Proceedings of the 7th Iniernatumal Working Conference on Stored-product Protection. - Volume 2

Study on relationship of infestation of the Angoumois , cereallela (: ), to cultivars

Wu JunXiangl and Duan Yongf'eng/

Abstract the integrated AGM management Many works have been done in the stored paddy (Abraham et al. ,1980; El-Nahal et Relationship of infestation of the Angoumois gram moth (AGM) , Sttotroga cereallela (Ohvier ) to wheat cultrvars al ,1979; Russell, 1976). However, the cultivar resistance was prehmmanly dealt with. Results showed that there of stored wheat to AGM has not been studied yet. In order were no significantly statistical differences of the rates of to enrich the integrated AGM management, this paper deals -deposited grams or the egg numbers on 100 grams in 10 prehmmanly with the relationship of infestation of AGM to wheat cultrvars. Development penods and survival rates cultivars of stored wheat in 1995 -1996 during development from egg to moth of AGM or rates of infested grams and loss rates of infested grams m vanous Materials and Methods wheat cultrvars displayed differences to some degrees, but, these differences were not proved in statistics due to fewer Resource of AGM samples in the experiment. More works need to be carried About 40kg of wheat grams (cultrvar: Xiaoyan 6), dned out further m order to clarify that the differences are sure or naturally in the sun, were nearly equally divided into 4 parts not. Relativity analysis showed that the interrelation of and each part was held in 50cm 35cm 15cm box preference of AGM to antibiosis of wheat cultrvar was not respectively. A great quantity of AGM were captured statistically significant. from the barn of stored wheat and put into the plastics boxes With the nylon net top in order to obtain more needed in experiments. Wheat cultivars Introduction 10 wheat cultrvars, including Xiaoyan 6, NWAU 65, Xiaoyan 168, Xiaoyan 107, NWAU 85, Shaan 229, Xiaoyan The Angoumois gram moth (AGM) , Sitotroga cereallela ( Olivier ), 1S one of the most important insects 504, 84 (G) 6, shaan 167 and Jmmai 27, were selected and discovered in stored grain in all over the world. It tested. They were provided by the Institute of Grain Crops, infested mainly the stored wheat m barn in central and Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science, the Northwestern northern . It was reported that the water contents, Institute of Botany, Chmese Academy of Sciences and the free amino acids and uric acids were increased and the 1000 Institute of wheat, Northwestern Agncultural University. grain weights, gerrmnatmg rates, contents of protein and All of the wheat cultrvars were Simultaneously and randomly starch were descended in the stored grain which was sown into 2m x 1m plots respectively in early October, senously infested by AGM (Fan et al. , 1989; Chen, 1984) 1995. Cultivating measures were similar to those which The infestations of AGM to stored grams have been were used m the general fields from seedlmg to blossoming increasing as more and more cereal grain has been stored m stage. Two times of 375ml Folimat emulsion per hectare peasant household in China since 1980's (LlU, 1987; Wu et were sprayed m order to prevent or kill the moths of AGM al. , 1994 ). Relative abundance of AGM made up 37.28 % depositing on the matunng wheat ears m middle and of total pest insects discovered m stored grams in some areas late May, 1996 Each cultrvar of wheat was alone ( LlU et aI., 1994 ). It is regarded as one of important harvested, shelled and dned in the sun when matured. 2000 measures to use the resistance of crop cultivars to AGM in from every wheat cultivar were randomly take out and treated With 55°C in constant temperature box for 48h.

I Department of Protection, Northwestern Agricultural to kill all of AGM which had infested m the wheat grains in Universrty, Yanglmg, Shaanxi, 712100, Chma field. Then, they were poured into nylon-net bags and

2 Xi'an Arumal & Plant Quarantme Service, Xi'an ,710068, Chma reserved in shady and cool room. 1354 Proceeduup: of the 7 th Internatwnal Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 2

began to emerge until all out from the wheat grams The Preference of depositing eggs of AGM development penods and survive rates from eggs to moths 4 boxes, which AGM reproduced in, were moved were counted. mto 4 insectana when the moths of AGM emerged in a great Infestation loss of AGM quantity m middle July The wheat grams of every cultrvar , which were treated in advance, were divided mto 4 parts as Accordmg to the numbers of AGM emergmg m 300 grams 4 repeats and put mto outer diameter 18cm glass culture per repeat of wheat cultrvars, the rates of mfested grams boxes free top respectively. The glass culture boxes were were estimated and mfested grains and non-mfested grams equidistantly arranged around the resource boxes of AGM m weighed with balance TPll - 2 and loss rates of 1000 gram insectana. Took off the nylon-net tops on the resource weight counted. boxes of AGM and let moths fly out and deposit eggs on the grains of vanous wheat cultrvars Results and Analyses Turn on hghts (4 of 40W fluorescent lamps) in 7: 00 - 19:00 and turn off lights m other time m msectaria every Rates of egg-deposited grains and numbers of egg on day. The glass culture boxes were removed out from the grains insectaria after eggs have been depositmg by moths of AGM Rates of egg-deposited grams and numbers of egg on for 3 days. 200 wheat grams were randomly taken out from grams did not greatly vary as the wheat cultrvars were every box and the eggs of AGM were exammed gram by different (table 1). The vanation coefficient (V. C.) of gram by Olympus double-tube bio-rmcroscope made m . them were only 8.07% and 12.87% respectively in ten Development periods and survival rates of AGM wheat cultrvars There were no significant differences of either the rates of egg-deposited grains (F = 0.137) or the 300 other grams, deposited by AGM precedently, were numbers of egg on grams (F = 0.267) on the basis of randomly taken out from per repeat of wheat cultrvars and statistical pnnciples. It was concluded that the preference of reserved naturally m diameter 4cm, height 7cm plastic depositing eggs of AGM was not ObVIOUSamong the tested bottles. The moths of AGM were captured and counted at wheat cultivars 8: OOam and 20: OOpm every day from the time when they

Table 1.Preference of depositing egg, development penod and survival rate of AGM.

Percent of egg Number of eggs Development period (d ) Survival Cultrvar eposited grain on 100 grams Minimum Maximum Average rate (%)

Xiaoyan 6 4.00 10.75 26 37 30.74 52.29 NWAU65 4.25 11.25 26 38 33.26 51.40 Xiaoyan 168 4.13 13.00 29 37 31.92 56.82 Xiaoyan 107 4.38 12.75 28 37 32.48 52.78 NWAU85 4.13 13.00 27 36 32.08 53.16 Shaan 229 4.75 15.50 25 36 31.54 55.69 Xiaoyan 504 3.88 10.50 26 39 31. 71 57.54 84(G) 6 3.75 12.25 26 42 32.85 48.85 Shaan 167 4.00 13.75 25 38 32.13 52.61 Jinmai Z? 4.75 14.75 28 41 34.56 45.28 X 4.20 12.75 26.6 38.1 32.33 53.34 V.C.(%) 8.07 12.87 5.07 5.31 3.25 7.92

Relativity analysis showed that the interrelationship of the Here: X-rate of egg-deposited grains (%); Y-number of rates of egg-deposited grains to the numbers of egg on grams egg on grains (eggs/100 grams) was significant (R = 0 . 7282, t = 3.005) A model, which Development periods and survival rates of AGM could be used to express the mterrelationslup m mathematics, was built as follows: Development penods and survival rates, from egg being Y=3.5256X - 2.0648 deposited to moth emerging of AGM, were different With 1355 Proceedings of the 7th Internatwnal Workmg Conference on Stored-product Proiectum. - Volume 2 the wheat cultrvars. The minimum of development periods Table 2. Relativrty of preference of AGM to antibiosis of was 30. 74d. (Xiaoyan 6), the maximum 34.56d. (Jmmai wheat cultrvar , 27) and the mean 32. 33d. The maximum of survival rate factor * interrelation formula R t value was 59.29% (Xiaoyan 6), the muumum 45.28% (Jinmai REDG(X) Y=1.1929X+273143 27) and the mean 53.54%. There seem to be a trend that to DP(Y) 0.3849 1.180 the less the development penod, the more the survival rate REDG(X) toSR(Y) Y=69.3320-3.8053X -0.3056 0.908 in tested wheat cultrvars. It was proved that there was NEG(X) Y = X analysing the interrelationship, which was statistically to DP( Y) 0 1997 + 29.2809 0.3119 0.929 (R SIgnificant =-0.7560, t = 3.267), of the development NEG(X) toSR(Y) Y=66.8846-1.0633X -0.4129 1.282 penods to the survival rates. * REDG-Rate of egg-deposited grams (%); NEG-Number of egg on Relativity of preference of AGM to antibiosis of grams (eggs/lOO grams); DP-Development penod (d ). SR- wheat cultivar Survival rate (% )

The interrelationship of rates of egg-deposited grains and Comparison of damages of AGM to wheat cultivars numbers of egg on grains, displaying the preference of Some differences existed in either the rates of infested AGM, to development penods and survival rates of AGM, gram or the loss rates of infested grains in vanous wheat showing the antibiosis of wheat cultivars, was analyzed with cultivars (table 3). The mean of infested gram was 6.77 % each other. Results showed that the significant and the vanation coefficient 12.43 % m 10 wheat cultivars. mterrelationship was not proved between the preference of The mean of loss rates of infested grams was 37.94 % and AGM and the antibiosis of wheat cultrvars (table 2). the variation coefficient 8.87 %. It was showed that the Therefore, two mechanism of resistance to AGM could be damages of AGM were related to wheat cultrvars to some separately evolved. degrees.

Table 3. Comparison of damages of AGM to wheat cultivars.

Rate of infested Weight of 1000 Non-Infested WeIght of 1000 Loss rate of infested Cultrvar grain (%) grams (g) infested grams (g) grain (%)

Xiaoyan 6 6.37 44.667 29.266 34.48 NWAU65 5.78 41.833 25.669 38.64 Xiaoyan 168 7.39 45.206 29.221 35.36 Xiaoyan 107 6.73 44.877 26.976 39.89 NWAU85 6.91 40.382 25.671 36.43 Shaan 229 8.63 43.337 29.218 32.58 Xiaoyan 504 6.04 40.235 24.805 38.35 84(G)6 5.98 43.865 26.815 38.87 Shaan 167 7.23 43.622 25.987 40.44 Iinmai Z? 6.68 39.489 21.987 44.32 X 6.77 42.751 25.561 37.94 C.V.(%) 12.43 4.93 866 8.87

The interrelation coefficients of rates of infested grains, infestation of the Angoumois gram moth to wheat cultrvars. rates of egg-deposited grains and numbers of egg on grains Results showed that there were no significant differences of to weight of 1000 non-infested grams were 0.2497 (t = the rates of egg-deposited grains or the numbers of egg on 0.7294), -0.2168 (t=0.6281) and 0.0440 (t=0.1246) grains in various wheat cultrvars on the basis of statistical respectively It was further proved that the preference of pnnciple. The development penods or survival rates of AGM AGM to wheat cultrvars was not ObVIOUS. mfestmg varIOUS wheat cultrvars were different to some degrees from egg developing to moth emerging. Discussion So were the rates of infested grams or the loss rates of Infested grains of wheat cultivars else. These differences This paper dealed preliminarily With the relationship of were, however, not proved to be significant m statistics 1356 Proceedings of the 7th Internatumal Worktng Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 2 owing to fewer moths or numbers of infested grams in cereallela in Varieties of rough nee. Environmental samples. They need to be further studied. Relatrvity of the Entomology, 9(5), 689 - 693. preference of AGM to the antibiosis of wheat cultivar was EI-Nahal A. K. M., Ismail I 1, Kamel A. H. et al , 1979. analyzed and results showed no significant interrelation. Host ovipositional preference of the Angoumois grain The evolution of both mecharusms could be alone in moth, Sitotroga cereallela Olivo Agricultural Research heredity, Review, 57(1), 115 -118. Fan J. A., Li N. S., Zhu W. B. et al. 1989. Population References dynamics of the Angoumois gram moth, Sttotroga cereallela (Oliv.), and its influence to the quality of Abraham C C., Thomas B , Karunakaran K. et aI. 1972. wheat. Grain Store, 18(3), 10-14 (m Chinese, with Relative susceptibility of different vaneties of paddy to English abstract) . infestation by the Angoumois gram moth, Sitotroga Liu S. Y. , Hou Y. M ,LI W. X. et al. 1994. The community cereallela (Oliv.) (Gelechildae, Lepidoptera ) , as structure and ItS control strategy of stored wheat insects in influenced by the amylose content of the endosperm. peasant households. Acta Universitatis Agriculturalis Bulletin Gram Technology, 10, 263 - 266. BorealsOccidentalis, 22 (Suppl, 2), 1 - 5 (in Chinese, Chatterji S. M., Dani R. C. & Govmdswami S. 1977. with English abstract). Evaluation of vane ties for resistance to Sitotroga Liu Y. C. 1987. Discussion about how the gram-stored pests cereallela Oliv. ( Lepidoptera: Gelecluidae ). Journal of are controlled in facing production. Grain store, 16(1) ,17 Entomological Research, 1,74 -77. -21(m Chmese, with English abstract). Chen Y. X. 1984. Insects in barn (Revised and enlarged Russell M. P, 1976. Resistance of commercial rice vane ties ed.) Beijing: Agricultural Press, 347 - 350 (in Chinese) to Sitotroga cereallela Oliv. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae ). Cogburn R. R. 1977. Resistance to the Angoumois gram Journal of Stored Product Research, 12, 105 - 109. moth in some vaneties of rough nee from the USDA world Wu J. X., Dong Y. D., Zhang M. H. et al., 1994. The collection. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70, 753- distnbution faunas of stored grain pests occurring in 754. peasant households m Shaanxi. Acta Universitatis Cogburn R. R. , Bollich, C. N. , Johnston, T. H et aI. 1980. Agriculturahs Boreali-Occidentalis, 22 (Suppl. 2), 25 - 28 Environmental influences on resistance to Sitotroga (in Chinese, With English abstract).

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