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The Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Locomotor Function : Methodological Issues and Application to Extreme Exercise John Temesi

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The Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Locomotor Function : Methodological Issues and Application to Extreme Exercise John Temesi The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in locomotor function : methodological issues and application to extreme exercise John Temesi To cite this version: John Temesi. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in locomotor function : methodological issues and application to extreme exercise. Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO]. Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. English. NNT : 2013STET013T. tel-01057944 HAL Id: tel-01057944 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057944 Submitted on 25 Aug 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in locomotor function: methodological issues and application to extreme exercise Utilisation de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne dans l'évaluation de la fonction motrice : aspects méthodologiques et application à l'exercice extrême Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Soumis pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université Jean Monnet de Saint-Etienne John Temesi Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice Faculté de Médecine Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, France 28 October 2013 Jury : Olivier David, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France (rapporteur) Julien Duclay, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (examinateur) Stuart Goodall, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (examinateur) Marc Jubeau, Université de Nantes, France (examinateur) Romuald Lepers, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France (rapporteur) Guillaume Millet, University of Calgary, Canada (Directeur) Samuel Vergès, INSERM U 1042, Grenoble, France (Co-directeur) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................ 7 TABLE OF TABLES .......................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................... 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................. 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 17 CENTRAL FATIGUE AND CEREBRAL PERTURBATIONS WITH EXERCISE............................................................................. 18 CENTRAL FATIGUE ....................................................................................................... 18 TECHNIQUES OTHER THAN NEURAL STIMULATION TO INVESTIGATE MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL FATIGUE .................................................................... 24 Electromyography ........................................................................................................... 24 Near-infrared spectroscopy ............................................................................................ 25 Doppler ultrasound ......................................................................................................... 25 Magnetic resonance imaging .......................................................................................... 26 Electroencephalography ................................................................................................. 27 NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION.......................................... 28 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ...................................................................................... 28 MAGNETIC STIMULATION .......................................................................................... 29 Coils .................................................................................................................................. 30 Circular coils ................................................................................................................ 30 Figure-of-eight coils ..................................................................................................... 31 Double-cone coils ......................................................................................................... 31 Stimulator types .............................................................................................................. 32 Monophasic .................................................................................................................. 32 Biphasic ........................................................................................................................ 33 MAGNETIC STIMULATION FOR FATIGUE ............................ 34 PERIPHERAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ............................................................... 34 CERVICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION MAGNETIC STIMULATION ...................... 36 TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ......................................................... 36 Methodological issues ..................................................................................................... 38 Upper limbs ..................................................................................................................... 52 Cortical voluntary activation ..................................................................................... 52 Motor-evoked potentials ............................................................................................. 54 Cortical silent period ................................................................................................... 58 2 Paired pulses ................................................................................................................ 60 Lower limbs ..................................................................................................................... 61 Cortical voluntary activation ..................................................................................... 62 Motor-evoked potentials ............................................................................................. 63 Cortical silent period ................................................................................................... 65 Paired pulses ................................................................................................................ 66 TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION HIGHLIGHTS ............................. 67 SLEEP DEPRIVATION ................................................................... 68 SLEEP DEPRIVATION HIGHLIGHTS ......................................................................... 79 ULTRA-ENDURANCE EXERCISE ............................................... 80 ULTRA-ENDURANCE EXERCISE HIGHLIGHTS ..................................................... 81 REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE ...................................................... 83 FATIGUE CENTRALE ..................................................................... 83 STIMULATION MAGNETIQUE ..................................................... 83 STIMULATION MAGNETIQUE POUR LA FATIGUE ................ 84 STIMULATION MAGNETIQUE TRANSCRANIENNE ................................................. 84 Membres supérieurs ......................................................................................................... 85 Membres inférieurs .......................................................................................................... 86 PRIVATION DE SOMMEIL ............................................................. 86 EXERCICE D’ULTRA-ENDURANCE ............................................ 87 INTRODUCTION TO STUDIES 1 AND 2 .................................... 89 STUDY 1 ............................................................................................. 91 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................ 92 RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................. 92 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 94 METHODS ......................................................................................... 94 RESULTS ........................................................................................... 95 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 96 STUDY 2 ............................................................................................. 98 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................ 99 RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................... 100 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 102 3 METHODS ....................................................................................... 105 Subjects .............................................................................................................................. 105 Experimental design ......................................................................................................... 105 Force and electromyographic recordings ....................................................................... 105 Femoral nerve stimulation ..............................................................................................
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