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Response of Jensen Sarcoma Cell Cultures to Some Analogs, Homologs, and Peptides of Arginine, Ornithine, and Citrulline*

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Response of Jensen Sarcoma Cell Cultures to Some Analogs, Homologs, and Peptides of Arginine, Ornithine, and Citrulline* Response of Jensen Sarcoma Cell Cultures to Some Analogs, Homologs, and Peptides of Arginine, Ornithine, and Citrulline* PATB. WHITE,CARROLLW.SMITH,ANDPAULF. KRUSE,JR. (Biomedicai Division, The Samuel Roberti Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma) SUMMARY Previous studies with canavanine led to the present testing of the effects of canali ne and other compounds related to arginine, ornithine, and citrulline on Jensen sarcoma cell cultures. Canaline inhibited proliferation of the tumor cells in vitro by 50 per cent at 0.1 mM concentration. The inhibition was not competitive with ornithine, but it was prevented by pyridoxal phosphate and glutamic acid semialdehyde. The toxicity of canaline probably rested, therefore, in "carbonyl-trapping" properties of its substi tuted hydroxylamine structure. In related studies, the o-hydroxy and a-keto analogs of arginine could neither inhibit proliferation nor support it in the absence of arginine. Two lower and one higher (homoarginine) homologs of arginine were similarly ineffective, as were a num ber of other related compounds. Two lower homologs each of citrulline and ornithine and one higher (homocitrulline) of citrulline could not inhibit cellular proliferation appreciably. In contrast to the above results with arginine analogs and homologs, several argi- nine-containing peptides and protamines not only could supplant arginine in the culture medium but also markedly stimulated proliferation. L-Prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine and two protamines, clupeine and salmine, most stimulated proliferation, producing ca. 50 per cent more new cells than in control culture with free arginine. L-Valyl-L- arginine and L-prolyl-L-arginine supported proliferation but did not stimulate it appre ciably. L-/3-Methylaspartyl-L-arginine supported proliferation but did not inhibit it. D-Alanyl-L-arginine could only partially spare the arginine requirement, while L-phenylalanyl-L-citrulline was incapable of replacing arginine. The competitive inhibition of growth and incor- arginine, ornithine, and citrulline was tested. Also, poration into the protein of tumor cell cultures it was of interest to compare the growth-promot- were reported previously (20, 23) for the arginine ing properties of a number of arginine peptides analog canavanine. Since canavanine can also and protamines with that of arginine alone, yield the corresponding oxygen-containing analog of ornithine, canaline (18), one purpose of the MATERIALS AND METHODS present study was to test the effect of this com- Chemicals.—The following compounds were pound on similar cell culture systems; it proved to synthesized by the procedures referred to: i/-cana- be a potent growth inhibitor in vitro. line (14, 35) ; L-homoarginine (39) ; 2-keto-5-guani- In addition, the response to a variety of other dinovaleric acid (28) ; L-2-amino-4-ureidobutyric analogs, homologs, and "metabolic relatives" of acid (38); DL-glutamic acid semialdehyde (29, 44). * Portions of this study were presented at meetings of the A solution of the semialdehyde (in equilibrium SouthwestSection,Am.Assoc.for CancerResearch,Oklahoma With A'pyrrolme-o-carboxylic acid) was prepared City, November, 1961,and the Tissue Culture Assoc.,Wash- fresh each day of use. Physical constants of these ington, D.C., May, 1962. compounds agreed with literature values, and all Received for publication March 6,1963. analyzed correctly for C, H, and N (the semialde- 1051 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 25, 2021. © 1963 American Association for Cancer Research. 1052 Cancer Research Vol. 23, August 1963 hyde as the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone hemi- laides, Parke, Davis and Co. The protecting sulfate).'DL- 2-Amino- 6-guanidinaminocaproic acid groups, carbobenzoxy and nitro, were removed was synthesized by condensation of 5-bromo-l- following an acidic hydrogénationprocedure de pentene with sodiodiethylacetamido malonate; rived from Berse, Piche, and Uchiyama (2); in the condensation product was hydrolyzed in most cases the peptide was isolated and recrys- NaOH solution, acidified, and the resultant tallized as the acetate. For subsequent analytical 2-acetamido-6-heptenoic acid was ozonized. The purposes the peptides were characterized by nin- ozonization reaction mixture was treated with an hydrin color yield (compared with leucine) (30), equivalent of aminoguanidine, hydrogenated at as well as by optical rotation and ionophoretic room temperature and pressure, with palladium mobilities (see below). All other compounds used in this study were TABLE1 obtained commercially; in some cases the degree INHIBITIONOF PROLIFERATIONOFJENSEN of purity was established by appropriate analyses. SARCOMACELLCULTURES Cell cultures.—Suspensions of freshly excised 7- BYL-CANALINE* to 8-day-old Jensen sarcoma cells were prepared and cultured in T-15 flasks according to procedures cent of pro outlined by McCoy and Neuman (27), with Me m\iL-Canaline:0.10.20.40.6-i.OL-Ornithine:00.10.10.10.1Pvridoxal00.20.2DL-GIutamicaldehyde:î00.2.0.23.00.10.51.23.0phosphate:0.40.20.4acidConcentration liferation in con trol Medium7af5020609157565559707982864753dium 7a, which differs from Medium 5a (25) only in increased levels of the basic amino acids and decreased hydroxyproline content (21). Initial in oculum was ca. 200,000 cells/flask, and, prior to stoppering, each culture was gassed for 10 seconds with 5 per cent CC>2,75 per cent Nj, and 20 per cent Ãœ2.Thecultures were established by incuba tion at 37°for ca. 48 hours, and at this time the "cell take" was determined in representative cul tures, followed by replenishment of the spent media in the remaining cultures with fresh media containing the test compounds. In this way, the initiation and termination of the experiments were conducted in an exponential phase of the Jensen sarcoma proliferation cycle in vitro (22). From two setni-0.40.20.4Per to eight T-15 replicate cultures were used for each compound tested. Compounds tested as growth inhibitors were introduced at 0.4, 1.2, and 2.4 HIMconcentrations, unless otherwise stated, in replicate flasks followed "Test compounds introduced in log phase of proliferation; by 48 hours' incubation. Control cultures in com for culture conditions see text. t Calculated by dividing the number of new cells produced plete Medium 7a were present in each experiment. in test compound cultures by those produced in nonsupple- Compounds tested for their capacity to supplant mented Medium 7a control cultures (X100); from 1.6-2.4 arginine in the growth medium were introduced population doublings occurred in control cultures in 48 hours. ÕCalculated on basis of L-isomer. at the time of medium change, usually in 0.4, 2.0, and 10.0 miviconcentrations in Medium 7a minus on charcoal used as catalyst, and the resultant arginine. Controls in these experiments included 2-acetamido-6-guanidinaminocaproic acid was cultures in complete Medium 7a as well as ones in isolated, purified, and hydrolyzed in HC1 to yield medium lacking arginine or (with some peptides) the desired product. The latter analyzed well for another dietary essential amino acid. The experi C, H, and N. A sample of L-octopine was the gift ments were conducted over 96 hours with an of Dr. M. Winitz, National Institutes of Health. intervening change of medium at 48 hours. Samples of N"-nitro-L-arginine and protected Analytical procedures.—Inall experiments the cultures were chilled at 4°C.to free the cells from arginine (and one citrulline) peptides were kindly supplied by Dr. J. II. Dice and Dr. E. D. Nico- the glass, and whole cell counts were made with 1Microanalyses were performed by Schwarzkopf Micro- a Coulter Electronic Counter; the cell count data analytical Laboratory, Woodside, N.Y.; Alfred Bernhardt were calculated as arithmetic means of from six Laboratory, MUlheitn (Ruhr), West Germany; and Galbraith to eight cell counts. The average deviation from Laboratories, Inc., Knoxville, Tenn. the mean was ±5.4per cent. In some instances an Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 25, 2021. © 1963 American Association for Cancer Research. WHITE et al.—Jensen Sarcoma Cell Cultures 1053 indication of the degree of population viability was Of the other substances tested (at 0.4, 1.2, and obtained with trypan blue staining (11). 2.4 niM cone., in replicate flasks), with the excep In studies with peptides and protamines, iono- tion of arcaine none proved to be effective growth- phoretic mobilities of the compounds and their inhibitors; these included L-arginine amide, L-argi- constituent amino acids were first measured at nine methyl ester-HC1, benzoyl-L-arginine, nitro- 5 pH's in a Kensington Scientific Corp. Model 50 L-arginine, agmatine, DL-2-amino-6-guanidinami- Electrophoresis Apparatus and calculated as ama nocaproic acid, and L-octopine. The degree of ranth units (47). Next, the peptides and polymers effectiveness of arcaine was related to the presence were dissolved in Earle's solution with and without of arginine in the medium; in complete Medium 5 per cent dialy/ed, pooled human serum and 7a, containing 0.4 HIMcone. L-arginine, the cells incubated 2.5 and 24 hours at 37°C.Aliquots were could achieve as much as 50 per cent of control ionophoresed, and the degree of hydrolysis, if any, growth in the presence of 1.2 HIMcone, of arcaine of the peptide or protamine was estimated by (1, 4-diguanidinobutane). If, however, cells in means of color reactions with ninhydrin (30) and Medium 7a minus arginine were treated with as isatin (37). little
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