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Caving: Safety Activity Checkpoints
Caving: Safety Activity Checkpoints Caving—also called “spelunking” (speh-LUNK-ing) is an exciting, hands-on way to learn about speleology (spee-lee-AH- luh-gee), the study of caves, in addition to paleontology (pay-lee-en-TAH-luh-gee), the study of life from past geologic periods by examining plant and animal fossils. As a sport, caving is similar to rock climbing, and often involves using ropes to crawl and climb through cavern nooks and crannies. These checkpoints do not apply to groups taking trips to tourist or commercial caves, which often include safety features such as paths, electric lights, and stairways. Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies do not participate in caving. Know where to go caving. Connect with your Girl Scout council for site suggestions. Also, the National Speleological Society provides an online search tool for U.S. caving clubs, and the National Park Service provides information about National Park caves. Include girls with disabilities. Communicate with girls with disabilities and/or their caregivers to assess any needs and accommodations. Learn more about the resources and information that the National Center on Accessibility and the National Center of Physical Activities and Disabilities provide to people with disabilities. Caving Gear Basic Gear Sturdy boots with ankle protection (hiking boots for dry areas; rubber boots or wellies for wet caves) Warm, rubber gloves (to keep hands warm and protect against cuts and abrasions) Nonperishable, high-energy foods such as fruits and nuts Water Specialized Gear -
NSS Conservation and Preservation Policies ( .Pdf )
Part 2-Conservation, Management, Ethics: NSS Conservation and Preservation Policies 253 Section C-Improving Caver Ethics NSS Conservation and Preservation Policies NSS Cave Conservation Policy The National Speleological Society believes: Caves have unique scientific, recreational, and scenic values. These values are endangered by both carelessness and intentional vandalism. These values, once gone, cannot be recovered. The responsibility for protecting caves must be assumed by those who study and enjoy them. Accordingly, the intention of the Society is to work for the preservation of caves with a realistic policy supported by effective programs for: Encouraging self-discipline among cavers. Education and research concerning the causes and prevention of cave damage. Special projects, including cooperation with other groups similarly dedicated to the conservation of natural areas. Specifically: All contents of a cave-formations, life, and loose deposits-are significant for their enjoyment and interpretation. Caving parties should leave a cave as they find it. Cavers should provide means for the removal of waste. Cavers should limit marking to a few, small, removable signs as needed for surveys. Cavers should especially exercise extreme care not to accidentally break or soil formations, disturb life forms, or unnecessarily increase the number of disfiguring paths through an area. Scientific collection is professional, selective, al)d minimal. The collecting of mineral or biological material for display purposes-including previ- ously broken or dead specimens-is never justified, as it encourages others to collect and destroy the interest of the cave. The Society encourages projects such as: Establishing cave preserves. Placing entrance gates where appropriate. Opposing the sale of speleothems. -
The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-Dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus Spp
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2005 The aN tural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia Michael Steven Osbourn Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Osbourn, Michael Steven, "The aN tural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia" (2005). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 735. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia. Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science Biological Sciences By Michael Steven Osbourn Thomas K. Pauley, Committee Chairperson Daniel K. Evans, PhD Thomas G. Jones, PhD Marshall University May 2005 Abstract The Natural History, Distribution, and Phenotypic Variation of Cave-dwelling Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus spp. Cope (Plethodontidae), in West Virginia. Michael S. Osbourn There are over 4000 documented caves in West Virginia, potentially providing refuge and habitat for a diversity of amphibians and reptiles. Spring Salamanders, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, are among the most frequently encountered amphibians in caves. Surveys of 25 caves provided expanded distribution records and insight into ecology and diet of G. -
Casleguard Cave 2005
Castleguard Cave 2005 First ascent of the 200-foot aven Text by Marek Vokáˇc Photos by Christian Rushfeldt, Bjørn Myrvold, Jørn Halvorsen, Marek Vokáˇc First edition October 27, 2006 Copyright notice: Overall copyright © 2006 Marek Vokáˇc. Photographers retain their copy- right © to individual images as specified in photo credits/captions. Permission is generally granted for individual, non-commercial use of this report, provided due credit is given. Parks Canada is additionally granted permission for other non-commercial use and distribution. Author contact: Marek Vokáˇc Thorleifs Allé 5c 0489 Oslo Norway email: [email protected] Telephone: +47 934 92 857 Cover photo: Marek Vokáˇcclimbing the aven, by Christian Rushfeldt (CC05-064) Dedicated to all whose generous support made this trip possible, and a success: my wife and children; the team; their families; and our colleagues and employers Introduction Castleguard Cave lies in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, close to the Saskatchewan Glacier. To get to the cave from Calgary, one drives the beautiful Icefields Parkway, past Lake Louise and Banff, preferably staying at the Saksatchewan Crossing hotel. Getting to the cave entrance is a full-day ski trip. The cave itself was known early in the 1900’s, and was visited by tourists with horses and mules. The biggest attraction were the sudden floods coming out of the entrance, where the dry opening would change into a roaring river in a few seconds. Modern cave exploration started in 1967, during the summer. The explorers were caught by a sudden rise in the water and trapped inside the first drop. After 18 hours the water level dropped enough for them to get out; soon after that, the waters rose again and ran for weeks. -
Growth Mechanisms of Speleothems in Castleguard Cave, Columbia Icefields, Alberta, Canada
Arctic and Alpine Research ISSN: 0004-0851 (Print) 2325-5153 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uaar19 Growth Mechanisms of Speleothems in Castleguard Cave, Columbia Icefields, Alberta, Canada T. C. Atkinson To cite this article: T. C. Atkinson (1983) Growth Mechanisms of Speleothems in Castleguard Cave, Columbia Icefields, Alberta, Canada, Arctic and Alpine Research, 15:4, 523-536 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1983.12004379 Copyright 1983 Regents of the University of Colorado Published online: 01 Jun 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 64 View related articles Citing articles: 4 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uaar20 Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 15, No.4, 1983, pp. 523-536 GROWTH MECHANISMS OF SPELEOTHEMS IN CASTLEGUARD CAVE, COLUMBIA ICEFIELDS, ALBERTA, CANADA* T. C. ATKINSON School ofEnvironmental Sciences, University ofEast Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England, U.K. ABSTRACT In spite of its location beneath high alpine terrain and active glaciers, Castleguard Cave contains many actively growing calcite'speleothems. Four hypotheses as to their growth mechanism were tested against field data on water chemistry, temperatures, CO 2 content of cave air, and evaporation rates. The hypotheses were (1) that a biogenic source of high PC02 is unlikely, so calcite deposition by CO 2 degassing would require a nonbiogenic source; (2) warming of water after entering the cave, or in passage through the rocks above it might cause calcite supersaturation; (3) calcite might be deposited because of evaporation of seep age; and (4) waters dissolving several Ca-bearing minerals might precipitate calcite as the least soluble by the common-ion effect. -
Cave Development in Strata of Ordovician-And Silurian-Devonian- Age in Highland County, Virginia
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons OES Theses and Dissertations Ocean & Earth Sciences Summer 2007 Cave Development in Strata of Ordovician-and Silurian-Devonian- Age in Highland County, Virginia Carol Ann Peterson Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_etds Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Peterson, Carol A.. "Cave Development in Strata of Ordovician-and Silurian-Devonian-Age in Highland County, Virginia" (2007). Master of Science (MS), Thesis, Ocean & Earth Sciences, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/t7pt-2404 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_etds/20 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Ocean & Earth Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in OES Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAVE DEVELOPMENT IN STRATA OF ORDOVICIAN- AND SILURIAN-DEVONIAN-AGE IN HIGHLAND COUNTY, VIRGINIA by Carol Ann Peterson B.S. August 2002, Old Dominion University A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of tine Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE GEOLOGY OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2007 Approved by: ;ar (Director) Dennis A. Darby (Membes Donald J. P. Swift (Member) limes F. Coble (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT CAVE DEVELOPMENT IN STRATA OF ORDOVICIAN- AND SILURIAN-DEVONIAN-AGE IN HIGHLAND COUNTY, VIRGINIA Carol Ann Peterson Old Dominion University, 2007 Director: Dr. G. Richard Whittecar Picturesque Highland County, Virginia, also known as "Virginia's Little Switzerland", is characterized by high mountains, tranquil rivers, and hundreds of caves. -
2Nd International Trilobite Conference (Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, August 22-24, 1997) ABSTRACTS
2nd International Trilobite Conference (Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, August 22-24, 1997) ABSTRACTS. Characters and Parsimony. Jonathan M. Adrain, Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United King- dom; Gregory D. Edgecombe, Centre for Evolutionary Research, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney South, New South Wales 2000, Australia Character analysis is the single most important element of any phylogenetic study. Characters are simply criteria for comparing homologous organismic parts between taxa. Homology of organismic parts in any phylogenetic study is an a priori assumption, founded upon topological similarity through some or all stages of ontogeny. Once homolo- gies have been suggested, characters are invented by specifying bases of comparison of organismic parts from taxon to taxon within the study group. Ideally, all variation in a single homology occurring within the study group should be accounted for. Comparisons are between attributes of homologous parts, (e.g., simple presence, size of some- thing, number of something), and these attributes are referred to as character states. Study taxa are assigned member- ship in one (or more, in the case of polymorphisms) character-state for each character in the analysis. A single char- acter now implies discrete groupings of taxa, but this in itself does not constitute a phylogeny. In order to suggest or convey phylogenetic information, the historical status of each character-state, and of the the group of taxa it sug- gests, must be evaluated. That is, in the case of any two states belonging to the same character, we need to discover whether one state is primitive (broadly speaking, ancestral) or derived (representative of an evolutionary innovation) relative to the other. -
Species of Greatest Conservation Need
APPENDIX A. VIRGINIA SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED Taxa Common Scientific Name Tier Cons. Opp. Habitat Descriptive Habitat Notes Name Ranking Amphibians Barking Hyla gratiosa II a Forest Forests near or within The Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information System indicates treefrog shallow wetlands the loss suitable wetlands constitute the greatest threats to this species. DGIF recommends working to maintain or restore forested buffers surrounding occupied wetlands. These needs are consistent with action plan priorities to conserve and restore wetland habitats and associated buffers. Recently discovered populations within its known range, may indicate this species is more abundant than previously believed. An in-depth investigation into its status may warrant delisting. This species will be prioritized as Tier 2a. Amphibians Blue Ridge Desmognathus IV c Forest High elevation seeps, This species' distribution is very limited. Other than limiting dusky orestes streams, wet rock faces, logging activity in the occupied areas, no conservation salamander and riparian forests actions have been identified. Unless other threats or actions are identified, this species will be listed as Tier 4c. Amphibians Blue Ridge Eurycea III a Wetland Mountain streams and The needs of this species are consistent with priorities for two-lined wilderae adjacent riparian areas maintaining and enhancing riparian forests and aquatic salamander with mixed hardwood or habitats. This species will be listed as Tier 3a. spruce-fir forests up to 6000 feet. Amphibians Carpenter Lithobates III a Wetland Freshwater wetlands with The needs of this species are consistent with action plan frog virgatipes sphagnum moss priorities to preserve and restore aquatic and wetland habitats and water quality. -
1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals
The lUCN Species Survival Commission 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre PADU - MGs COPY DO NOT REMOVE lUCN The World Conservation Union lo-^2^ 1994 lUCN Red List of Threatened Animals lUCN WORLD CONSERVATION Tile World Conservation Union species susvival commission monitoring centre WWF i Suftanate of Oman 1NYZ5 TTieWlLDUFE CONSERVATION SOCIET'' PEOPLE'S TRISr BirdLife 9h: KX ENIUNGMEDSPEaES INTERNATIONAL fdreningen Chicago Zoulog k.J SnuicTy lUCN - The World Conservation Union lUCN - The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: some 770 members in all, spread across 123 countries. - As a union, I UCN exists to serve its members to represent their views on the world stage and to provide them with the concepts, strategies and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, lUCN draws together over 5000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups. A central secretariat coordinates the lUCN Programme and leads initiatives on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's biological diversity and the management of habitats and natural resources, as well as providing a range of services. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralised and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing countries. I UCN - The World Conservation Union seeks above all to work with its members to achieve development that is sustainable and that provides a lasting Improvement in the quality of life for people all over the world. -
Greenbrier County Comprehensive Plan Planning and Land Use I
Greenbrier County Comprehensive Plan Planning and Land Use I. Summary Planning and Land Use focuses on land use and growth policies for Greenbrier County, including: Future Land Use Planning Policies Areas for both rural (Natural Resource and Rural Communities and Villages) and urban (Residential Transition and Designated Growth Areas) lands; Criteria and guidelines for evaluating new development; Neighborhood and community design standards (traditional neighborhood design, low impact design, LEED design standards, Earthcraft Design); and Best planning practices (planning programs and tools: flexible land use ordinances, capital improvements, impact fees, impact analysis and mitigation plans, and transfer/purchase of development rights) and professional planning framework. II. Planning and Land Use Policies, Goals, Objectives, and Strategies (Policy) Proactive Planning. Greenbrier County will adopt a proactive approach to planning in order to ensure the long term viability and sustainability of the communities, the heritage, and the environment, recognizing a responsibility to both current residents and property owners and to future generations of residents and property owners. (Policy) Consistency. All growth and development, both public and private, in Greenbrier County shall be consistent with the comprehensive plan. (Policy) Critical Features. All growth and development requests will be evaluated with respect to their impact on the critical, sensitive, or special, environmental, cultural, community, or historic resources shown on the Greenbrier Critical Features Maps included in this plan. (Policy) Future Land Use Map and Policy Changes. In order to minimize the potential impact from sprawl and inconsistent development patterns, comprehensive plan amendments and changes to the future land use map will only be approved after a detailed review of the proposal and the potential impacts and will only be considered if the requested change in designation is for property adjacent to a different land use category. -
Tennessee-Alabama-Georgia (TAG) Cave Teaching and Learning Module
Tennessee-Alabama-Georgia (TAG) Cave Teaching and Learning Module K. Denise Kendall, Ph.D. Matthew L. Niemiller, Ph.D. Annette S. Engel, Ph.D. Funding provided by 1 Dear Educator, We are pleased to present you with a TAG (Tennessee – Alabama – Georgia) cave-themed teaching and learning module. This module aims to engage Kindergarten through 5th grade students in subterranean biology, while fostering awareness and positive attitudes toward cave biodiversity. We have chosen cave fauna for this teaching module because students have a fascination with atypical organisms and environments. Moreover, little attention has been given to subterranean biodiversity in public outreach programs. Many students will likely be intrigued by the unique fauna and composition of subterranean landscapes. Therefore, we hope these lessons enable teachers to introduce students to the unique organisms and habitat below their feet. The module presents students with background information and outlines lessons that aim to reinforce and discover aspects of the content. Lessons in this module focus primarily on habitat formation, biodiversity, evolution, and system flows in subterranean landscapes. We intend for this module to be a guide, and, thus, we have included baseline material and activity plans. Teachers are welcome to use the lessons in any order they wish, use portions of lessons, and may modify the lessons as they please. Furthermore, educators may share these lessons with other school districts and teachers; however, please do not receive monetary gain for lessons in the module. Funding for the TAG Cave module has been graciously provided by the Cave Conservation Foundation, a non-profit 501(c)3 organization dedicated to promoting and facilitating the conservation, management, and knowledge of cave and karst resources. -
And Community Structure
studet reasol food , and ir comp fauna and S the re and I classr other unde paras Th simp SpeciesInteractions this r inter and CommunityStructure short from Ti Questions concerning the nature and importance of species interac- vari< tions have become increasingly controversial. In the mid-1960sit was tive thought that interspecific competition was the major organizing factor ond in many communities. Through the pioneering work of the late Robert and MacArthur and his students,many aspectsof the structure and dynam- com ics of bird communities seemedbest explained by competitive interac- ied r tions, which could be describedin a generalway by the Lotka-Volterra spec competition equations. This work, or at least its generality, has been ofn challengedon three levels. First, there is the question of how important species interactions are in general and whether the interactions are competitive, parasitic, predatory, or mutualistic. For example, Connell whi (1975)noted that a significantfraction of, but by no means all, commu- nities are physically rather than biotically controlled. In addition, there As has been a tendency in the last few years to concentrate on single- dyn species demography. While interactions between species can still be the considered in the guise of age-specificfecundity and mortality effects, (va the emphasisis away from a coevolutionary perspective and toward a hos individualistic concept of communities. the Second, the question of which type of interaction is most important sor in structuring a particular community is very much open. Many ecol- tha ogists have pointed out that the birds studied by MacArthur and his wit SPECIESINTERACTIONS 97 studentswere at or near the top of the food chain.