gillian Parekh, Tim McCaskell, Ramon San Vicente and Sandy Spyropoulos. We are also grateful to Nancy Reid for her design of the book and for her competence, patience and good humour in bringing it into production. Finally, we want to thank Erika Shaker (at the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives), the Executive Editor of this book, for her support and for the good care she and the CCPA have taken with Our Schools/Our Selves, after some of us passed it on more than a decade ago. January 2014 vi INTRODUCTION “Will we waste another generation?” This is the question posed in Stacking the Deck: The Streaming of Working Class Kids in Ontario Schools, published over 20 years ago. It is time to answer this question. Some may say the question is now irrelevant in light of the growth of post-secondary education, some form of which is now accessible to a majority of Ontario youth. This prior book was written in the wake of a government commission that recommended the abolition of ability grouping and the deferral of streaming in schools until Grade 10, and after the election of a New Democratic Party government that appeared to be committed to this goal too. Destreaming initiatives met strong resistance from some parents and teachers committed to the status quo. Today, destreaming — and the deepening of student equality that goes with it — is not really part of the public debate about education. Yet the research evidence indicating that working-class and minoritized youth do better in schools with mixed-ability grouping and that youth from more afuent backgrounds do no worse under these circumstances remains compelling. The current book documents how streaming based on class, race, gender and imputed special needs still occurs extensively in our schools. What has changed is that the most evident consequences of streaming are being deferred. Higher proportions of working-class and minoritized kids are now completing secondary school and getting ofers to post-secondary institutions. But they are still sufering from substantial discriminatory treatment in elementary and secondary schools and their odds of completing post-secondary education are still relatively poor. So the answer to the question we posed 20 years RESTACKING THE DECK: STREAMING BY CLASS, RACE AND GENDER IN ONTARIO SCHOOLS ago is yes, we have indeed continued to deny equal opportunities to far too many talented youth from working-class and some minoritized backgrounds. Another generation of these children is in the process of being wasted. The purpose of this book is to document the current extent of these educational inequities and to make the case for resurrecting destreaming as the most obvious solution to the problem. Two generations ago, Loren Lind (1974) concluded that: [T]hrough streaming the schools retain the dominance of the middle class at the expense of those at the bottom, promoting students on an apparently equitable basis that remains harshly discriminatory … it fosters a smug elitism that maintains the gross disparities of Canadian society. To change this, at this late date, requires a very radical beginning. (pp. 227-228) As later chapters will show, streaming continues to exist throughout Ontario, with devastating consequences for many socially disadvantaged children. Children from working-class and some minority families continue to be pejoratively labelled with exceptionalities and special needs in elementary school, streamed into dead-end programs that encourage many of them to drop out of secondary school, and excluded from post-secondary education. These conditions continue to represent both a severe social injustice and a tremendous waste of human learning potential, particularly in light of the increasingly widespread view that advanced formal education is an essential ingredient for the future well- being of our society. Biases against those from less afuent backgrounds remain inherent in the form and content of the public school system.
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