J O I N T C R I S I S C H I L D R E N O F S T U X N E T UNITED STATES NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL Introduction Traditionally, espionage has been an activity that takes advantage of humanity’s faults in order to gain valuable information. We are all familiar with its tropes—the beautiful foreign woman sleeping with the gang leader to gain intelligence for her superiors, the dashing young man who infiltrates a foreign ministry by befriending its members and gaining their trust. The human element of intelligence has long been a large part of its success. However, the rise of the web has made this human element somewhat obsolete: many of the dangerous and expensive activities performed by foreign operatives are now doable from a computer keyboard. Cyber surveillance and, therefore, cyber terrorism have rapidly become the status quo in the intelligence and counter-intelligence worlds. Governments, terrorists and even civilians are now able to control a nation’s infrastructure, military and intelligence from the comfort of their own home, assuming they possess the required set of skills. The effect this has had on statecraft and war making in recent years is incomparable. The United States National Security Council, therefore, intends to use its nation’s place as home to some of the world’s most cutting edge technology firms and innovations to carry out their plan to infiltrate the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the interest of international security, it is paramount that the actions taken by the NSC are not traceable by the target nation, and that they maintain their classified status domestically. If successful, the United States will prevent an extremist takeover of the Middle East, most notably the US’ ally, Israel. As the moral protectors of the world, it is paramount that the NSC comes together and asserts their role as a global superpower to achieve these ends. Historical Overview Current relations with Iran notwithstanding, communication and collaboration between the two states were once diplomatic. In fact, it was the United States that helped launch Iran’s nuclear program under Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace program in 1957. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, nuclear cooperation between Washington and Tehran continued to be positive and productive, with US President Gerald Ford even offering to sell Iran a US-built reprocessing facility to complete the nuclear cycle. Meanwhile, the USA, after having overthrown Mohammad Mossaddegh with the help of Britain, helped Iran set up SAVAK, the new Shah’s secret police. From 1953 to 1979, SAVAK enjoyed virtually limitless power and freedom throughout Iran, and was noted for its torture and execution practices, in addition to running intelligence operations in Iran and abroad, often in conjunction with the CIA. Note, however, that after the 1979 Iranian revolution, the US-backed Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlevi was forced to leave. With Pahlevi’s departure from power, SAVAK ceased operations, and an era of difficult relations between the USA and Iran had begun. Since the revolution, the United States ceased its alliance with Iran. During the 1980-1988 Iran- Iraq war, the United States aided Saddam Hussein by providing diplomatic, monetary and military support. The most notable aid from the US came in the form of covertly sharing satellite footage and information form radar planes. This footage revealed locations of Iranian troop movements, logistics facilities and details about Iranian air defenses. This information allowed Hussein’s military to attack the Iranians with chemical weapons, resulting in mass casualties. Although the US denied their involvement with the chemical attacks for years, declassified documents show that the Iraqis kept US intelligence officials up to date regarding the matter. Although Hussein proved to be a gruesome leader, the Iraqi win was necessary for Reagan America in order to subvert the Iranians and bring them back to the negotiating table. It was the same need that drew the US to conduct Operation Praying Mantis against Iran, the largest engagement of surface warships since WWII. In 2002, it was revealed by an Iranian opposition group that Iran was secretly developing nuclear facilities, which the US maintains is part of a nuclear weapons program. Iran has repeatedly denied these claims. These discoveries led to four rounds of UN-ratified sanctions against Iran. In 2012, the US, as well as the EU, stepped up these sanctions to include the financial sector, causing Iran’s currency to lose two thirds of its value by 2013. A 2010 satellite photo of Iran’s nuclear facility at Natanz All the while, intelligence research in the Unites States has been a key factor in dictating our relations, both domestically and globally. This was, however, put to a halt in 2013, when former NSA contractor Edward Snowden downloaded an estimated 50,000-200,000 NSA documents, and began releasing them to the press and to the public. The files, many of which were part of a secret intelligence operation called PRISM, provided proof that the United States government was monitoring millions of its own citizens, though private phone calls, text messages, emails and Internet activity. These revelations sparked outrage from the American public, and created distrust with the system that set the American Government back. The leaked files also included information on US military and intelligence capabilities, which prompted several terrorist organizations to change their security measures to avoid American interception. Snowden then fled to Russia, where he has currently found temporary asylum. As the fight against terrorism continued, the United States and its allies made small advances in the war on ISIS. Unlike its predecessors Al Qaeda, ISIS has far more structure, training, and access to weapons that have allowed it to take over land in Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Nigeria. Particularly savvy in the technological realm, ISIS conducts much of its recruitment using social media, and shares its acts of terror on the Internet. With individuals like Snowden seeking refuge within America’s enemies, it is quite clear that ISIS can possesses the power to conduct cyber malware attacks against the United States if they recruit the right personnel to their cause. The potential outcomes of such a breach are numerous: infiltrating American intelligence, accessing the US’ weapons, and tampering with American industry are among the possible outcomes of a cyber attack. Seeing as Iran’s ultraconservative government shares ISIS’ ideals of Islamizing the globe, these capabilities, paired with Iran’s nuclear arsenal, presents a clear threat to the security of the United States, and to Western ideals. While the US is a world leader in security and intelligence, the presence of people like Snowden make it very clear that the US is not invincible, and that even non-state actors can become credible threats. With no allegiance, these hackers can easily become the mercenaries of the cyber age, selling their talents to the highest bidder, or whoever offers them asylum. In an attempt to thwart Iranian plots, the United States has had many intelligence operations to attempt to infiltrate Iran remotely. Among these are operation Olympic Games, which, with the help of regional ally Israel, targeted Iran’s nuclear facilities by creating a computer virus, known 3 as Stuxnet, which allowed officials to monitor and control industrial facilities remotely. The operation was started by President George W. Bush’s administration in 2006, but has accelerated under the Obama administration due to increasing security concerns. Carried out with the help of Israel, Stuxnet succeeded in destroying roughly one fifth of all of Iran’s nuclear centrifuges. The success of this operation provides hope for the United States to be able to conduct similar operations in the future, and to improve on domestic security to keep operations such as Olympic Games secretive. The European Union, Iran, United Kingdom, and United States announce the JCPOA On April 2, 2015, the USA, in conjunction with other world powers, signed the Iranian nuclear deal, called the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). This agreement places significant limits on what Iran is permitted to do in its nuclear plan for the next 10-15 years. However, the deal failed to resolve the actual issues created by Iran’s nuclear capability, and left many loopholes that many felt failed to solve many of the main issues concerning Iran’s nuclear program. Furthermore, there is a chance that Iran may be tempted to cut corners and not comply with the agreement, both in letter and spirit. Considering the fact that the deal did nothing to prevent Iran from still sponsoring Assad and Hezbollah, among other groups, there is no guarantee that such official agreements will do much to shape Iran’s actions. 4 Current Conditions Since the American-Iranian nuclear deal, relations between the two nations appear to be on the rise. Since Iran’s implementation of their end of the bargain was verified by the International Atomic Energy Agency on January 16th, the US President Barack Obama signed an executive order lifting some of the nation’s sanctions on Iran, a move that allowed the Iranian economy to be stimulated by long-awaited sanctions relief. Furthermore, a successful prisoner exchange on the eve of implementation day proved to be the first time the long-time enemies had seriously negotiated between their security and diplomatic establishments in decades. Despite this rosy image of cooperation, however, tensions remain very high between the two states. In the aftermath of the Stuxnet attack, Iran’s relations with the rest of the world remain shaky at best, with many states waiting to see the longer-term effects of the nuclear deal before reversing their sanctions.