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The Science and Engineering Workforce: Realizing America's Cover design by James J. Caras, Design and Publishing Section, Information Dissemination Branch, National Science Foundation NSB 03-69 NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE REALIZING AMERICA’S POTENTIAL NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION AUGUST 14, 2003 THE NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD iii NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD Terms Expire May 10, 2004 Steven C. Beering, President Emeritus, Purdue University Pamela A. Ferguson, Professor and Former President, Grinnell College Anita K. Jones, University Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia George M. Langford, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College Joseph A. Miller, Jr., Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, Corning, Inc. Robert C. Richardson, Vice Provost for Research and Professor of Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University Maxine Savitz, General Manager, Technology Partnerships, Honeywell (Retired) Luis Sequeira, J.C. Walker Professor Emeritus, Departments of Bacteriology and Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison Terms Expire May 10, 2006 Nina V. Fedoroff, Willaman Professor of Life Sciences, Director, Life Sciences Consortium, and Director, Biotechnology Institute, The Pennsylvania State University Jane Lubchenco, Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology and Distinguished Professor of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis Diana S. Natalicio, (Vice Chair) President, The University of Texas at El Paso Michael G. Rossmann, Hanley Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Daniel Simberloff, Nancy Gore Hunger Professor of Environmental Science, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Warren M. Washington, (Chair), Senior Scientist and Head, Climate Change Research Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research John A. White, Jr., Chancellor, University of Arkansas Mark S. Wrighton, Chancellor, Washington University in St. Louis Terms Expire May 10, 2008 Barry C. Barish, Linde Professor of Physics and Director, LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Ray M. Bowen, President Emeritus, Texas A&M University Delores M. Etter, ONR Distinguished Chair in S&T, Electrical Engineering Department, US Naval Academy Kenneth M. Ford, Director, Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Human and Machine Cognition, University of West Florida Daniel Hastings, Professor of Aeronautics & Astronautics and Co-Director, Technology and Policy Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Elizabeth Hoffman, President, University of Colorado System Douglas D. Randall, Professor of Biochemistry and Director, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-Columbia Jo Anne Vasquez, Educational Science Consultant, Gilbert, Arizona Member Ex Officio Rita R. Colwell, Director, National Science Foundation * * * Michael P. Crosby, Executive Officer, National Science Board THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE iv REALIZING AMERICA’S POTENTIAL NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL WORKFORCE POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Joseph A. Miller, Jr., Chair George M. Langford, Vice Chair Nina V. Fedoroff Norman M. Bradburn Assistant Director, Diana S. Natalicio Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, NSF Maxine Savitz Nathaniel G. Pitts Daniel Simberloff Director, Office of Integrative Activities, NSF Warren M. Washington, Ex officio Chair, National Science Board Rita R. Colwell, Ex officio Director, National Science Foundation Karolyn Eisenstein, Executive Secretary The National Science Board consists of 24 members plus the Director of the National Science Foundation. Appointed by the President, the Board serves as the policy-making body of the Foundation and provides advice to the President and the Congress on matters of national science and engineering policy. TABLE OF CONTENTS v CONTENTS PREFACE...............................................................................................................vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................1 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE REPORT..............................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXTS....................................................11 CHAPTER THREE: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................17 UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING........................................17 ADVANCED EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING.................................................21 KNOWLEDGE BASE ON THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE..............................28 PRECOLLEGE TEACHING WORKFORCE FOR MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.......31 US ENGAGEMENT IN THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE..........36 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION.........................................................................................41 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................43 APPENDICES....................................................................................................................................47 I. CHARGE: COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES, TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL WORKFORCE POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING...............48 II. AGENDA: EHR TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL WORKFORCE POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (NWP) TASK FORCE BRIEFING,JANUARY 30, 2001...............50 III. AGENDA:WORKSHOP I ON NATIONAL POLICY OPTIONS,TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL WORKFORCE POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, MARCH 12, 2002..............................52 IV. AGENDA:WORKSHOP II ON NATIONAL POLICY OPTIONS,TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL WORKFORCE POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. JUNE 28, 2002...............................54 V. S TATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE FLOW OF FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WORKERS TO THE UNITED STATES, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................56 THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE vi REALIZING AMERICA’S POTENTIAL VI. PUBLIC COMMENTS: ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS................................................58 VII. SRI INTERNATIONAL. NATIONAL WORKFORCE POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: BIBLIOGRAPHY,JANUARY 31, 2003................................................62 VIII. SELECTED ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................77 FIGURES 1. BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN SELECTED S&E FIELDS BY US CITIZENS AND PERMANENT RESIDENTS: SELECTED YEARS, 1977 - 2000..............................................................8 2. SHARE OF FOREIGN BORN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN S&E OCCUPATIONS, BY DEGREE LEVEL: 1990 AND 2000........................................................................................9 3. RATIO OF NS&E FIRST UNIVERSITY DEGREES TO 24-YEAR-OLD POPULATION, 1975 AND 1999....................................................................................................13 TABLES 1. US POPULATION OF 18- TO 24-YEAR OLDS, BY RACE/ETHNICITY: 2000-2025................14 2. PARTICIPATION RAT E I N NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING BACHELOR’S DEGREES IN 1998...............................................................................................15 BOXES A. DEFINING THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKFORCE..............................................6 B. REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL EDUCATION (1996)..............................................................................................25 C. THE FEDERAL ROLE IN GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL EDUCATION (1997).........................................................................................................26, 27 D. SELECTED SOURCES IDENTIFYING ISSUES IN ATTRACTING AND RETAINING PRECOLLEGE SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS TEACHERS...............................33 E. PREPARING OUR CHILDREN/MATH AND SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST (1999) ...........................................................................34, 35 F. T OWARD A MORE EFFECTIVE ROLE FOR THE US GOVERNMENT IN INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ........................................................38, 39 SIDEBARS QUOTE. REFERENCE: COMMISSION ON NATIONAL SECURITY/21ST CENTURY, ROAD MAP FOR NATIONAL SECURITY:IMPERATIVE FOR CHANGE: PAGE 30...................1 FORECASTING DEMAND AND SUPPLY. REFERENCE: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, FORECASTING DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS: REPORT OF A WORKSHOP ON METHODOLOGY.........................................................10 PREFACE vii PREFACE The National Science Board began its study of long-term trends and policies for the science and engineering (S&E) workforce in 2000, at the end of the longest peacetime economic expansion in US history. As the study draws to a close, we are cognizant of growing unemployment for scientists and engineers in some fields, reflecting the current downturn in the business cycle. Existing forecasting models and data for policy and planning do not support surgical interventions in the workforce responsive to short-term fluctuations in supply and demand. These tools should be improved, but that task is beyond the scope of this
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